Materiały źródłowe

• #1 How Does the Flu Vaccine Work?

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/newsroom/how-does-the-flu-vaccine-work/

  The flu vaccine uses a deactivated or weakened version of the influenza virus to train your body to recognize an antigen (protein) on the surface of the virus. This causes your immune system to develop antibodies that will fight the flu. […] Vaccine developers use three different types of processes to make flu shots. […] Currently, most influenza vaccines are made using an egg-based process. Manufacturers use a fertilized chicken egg to grow whichever four strains of the virus the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) decides will be dominant during the upcoming flu season. […] The third process isolates the genes that have the instructions for making the target protein that your body’s immune system must identify. Those genes are combined with a different virus that infects invertebrates, such as worms (it doesn’t hurt humans) and helps pass the genetic instructions to a host cell. These proteins are grown in bulk, purified and become so-called recombinant vaccines.

• #2 Chicago Parents’ Behaviors & Beliefs about Children’s Flu Vaccinations | Lurie Children’s

  https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/voices-of-child-health-in-chicago/chicago-parents-behaviors-and-beliefs-about-their-childrens-flu-vaccinations/

  When a child receives the flu vaccine, it causes their body to develop antibodies to the flu, which provide protection against the flu virus. […] The flu vaccine is carefully tailored each year to protect against the flu virus strains that are expected to be most common in communities like Chicago that year. […] Additionally, not only does the flu vaccine help to prevent the spread of influenza, it also helps to make the flu-related illness milder if a person does end up catching the flu.

• #3 8 things doctors wish patients knew about flu vaccines | American Medical Association

  https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/public-health/8-things-doctors-wish-patients-knew-about-flu-vaccines

  The flu vaccine is made of pieces of the virus or inactivated virus, and the nasal spray is a whole virus, but its an attenuated form of the virus, so neither kind can actually give you the flu, said Dr. Kirley. […] It takes the vaccine a couple of weeks to generate a full immune response, so you dont have your full protection until a couple of weeks after you get your shot, she noted. […] The flu vaccine is really to get the protection against that scenario. […] We typically don’t know the effectiveness of the vaccine until we really get into flu season, and we can see what types of viruses actually end up circulating in the population, said Dr. Kirley, adding that every year, the flu vaccine is adjusted to align with what is predicted to be the most likely strains circulating. […] It typically falls somewhere between 40% and 60% effectiveness, she said. Even when the vaccine is only 30% effective at preventing flu, that is still very meaningful and crucial for preventing hospitalizations and deaths. […] The flu vaccine is most effective for all of us when more of us get it, so we can get closer to achievingat least for flu seasonthat herd immunity, she said.

• #4 Flu Vaccine Basics

  https://www.nemours.org/about/flu-vaccine-basics.html

  The flu vaccine protects your family from the flu. […] The flu vaccine is safe and it helps protect people from getting seriously ill. […] The flu vaccine cannot give you the flu. […] Your body’s immunity against the flu virus declines over time, which is why it’s important to get a flu shot every year. […] The flu vaccine is recommended for everyone age 6 months and older. […] Getting vaccinated before the flu season is in full force (ideally by the end of October) gives the body a chance to make antibodies that protect from the virus. […] People might feel sore in the area where they had the shot. […] It is safe to get a COVID-19 vaccine along with any other routine vaccine, including the flu vaccine. […] Part of keeping your child healthy means getting all recommended vaccines. This includes the flu vaccine each year.

• #5 Beat The Flu Season – IM & PC – Mississippi

  https://impcna.com/beat-the-flu-season-a-complete-guide-to-childrens-flu-vaccinations

  Children are little bundles of joy, but their developing immune systems can also increase their vulnerability to illnesses like the flu. […] The flu vaccine plays a crucial role. It works by preparing the body for a fight against influenza viruses, effectively minimizing the chances of severe illnesses occurring. […] The body typically requires approximately two weeks following vaccination to develop immune protection. Therefore, it is crucial to vaccinate your child prior to the widespread circulation of flu viruses within the community. […] Flu vaccines are essential for protecting our children’s health, especially considering their vulnerable immune systems and the potential complications of flu.

• #6 Influenza Vaccine – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537197/

  Influenza viruses express 2 types of antigens: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Influenza A virus has 18 HA and 11 NA subtypes, and these antigens are critical for the organism’s virulence. The trimeric hemagglutinin glycoprotein promotes attachment of the virus to the host cell surface, resulting in fusion and thereby releasing virions into the cytoplasm. […] Differently combined HA and NA antigens are seen in influenza A, which undergo antigenic drifts and shifts resulting in antigenic variation and, thereby, the necessity for vaccine strain types to vary accordingly. Antigenic drifts are genetic changes occurring in the virus due to various actions of polymerases leading to gradual antigenic changes in both HA and NA, producing new variant strains. An antigenic shift occurs when the currently circulating virus disappears and is replaced by a new subtype with novel glycoproteins, to which antibodies against the previously circulating subtype do not cross-react.

• #7 Influenza Vaccine – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537197/

  The influenza vaccine conveys immunity against the influenza virus by stimulating the production of antibodies specific to the disease. Antibodies to NA act by effectively aggregating viruses on the cell surface and reducing the amount of virus released from infected cells. Regarding the induction of immunity, the surface HA protein of the influenza virus contains 2 structural elements, head and stalk, wherein the head is the primary target of antibodies that confer protective immunity against influenza viruses. […] Flu shots offer protection against 3 or 4 strains of the flu virus. Trivalent flu vaccines provide protection against 2 influenza A strains, H1N1 and H3N2, and 1 influenza B strain. Quadrivalent flu vaccines protect against the same strains as the trivalent vaccine and an additional strain of influenza B.

• #8 Influenza Vaccine – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537197/

  The influenza vaccine conveys immunity against the influenza virus by stimulating the production of antibodies specific to the disease. Antibodies to NA act by effectively aggregating viruses on the cell surface and reducing the amount of virus released from infected cells. Regarding the induction of immunity, the surface HA protein of the influenza virus contains 2 structural elements, head and stalk, wherein the head is the primary target of antibodies that confer protective immunity against influenza viruses. […] Flu shots offer protection against 3 or 4 strains of the flu virus. Trivalent flu vaccines provide protection against 2 influenza A strains, H1N1 and H3N2, and 1 influenza B strain. Quadrivalent flu vaccines protect against the same strains as the trivalent vaccine and an additional strain of influenza B.

• #9 Influenza Vaccine – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537197/

  The mechanism of immune protection is more complicated, as while primarily humoral, cell-mediated immunity also plays an essential role in immunity to influenza. After vaccination, it takes 2 weeks to build an immune response against the flu. The effectiveness of a vaccine depends on several host factors such as age, underlying health status, genetic status, and antigenic matches between the vaccine and circulating viruses.

• #10 T helper cells may be the key to improving annual influenza vaccines – St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital

  https://www.stjude.org/media-resources/news-releases/2024-medicine-science-news/t-helper-cells-may-be-key-to-improving-annual-influenza-vaccines.html

  Scientists at St. Jude Childrens Research Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine found that T follicular helper cells determine the effectiveness of vaccine-induced immunity against flu. […] They found that a specific type of immune cell, called T follicular helper cells, indirectly controls the anti-influenza response. […] The findings, which could guide better vaccine design, were published today in Nature Immunology. […] We found that the current flu vaccine formulation could likely be improved by focusing on the influenza surface proteins and excluding the virus internal proteins that distract the immune system. […] Findings showed that the annual flu vaccine raises vaccinated individuals immune responses, but often not towards the most beneficial proteins. […] The best anti-flu responses target the two influenza surface proteins, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, which change year to year.

• #11 T Cells Determine the Effectiveness of Vaccine-Induced Immunity Against Flu | Technology Networks

  https://www.technologynetworks.com/immunology/news/t-cells-determine-the-effectiveness-of-vaccine-induced-immunity-against-flu-390083

  T follicular helper cells determine the effectiveness of vaccine-induced immunity against flu. […] They found that a specific type of immune cell, called T follicular helper cells, indirectly controls the anti-influenza response. […] The findings show that annual influenza vaccine performance can be hindered by an immune response against the wrong proteins, those in the vaccine that are conserved from year to year. […] We’re finally getting at the underlying mechanism of what antigenic original sin actually is, Thomas said. […] With the knowledge of what makes the influenza vaccine less potent in some people, the researchers hope to find ways to use that new understanding to increase vaccine efficacy.

• #12 Study: Research Reveals Protective Properties of Influenza Vaccines

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/newsroom/news-releases/2013/03/study-research-reveals-protective-properties-of-influenza-vaccines

  Results indicated that at day seven following the administration of a flu vaccine in all groups, stimulated T cells were evident, contributing to the development of the immune response. […] The T cells positively correlated with increased antibodies against each flu virus strain examined, with the exception in the childrens group against the swine-origin H1N1 virus. […] Given that seasonal influenza vaccines induce antibody responses mainly through boosting the recall response of the immune system, this lack of correlation might reflect the lack of H1N1 specific immunity in some children, explains study co-author Emilio Flano, PhD, a principal investigator in the Center for Vaccines and Immunity at Nationwide Childrens and an associate professor of Pediatrics at OSU College of Medicine.

• #13 Study: Research Reveals Protective Properties of Influenza Vaccines

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/newsroom/news-releases/2013/03/study-research-reveals-protective-properties-of-influenza-vaccines

  Collaborating scientists from Nationwide Childrens Hospital, Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, and Mount Sinai School of Medicine have identified an important mechanism for stimulating protective immune responses following seasonal influenza vaccinations. […] The study led by Octavio Ramilo, MD, chief of Infectious Diseases and an investigator in the Center for Vaccines and Immunity at Nationwide Childrens Hospital and professor of Pediatrics at The Ohio State University (OSU) College of Medicine, and Hideki Ueno, MD, PhD, an investigator at the Baylor Institute for Immunology Research at Baylor University, demonstrates how certain T cells in the blood are stimulated to provide protective antibody responses with seasonal flu vaccines. […] Analyses show that a temporary increase in a unique subset of helper T cells expressing the co-stimulator molecule ICOS adds to the immune response by helping B cells produce influenza-specific antibodies.

• #14 Study: Research Reveals Protective Properties of Influenza Vaccines

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/newsroom/news-releases/2013/03/study-research-reveals-protective-properties-of-influenza-vaccines

  Collaborating scientists from Nationwide Childrens Hospital, Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, and Mount Sinai School of Medicine have identified an important mechanism for stimulating protective immune responses following seasonal influenza vaccinations. […] The study led by Octavio Ramilo, MD, chief of Infectious Diseases and an investigator in the Center for Vaccines and Immunity at Nationwide Childrens Hospital and professor of Pediatrics at The Ohio State University (OSU) College of Medicine, and Hideki Ueno, MD, PhD, an investigator at the Baylor Institute for Immunology Research at Baylor University, demonstrates how certain T cells in the blood are stimulated to provide protective antibody responses with seasonal flu vaccines. […] Analyses show that a temporary increase in a unique subset of helper T cells expressing the co-stimulator molecule ICOS adds to the immune response by helping B cells produce influenza-specific antibodies.

• #15 Study: Research Reveals Protective Properties of Influenza Vaccines

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/newsroom/news-releases/2013/03/study-research-reveals-protective-properties-of-influenza-vaccines

  Further experiments demonstrated that this unique subset of helper T cells can boost production of existing antibodies that fight flu by stimulating memory B cells, but do not help production of new antibodies by nave B cells. […] Were gratified that our study provides evidence of one of the essential events associated with the immune response following seasonal influenza vaccination, says Dr. Ramilo. Understanding these processes is a key step toward developing more effective vaccines.

• #16 How Does the Flu Vaccine Work?

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/newsroom/how-does-the-flu-vaccine-work/

  The flu vaccine uses a deactivated or weakened version of the influenza virus to train your body to recognize an antigen (protein) on the surface of the virus. This causes your immune system to develop antibodies that will fight the flu. […] Vaccine developers use three different types of processes to make flu shots. […] Currently, most influenza vaccines are made using an egg-based process. Manufacturers use a fertilized chicken egg to grow whichever four strains of the virus the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) decides will be dominant during the upcoming flu season. […] The third process isolates the genes that have the instructions for making the target protein that your body’s immune system must identify. Those genes are combined with a different virus that infects invertebrates, such as worms (it doesn’t hurt humans) and helps pass the genetic instructions to a host cell. These proteins are grown in bulk, purified and become so-called recombinant vaccines.

• #17 How Does the Flu Vaccine Work?

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/newsroom/how-does-the-flu-vaccine-work/

  The flu vaccine uses a deactivated or weakened version of the influenza virus to train your body to recognize an antigen (protein) on the surface of the virus. This causes your immune system to develop antibodies that will fight the flu. […] Vaccine developers use three different types of processes to make flu shots. […] Currently, most influenza vaccines are made using an egg-based process. Manufacturers use a fertilized chicken egg to grow whichever four strains of the virus the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) decides will be dominant during the upcoming flu season. […] The third process isolates the genes that have the instructions for making the target protein that your body’s immune system must identify. Those genes are combined with a different virus that infects invertebrates, such as worms (it doesn’t hurt humans) and helps pass the genetic instructions to a host cell. These proteins are grown in bulk, purified and become so-called recombinant vaccines.

• #18 How Does the Flu Vaccine Work?

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/newsroom/how-does-the-flu-vaccine-work/

  The flu vaccine uses a deactivated or weakened version of the influenza virus to train your body to recognize an antigen (protein) on the surface of the virus. This causes your immune system to develop antibodies that will fight the flu. […] Vaccine developers use three different types of processes to make flu shots. […] Currently, most influenza vaccines are made using an egg-based process. Manufacturers use a fertilized chicken egg to grow whichever four strains of the virus the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) decides will be dominant during the upcoming flu season. […] The third process isolates the genes that have the instructions for making the target protein that your body’s immune system must identify. Those genes are combined with a different virus that infects invertebrates, such as worms (it doesn’t hurt humans) and helps pass the genetic instructions to a host cell. These proteins are grown in bulk, purified and become so-called recombinant vaccines.

• #19 How Does the Flu Vaccine Work?

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/newsroom/how-does-the-flu-vaccine-work/

  The flu vaccine uses a deactivated or weakened version of the influenza virus to train your body to recognize an antigen (protein) on the surface of the virus. This causes your immune system to develop antibodies that will fight the flu. […] Vaccine developers use three different types of processes to make flu shots. […] Currently, most influenza vaccines are made using an egg-based process. Manufacturers use a fertilized chicken egg to grow whichever four strains of the virus the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) decides will be dominant during the upcoming flu season. […] The third process isolates the genes that have the instructions for making the target protein that your body’s immune system must identify. Those genes are combined with a different virus that infects invertebrates, such as worms (it doesn’t hurt humans) and helps pass the genetic instructions to a host cell. These proteins are grown in bulk, purified and become so-called recombinant vaccines.

• #20 Influenza Vaccine – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537197/

  The influenza vaccine conveys immunity against the influenza virus by stimulating the production of antibodies specific to the disease. Antibodies to NA act by effectively aggregating viruses on the cell surface and reducing the amount of virus released from infected cells. Regarding the induction of immunity, the surface HA protein of the influenza virus contains 2 structural elements, head and stalk, wherein the head is the primary target of antibodies that confer protective immunity against influenza viruses. […] Flu shots offer protection against 3 or 4 strains of the flu virus. Trivalent flu vaccines provide protection against 2 influenza A strains, H1N1 and H3N2, and 1 influenza B strain. Quadrivalent flu vaccines protect against the same strains as the trivalent vaccine and an additional strain of influenza B.

• #21 Influenza Vaccine – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537197/

  The influenza vaccine conveys immunity against the influenza virus by stimulating the production of antibodies specific to the disease. Antibodies to NA act by effectively aggregating viruses on the cell surface and reducing the amount of virus released from infected cells. Regarding the induction of immunity, the surface HA protein of the influenza virus contains 2 structural elements, head and stalk, wherein the head is the primary target of antibodies that confer protective immunity against influenza viruses. […] Flu shots offer protection against 3 or 4 strains of the flu virus. Trivalent flu vaccines provide protection against 2 influenza A strains, H1N1 and H3N2, and 1 influenza B strain. Quadrivalent flu vaccines protect against the same strains as the trivalent vaccine and an additional strain of influenza B.

• #22 Flu shots for Kids | Norton Norton Children’s

  https://nortonchildrens.com/services/pediatrics/flu-shots-for-kids/

  An influenza vaccine, commonly called a flu shot, is produced each year and released in the United States in September. Getting a flu shot can help prevent a child from getting the influenza virus, also called the flu, or having serious complications from the flu. […] The flu shot is different every year, so children need to receive a flu shot yearly. The effectiveness of the vaccine depends on the degree of similarity of the strains of flu included in the vaccine and the strains circulating in a community. Flu shot effectiveness also can vary from one person to another, depending on factors such as age and current health. The flu shot is available to children ages 6 months and older. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends annual flu vaccines for children starting at 6 months old. Children between age 6 month and 8 years who are getting the flu shot for the first time should get two doses of the vaccine, according to the CDC.

• #23 8 things doctors wish patients knew about flu vaccines | American Medical Association

  https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/public-health/8-things-doctors-wish-patients-knew-about-flu-vaccines

  The flu vaccine is made of pieces of the virus or inactivated virus, and the nasal spray is a whole virus, but its an attenuated form of the virus, so neither kind can actually give you the flu, said Dr. Kirley. […] It takes the vaccine a couple of weeks to generate a full immune response, so you dont have your full protection until a couple of weeks after you get your shot, she noted. […] The flu vaccine is really to get the protection against that scenario. […] We typically don’t know the effectiveness of the vaccine until we really get into flu season, and we can see what types of viruses actually end up circulating in the population, said Dr. Kirley, adding that every year, the flu vaccine is adjusted to align with what is predicted to be the most likely strains circulating. […] It typically falls somewhere between 40% and 60% effectiveness, she said. Even when the vaccine is only 30% effective at preventing flu, that is still very meaningful and crucial for preventing hospitalizations and deaths. […] The flu vaccine is most effective for all of us when more of us get it, so we can get closer to achievingat least for flu seasonthat herd immunity, she said.

• #24 Influenza: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/972269-overview

  Influenza viruses are enveloped, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae. The core nucleoproteins are used to distinguish the three types of influenza viruses: A, B, and C. Influenza A viruses cause most human and all avian influenza infections. The RNA core consists of eight gene segments surrounded by a coat of 10 (influenza A) or 11 (influenza B) proteins. Immunologically, the most significant surface proteins include hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). […] Hemagglutinin and neuraminidase are critical for virulence, and they are major targets for the neutralizing antibodies of acquired immunity to influenza. Hemagglutinin binds to respiratory epithelial cells, allowing cellular infection. Neuraminidase cleaves the bond that holds newly replicated virions to the cell surface, permitting the infection to spread.

• #25 Influenza: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/972269-overview

  Influenza viruses are enveloped, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae. The core nucleoproteins are used to distinguish the three types of influenza viruses: A, B, and C. Influenza A viruses cause most human and all avian influenza infections. The RNA core consists of eight gene segments surrounded by a coat of 10 (influenza A) or 11 (influenza B) proteins. Immunologically, the most significant surface proteins include hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). […] Hemagglutinin and neuraminidase are critical for virulence, and they are major targets for the neutralizing antibodies of acquired immunity to influenza. Hemagglutinin binds to respiratory epithelial cells, allowing cellular infection. Neuraminidase cleaves the bond that holds newly replicated virions to the cell surface, permitting the infection to spread.

• #26 Influenza: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/972269-overview

  Major typing of influenza A occurs through identification of both H and N proteins. Seventeen H and nine N types have been identified. All hemagglutinins and neuraminidases infect wild waterfowl, and the various combinations of H and N yield 144 potential subtypes of influenza. […] Because the viral RNA polymerase lacks error-checking mechanisms, the year-to-year antigenic drift is sufficient to ensure that there is a significant susceptible host population each year. However, the segmented genome also has the potential to allow reassortment of genome segments from different strains of influenza in a coinfected host. […] Influenza A is a genetically labile virus, with mutation rates as high as 300 times that of other microbes. Changes in its major functional and antigenic proteins occur by means of two well-described mechanisms: antigenic drift and antigenic shift.

• #27 Influenza: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/972269-overview

  Major typing of influenza A occurs through identification of both H and N proteins. Seventeen H and nine N types have been identified. All hemagglutinins and neuraminidases infect wild waterfowl, and the various combinations of H and N yield 144 potential subtypes of influenza. […] Because the viral RNA polymerase lacks error-checking mechanisms, the year-to-year antigenic drift is sufficient to ensure that there is a significant susceptible host population each year. However, the segmented genome also has the potential to allow reassortment of genome segments from different strains of influenza in a coinfected host. […] Influenza A is a genetically labile virus, with mutation rates as high as 300 times that of other microbes. Changes in its major functional and antigenic proteins occur by means of two well-described mechanisms: antigenic drift and antigenic shift.

• #28 Influenza: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/972269-overview

  Antigenic drift is the process by which inaccurate viral RNA polymerase frequently produces point mutations in certain error-prone regions in the genes. These mutations are ongoing, and they are responsible for the ability of the virus to evade annually acquired immunity in humans. Drift can also alter the virulence of the strain. Drift occurs within a set subtype (eg, H2N2). […] Antigenic shift is less frequent than antigenic drift. In a shift event, influenza genes between two strains are reassorted, presumably during coinfection of a single host. Segmentation of the viral genome, which consists of 10 genes on eight RNA molecules, facilitates genetic reassortment. […] The reassortment of an avian strain with a mammalian strain may produce a chimeric virus that is transmissible between mammals; such mutation products may contain H or N proteins that are unrecognizable to the immune systems of mammals. This antigenic shift results in a much greater population of susceptible individuals in whom more severe disease is possible. […] Such an antigenic shift can result in a virulent strain of influenza that possesses the triad of infectivity, lethality, and transmissibility and can cause a pandemic.

• #29 Influenza Vaccine – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537197/

  Influenza viruses express 2 types of antigens: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Influenza A virus has 18 HA and 11 NA subtypes, and these antigens are critical for the organism’s virulence. The trimeric hemagglutinin glycoprotein promotes attachment of the virus to the host cell surface, resulting in fusion and thereby releasing virions into the cytoplasm. […] Differently combined HA and NA antigens are seen in influenza A, which undergo antigenic drifts and shifts resulting in antigenic variation and, thereby, the necessity for vaccine strain types to vary accordingly. Antigenic drifts are genetic changes occurring in the virus due to various actions of polymerases leading to gradual antigenic changes in both HA and NA, producing new variant strains. An antigenic shift occurs when the currently circulating virus disappears and is replaced by a new subtype with novel glycoproteins, to which antibodies against the previously circulating subtype do not cross-react.

• #30 Influenza: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/972269-overview

  Antigenic drift is the process by which inaccurate viral RNA polymerase frequently produces point mutations in certain error-prone regions in the genes. These mutations are ongoing, and they are responsible for the ability of the virus to evade annually acquired immunity in humans. Drift can also alter the virulence of the strain. Drift occurs within a set subtype (eg, H2N2). […] Antigenic shift is less frequent than antigenic drift. In a shift event, influenza genes between two strains are reassorted, presumably during coinfection of a single host. Segmentation of the viral genome, which consists of 10 genes on eight RNA molecules, facilitates genetic reassortment. […] The reassortment of an avian strain with a mammalian strain may produce a chimeric virus that is transmissible between mammals; such mutation products may contain H or N proteins that are unrecognizable to the immune systems of mammals. This antigenic shift results in a much greater population of susceptible individuals in whom more severe disease is possible. […] Such an antigenic shift can result in a virulent strain of influenza that possesses the triad of infectivity, lethality, and transmissibility and can cause a pandemic.

• #31 Influenza: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/972269-overview

  Antigenic drift is the process by which inaccurate viral RNA polymerase frequently produces point mutations in certain error-prone regions in the genes. These mutations are ongoing, and they are responsible for the ability of the virus to evade annually acquired immunity in humans. Drift can also alter the virulence of the strain. Drift occurs within a set subtype (eg, H2N2). […] Antigenic shift is less frequent than antigenic drift. In a shift event, influenza genes between two strains are reassorted, presumably during coinfection of a single host. Segmentation of the viral genome, which consists of 10 genes on eight RNA molecules, facilitates genetic reassortment. […] The reassortment of an avian strain with a mammalian strain may produce a chimeric virus that is transmissible between mammals; such mutation products may contain H or N proteins that are unrecognizable to the immune systems of mammals. This antigenic shift results in a much greater population of susceptible individuals in whom more severe disease is possible. […] Such an antigenic shift can result in a virulent strain of influenza that possesses the triad of infectivity, lethality, and transmissibility and can cause a pandemic.

• #32 Influenza: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/972269-overview

  Antigenic drift is the process by which inaccurate viral RNA polymerase frequently produces point mutations in certain error-prone regions in the genes. These mutations are ongoing, and they are responsible for the ability of the virus to evade annually acquired immunity in humans. Drift can also alter the virulence of the strain. Drift occurs within a set subtype (eg, H2N2). […] Antigenic shift is less frequent than antigenic drift. In a shift event, influenza genes between two strains are reassorted, presumably during coinfection of a single host. Segmentation of the viral genome, which consists of 10 genes on eight RNA molecules, facilitates genetic reassortment. […] The reassortment of an avian strain with a mammalian strain may produce a chimeric virus that is transmissible between mammals; such mutation products may contain H or N proteins that are unrecognizable to the immune systems of mammals. This antigenic shift results in a much greater population of susceptible individuals in whom more severe disease is possible. […] Such an antigenic shift can result in a virulent strain of influenza that possesses the triad of infectivity, lethality, and transmissibility and can cause a pandemic.

• #33 Influenza Vaccine – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537197/

  Influenza viruses express 2 types of antigens: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Influenza A virus has 18 HA and 11 NA subtypes, and these antigens are critical for the organism’s virulence. The trimeric hemagglutinin glycoprotein promotes attachment of the virus to the host cell surface, resulting in fusion and thereby releasing virions into the cytoplasm. […] Differently combined HA and NA antigens are seen in influenza A, which undergo antigenic drifts and shifts resulting in antigenic variation and, thereby, the necessity for vaccine strain types to vary accordingly. Antigenic drifts are genetic changes occurring in the virus due to various actions of polymerases leading to gradual antigenic changes in both HA and NA, producing new variant strains. An antigenic shift occurs when the currently circulating virus disappears and is replaced by a new subtype with novel glycoproteins, to which antibodies against the previously circulating subtype do not cross-react.

• #34 Are immune cells focused on the wrong part of the flu vaccine?

  https://www.labonline.com.au/content/life-scientist/article/are-immune-cells-focused-on-the-wrong-part-of-the-flu-vaccine–114308448

  Scientists at St. Jude Childrens Research Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine say they have discovered why the flu vaccine can perform poorly, having found that a specific type of immune cell indirectly controls the anti-influenza response. These helper cells often see the wrong parts of the virus, likely leading to immunity that is less effective. […] The researchers documented how the immune cells in lymph nodes respond to the vaccine, which contrasted with prior research and revealed a new piece of the mechanism underlying poor vaccine performance. […] Together, the findings show that annual influenza vaccine performance can be hindered by an immune response against the wrong proteins; those in the vaccine that are conserved from year to year. Keeping that incorrect immunity long-term prevents the body from creating new, more effective antibodies.

• #35 T helper cells may be the key to improving annual influenza vaccines – St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital

  https://www.stjude.org/media-resources/news-releases/2024-medicine-science-news/t-helper-cells-may-be-key-to-improving-annual-influenza-vaccines.html

  Scientists at St. Jude Childrens Research Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine found that T follicular helper cells determine the effectiveness of vaccine-induced immunity against flu. […] They found that a specific type of immune cell, called T follicular helper cells, indirectly controls the anti-influenza response. […] The findings, which could guide better vaccine design, were published today in Nature Immunology. […] We found that the current flu vaccine formulation could likely be improved by focusing on the influenza surface proteins and excluding the virus internal proteins that distract the immune system. […] Findings showed that the annual flu vaccine raises vaccinated individuals immune responses, but often not towards the most beneficial proteins. […] The best anti-flu responses target the two influenza surface proteins, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, which change year to year.

• #36 T helper cells may be the key to improving annual influenza vaccines – St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital

  https://www.stjude.org/media-resources/news-releases/2024-medicine-science-news/t-helper-cells-may-be-key-to-improving-annual-influenza-vaccines.html

  Less than ideal immune responses were caused by the vaccine targeting unchanging internal proteins, rather than the more beneficial surface proteins. […] New vaccine formulations should focus the T-cell response on just the surface proteins. […] This study is the first to offer a high-resolution perspective of helper cells taken from the lymph nodes of people who received the flu vaccine, revealing new insights into how these T cells do or do not direct effective immunity to influenza. […] We found that a large group of T follicular helper cells are responding to the same proteins that they see every year, instead of targeting the surface proteins that we update and want them to target. […] Together, the findings show that annual influenza vaccine performance can be hindered by an immune response against the wrong proteins, those in the vaccine that are conserved from year to year.

• #37 Are immune cells focused on the wrong part of the flu vaccine?

  https://www.labonline.com.au/content/life-scientist/article/are-immune-cells-focused-on-the-wrong-part-of-the-flu-vaccine–114308448

  Scientists at St. Jude Childrens Research Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine say they have discovered why the flu vaccine can perform poorly, having found that a specific type of immune cell indirectly controls the anti-influenza response. These helper cells often see the wrong parts of the virus, likely leading to immunity that is less effective. […] The researchers documented how the immune cells in lymph nodes respond to the vaccine, which contrasted with prior research and revealed a new piece of the mechanism underlying poor vaccine performance. […] Together, the findings show that annual influenza vaccine performance can be hindered by an immune response against the wrong proteins; those in the vaccine that are conserved from year to year. Keeping that incorrect immunity long-term prevents the body from creating new, more effective antibodies.

• #38 T helper cells may be the key to improving annual influenza vaccines – St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital

  https://www.stjude.org/media-resources/news-releases/2024-medicine-science-news/t-helper-cells-may-be-key-to-improving-annual-influenza-vaccines.html

  Less than ideal immune responses were caused by the vaccine targeting unchanging internal proteins, rather than the more beneficial surface proteins. […] New vaccine formulations should focus the T-cell response on just the surface proteins. […] This study is the first to offer a high-resolution perspective of helper cells taken from the lymph nodes of people who received the flu vaccine, revealing new insights into how these T cells do or do not direct effective immunity to influenza. […] We found that a large group of T follicular helper cells are responding to the same proteins that they see every year, instead of targeting the surface proteins that we update and want them to target. […] Together, the findings show that annual influenza vaccine performance can be hindered by an immune response against the wrong proteins, those in the vaccine that are conserved from year to year.

• #39 T helper cells may be the key to improving annual influenza vaccines – St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital

  https://www.stjude.org/media-resources/news-releases/2024-medicine-science-news/t-helper-cells-may-be-key-to-improving-annual-influenza-vaccines.html

  Less than ideal immune responses were caused by the vaccine targeting unchanging internal proteins, rather than the more beneficial surface proteins. […] New vaccine formulations should focus the T-cell response on just the surface proteins. […] This study is the first to offer a high-resolution perspective of helper cells taken from the lymph nodes of people who received the flu vaccine, revealing new insights into how these T cells do or do not direct effective immunity to influenza. […] We found that a large group of T follicular helper cells are responding to the same proteins that they see every year, instead of targeting the surface proteins that we update and want them to target. […] Together, the findings show that annual influenza vaccine performance can be hindered by an immune response against the wrong proteins, those in the vaccine that are conserved from year to year.

• #40 T helper cells may be the key to improving annual influenza vaccines – St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital

  https://www.stjude.org/media-resources/news-releases/2024-medicine-science-news/t-helper-cells-may-be-key-to-improving-annual-influenza-vaccines.html

  Scientists at St. Jude Childrens Research Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine found that T follicular helper cells determine the effectiveness of vaccine-induced immunity against flu. […] They found that a specific type of immune cell, called T follicular helper cells, indirectly controls the anti-influenza response. […] The findings, which could guide better vaccine design, were published today in Nature Immunology. […] We found that the current flu vaccine formulation could likely be improved by focusing on the influenza surface proteins and excluding the virus internal proteins that distract the immune system. […] Findings showed that the annual flu vaccine raises vaccinated individuals immune responses, but often not towards the most beneficial proteins. […] The best anti-flu responses target the two influenza surface proteins, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, which change year to year.

• #41 Are immune cells focused on the wrong part of the flu vaccine?

  https://www.labonline.com.au/content/life-scientist/article/are-immune-cells-focused-on-the-wrong-part-of-the-flu-vaccine–114308448

  It was advanced by Robert Webster many years ago that the process involved B cells. Weve now shown T follicular helper cells are likely part of the imprinting process that commits B cells to recall a memory response preferentially. […] With the knowledge of what makes the influenza vaccine less potent in some people, the researchers hope to find ways to use that new understanding to increase vaccine efficacy.

• #42 Beat The Flu Season – IM & PC – Mississippi

  https://impcna.com/beat-the-flu-season-a-complete-guide-to-childrens-flu-vaccinations

  Children are little bundles of joy, but their developing immune systems can also increase their vulnerability to illnesses like the flu. […] The flu vaccine plays a crucial role. It works by preparing the body for a fight against influenza viruses, effectively minimizing the chances of severe illnesses occurring. […] The body typically requires approximately two weeks following vaccination to develop immune protection. Therefore, it is crucial to vaccinate your child prior to the widespread circulation of flu viruses within the community. […] Flu vaccines are essential for protecting our children’s health, especially considering their vulnerable immune systems and the potential complications of flu.

• #43 Flu and Children | Influenza (Flu) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/flu/highrisk/children.html

  Flu can be more dangerous than the common cold for children. […] Annual flu vaccination offers the best protection against flu and its potentially serious complications in children. […] Because these groups of children are at higher risk, it is especially important that they get a seasonal flu vaccine to help prevent flu, and to reduce their risk of being hospitalized or dying from flu if they do get sick. […] Flu illness is more dangerous than the common cold for children. […] Complications from flu among children in this age group can include: pneumonia, dehydration, worsening of long-term medical problems like heart disease or asthma, brain dysfunction such as encephalopathy, sinus problems and ear infections. […] Flu-related hospitalizations among children younger than 5 years old each flu season have ranged from 6,000 to 25,000 annually in the United States.

• #44 Flu and Children | Influenza (Flu) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/flu/highrisk/children.html

  Flu can be more dangerous than the common cold for children. […] Annual flu vaccination offers the best protection against flu and its potentially serious complications in children. […] Because these groups of children are at higher risk, it is especially important that they get a seasonal flu vaccine to help prevent flu, and to reduce their risk of being hospitalized or dying from flu if they do get sick. […] Flu illness is more dangerous than the common cold for children. […] Complications from flu among children in this age group can include: pneumonia, dehydration, worsening of long-term medical problems like heart disease or asthma, brain dysfunction such as encephalopathy, sinus problems and ear infections. […] Flu-related hospitalizations among children younger than 5 years old each flu season have ranged from 6,000 to 25,000 annually in the United States.

• #45 Flu and Children | Influenza (Flu) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/flu/highrisk/children.html

  Flu can be more dangerous than the common cold for children. […] Annual flu vaccination offers the best protection against flu and its potentially serious complications in children. […] Because these groups of children are at higher risk, it is especially important that they get a seasonal flu vaccine to help prevent flu, and to reduce their risk of being hospitalized or dying from flu if they do get sick. […] Flu illness is more dangerous than the common cold for children. […] Complications from flu among children in this age group can include: pneumonia, dehydration, worsening of long-term medical problems like heart disease or asthma, brain dysfunction such as encephalopathy, sinus problems and ear infections. […] Flu-related hospitalizations among children younger than 5 years old each flu season have ranged from 6,000 to 25,000 annually in the United States.

• #46 Flu and Children | Influenza (Flu) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/flu/highrisk/children.html

  During the 2023-2024 flu season, 70 percent of children 0 to 17 years old hospitalized with flu had at least one underlying health condition. […] Importantly, among reported flu-related deaths in children, about 80% occurred in children who were not fully vaccinated. […] In children, annual flu vaccination has been shown to reduce flu illnesses, doctor’s visits for flu, and missed school days. […] Reduce the risk of flu-related hospitalization and death. […] CDC recommends annual flu vaccination for everyone 6 months and older with any licensed, age-appropriate flu vaccine. […] Some children 6 months to 8 years old need two doses of flu vaccine this season. […] For these children it is recommended they get the first dose as soon as vaccine is available, because the second dose needs to be given at least 4 weeks after the first.

• #47 Flu and Children | Influenza (Flu) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/flu/highrisk/children.html

  During the 2023-2024 flu season, 70 percent of children 0 to 17 years old hospitalized with flu had at least one underlying health condition. […] Importantly, among reported flu-related deaths in children, about 80% occurred in children who were not fully vaccinated. […] In children, annual flu vaccination has been shown to reduce flu illnesses, doctor’s visits for flu, and missed school days. […] Reduce the risk of flu-related hospitalization and death. […] CDC recommends annual flu vaccination for everyone 6 months and older with any licensed, age-appropriate flu vaccine. […] Some children 6 months to 8 years old need two doses of flu vaccine this season. […] For these children it is recommended they get the first dose as soon as vaccine is available, because the second dose needs to be given at least 4 weeks after the first.

• #48 Flu and Children | Influenza (Flu) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/flu/highrisk/children.html

  During the 2023-2024 flu season, 70 percent of children 0 to 17 years old hospitalized with flu had at least one underlying health condition. […] Importantly, among reported flu-related deaths in children, about 80% occurred in children who were not fully vaccinated. […] In children, annual flu vaccination has been shown to reduce flu illnesses, doctor’s visits for flu, and missed school days. […] Reduce the risk of flu-related hospitalization and death. […] CDC recommends annual flu vaccination for everyone 6 months and older with any licensed, age-appropriate flu vaccine. […] Some children 6 months to 8 years old need two doses of flu vaccine this season. […] For these children it is recommended they get the first dose as soon as vaccine is available, because the second dose needs to be given at least 4 weeks after the first.

• #49 Flu and Children | Influenza (Flu) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/flu/highrisk/children.html

  During the 2023-2024 flu season, 70 percent of children 0 to 17 years old hospitalized with flu had at least one underlying health condition. […] Importantly, among reported flu-related deaths in children, about 80% occurred in children who were not fully vaccinated. […] In children, annual flu vaccination has been shown to reduce flu illnesses, doctor’s visits for flu, and missed school days. […] Reduce the risk of flu-related hospitalization and death. […] CDC recommends annual flu vaccination for everyone 6 months and older with any licensed, age-appropriate flu vaccine. […] Some children 6 months to 8 years old need two doses of flu vaccine this season. […] For these children it is recommended they get the first dose as soon as vaccine is available, because the second dose needs to be given at least 4 weeks after the first.

• #50 Influenza virus vaccination in pediatric nephrotic syndrome significantly reduces rate of relapse and influenza virus infection as assessed in a nationwide survey | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-02644-x

  Although vaccination may precipitate relapses of nephrotic syndrome (NS) in children with idiopathic NS, no data are available regarding NS activity regarding influenza (flu) virus infections and NS relapses after receiving inactivated flu vaccines. […] The MPRM in all 306 children showed a significantly lower RR for flu infection (RR: 0.21, 95% confidence interval CI 0.110.38) and for NS relapse (RR: 0.22, 95% CI 0.140.35) in children receiving flu vaccination compared with unvaccinated children. […] Although our study was observational, based on the favorable results of flu vaccinations regarding flu infections and NS relapse, the vaccine may be recommended for children with NS. […] In this cohort, we examined the relationship among flu vaccination, flu infections, and NS relapses. Multivariate analysis revealed a significantly lower risk ratio for NS relapse in children who received flu vaccination.

• #51 Influenza virus vaccination in pediatric nephrotic syndrome significantly reduces rate of relapse and influenza virus infection as assessed in a nationwide survey | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-02644-x

  Although vaccination may precipitate relapses of nephrotic syndrome (NS) in children with idiopathic NS, no data are available regarding NS activity regarding influenza (flu) virus infections and NS relapses after receiving inactivated flu vaccines. […] The MPRM in all 306 children showed a significantly lower RR for flu infection (RR: 0.21, 95% confidence interval CI 0.110.38) and for NS relapse (RR: 0.22, 95% CI 0.140.35) in children receiving flu vaccination compared with unvaccinated children. […] Although our study was observational, based on the favorable results of flu vaccinations regarding flu infections and NS relapse, the vaccine may be recommended for children with NS. […] In this cohort, we examined the relationship among flu vaccination, flu infections, and NS relapses. Multivariate analysis revealed a significantly lower risk ratio for NS relapse in children who received flu vaccination.

• #52 Influenza virus vaccination in pediatric nephrotic syndrome significantly reduces rate of relapse and influenza virus infection as assessed in a nationwide survey | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-02644-x

  Our results provide affirmative findings in comparison with our previous study targeting 104 vaccinated children with NS in a single facility. […] According to our past and present studies, it may be unnecessary to avoid flu vaccination in children with NS for fear of NS relapse. […] We expect that the prevention of flu infection in NS children who received the flu vaccine might lead to a decrease in the rate of NS relapse regarding flu infection. […] This cohort study provided statistical evidence of a lower risk ratio for flu infection among children who receive flu vaccination. […] Therefore, reducing flu infections in children with NS is desirable. […] The effectiveness of flu vaccination in pediatric patients with NS is proven serologically, with adequate antibody responses at 6 months post-vaccination. […] In conclusion, although our study was observational, based on the favorable results of flu vaccination against flu infection and NS relapse, the vaccine may be recommended for children with NS regardless of immunosuppressant use at the time of vaccination.

• #53 Influenza virus vaccination in pediatric nephrotic syndrome significantly reduces rate of relapse and influenza virus infection as assessed in a nationwide survey | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-02644-x

  Our results provide affirmative findings in comparison with our previous study targeting 104 vaccinated children with NS in a single facility. […] According to our past and present studies, it may be unnecessary to avoid flu vaccination in children with NS for fear of NS relapse. […] We expect that the prevention of flu infection in NS children who received the flu vaccine might lead to a decrease in the rate of NS relapse regarding flu infection. […] This cohort study provided statistical evidence of a lower risk ratio for flu infection among children who receive flu vaccination. […] Therefore, reducing flu infections in children with NS is desirable. […] The effectiveness of flu vaccination in pediatric patients with NS is proven serologically, with adequate antibody responses at 6 months post-vaccination. […] In conclusion, although our study was observational, based on the favorable results of flu vaccination against flu infection and NS relapse, the vaccine may be recommended for children with NS regardless of immunosuppressant use at the time of vaccination.

• #54 Flu Vaccine Basics

  https://www.nemours.org/about/flu-vaccine-basics.html

  The flu vaccine protects your family from the flu. […] The flu vaccine is safe and it helps protect people from getting seriously ill. […] The flu vaccine cannot give you the flu. […] Your body’s immunity against the flu virus declines over time, which is why it’s important to get a flu shot every year. […] The flu vaccine is recommended for everyone age 6 months and older. […] Getting vaccinated before the flu season is in full force (ideally by the end of October) gives the body a chance to make antibodies that protect from the virus. […] People might feel sore in the area where they had the shot. […] It is safe to get a COVID-19 vaccine along with any other routine vaccine, including the flu vaccine. […] Part of keeping your child healthy means getting all recommended vaccines. This includes the flu vaccine each year.

• #55 Tips for Speaking with Parents about Flu Vaccine – California Vaccines for Children (VFC)

  https://eziz.org/resources/flu-promo-materials/tips-for-speaking-with-parents-about-flu-vaccine/

  Flu vaccines are made with killed or weakened viruses that cannot give you the flu. […] Flu vaccine takes 2 weeks to work. Your child may have caught flu/a virus before developing immunity. […] Flu vaccines do not prevent 100% of all flu infections; however, if your child catches the flu, it will be much less severe. […] A recent study suggests that flu vaccine protected most kids against severe disease even when the vaccine wasn’t a perfect match for the virus. […] About half of the children who are hospitalized or die from the flu each year are healthy before catching the flu. […] Vaccines have been rigorously tested, studied, and monitored to ensure they are safe. […] Flu vaccine for children usually does not contain thimerosal. […] Flu viruses are not the same as a cold. When a person catches the flu, they often have a fever and body aches; most also have to miss days of work or school. When complications set in, flu can be life-threatening.

• #56 Flu Vaccine Basics

  https://www.nemours.org/about/flu-vaccine-basics.html

  The flu vaccine protects your family from the flu. […] The flu vaccine is safe and it helps protect people from getting seriously ill. […] The flu vaccine cannot give you the flu. […] Your body’s immunity against the flu virus declines over time, which is why it’s important to get a flu shot every year. […] The flu vaccine is recommended for everyone age 6 months and older. […] Getting vaccinated before the flu season is in full force (ideally by the end of October) gives the body a chance to make antibodies that protect from the virus. […] People might feel sore in the area where they had the shot. […] It is safe to get a COVID-19 vaccine along with any other routine vaccine, including the flu vaccine. […] Part of keeping your child healthy means getting all recommended vaccines. This includes the flu vaccine each year.

• #57 8 things doctors wish patients knew about flu vaccines | American Medical Association

  https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/public-health/8-things-doctors-wish-patients-knew-about-flu-vaccines

  The flu vaccine is made of pieces of the virus or inactivated virus, and the nasal spray is a whole virus, but its an attenuated form of the virus, so neither kind can actually give you the flu, said Dr. Kirley. […] It takes the vaccine a couple of weeks to generate a full immune response, so you dont have your full protection until a couple of weeks after you get your shot, she noted. […] The flu vaccine is really to get the protection against that scenario. […] We typically don’t know the effectiveness of the vaccine until we really get into flu season, and we can see what types of viruses actually end up circulating in the population, said Dr. Kirley, adding that every year, the flu vaccine is adjusted to align with what is predicted to be the most likely strains circulating. […] It typically falls somewhere between 40% and 60% effectiveness, she said. Even when the vaccine is only 30% effective at preventing flu, that is still very meaningful and crucial for preventing hospitalizations and deaths. […] The flu vaccine is most effective for all of us when more of us get it, so we can get closer to achievingat least for flu seasonthat herd immunity, she said.

• #58 An awesome post about the… – Nationwide Children’s HospitalFacebookShared with Public

  https://www.facebook.com/NationwideChildrensHospital/posts/an-awesome-post-about-the-flu-vaccine-from-one-of-our-urgent-care-doctors-the-ev/10157558432850135/

  The flu shot did NOT make me sick. It did not cause the flu. This fever is my immune system in action. My body “thinks” I have the flu and is responding as it should. I’m making antibodies so when the real flu comes around later this year, I’m ready to fight it off quickly and effectively. […] If you got the flu shot and “got the flu” after, it wasn’t due to the shot. You were: either already exposed to the flu prior to the shot or caught a different strain of the flu.

• #59 An awesome post about the… – Nationwide Children’s HospitalFacebookShared with Public

  https://www.facebook.com/NationwideChildrensHospital/posts/an-awesome-post-about-the-flu-vaccine-from-one-of-our-urgent-care-doctors-the-ev/10157558432850135/

  The flu shot did NOT make me sick. It did not cause the flu. This fever is my immune system in action. My body “thinks” I have the flu and is responding as it should. I’m making antibodies so when the real flu comes around later this year, I’m ready to fight it off quickly and effectively. […] If you got the flu shot and “got the flu” after, it wasn’t due to the shot. You were: either already exposed to the flu prior to the shot or caught a different strain of the flu.

• #60 Tips for Speaking with Parents about Flu Vaccine – California Vaccines for Children (VFC)

  https://eziz.org/resources/flu-promo-materials/tips-for-speaking-with-parents-about-flu-vaccine/

  Flu vaccines are made with killed or weakened viruses that cannot give you the flu. […] Flu vaccine takes 2 weeks to work. Your child may have caught flu/a virus before developing immunity. […] Flu vaccines do not prevent 100% of all flu infections; however, if your child catches the flu, it will be much less severe. […] A recent study suggests that flu vaccine protected most kids against severe disease even when the vaccine wasn’t a perfect match for the virus. […] About half of the children who are hospitalized or die from the flu each year are healthy before catching the flu. […] Vaccines have been rigorously tested, studied, and monitored to ensure they are safe. […] Flu vaccine for children usually does not contain thimerosal. […] Flu viruses are not the same as a cold. When a person catches the flu, they often have a fever and body aches; most also have to miss days of work or school. When complications set in, flu can be life-threatening.

• #61 Tips for Speaking with Parents about Flu Vaccine – California Vaccines for Children (VFC)

  https://eziz.org/resources/flu-promo-materials/tips-for-speaking-with-parents-about-flu-vaccine/

  Flu vaccines are made with killed or weakened viruses that cannot give you the flu. […] Flu vaccine takes 2 weeks to work. Your child may have caught flu/a virus before developing immunity. […] Flu vaccines do not prevent 100% of all flu infections; however, if your child catches the flu, it will be much less severe. […] A recent study suggests that flu vaccine protected most kids against severe disease even when the vaccine wasn’t a perfect match for the virus. […] About half of the children who are hospitalized or die from the flu each year are healthy before catching the flu. […] Vaccines have been rigorously tested, studied, and monitored to ensure they are safe. […] Flu vaccine for children usually does not contain thimerosal. […] Flu viruses are not the same as a cold. When a person catches the flu, they often have a fever and body aches; most also have to miss days of work or school. When complications set in, flu can be life-threatening.

• #62 Flu (influenza) vaccine

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/Influenza_(flu)_vaccine/

  The flu vaccine protects against the flu for about 3 to 4 months from vaccination. […] If your child is allergic or anaphylactic to eggs, they can still safely get the flu vaccine. These allergies do not increase the risk of allergy or side effects from the vaccine. […] Your child can get the flu vaccine at the same time as other vaccines on the National Immunisation Program. Multiple vaccines at once do not overwhelm the immune system or cause increased side effects.

• #63 Flu (influenza) vaccine

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/Influenza_(flu)_vaccine/

  The flu vaccine protects against the flu for about 3 to 4 months from vaccination. […] If your child is allergic or anaphylactic to eggs, they can still safely get the flu vaccine. These allergies do not increase the risk of allergy or side effects from the vaccine. […] Your child can get the flu vaccine at the same time as other vaccines on the National Immunisation Program. Multiple vaccines at once do not overwhelm the immune system or cause increased side effects.

• #64 Flu Vaccine Basics

  https://www.nemours.org/about/flu-vaccine-basics.html

  The flu vaccine protects your family from the flu. […] The flu vaccine is safe and it helps protect people from getting seriously ill. […] The flu vaccine cannot give you the flu. […] Your body’s immunity against the flu virus declines over time, which is why it’s important to get a flu shot every year. […] The flu vaccine is recommended for everyone age 6 months and older. […] Getting vaccinated before the flu season is in full force (ideally by the end of October) gives the body a chance to make antibodies that protect from the virus. […] People might feel sore in the area where they had the shot. […] It is safe to get a COVID-19 vaccine along with any other routine vaccine, including the flu vaccine. […] Part of keeping your child healthy means getting all recommended vaccines. This includes the flu vaccine each year.

• #65 Flu Vaccine Basics

  https://www.nemours.org/about/flu-vaccine-basics.html

  The flu vaccine protects your family from the flu. […] The flu vaccine is safe and it helps protect people from getting seriously ill. […] The flu vaccine cannot give you the flu. […] Your body’s immunity against the flu virus declines over time, which is why it’s important to get a flu shot every year. […] The flu vaccine is recommended for everyone age 6 months and older. […] Getting vaccinated before the flu season is in full force (ideally by the end of October) gives the body a chance to make antibodies that protect from the virus. […] People might feel sore in the area where they had the shot. […] It is safe to get a COVID-19 vaccine along with any other routine vaccine, including the flu vaccine. […] Part of keeping your child healthy means getting all recommended vaccines. This includes the flu vaccine each year.

• #66 Flu Vaccine Basics

  https://www.nemours.org/about/flu-vaccine-basics.html

  The flu vaccine protects your family from the flu. […] The flu vaccine is safe and it helps protect people from getting seriously ill. […] The flu vaccine cannot give you the flu. […] Your body’s immunity against the flu virus declines over time, which is why it’s important to get a flu shot every year. […] The flu vaccine is recommended for everyone age 6 months and older. […] Getting vaccinated before the flu season is in full force (ideally by the end of October) gives the body a chance to make antibodies that protect from the virus. […] People might feel sore in the area where they had the shot. […] It is safe to get a COVID-19 vaccine along with any other routine vaccine, including the flu vaccine. […] Part of keeping your child healthy means getting all recommended vaccines. This includes the flu vaccine each year.

• #67 Flu shots for Kids | Norton Norton Children’s

  https://nortonchildrens.com/services/pediatrics/flu-shots-for-kids/

  An influenza vaccine, commonly called a flu shot, is produced each year and released in the United States in September. Getting a flu shot can help prevent a child from getting the influenza virus, also called the flu, or having serious complications from the flu. […] The flu shot is different every year, so children need to receive a flu shot yearly. The effectiveness of the vaccine depends on the degree of similarity of the strains of flu included in the vaccine and the strains circulating in a community. Flu shot effectiveness also can vary from one person to another, depending on factors such as age and current health. The flu shot is available to children ages 6 months and older. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends annual flu vaccines for children starting at 6 months old. Children between age 6 month and 8 years who are getting the flu shot for the first time should get two doses of the vaccine, according to the CDC.

• #68 Flu shots for Kids | Norton Norton Children’s

  https://nortonchildrens.com/services/pediatrics/flu-shots-for-kids/

  An influenza vaccine, commonly called a flu shot, is produced each year and released in the United States in September. Getting a flu shot can help prevent a child from getting the influenza virus, also called the flu, or having serious complications from the flu. […] The flu shot is different every year, so children need to receive a flu shot yearly. The effectiveness of the vaccine depends on the degree of similarity of the strains of flu included in the vaccine and the strains circulating in a community. Flu shot effectiveness also can vary from one person to another, depending on factors such as age and current health. The flu shot is available to children ages 6 months and older. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends annual flu vaccines for children starting at 6 months old. Children between age 6 month and 8 years who are getting the flu shot for the first time should get two doses of the vaccine, according to the CDC.

• #69 Flu and Children | Influenza (Flu) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/flu/highrisk/children.html

  During the 2023-2024 flu season, 70 percent of children 0 to 17 years old hospitalized with flu had at least one underlying health condition. […] Importantly, among reported flu-related deaths in children, about 80% occurred in children who were not fully vaccinated. […] In children, annual flu vaccination has been shown to reduce flu illnesses, doctor’s visits for flu, and missed school days. […] Reduce the risk of flu-related hospitalization and death. […] CDC recommends annual flu vaccination for everyone 6 months and older with any licensed, age-appropriate flu vaccine. […] Some children 6 months to 8 years old need two doses of flu vaccine this season. […] For these children it is recommended they get the first dose as soon as vaccine is available, because the second dose needs to be given at least 4 weeks after the first.

• #70 Flu and Children | Influenza (Flu) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/flu/highrisk/children.html

  Flu can be more dangerous than the common cold for children. […] Annual flu vaccination offers the best protection against flu and its potentially serious complications in children. […] Because these groups of children are at higher risk, it is especially important that they get a seasonal flu vaccine to help prevent flu, and to reduce their risk of being hospitalized or dying from flu if they do get sick. […] Flu illness is more dangerous than the common cold for children. […] Complications from flu among children in this age group can include: pneumonia, dehydration, worsening of long-term medical problems like heart disease or asthma, brain dysfunction such as encephalopathy, sinus problems and ear infections. […] Flu-related hospitalizations among children younger than 5 years old each flu season have ranged from 6,000 to 25,000 annually in the United States.

• #71 Flu (influenza) vaccine

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/Influenza_(flu)_vaccine/

  Influenza also known as the flu is an infection caused by a type of influenza virus. […] The flu vaccine is the best and safest way to protect your child from becoming sick with the flu. It works by building your childs immunity to flu viruses. […] Your child should get a flu vaccine if they are above six months of age. It is best to get them vaccinated for the flu every year before the start of winter. […] The flu vaccine is an injection that goes into a muscle usually in the upper arm for children or the thigh for babies. […] Flu viruses change yearly, so companies must make new vaccines to protect against the most common strains. […] The flu vaccine is safe and effective for children and adults. All vaccines available in Australia must pass strict safety testing before being approved for use by the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA).

• #72 Flu shots for Kids | Norton Norton Children’s

  https://nortonchildrens.com/services/pediatrics/flu-shots-for-kids/

  “It’s important to have children protected against the flu virus before flu season starts, because building antibodies typically takes a couple of weeks after vaccination,” said Kristina K. Bryant, M.D., pediatric infectious diseases specialist with Norton Children’s Infectious Diseases. “Flu vaccines are safe and offer protection against the most common strains of the virus.”

• #73 Flu (influenza) vaccine

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/Influenza_(flu)_vaccine/

  The flu vaccine protects against the flu for about 3 to 4 months from vaccination. […] If your child is allergic or anaphylactic to eggs, they can still safely get the flu vaccine. These allergies do not increase the risk of allergy or side effects from the vaccine. […] Your child can get the flu vaccine at the same time as other vaccines on the National Immunisation Program. Multiple vaccines at once do not overwhelm the immune system or cause increased side effects.

• #74 Flu (influenza) vaccine

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/Influenza_(flu)_vaccine/

  Influenza also known as the flu is an infection caused by a type of influenza virus. […] The flu vaccine is the best and safest way to protect your child from becoming sick with the flu. It works by building your childs immunity to flu viruses. […] Your child should get a flu vaccine if they are above six months of age. It is best to get them vaccinated for the flu every year before the start of winter. […] The flu vaccine is an injection that goes into a muscle usually in the upper arm for children or the thigh for babies. […] Flu viruses change yearly, so companies must make new vaccines to protect against the most common strains. […] The flu vaccine is safe and effective for children and adults. All vaccines available in Australia must pass strict safety testing before being approved for use by the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA).

• #75 Flu shots for Kids | Norton Norton Children’s

  https://nortonchildrens.com/services/pediatrics/flu-shots-for-kids/

  An influenza vaccine, commonly called a flu shot, is produced each year and released in the United States in September. Getting a flu shot can help prevent a child from getting the influenza virus, also called the flu, or having serious complications from the flu. […] The flu shot is different every year, so children need to receive a flu shot yearly. The effectiveness of the vaccine depends on the degree of similarity of the strains of flu included in the vaccine and the strains circulating in a community. Flu shot effectiveness also can vary from one person to another, depending on factors such as age and current health. The flu shot is available to children ages 6 months and older. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends annual flu vaccines for children starting at 6 months old. Children between age 6 month and 8 years who are getting the flu shot for the first time should get two doses of the vaccine, according to the CDC.

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