Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Pancreatic cysts

  https://johnsonmemorial.org/jmh-health/disease-conditions/con-20375978

  Pancreatic cysts are saclike pockets of fluid on or in your pancreas. […] Most aren’t cancerous, and many don’t cause symptoms. But some pancreatic cysts can be or can become cancerous. […] You may not have symptoms from pancreatic cysts, which are often found when imaging tests of the abdomen are done for another reason. […] When signs or symptoms of pancreatic cysts do occur, they typically include: Persistent abdominal pain, which may radiate to your back, Nausea and vomiting, Weight loss, Feeling full soon after you start eating. […] Rarely, cysts can become infected. See a doctor if you have a fever and persistent abdominal pain. […] A ruptured pancreatic cyst can be a medical emergency, but fortunately is rare. A ruptured cyst can also cause infection of the abdominal cavity (peritonitis).

• #2 Pancreatic Cyst: Symptoms, Causes, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/pancreatic-cyst

  Most pancreatic cysts don’t cause any symptoms. They might cause symptoms if they grow large enough to interfere with your pancreatic duct, biliary tract or gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Possible symptoms include: […] Less than 1% of pancreatic cysts turn into cancer. But up to 30% of pancreatic cysts have the potential to turn into cancer. This is why healthcare providers keep an eye on them. Most precancerous cysts grow and change very slowly, so regular surveillance is likely to spot cancerous changes early in the process. […] Different types of pancreatic cysts grow at different rates, but overall, they grow slowly. Healthcare providers become suspicious if a cyst grows more than 3 mm (millimeters) in a year. If they’re watching a cyst for changes, they’ll check it every year, two years or five years, depending on how fast it grows.

• #3 Molecular Pathology of Pancreatic Cystic Lesions with a Focus on Malignant Progression

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/6/1183

  Pancreatic cysts are being identified with increasing frequency, and the prevalence increases with age to 10–25% by the 7th decade of life. They also have the potential for malignant transformation. The effective monitoring of the progression of pancreatic cysts and the early detection of pancreatic cancer is crucial. […] The malignant progression of pancreatic cystic lesions (PCLs) remains understudied with a knowledge gap, yet its exploration is pivotal for effectively stratifying patient risk and detecting cancer at its earliest stages. […] Low-grade PCLs, particularly IPMNs, can develop into high-grade lesions or invasive carcinoma, underscoring the need for long-term surveillance of these lesions if they are not resected. […] When IPMNs exceed a size of 3 cm, the probability that these cysts harbor malignant changes significantly increases. […] These different IPMN progression models highlight the importance of the long-term monitoring of IPMNs not only for the malignant progression of IPMNs, but also for independent/de novo cancer in the same pancreas.

• #4 Symptoms of Pancreatic Cysts and Masses | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/digestion-and-metabolic-health/pancreatic-cysts/symptoms.html

  You may have pancreatic cysts but experience no symptoms. Pancreatic cysts are often discovered incidentally during imaging tests of the abdomen that the patient is undergoing for a different reason. Sometimes, pancreatic cysts are discovered due to pain or after an attack of pancreatitis. […] When signs or symptoms do occur, they may include: Persistent abdominal pain, which may radiate to your back, Jaundice, Nausea and vomiting, Unexplained weight loss, Unexplained diarrhea.

• #5 Pancreatic cysts – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pancreatic-cysts/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375997

  Pancreatic cysts are diagnosed more often than in the past because improved imaging technology finds them more readily. Many pancreatic cysts are found during abdominal scans for other problems. […] The characteristics and location of the pancreatic cyst, along with your age and sex, can sometimes help doctors determine the type of cyst you have: […] Serous cystadenomas can become large enough to displace nearby organs, causing abdominal pain and a feeling of fullness. […] Mucinous cystic neoplasms are usually situated in the body or tail of the pancreas and nearly always occurs in women, most often in middle-aged women. […] An intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) may be precancerous or cancerous. […] A pseudocyst may recur if you have ongoing pancreatitis.

• #6 Pancreatic Cysts

  https://www.digestivespecialists.com/condition/pancreatic-cysts

  Sometimes, the pancreas can develop closed sacs of fluid called pancreatic cysts. Most cysts are not cancerous and do not produce any accompanying symptoms. […] Many pancreatic cysts, especially pseudocysts, do not have any symptoms and are only discovered during image testing of the abdomen. When symptoms are present, they can include: A feeling of a mass in your upper abdomen, Chronic abdominal pain which can radiate to your back, Nausea and vomiting. […] In some occasions, pancreatic cysts and pseudocysts can develop some very serious complications. Cysts can become infected and cause fever and stomach pain, so call your doctor if you are experiencing a dramatic change in your symptoms. […] Some symptoms of severe complications may include: Severe abdominal pain, Weak and rapid heartbeat, Fainting, Decreased consciousness, Vomiting blood. […] If you experience any of the symptoms above, seek medical treatment immediately.

• #7 Pancreatic Cysts: Symptoms, Types, Treatment, and Risk Factors

  https://www.healthline.com/health/cyst-on-pancreas

  Pancreatic cysts are pockets of fluid that are on or in your pancreas. They can be difficult to diagnose because they have minimal symptoms. Theyre often found by chance when conducting an image test (such as a CT scan) for another issue. […] Pancreatic cysts do not typically exhibit many symptoms. In the rare case that they do, symptoms can include: persistent abdominal pain, the feeling of a mass in the upper abdomen, vomiting or nausea. […] If you have a fever in addition to these symptoms (especially persistent abdominal pain), contact your doctor immediately, as this may be the sign of a pancreatic cyst infection. […] Another rare complication that can occur is a ruptured cyst or ruptured pseudocyst. The fluid that is released can cause massive internal bleeding and infection of the abdominal cavity. Seek immediate emergency attention if youre experiencing any of the signs of shock or internal bleeding, such as: severe abdominal pain, fainting or lack of consciousness, rapid or weak heartbeat, vomiting blood. […] After testing, your doctor may take a sample of the fluid in order to determine whether or not the cells are cancerous. Its also important to note that cysts may return if you have an ongoing case of pancreatitis.

• #8 Pancreatic Cyst Size, Symptoms, Types, Causes & Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/pancreatic_cysts/article.htm

  Pancreatic cysts can range in size from several millimeters to several centimeters. Many pancreatic cysts are small and benign and produce no symptoms, but some cysts become large and cause symptoms and others are cancerous or precancerous. (Precancerous cysts are benign cysts that have the potential to become cancerous.) […] Symptoms of pancreatic cysts depend on their size and location. Small (less than 2 cm) cysts usually cause no symptoms. Large pancreatic cysts can cause abdominal pain and back pain presumably by exerting pressure on the surrounding tissues and nerves. […] If a cyst becomes malignant and begins to invade the surrounding tissues, it may lead to the same type of pain as pancreatic cancer, pain that usually is constant and felt in the back and upper abdomen.

• #9 Pancreatic Cysts – Types, Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Prevention PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact

  https://www.pacehospital.com/pancreatic-cysts-types-causes-symptoms-complications-treatment-prevention

  Most pancreatic cysts are not symptomatic (asymptomatic) and are discovered incidentally on diagnostic imaging that is carried out for an unrelated symptom or reason. The following are the common signs and symptoms of pancreatic cysts that can be seen in some patients, including: […] Jaundice: It is a rare symptom in patients with pancreatic cysts (less than 1%). However, it is a more common feature if cysts are huge or contain cancer cells. It happens due to a build-up of bilirubin (a chemical constituent of bile) in the blood. Jaundice can occur if a cyst in the pancreatic head compresses or blocks the ducts carrying bile from the liver. […] Abdominal pain: Small cysts, e.g. less than 2cm, usually do not cause pain. However, as cysts enlarge, they may exert pressure on the surrounding tissues and nerves, leading to persistent back or upper abdominal pain.

• #10 Pancreatic Cysts – Types, Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Prevention PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact

  https://www.pacehospital.com/pancreatic-cysts-types-causes-symptoms-complications-treatment-prevention

  Nausea and vomiting: Compression of the duodenum delays stomach emptying (gastric emptying), resulting in a feeling of fullness, which may lead to nausea and vomiting. […] Weight loss: It is a rare symptom; if the cysts are large, they can decrease the pancreas’s ability to produce digestive enzymes, causing poor digestion of food and resulting in weight loss. […] Potential symptoms related to specific types of cysts include: […] Serous cystic neoplasm (SCN): Signs: Palpable mass. Symptoms: Mostly asymptomatic. If these SCNs are large, they cause gastric outlet obstruction and bile duct obstruction. […] Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm (SPN): Common symptoms: May present with nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, and weight loss. Other signs and symptoms: Anaemia, jaundice, gastric outlet or intestinal obstruction and pancreatitis.

• #11 Pancreatic Cysts – Types, Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Prevention PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact

  https://www.pacehospital.com/pancreatic-cysts-types-causes-symptoms-complications-treatment-prevention

  Mucinous cystic neoplasm (MCN): Symptoms: Most patients are asymptomatic; possible symptoms include back pain, abdominal pain. Signs: It may present as a palpable mass. Other features: Recurrent pancreatitis, gastric outlet obstruction, jaundice, and weight loss are more familiar with malignant lesions. […] Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN): Symptoms and signs: Mostly asymptomatic, some patients have symptoms suggestive of chronic pancreatitis, which results from intermittent obstruction of the pancreatic duct with mucus plugs. Manifestations such as back pain, jaundice, weight loss, anorexia, steatorrhea, and diabetes are precursors of malignancy. […] Neuroendocrine tumors (NET): May rarely manifested as cystic lesions. Most are asymptomatic, but symptoms or signs due to the production of hormones may be present.

• #12 Pancreatic Cysts | Loma Linda University Health

  https://lluh.org/conditions/pancreatic-cysts

  Most people with pancreatic cysts experience no symptoms. When there are symptoms, they usually include: Persistent abdominal pain, which may radiate to the back […] In some instances, pancreatic cysts can become infected. Symptoms of pancreatic cyst infection include fever and persistent abdominal pain. Pancreatic cyst patients who experience these symptoms should seek medical attention immediately. […] Likewise, a ruptured pseudocyst can be a medical emergency requiring immediate attention. Symptoms of a ruptured pseudocyst include: Fainting, Severe abdominal pain, Shock, Decreased consciousness, Weak and rapid heartbeat, Vomiting blood.

• #13 Pancreatic Pseudocyst: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pancreatic-pseudocyst

  A ruptured cyst may present different symptoms, such as: vomiting blood, fainting, weak and rapid heartbeat, severe abdominal pain, decreased consciousness. […] If you experience any of these symptoms, seek emergency medical attention or call for emergency services immediately. A ruptured cyst can cause massive bleeding and infection in the abdomen that could be fatal. […] The outlook for someone with a pseudocyst is usually good if there’s no chance of rupture. Surgery to drain pseudocysts has a high recovery rate.

• #14 Pancreatic Cysts Treatment In SG | United Gastro and Endoscopy Clinic

  https://gastroclinic.com.sg/conditions-to-treat/biliary-pancreas/pancreatic-cysts/

  A sensation of fullness or bloating, even after consuming a small amount of food, can be associated with pancreatic cysts, especially when they affect the digestive process. […] Pancreatic cysts, while often harmless, can sometimes lead to complications. The severity of complications depends on the type, size, and location of the cyst. Some potential complications include: […] A larger cyst or cyst obstructing the pancreatic duct can cause pancreas inflammation, known as pancreatitis. Pancreatitis can be a serious condition with symptoms like severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and fever. […] Larger cysts can pressure neighbouring organs, such as the stomach, duodenum, or bile ducts, leading to symptoms like early satiety, difficulty eating, and jaundice. […] Some pancreatic cysts, particularly mucinous cystic neoplasms and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN), have the potential to become cancerous over time. Regular monitoring and evaluation are essential to detect any potential cancerous changes early.

• #15 Pancreatic Cysts in Singapore – Alpha Digestive & Liver Centre

  https://alphagastro.sg/conditions/pancreas-cysts/

  Most people with pancreatic cysts do not experience any symptoms. The cysts are usually found due to imaging tests of the abdomen for other medical reasons. […] Typical symptoms of pancreatic cysts may include: Persistent abdominal pain, Jaundice, Nausea and vomiting, Bloatedness, Unexplained weight loss. […] In rare cases, pancreatic cysts may develop serious complications. The cyst can rupture, causing a medical emergency. Cysts that produce mucus-like substances can cause an obstruction in the pancreatic ducts, causing inflammation and infection. In general, seek medical help if you are experiencing symptoms of severe complications such as: Severe abdominal pain, Rapid heart rate, Fainting or decreased consciousness, Weight loss. […] One in 40 people have a pancreatic cyst by the age of 40 and generally do not cause any symptoms. However, they could be malignant or ruptured, resulting in a medical emergency. If you do experience the aforementioned symptoms, please consult a gastroenterologist for a proper diagnosis and treatment plan.

• #16 Diagnosis and management of cystic lesions of the pancreas – Brugge – Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology

  https://jgo.amegroups.org/article/view/4497/html

  IPMNs may range from premalignant lesions with low-grade dysplasia to invasive malignancy and they have a clear tendency to become invasive carcinoma. The mean frequency of malignancy in MD-IPMN is 61.6% and the mean frequency of invasive IPMN is 43.1%. Considering these high incidences of malignant/invasive lesions and the low 5-year survival rates (31-54%), international consensus guidelines recommend resection for all surgically fit patients with MD-IPMN. The mean frequency of malignancy in resected BD-IPMN is 25.5% and the mean frequency of invasive cancer is 17.7%. BD-IPMN mostly occurs in elderly patients, and the annual malignancy rate is only 2-3%. These factors support conservative management with follow-up in patients who do not have any symptoms or risk factors predicting malignancy such as mural nodule, rapidly increasing cyst size and high grade atypia in cytology.

• #17 Features associated with progression of small pancreatic cystic lesions: A retrospective study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4679763/

  AIM: To investigate the progression rate of small pancreatic cystic lesions and identify characteristics associated with their progression. […] The mean progression rate was 1.0 1.3 mm/year. […] Compared with the cysts without progression, the lesions of the progression group were more frequently associated with tubular cyst, septation or a prominent pancreatic duct (P 0.05). […] Small pancreatic cysts progress slowly. Lesions with tubular shape, septa, or prominent pancreatic duct were more likely to progress, and required further diagnostic intervention or shorter surveillance interval. […] Our study determined that small pancreatic cysts with borderline pancreatic duct dilation, tubular shape, or septa were associated with risk of progression. […] Our study revealed the slow progression rate of small pancreatic cystic lesions and indicated that tubular cysts or cysts associated with prominent pancreatic ducts or septa tended to be progressive. […] Our study determined the mean growth rate as 1 mm per year after a mean follow-up period of about 6 years, which supports the low incidence of malignant transformation; i.e., of 0.4% per year during surveillance.

• #18 Pancreatic Cysts Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment – Dr. Patta

  https://thegastrosurgeon.com/pancreatic-cysts-symptoms-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  Pancreatic cysts are fluid-filled sacs that develop in the pancreas. They are increasingly diagnosed due to the improved use of imaging technologies like CT scans and MRIs. The incidence of pancreatic cysts has risen, particularly in older adults, with most being benign pancreatic cysts, though some have the potential to become malignant. […] While many cysts are asymptomatic, some may cause abdominal pain, nausea, or vomiting. […] Diagnosis of pancreatic cysts typically involves imaging techniques such as ultrasound, CT scans, and MRIs. Once identified, further tests may be needed to assess the cysts risk of malignancy. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) can help analyze the cyst fluid for cancer markers. […] Management of pancreatic pseudocysts and other types of pancreatic cysts depends on the type, size, and malignancy risk of the cyst. Small, benign cysts often require no treatment beyond monitoring, while larger or potentially cancerous cysts may need pancreatic cyst surgery for removal. Surgical techniques such as laparoscopy or open surgery are used depending on the complexity and location of the cyst. […] Pancreatic pseudocyst treatment requires careful management, especially in cases of recurrent pancreatitis. Pseudocysts of the pancreas are a definitive group of benign disorders and need expert treatment.

• #19 A Simple Guide to Understanding and Managing Pancreatic Cyst – Integrated Liver Care

  https://integratedlivercare.com/blogs/a-simple-guide-to-understanding-and-managing-pancreatic-cyst/

  Pancreatic cysts are fluid-filled sacs that form on the pancreas, a vital organ behind the stomach that helps in digestion and regulating blood sugar. While some cysts are benign (non-cancerous), others have the potential to become cancerous. […] Many people with pancreatic cysts don’t show symptoms. However, some might experience: abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, bloating, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). If you notice any of these, it’s a good idea to talk to your doctor. […] Regular medical check-ups are crucial for monitoring pancreatic cysts. These appointments allow your doctor to track any changes in the cyst and adjust your treatment plan as needed.

• #20 Do pancreatic cysts become cancerous? | Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center – Buffalo, NY

  https://www.roswellpark.org/cancertalk/202302/do-pancreatic-cysts-become-cancerous

  Most people do not have any symptoms or pain pancreatic cysts are usually only discovered incidentally, such as when a person has a CT scan or MRI of the abdomen for another reason. […] Because these cysts rarely cause symptoms, other causes of abdominal pain should be excluded before attributing the pain to the cyst. […] Cysts that are pre-cancerous may need further evaluation, either via additional dedicated imaging or specialized endoscopic procedures, Dr. Prabhu says. „Even among those cysts that are deemed pre-cancerous, very few of them end up becoming cancer.” […] The physician will watch for changes in the cyst if certain changes are observed over time such as growth or development of solid components surgery to remove the cysts may be recommended, which can often be accomplished through a minimally invasive surgical approach.

• #21 Prevalence, Incidence, and Risk of Progression of Asymptomatic Pancreatic Cysts in Large Sample Real-world Data – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34860813/

  Using large-sample, real-world administrative claims data, we evaluated the prevalence of putatively asymptomatic pancreatic cysts, the historical growth in their incident diagnosis, and their risk of malignant progression. […] Standardized prevalence increased exponentially with age and was 1.84% (95% confidence interval, 1.80%-1.87%) for patients older than 45. The cumulative risk of pancreatic cancer at 7 years was 3.0% (95% confidence interval, 2.4%-3.5%), increasing linearly (R2 = 0.991) with an annual progression risk of 0.47%. […] Using large-sample data, we show a significant burden of asymptomatic pancreatic cysts, with an annual risk of progression to cancer of 0.47% for 7 years.

• #22 Genomic characterization of malignant progression in neoplastic pancreatic cysts | Nature Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-17917-8

  Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) and mucinous cystic neoplasms (MCNs) are non-invasive neoplasms that are often observed in association with invasive pancreatic cancers, but their origins and evolutionary relationships are poorly understood. […] Using evolutionary analyses, we establish that both IPMNs and MCNs are direct precursors to pancreatic cancer. […] Genomic analyses suggest an average window of over three years between the development of high-grade dysplasia and pancreatic cancer. […] Taken together, these data establish non-invasive IPMNs and MCNs as origins of invasive pancreatic cancer, identifying potential drivers of invasion, highlighting the complex clonal dynamics prior to malignant transformation, and providing opportunities for early detection and intervention.

• #23 Pancreatic Cyst Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/pancreatic-cancer/risk-factors/pancreatic-cysts

  Many pancreatic cysts have no symptoms and are discovered accidentally when the patient is undergoing tests for another reason. […] When symptoms do occur, they can feel like vague abdominal discomfort. If a pancreatic cyst blocks any of the pancreatic ducts, it can affect digestion. If the cyst grows large enough, it may impact the functioning of the pancreas. The patient may notice: abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, jaundice. […] The seriousness of pancreatic cysts varies dramatically, with some more prone to becoming cancerous than others. Most pancreatic cysts grow slowly–between 3mm and 6mm per year. Faster growing cysts may indicate they are at a higher risk of developing into cancer.

• #24 Pancreatic Cysts | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/pancreatic-cysts

  Most pancreatic cysts are benign (not cancer) and have a low chance of causing harm or symptoms. But some are precancerous, which means they can become pancreatic cancer. Its important to find out what type of cyst you have. […] Sometimes pancreatic cysts grow as a result of pancreatitis (PAN-kree-uh-TY-tis), an inflammation of the pancreas. […] IPMNs start in the ducts that connect the pancreas to the intestine. Theyre the most common type of cyst that can turn into cancer. […] Its hard to predict if and when an IPMN will become cancer. But research suggests IPMNs in the main pancreatic duct are at higher risk for turning into cancer. […] These cysts are growths that can become cancer. They start in the body and tail of the pancreas. […] Large MCNs have tiny walls that divide the cyst into compartments, called septations. They may be more likely to become cancer.

• #25 Pancreatic Cyst: Symptoms, Causes, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/pancreatic-cyst

  Some pancreatic cysts may need to be removed if they cause complications or look suspicious for cancer. But pancreatic surgery comes with its own risks and side effects, so healthcare providers consider each cyst carefully. They follow detailed guidelines to determine when they should intervene. […] Statistically, a pancreatic cyst is unlikely to cause serious problems. Healthcare providers take pancreatic cysts seriously out of an abundance of caution. They’ll assess your cysts to determine what precautions they should take. While pancreatic surgery is serious, most pancreatic cysts won’t require surgery.

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