Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Flu and Children | Influenza (Flu) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/flu/highrisk/children.html

  Flu can be more dangerous than the common cold for children. […] Annual flu vaccination offers the best protection against flu and its potentially serious complications in children. […] Because these groups of children are at higher risk, it is especially important that they get a seasonal flu vaccine to help prevent flu, and to reduce their risk of being hospitalized or dying from flu if they do get sick. […] It’s important to vaccinate everyone 6 months and older against flu each year to help protect those most at risk. […] Each year, millions of children get sick with seasonal flu; thousands of children are hospitalized, and some children die from flu. […] Complications from flu among children in this age group can include: pneumonia, dehydration, worsening of long-term medical problems like heart disease or asthma, brain dysfunction such as encephalopathy, sinus problems and ear infections.

• #1 Influenza (the flu) | Texas Children’s

  https://www.texaschildrens.org/content/conditions/influenza-flu

  Influenza – also commonly called “the flu” – is a contagious respiratory illness caused by viruses that infect the nose, throat and lungs. It can cause mild to severe illness, but is more dangerous for children than the common cold. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), every year about 20,000 children under the age of 5 years are hospitalized because of influenza complications. It can also be fatal: during the 2013-2014 flu season, 107 flu-related pediatric deaths were reported in the United States. […] To protect them from the flu, all children 6 months of age and older should get the flu vaccine every year. Parents, family members and caregivers also should get vaccinated every year. […] While there are tests your doctor can perform to see if your child has the flu, the reliability of the test vary considerably depending upon the prevalence of influenza in the community. During flu season (in Texas this usually begins in December), the diagnosis can often be made from a medical history and physical examination. Many pediatricians will simply examine your child to determine if she has the flu.

• #1 Influenza: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/972269-workup

  Influenza traditionally has been diagnosed on the basis of clinical criteria, but rapid diagnostic tests, which have a high degree of specificity but only moderate sensitivity, are becoming more widely used. The gold standard for diagnosing influenza A and B is a viral culture of nasopharyngeal samples or throat samples. In elderly or high-risk patients with pulmonary symptoms, perform chest radiography to exclude pneumonia. […] Prevention of influenza is the most effective management strategy. Influenza A and B vaccine is administered each year before flu season. The CDC analyzes the vaccine subtypes each year and makes any necessary changes for the coming season on the basis of worldwide trends. […] The approved age indication for the cell culture-based inactivated influenza vaccine, ccIIV4 [Flucelvax Quadrivalent], has been lowered to children 2 years. […] Regardless of allergy history, all vaccines should be administered in settings in which personnel and equipment for rapid recognition and treatment of anaphylaxis are available.

• #1 Flu prevention and vaccine information | Mass.gov

  https://www.mass.gov/info-details/flu-prevention-and-vaccine-information

  Everyone 6 months of age and older should be vaccinated for flu. It is especially important that the people in one of the groups listed below get a flu shot every year as they are more likely to get severely ill with flu. […] Children younger than 5 years of age — especially those younger than 2 years old — are at high risk of serious flu-related symptoms and complications. […] Flu vaccination has been found to reduce deaths in children. A study in Pediatrics was the first of its kind to show that influenza vaccination is effective in preventing influenza-associated deaths among children. […] A study looking at children and adolescents estimated that influenza (flu) vaccination reduced the risk of flu-related emergency department and urgent care visits and hospitalizations by almost half (40-48%) among children and adolescents during the 2022-2023 season. A 2022 study showed that flu vaccination reduced children’s risk of severe life-threatening influenza by 75%.

• #1 Influenza vaccination and treatment in children with neurologic disorders

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4063242/

  Influenza viruses cause substantial morbidity in children each year, especially among children with specific chronic conditions. […] Annual vaccination is the most effective way to prevent influenza and its complications, and is recommended for all children 6 months through 18 years of age, including children with neurologic disorders. […] However, there have been few studies of influenza vaccination specifically in this population. […] Annual influenza vaccination is the best method to prevent influenza and since 2008 has been recommended by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for all children 6 months of age. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) Strategic Advisory Group (SAGE) on Immunization recommends that all children aged 6 to 59 months and all those with high-risk conditions receive seasonal influenza vaccination.

• #1 Your Child’s Vaccines: Influenza (Flu) Vaccine (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/flu-vaccine.html

  Talk to your doctor about whether the vaccine is a good idea if your child has ever had a severe allergic reaction, or any allergic reaction to a previous flu vaccine. […] In the past, people with an egg allergy had to check with their doctor about whether the flu vaccine was OK for them because it’s grown inside eggs. […] But health experts now say that the amount of egg protein in the vaccine is so tiny that it’s safe even for kids with a severe egg allergy. […] So it’s more important than ever to get a flu vaccine and an updated COVID-19 vaccine. […] People can get a flu vaccine at the same time they get the COVID-19 and RSV shots. […] Call your doctor if your child is sick and has a fever, and you aren’t sure whether to reschedule the vaccine.

• #1 Can You Get the Flu Shot While Sick? Safety and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/flu/flu-shot-while-sick

  It’s important that children receive their vaccinations on time in order to be protected from potentially serious infections, including influenza. Children 6 months and older can receive the flu shot. […] It’s safe for children to receive the flu shot if they have a mild illness. According to the CDC, children can still be vaccinated if they have: a low-grade fever (lower than 101F or 38.3C), a runny nose, a cough, mild diarrhea, a cold or an ear infection. […] If your child is currently sick and you’re unsure if they should receive a flu shot, discuss their symptoms with a doctor. They’ll be able to determine if your child’s flu shot should be delayed. […] You can still get the flu vaccine if you have a mild illness, such as a cold or sinus infection. People who have a fever or a moderate or severe illness may need to delay vaccination until they’ve recovered. […] If you’re sick and are unsure if you should receive a flu shot, talk to your doctor about your symptoms. They’ll be able to advise you on if it’s best to wait.

• #1 Your Child’s Vaccines: Influenza (Flu) Vaccine (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/flu-vaccine.html

  The flu vaccine protects against influenza (what most of us call „the flu”), a contagious viral infection of the nose, throat, and lungs that can make a person feel very sick. […] The flu vaccine is recommended for everyone 6 months of age and older. It does not cause the flu and it helps keep kids and parents from getting sick. […] Babies younger than 6 months can’t get the vaccine. But if their parents, other caregivers, and older kids in the household get it, that will help protect the baby. […] Every year thousands of people die from influenza, and getting the flu vaccine is one way to help prevent that. […] While the flu vaccine isn’t 100% effective, it still greatly lowers a person’s chances of catching the flu, which can be very serious. […] Kids under 9 years old need 2 doses if: Theyve never had the flu vaccine or have had the vaccine only once in a past flu season.

• #1 DHHS: DPH: NC Flu: Providers: Guidance For Children

  https://flu.ncdhhs.gov/providers/children.htm

  Children younger than 5 years of age especially those younger than 2 years old are at high risk of serious flu-related complications. A flu vaccine offers the best defense against getting flu and spreading it to others. Getting vaccinated can reduce flu illnesses, missed work and school days, and prevent flu-related hospitalizations and deaths in children. […] Children 6 months and older should get an annual influenza (flu) vaccine. […] There are special vaccination guidelines for children aged 6 months through 8 years. […] Some children 6 months through 8 years of age require two doses of influenza vaccine. […] Children who only get one dose but need two doses can have reduced or no protection from a single dose of flu vaccine. […] Antiviral drugs for children come in the form of pills, liquid or an inhaler. Antiviral drugs fight the flu by keeping flu viruses from reproducing in the body. For treatment, influenza antiviral drugs should ideally be started within two days after becoming sick and taken for five days. If a child gets sick with the flu, antiviral drugs offer a safe and effective treatment option.

• #1 Safety of Influenza Vaccines | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/acip/app/safety.htm

  Children: A large postlicensure population-based study assessed IIV3 safety in 251,600 children aged 18 years (including 8,476 vaccinations in children aged 6 through 23 months) enrolled in one of five health-care organizations within the Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD) during 19931999. This study indicated no increase in clinically important medically attended events during the 2 weeks after IIV administration compared with control periods 24 weeks before and after vaccination. In a retrospective cohort study using VSD data from 45,356 children aged 6 -23 months during 19912003, IIV3 was not associated with statistically significant increases in any clinically important medically attended events other than gastritis/duodenitis during the 2 weeks after vaccination compared with control time periods before and after vaccination.

• #1 Influenza vaccines – frequently asked questions (FAQs) | NCIRS

  https://ncirs.org.au/influenza/influenza-vaccines-frequently-asked-questions-faqs

  Influenza vaccination is safe for breastfeeding women and can provide protection to the baby through antibodies that are transferred to the baby through breastmilk. […] Enhanced safety monitoring systems for influenza vaccines, such as AusVaxSafety, have confirmed that influenza vaccination is safe in children under 5 years; low rates of fever and medical attendance after vaccination have been reported.

• #1 Safety of Influenza Vaccines | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/acip/app/safety.htm

  A subsequent VSD study of 66,283 children aged 24- 59 months noted diagnoses of fever, gastrointestinal tract symptoms, and gastrointestinal disorders to be significantly associated with IIV3. […] In a study of 791 healthy children aged 1 through 15 years, postvaccination fever was noted among 12% of those aged 1 through 5 years, 5% among those aged 6 through 10 years, and 5% among those aged 11 through 15 years. […] A multisite randomized controlled trial comparing full-dose (0.5 mL) IIV3 with half-dose (0.25 mL) IIV3 in children aged 6 through 35 months reported no significant differences in local or systemic reactions. […] Febrile seizures associated with IIV and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13): Febrile seizures are not uncommon in young children. […] During the 201011 influenza season, CDC and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) conducted enhanced monitoring for febrile seizures following receipt of influenza vaccines after reports of an increased risk for fever and febrile seizures in young children in Australia associated with a 2010 Southern Hemisphere IIV3 produced by CSL Biotherapies.

• #1 Safety of Influenza Vaccines | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/acip/app/safety.htm

  Surveillance among children receiving U.S.-licensed influenza vaccines during the 201011 influenza season subsequently detected safety concerns for febrile seizures in young children following receipt of IIV3. […] The risk was higher when children received concomitant PCV13 (i.e., when the two vaccines are administered at the same health care visit) and peaked at approximately age 16 months. […] The magnitude of the increased risk for febrile seizures in children aged 6- 23 months in the United States observed in this study (1 per 1,000 children vaccinated) was substantially lower than the risk observed in Australia in 2010. […] Findings from surveillance for febrile seizures in young children following influenza vaccine for the 201112 influenza season which had the same formulation as that of the 201011 season, were consistent with the 201011 season.

• #1 Study highlights effectiveness of 2023–24 flu vaccine and its implications for future disease preparedness | ASU News

  https://news.asu.edu/20250204-health-and-medicine-study-highlights-effectiveness-202324-flu-vaccine-and-its-implications

  A study conducted by the U.S. Flu Vaccine Effectiveness (VE) Network, including researchers from Arizona State University, provides fresh insights into the 202324 flu vaccines performance. […] The vaccine was particularly effective for young children and older adults. Children age 8 months to 8 years saw a 59% reduction in risk, and adults age 65 and older experienced a 37% reduction. […] One of the studys important findings is that the vaccines effectiveness against the H1N1 flu virus was stronger for some versions of the virus than others, pointing to the importance of ongoing virus monitoring to learn how flu viruses change over time. […] This study highlights the flu vaccines critical role in reducing the impact of flu outbreaks. Although it performed well for children and older adults, the lack of effectiveness in adults age 5064 against certain flu strains emphasizes the need for continued research to improve vaccines for this group. […] Understanding the impact of early flu virus exposure on individuals’ immune responses is critical for developing more effective vaccines.

• #1 US Sees Most Child Flu Deaths Since 2009

  https://www.rheumatologyadvisor.com/news/us-sees-most-child-flu-deaths-since-2009/

  HealthDay News More U.S. children have died from the flu this season than in any year since the 2009 swine flu pandemic, according to a new federal report. […] Experts suspect one reason for the severe toll is a drop in flu vaccination rates among kids. This season, just 49% of children were vaccinated, down from 64% five years ago. […] While flu shots dont always prevent symptoms, they are very effective at preventing hospitalizations and deaths, OLeary added. […] The CDC recommends that everyone 6 months and older get a flu shot each year. […] My hope is that this season will be a bit of [a] wake up call for folks that we actually do need to vaccinate our kids against influenza, OLeary said.

• #1 Flu and Children | Influenza (Flu) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/flu/highrisk/children.html

  CDC estimates that from the 2010-2011 season to the 2022-2023 season (excluding 2020-2021), flu-related hospitalizations among children younger than 5 years old each flu season have ranged from 6,000 to 25,000 annually in the United States. […] During the 2023-2024 flu season, 70 percent of children 0 to 17 years old hospitalized with flu had at least one underlying health condition, such as asthma, neurologic disease, obesity, or cardiovascular disease. […] Importantly, among reported flu-related deaths in children, about 80% occurred in children who were not fully vaccinated. […] In children, annual flu vaccination has been shown to reduce flu illnesses, doctor’s visits for flu, and missed school days. […] CDC recommends annual flu vaccination for everyone 6 months and older with any licensed, age-appropriate flu vaccine.

• #1 Influenza (Flu) | Health

  https://www.fairfaxcounty.gov/health/flu

  Everyone 6 months and older is encouraged to get a yearly flu vaccine and take other steps to prevent the spread of flu. […] The CDC recommends that everyone 6 months and older get vaccinated against the flu EVERY year, especially people who are at high risk. […] Getting a flu vaccine every year is the best way to fight the flu and prevents illness, hospitalization, and death. Even when flu vaccination does not prevent illness entirely, several studies have shown that it reduces severity of illness. […] Everyone 6 months and older should get an influenza (flu) vaccine every season, with rare exceptions. Vaccination is especially important for people who are at higher risk of serious flu complications such as people 65 years and older, young children, people with certain health conditions, and during pregnancy. […] Flu vaccines are safe and effective. There is no live flu virus in the injectable vaccine and it cannot cause the flu. […] Physicians and laboratories are encouraged to report any laboratory-confirmed influenza (including rapid tests) to the Fairfax County Health Department.

• #1 Optimal timing of influenza vaccination in young children: population based cohort study | The BMJ

  https://www.bmj.com/content/384/bmj-2023-077076

  Objective To assess optimal timing of influenza vaccination in young children. […] Main outcome measure Rates of diagnosis of influenza among children who were vaccinated against influenza, by birth month. […] Children vaccinated in November and December were least likely to have a diagnosis of influenza, a finding that may be confounded by unmeasured factors that influence the timing of vaccination and risk of influenza. […] In a quasi-experimental analysis of young children vaccinated against influenza, birth month was associated with the timing of vaccination through its influence on the timing of preventive care visits. […] Children born in October were most likely to be vaccinated in October and least likely to have a diagnosis of influenza, consistent with recommendations promoting October vaccination.

• #1 Optimal timing of influenza vaccination in young children: population based cohort study | The BMJ

  https://www.bmj.com/content/384/bmj-2023-077076

  In an analysis of children aged 2-5 years who were vaccinated against influenza, birth month was associated with both timing of influenza vaccination and the likelihood of diagnosis of influenza. […] These quasi-experimental results, which rely on the observation that preventive care visits tend to occur during birth months and are a convenient time to receive the influenza vaccine, support current recommendations for October being the optimal month for influenza vaccination in young children in typical influenza seasons. […] Our findings suggest that the specific timing of influenza vaccination among children born in October may lead to lower rates of influenza infection.

• #1 Flu Season This Year: What You Need To Know About Flu Vaccines, Symptoms & When To See A Doctor | University Hospitals

  https://www.uhhospitals.org/services/flu-treatment-services

  Flu vaccines are available now. […] Flu vaccination is especially important for people age 65 years and older because they are at high risk of developing serious complications from flu. […] The flu vaccine offers the best defense against flu and its potentially serious consequences and can reduce the spread of flu to others. […] The CDC says its best for children to receive their flu vaccination by the end of October, but getting it later can still provide protection, as most flu activity peaks between December and February. […] It takes about two weeks after vaccination for the body to develop antibodies that protect against flu virus infection. […] The flu shot does not cause the flu. […] Testing may be needed to help confirm a diagnosis.

• #1 Flu (influenza) vaccine

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/Influenza_(flu)_vaccine/

  The flu vaccine is safe and effective for children and adults. […] The flu vaccine protects against the flu for about 3 to 4 months from vaccination. […] The flu vaccine is free for children aged six months to five years, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, pregnant women and people with medical conditions (such as chronic heart or lung disease, low immunity or diabetes). […] If your child is allergic or anaphylactic to eggs, they can still safely get the flu vaccine. […] Your child can get the flu vaccine at the same time as other vaccines on the National Immunisation Program.

• #1

• #1 Influenza (Flu): Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/influenza

  Symptoms of the flu and a common cold look alike. However, flu symptoms come on faster and are generally worse. A child who has the flu may have some or all of these: […] The best way to help prevent the flu or keep you and your child from getting a bad case of it, is to get a flu vaccine each year. […] Anyone who is 6 months or older should have a flu vaccine each year. […] If your child is younger than 8 years old and getting the vaccine for the first time, they should get 2 doses in early fall, as soon as it’s available. […] Scientists make a new vaccine formula each year based on which strains they predict will appear. That is why the vaccine works better some years than others. […] There are 2 types of flu vaccines: One uses a virus that is dead. You get this vaccine in a shot (by injection). This is the best choice for children over 6 months of age.

• #1 caret_down icon

  https://www.spectrumhealth.org/services/flu-information-center

  The flu shot is important every year. But with COVID-19, reducing the spread of preventable respiratory illnesses is more important than ever. The more people that are vaccinated against the flu, the less-likely its able to spread. COVID-19 and flu symptoms are very similar and transmit to people in similar ways. The flu vaccine has been safely proven to reduce the risk of the flu. […] Nearly everyone, except infants less than six-months-old. Flu vaccines are particularly important for children under 2, adults over the age of 65, pregnant women and those with chronic conditions. If you have questions, check with your doctor about getting the flu shot. […] The flu and COVID-19 are both contagious respiratory illnesses, but they are caused by different viruses. Because some of the symptoms of flu and COVID-19 are similar, it may be hard to tell the difference. Testing is needed to tell what the illness is and to confirm a diagnosis. Theres still much to learn about COVID-19, and information is always evolving. We do know the timing of flu season is predictable, and preventing the flu is as easy as getting an annual flu shot. […] The flu shot may prevent or reduce your risk of getting the flu, or lessen flu-like symptoms.

• #1 Influenza (flu) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351725

  Mayo Clinic offers flu shots in Arizona, Florida and Minnesota. […] To diagnose the flu, also called influenza, your healthcare professional does a physical exam, looks for symptoms of flu and possibly orders a test that detects flu viruses. […] A flu test may be done by a pharmacy, your healthcare professional’s office or in the hospital. For people age 2 and older, a test you can take at home may be available. […] Types of flu tests you may have include: […] Molecular tests. These tests look for genetic material from the flu virus. Polymerase chain reaction tests, shortened to PCR tests, are molecular tests. […] Antigen tests. These tests look for viral proteins called antigens. Rapid influenza diagnostic tests are one example of antigen tests. […] It’s possible to have a test to diagnose both flu and other respiratory illness, such as COVID-19, which stands for coronavirus disease 2019. You may have both COVID-19 and influenza at the same time.

• #1 2024-25 Flu Season – Vaccinate Your Family 2024-25 Flu Season – Vaccinate Your Family

  https://vaccinateyourfamily.org/vaccines-diseases/current-flu-season/

  Flu vaccination is recommended for everyone six months and older, with rare exception. Flu vaccines have been updated this season to help protect against three circulating strains of flu. […] Children age 6 months and older should receive a flu vaccine every year. Flu vaccines can be lifesaving in children. Some children age 6 months through 8 years need 2 doses of flu vaccine, spaced at least 4 weeks apart. These children include those who have never received a flu vaccine or have previously only received one dose of vaccine. […] Especially with flu and COVID circulating together – along with other respiratory diseases like RSV – it’s important to be properly diagnosed to determine appropriate treatment. There are a number of tests available to determine if you have the flu. Your healthcare provider may test you for flu or diagnose you based on your symptoms.

• #1 Influenza (Flu) | Loma Linda University Children’s Health

  https://lluch.org/conditions/influenza-flu

  Influenza (flu) is a very contagious viral infection that affects the air passages of the lungs. […] Because of other illnesses such as COVID-19 and RSV, the CDC says getting a flu vaccine is more important than ever to protect yourself and the people around you from flu. […] The best way to prevent the flu is to have the yearly flu vaccine. The vaccine is advised for all children 6 months and older. […] Getting a flu vaccine is important to protect yourself and the people around you from the flu. […] The healthcare provider will ask about your child’s symptoms and health history. They will give your child a physical exam. The symptoms are often enough to diagnose the flu. Other tests may be done such as a nose or throat swab. This depends on your child’s symptoms and overall health.

• #1 Influenza Vaccine – Medical Clinical Policy Bulletins | Aetna

  https://www.aetna.com/cpb/medical/data/1_99/0035.html

  The authors concluded that the analysis showed a significant favor for mechanical ventilation in influenza vaccinated COVID-19 patients over the non-vaccinated ones. […] The authors concluded that the findings of this study suggested that dual vaccination may be an effective strategy to reduce the contagious respiratory disease burden.

• #1 Practical Considerations to Influenza Vaccination

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1069103/

  A significant proportion of the United States population would benefit from receiving the annual influenza vaccination. […] Less information from published studies is available for children compared with adults. However, there have been no reported increases in asthma exacerbations and no increased risks of complications during the 2 weeks after administration in children receiving the inactivated influenza vaccination compared with controls. […] In healthy children, the efficacy (immunogenicity) of the inactivated and live attenuated influenza vaccine exceeds 80%. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Kaiser Permanente retrospectively evaluated the effectiveness of the inactivated influenza vaccine in 5,139 children aged 6 to 23 months in the Denver area during the 20032004 influenza season. Despite the suboptimal match between the predominant influenza A virus strain circulating that season and the vaccine strains, when fully-vaccinated children (e.g., those who received both doses of vaccine) were compared with non-vaccinated children, the vaccine effectiveness or protection against influenza-like illness and pneumonia, and influenza was approximately 25% (p=0.052) and 49% (p=0.022), respectively. […] It should be noted that in most studies that have reportedly evaluated the effectiveness of the influenza vaccine, accurate molecular and microbiologic testing for positive identification of the influenza virus were not performed.

• #1 Report: Flu vaccine over 50% effective against severe illness among US children from 2015 to 2020 | CIDRAP

  https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/influenza-vaccines/report-flu-vaccine-over-50-effective-against-severe-illness-among-us-children

  Improving an understanding of VE against severe influenza in children could increase uptake of influenza vaccination and improve vaccine policies globally. […] „Improving vaccine uptake in children may reduce influenza illness and, subsequently, ED and hospital visits in a time of increased respiratory virus co-circulation,” the researchers wrote. […] „Thus, improving an understanding of VE against severe influenza in children could increase uptake of influenza vaccination and improve vaccine policies globally,” they wrote.

• #1 Influenza vaccination and treatment in children with neurologic disorders

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4063242/

  Children with neurologic disorders should be a particular focus of vaccination efforts by providers, as they are at greatly increased risk for complications from influenza. […] Current CDC guidance recommends that all children who are at higher risk for complications from influenza, which includes all children with neurologic disorders, receive treatment with a neuraminidase inhibitor if they present to their outpatient provider with symptoms suspicious for influenza. […] Typical symptoms that should prompt use of antiviral agents include abrupt onset of constitutional and respiratory signs and symptoms (e.g. fever, nonproductive cough, sore throat, rhinitis), although in children, otitis media, nausea and vomiting are commonly reported with influenza illness. […] It is important that clinicians consider the diagnosis of influenza in children with underlying neurologic conditions presenting with atypical symptoms during influenza season, including seizures, encephalopathy and irritability.

• #1 Flu Vaccines for Children | Kids and the Flu Shot | Flu Vaccine

  https://www.fffenterprises.com/vaccines/seasonal-viral-respiratory-vaccine-information/flu-vaccines-for-children.html

  Children are among one of the most vulnerable populations for influenza and are often among the least vaccinated age groups. Particular vaccines and protocols have been established for children ages 3-18. […] The flu is serious, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) states: „Millions of children get sick with flu each year and thousands are hospitalized.” They estimate that „between 7,000 and 28,000 children younger than 5 years old have been hospitalized for flu each year in the United States” since 2010. „Children with chronic conditions like asthma, diabetes, and disorders of the brain or nervous system, and children younger than 5 years old (and especially children younger than 2 years old) are more likely to end up in the hospital from flu […] Since 2010, CDC estimates that between 130 and 1,200 children (younger than 18 years) have died from flu each year.”

• #1 Expert Q&A: Flu Shots for Children with JA | Arthritis Foundation

  https://www.arthritis.org/health-wellness/treatment/treatment-plan/ja-medical-decisions/child-with-ja-flu-shot

  Yes. Many children with juvenile arthritis (JA) are on medications that suppress their immune system, which puts them at an increased risk for developing the flu and having a more severe bout of illness. […] There are two types of flu vaccines the flu shot and a nasal spray flu vaccine. Children on immunosuppression should not get the nasal spray flu vaccine as it is a live vaccine. Because the flu shot contains an inactivated (dead) form of the virus, your child cant catch the flu from the vaccine. Flu shot recommendations are the same for kids with and without arthritis. All children over six months old should get an annual flu vaccine. […] Getting a flu shot this season is more important than ever given the coronavirus pandemic. […] If your child is surrounded by people who are protected against the flu, her risk will decrease. […] Learn what a pediatric rheumatologist says about the safety and efficacy of a flu shot for children with juvenile arthritis.

• #1 Flu vaccine and cancer treatment | Treatment for cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/treatment/cancer-drugs/flu-vaccine

  Children often have the flu vaccine as a nasal spray. Talk to your medical team if your child has cancer. Your doctor may suggest that your child doesn’t have the nasal spray if they have a very weakened immune system. This is because the nasal spray contains a live, but weakened form of the flu vaccine. […] Normally, the flu vaccine helps a child to build up their immunity to flu. But if your child has a weakened immune system, the immune system may not be strong enough to build up a response. Without an immune response, the vaccine virus could cause flu. The doctor might suggest your child has the flu vaccine injection instead.

• #1 Influenza (flu) | The Australian Immunisation Handbook

  https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/contents/vaccine-preventable-diseases/influenza-flu

  All people aged ≥6 months are recommended to receive influenza vaccine every year. […] Children aged <5 years are recommended to receive influenza vaccine every year. [...] Influenza vaccine is funded through the NIP for all children aged ≥6 months to <5 years. For details see the National Immunisation Program Schedule. [...] Infants and children aged <5 years have a higher risk of hospitalisation and increased morbidity after influenza than older children. [...] The Therapeutic Goods Administration registers specific brands of influenza vaccine for use in children from 6 months of age. [...] Preterm infants are recommended to receive influenza vaccine starting at the chronological age of at least 6 months, if the infant is clinically stable. Do not correct the age for prematurity. [...] Children aged 6 months to <9 years receiving influenza vaccine for the first time are recommended 2 doses given at least 4 weeks apart. This maximises the immune response to the vaccine strains. [...] Children who have received 1 or more doses of influenza vaccine in a previous season only need 1 dose of influenza vaccine in the current and future seasons.

• #1 Flu Vaccines for Children | Kids and the Flu Shot | Flu Vaccine

  https://www.fffenterprises.com/vaccines/seasonal-viral-respiratory-vaccine-information/flu-vaccines-for-children.html

  Your child’s pediatrician or healthcare provider will often provide flu vaccination information and have flu shots available, especially at the start and height of influenza season. […] If you are due to deliver in or around flu season, it is highly recommended that you receive a flu shot before delivery to protect yourself and your infant. […] Both the flu and COVID-19 vaccines are approved for use in babies 6 months and older, and coadministration — receiving more than one vaccine (or booster) in one visit — is safe and recommended. […] Overall, flu vaccines are beneficial for babies and children and provide the following protections: Have been shown to save the lives of babies and children, Reduce the risk of flu illness and hospitalization, Can make symptoms and illness less severe among those who are vaccinated but still get sick with flu, Lessens the risk of illness, which can keep children from missing school/childcare and parents or caretakers from having to miss work, Reduce the high risk of developing serious flu complication(s), especially for children younger than 5 years, or of any age with certain chronic health conditions, Helps prevent the spread of flu to family and friends, including babies under 6 months.

• #2 Flu and Children | Influenza (Flu) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/flu/highrisk/children.html

  CDC estimates that from the 2010-2011 season to the 2022-2023 season (excluding 2020-2021), flu-related hospitalizations among children younger than 5 years old each flu season have ranged from 6,000 to 25,000 annually in the United States. […] During the 2023-2024 flu season, 70 percent of children 0 to 17 years old hospitalized with flu had at least one underlying health condition, such as asthma, neurologic disease, obesity, or cardiovascular disease. […] Importantly, among reported flu-related deaths in children, about 80% occurred in children who were not fully vaccinated. […] In children, annual flu vaccination has been shown to reduce flu illnesses, doctor’s visits for flu, and missed school days. […] CDC recommends annual flu vaccination for everyone 6 months and older with any licensed, age-appropriate flu vaccine.

• #2 Influenza: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/972269-workup

  Influenza traditionally has been diagnosed on the basis of clinical criteria, but rapid diagnostic tests, which have a high degree of specificity but only moderate sensitivity, are becoming more widely used. The gold standard for diagnosing influenza A and B is a viral culture of nasopharyngeal samples or throat samples. In elderly or high-risk patients with pulmonary symptoms, perform chest radiography to exclude pneumonia. […] Prevention of influenza is the most effective management strategy. Influenza A and B vaccine is administered each year before flu season. The CDC analyzes the vaccine subtypes each year and makes any necessary changes for the coming season on the basis of worldwide trends. […] The approved age indication for the cell culture-based inactivated influenza vaccine, ccIIV4 [Flucelvax Quadrivalent], has been lowered to children 2 years. […] Regardless of allergy history, all vaccines should be administered in settings in which personnel and equipment for rapid recognition and treatment of anaphylaxis are available.

• #2 Influenza: The Disease & Vaccines | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/vaccine-education-center/vaccine-details/influenza-vaccine

  Some people are at increased risk of experiencing complications and as such, it is particularly important for them to get the influenza vaccine, including young children, pregnant women, adults 65 years of age and older, and individuals with underlying medical conditions, such as chronic heart, lung and kidney conditions. […] If you seek medical attention for influenza infection, a first step is usually confirming the influenza infection. This is done with a rapid flu test, which detects genetic material of the virus from a nasal swab within 15 minutes. […] The test helps healthcare providers determine whether to administer antiviral treatments. Generally, antivirals are most effective when taken within 48 hours of beginning symptoms.

• #2

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/flu/Pages/which-flu-vaccine-should-my-child-get-this-year.aspx

  This flu season has been more severe than usual. A record number of children have been hospitalized with the flu. As a parent, the best thing you can do to protect your children and others from the flu is to get them vaccinated. […] All children age 6 months and older need a flu shot every year. […] The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) want as many children as possible to get a flu vaccine every year. […] Flu vaccine can also be given at the same visit as the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) immunization. […] A child who had an allergic reaction after a flu vaccine in the past should be seen by an allergist. […] The flu vaccine keeps people out of the hospitalit stops serious illness and deaths from influenza. […] The number of children who died from flu in a season has ranged from 1 child in 2020-2021 to 216 children so far in 2024-2025. Even children who are otherwise healthy and have no other medical conditions can be hospitalized with flu and develop life-threatening complications. […] Children 6 months to 8 years of age should receive two doses if this is the first time they are being vaccinated against influenza, or if they have only received one dose of flu vaccine ever before July 1.

• #2 Influenza vaccination and treatment in children with neurologic disorders

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4063242/

  Children with neurologic disorders should be a particular focus of vaccination efforts by providers, as they are at greatly increased risk for complications from influenza. […] Current CDC guidance recommends that all children who are at higher risk for complications from influenza, which includes all children with neurologic disorders, receive treatment with a neuraminidase inhibitor if they present to their outpatient provider with symptoms suspicious for influenza. […] Typical symptoms that should prompt use of antiviral agents include abrupt onset of constitutional and respiratory signs and symptoms (e.g. fever, nonproductive cough, sore throat, rhinitis), although in children, otitis media, nausea and vomiting are commonly reported with influenza illness. […] It is important that clinicians consider the diagnosis of influenza in children with underlying neurologic conditions presenting with atypical symptoms during influenza season, including seizures, encephalopathy and irritability.

• #2 Influenza (Flu): Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/influenza

  The other uses live, weakened virus. You get this vaccine through the nose (intranasal). […] Before getting the vaccine, tell your doctor or health care provider if: You or your child have any medical problems or allergies. The vaccine is safe for anyone with an egg allergy or an allergy to thimerosal. […] You are pregnant. The flu vaccine is safe and recommended during pregnancy. […] The doctor may order an antiviral medicine to help your child to get well sooner. It works best if started within 48 hours after symptoms begin. […] Since a virus causes the flu, antibiotics will not help. […] Call your child’s doctor or health care provider if they have: A high fever […] Any other symptoms that do not go away or get worse.

• #2 Your Child’s Vaccines: Influenza (Flu) Vaccine (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/flu-vaccine.html

  Talk to your doctor about whether the vaccine is a good idea if your child has ever had a severe allergic reaction, or any allergic reaction to a previous flu vaccine. […] In the past, people with an egg allergy had to check with their doctor about whether the flu vaccine was OK for them because it’s grown inside eggs. […] But health experts now say that the amount of egg protein in the vaccine is so tiny that it’s safe even for kids with a severe egg allergy. […] So it’s more important than ever to get a flu vaccine and an updated COVID-19 vaccine. […] People can get a flu vaccine at the same time they get the COVID-19 and RSV shots. […] Call your doctor if your child is sick and has a fever, and you aren’t sure whether to reschedule the vaccine.

• #2 Your Child’s Vaccines: Influenza (Flu) Vaccine (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/flu-vaccine.html

  Kids under 9 years old need only 1 dose if: Theyve had 2 doses of flu vaccine in past flu seasons given at least 4 weeks apart. […] Kids 9 years and older need only 1 dose. […] Talk to your doctor about how many doses your child needs. […] The flu vaccine usually is available at doctors’ offices, public, employee, and university health clinics, most drugstores, some supermarkets and big-box stores, some community groups or centers, and some schools. […] Two types of flu vaccine are available: the flu shot, which is injected with a needle, and the nasal spray, a mist that gets sprayed into the nostrils. […] Both protect against the four types of influenza virus that are causing disease this season. […] The nasal spray is only for healthy people ages 2-49. […] Very rarely, the flu vaccine can cause a serious allergic reaction.

• #2 Safety of Influenza Vaccines | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/acip/app/safety.htm

  A subsequent VSD study of 66,283 children aged 24- 59 months noted diagnoses of fever, gastrointestinal tract symptoms, and gastrointestinal disorders to be significantly associated with IIV3. […] In a study of 791 healthy children aged 1 through 15 years, postvaccination fever was noted among 12% of those aged 1 through 5 years, 5% among those aged 6 through 10 years, and 5% among those aged 11 through 15 years. […] A multisite randomized controlled trial comparing full-dose (0.5 mL) IIV3 with half-dose (0.25 mL) IIV3 in children aged 6 through 35 months reported no significant differences in local or systemic reactions. […] Febrile seizures associated with IIV and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13): Febrile seizures are not uncommon in young children. […] During the 201011 influenza season, CDC and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) conducted enhanced monitoring for febrile seizures following receipt of influenza vaccines after reports of an increased risk for fever and febrile seizures in young children in Australia associated with a 2010 Southern Hemisphere IIV3 produced by CSL Biotherapies.

• #2 Safety of Influenza Vaccines | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/acip/app/safety.htm

  Surveillance among children receiving U.S.-licensed influenza vaccines during the 201011 influenza season subsequently detected safety concerns for febrile seizures in young children following receipt of IIV3. […] The risk was higher when children received concomitant PCV13 (i.e., when the two vaccines are administered at the same health care visit) and peaked at approximately age 16 months. […] The magnitude of the increased risk for febrile seizures in children aged 6- 23 months in the United States observed in this study (1 per 1,000 children vaccinated) was substantially lower than the risk observed in Australia in 2010. […] Findings from surveillance for febrile seizures in young children following influenza vaccine for the 201112 influenza season which had the same formulation as that of the 201011 season, were consistent with the 201011 season.

• #2 Vaccine Injury and Death | Pain After Flu Shot

  https://vaccinelaw.com/vaccine-side-effects/flu-vaccine-attorney/

  Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) is a chronic variant of Guillain-Barre Syndrome. […] It has also been linked to the flu shot (among other vaccines), and it can also impact vaccine recipients’ lives in a variety of unexpected—and costly—ways. […] Anaphylaxis, or a severe allergic reaction, is a concern for many flu shot recipients—as many people do not learn that they are allergic until it is too late to protect themselves. […] Any other type of pain after a flu shot may be symptomatic of a flu vaccine injury or illness. […] Injuries and illnesses that have been linked to the annual flu shot include: […] Among these injuries, GBS (including its chronic variant, CIDP) has the potential to be one of the most severe. […] Additionally, as awareness of the link between the annual flu shot and GBS continues to grow, more people are filing claims for flu shot-related GBS under the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (VICP). […] For GBS (and for all other flu vaccine injuries), beginning treatment promptly can also be critical to mitigating the risk of long-term consequences.

• #2 Report: Flu vaccine over 50% effective against severe illness among US children from 2015 to 2020 | CIDRAP

  https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/influenza-vaccines/report-flu-vaccine-over-50-effective-against-severe-illness-among-us-children

  The estimated effectiveness of at least one dose of the influenza vaccine against emergency department (ED) visits or hospitalization was over 50% across disease severity levels among nearly 16,000 US children during five respiratory illness seasons, finds a study published late last week in JAMA Network Open. […] „Annual influenza vaccination is recommended in the US for all persons 6 months or older and can reduce the risk of developing severe illness due to influenza virus infection,” the study authors wrote. […] Estimated vaccine effectiveness (VE) of one or more doses of flu vaccine was 55.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 51.6% to 59.6%) for preventing flu-related ED visits or hospitalizations among children of all ages. […] VE was similar across disease severity levels: 52.8% (95% CI, 46.6% to 58.3%) for ED visits, 52.3% (95% CI, 44.8% to 58.8%) for noncritical hospitalization, and 50.4% (95% CI, 29.7% to 65.3%) for critical hospitalization.

• #2 Flu prevention and vaccine information | Mass.gov

  https://www.mass.gov/info-details/flu-prevention-and-vaccine-information

  Everyone 6 months of age and older should be vaccinated for flu. It is especially important that the people in one of the groups listed below get a flu shot every year as they are more likely to get severely ill with flu. […] Children younger than 5 years of age — especially those younger than 2 years old — are at high risk of serious flu-related symptoms and complications. […] Flu vaccination has been found to reduce deaths in children. A study in Pediatrics was the first of its kind to show that influenza vaccination is effective in preventing influenza-associated deaths among children. […] A study looking at children and adolescents estimated that influenza (flu) vaccination reduced the risk of flu-related emergency department and urgent care visits and hospitalizations by almost half (40-48%) among children and adolescents during the 2022-2023 season. A 2022 study showed that flu vaccination reduced children’s risk of severe life-threatening influenza by 75%.

• #2 Optimal timing of influenza vaccination in young children: population based cohort study | The BMJ

  https://www.bmj.com/content/384/bmj-2023-077076

  Annual influenza vaccination is particularly important for young children, who are at elevated risk of influenza and severe infection necessitating admission to hospital; however, little clinical evidence exists to precisely guide the timing of vaccination in this population. […] A child’s birthday may influence the timing of influenza vaccination. […] Because a child’s birthday is as good as random with respect to influenza outcomes, the timing of a child’s birthday, through its influence on the timing of preventive care visits and influenza vaccination, provides a unique opportunity to assess the optimal timing of influenza vaccination by using observational data. […] We examined patterns of influenza vaccination and infection, by birth month, among vaccinated children born in months when the annual influenza vaccine is typically available.

• #2 Optimal timing of influenza vaccination in young children: population based cohort study | The BMJ

  https://www.bmj.com/content/384/bmj-2023-077076

  Objective To assess optimal timing of influenza vaccination in young children. […] Main outcome measure Rates of diagnosis of influenza among children who were vaccinated against influenza, by birth month. […] Children vaccinated in November and December were least likely to have a diagnosis of influenza, a finding that may be confounded by unmeasured factors that influence the timing of vaccination and risk of influenza. […] In a quasi-experimental analysis of young children vaccinated against influenza, birth month was associated with the timing of vaccination through its influence on the timing of preventive care visits. […] Children born in October were most likely to be vaccinated in October and least likely to have a diagnosis of influenza, consistent with recommendations promoting October vaccination.

• #2 Optimal timing of influenza vaccination in young children: population based cohort study | The BMJ

  https://www.bmj.com/content/384/bmj-2023-077076

  In an analysis of children aged 2-5 years who were vaccinated against influenza, birth month was associated with both timing of influenza vaccination and the likelihood of diagnosis of influenza. […] These quasi-experimental results, which rely on the observation that preventive care visits tend to occur during birth months and are a convenient time to receive the influenza vaccine, support current recommendations for October being the optimal month for influenza vaccination in young children in typical influenza seasons. […] Our findings suggest that the specific timing of influenza vaccination among children born in October may lead to lower rates of influenza infection.

• #2 Influenza (Flu) | Loma Linda University Children’s Health

  https://lluch.org/conditions/influenza-flu

  Influenza (flu) is a very contagious viral infection that affects the air passages of the lungs. […] Because of other illnesses such as COVID-19 and RSV, the CDC says getting a flu vaccine is more important than ever to protect yourself and the people around you from flu. […] The best way to prevent the flu is to have the yearly flu vaccine. The vaccine is advised for all children 6 months and older. […] Getting a flu vaccine is important to protect yourself and the people around you from the flu. […] The healthcare provider will ask about your child’s symptoms and health history. They will give your child a physical exam. The symptoms are often enough to diagnose the flu. Other tests may be done such as a nose or throat swab. This depends on your child’s symptoms and overall health.

• #2 Expert Q&A: Flu Shots for Children with JA | Arthritis Foundation

  https://www.arthritis.org/health-wellness/treatment/treatment-plan/ja-medical-decisions/child-with-ja-flu-shot

  Yes. Many children with juvenile arthritis (JA) are on medications that suppress their immune system, which puts them at an increased risk for developing the flu and having a more severe bout of illness. […] There are two types of flu vaccines the flu shot and a nasal spray flu vaccine. Children on immunosuppression should not get the nasal spray flu vaccine as it is a live vaccine. Because the flu shot contains an inactivated (dead) form of the virus, your child cant catch the flu from the vaccine. Flu shot recommendations are the same for kids with and without arthritis. All children over six months old should get an annual flu vaccine. […] Getting a flu shot this season is more important than ever given the coronavirus pandemic. […] If your child is surrounded by people who are protected against the flu, her risk will decrease. […] Learn what a pediatric rheumatologist says about the safety and efficacy of a flu shot for children with juvenile arthritis.

• #2 2024-25 Flu Season – Vaccinate Your Family 2024-25 Flu Season – Vaccinate Your Family

  https://vaccinateyourfamily.org/vaccines-diseases/current-flu-season/

  Flu vaccination is recommended for everyone six months and older, with rare exception. Flu vaccines have been updated this season to help protect against three circulating strains of flu. […] Children age 6 months and older should receive a flu vaccine every year. Flu vaccines can be lifesaving in children. Some children age 6 months through 8 years need 2 doses of flu vaccine, spaced at least 4 weeks apart. These children include those who have never received a flu vaccine or have previously only received one dose of vaccine. […] Especially with flu and COVID circulating together – along with other respiratory diseases like RSV – it’s important to be properly diagnosed to determine appropriate treatment. There are a number of tests available to determine if you have the flu. Your healthcare provider may test you for flu or diagnose you based on your symptoms.

• #2 Influenza (flu) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351725

  Mayo Clinic offers flu shots in Arizona, Florida and Minnesota. […] To diagnose the flu, also called influenza, your healthcare professional does a physical exam, looks for symptoms of flu and possibly orders a test that detects flu viruses. […] A flu test may be done by a pharmacy, your healthcare professional’s office or in the hospital. For people age 2 and older, a test you can take at home may be available. […] Types of flu tests you may have include: […] Molecular tests. These tests look for genetic material from the flu virus. Polymerase chain reaction tests, shortened to PCR tests, are molecular tests. […] Antigen tests. These tests look for viral proteins called antigens. Rapid influenza diagnostic tests are one example of antigen tests. […] It’s possible to have a test to diagnose both flu and other respiratory illness, such as COVID-19, which stands for coronavirus disease 2019. You may have both COVID-19 and influenza at the same time.

• #2 Influenza Vaccine – Medical Clinical Policy Bulletins | Aetna

  https://www.aetna.com/cpb/medical/data/1_99/0035.html

  The authors concluded that the analysis showed a significant favor for mechanical ventilation in influenza vaccinated COVID-19 patients over the non-vaccinated ones. […] The authors concluded that the findings of this study suggested that dual vaccination may be an effective strategy to reduce the contagious respiratory disease burden.

• #2 Influenza vaccines – frequently asked questions (FAQs) | NCIRS

  https://ncirs.org.au/influenza/influenza-vaccines-frequently-asked-questions-faqs

  Influenza vaccination is safe for breastfeeding women and can provide protection to the baby through antibodies that are transferred to the baby through breastmilk. […] Enhanced safety monitoring systems for influenza vaccines, such as AusVaxSafety, have confirmed that influenza vaccination is safe in children under 5 years; low rates of fever and medical attendance after vaccination have been reported.

• #2 Study highlights effectiveness of 2023–24 flu vaccine and its implications for future disease preparedness | ASU News

  https://news.asu.edu/20250204-health-and-medicine-study-highlights-effectiveness-202324-flu-vaccine-and-its-implications

  A study conducted by the U.S. Flu Vaccine Effectiveness (VE) Network, including researchers from Arizona State University, provides fresh insights into the 202324 flu vaccines performance. […] The vaccine was particularly effective for young children and older adults. Children age 8 months to 8 years saw a 59% reduction in risk, and adults age 65 and older experienced a 37% reduction. […] One of the studys important findings is that the vaccines effectiveness against the H1N1 flu virus was stronger for some versions of the virus than others, pointing to the importance of ongoing virus monitoring to learn how flu viruses change over time. […] This study highlights the flu vaccines critical role in reducing the impact of flu outbreaks. Although it performed well for children and older adults, the lack of effectiveness in adults age 5064 against certain flu strains emphasizes the need for continued research to improve vaccines for this group. […] Understanding the impact of early flu virus exposure on individuals’ immune responses is critical for developing more effective vaccines.

• #2 Practical Considerations to Influenza Vaccination

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1069103/

  A significant proportion of the United States population would benefit from receiving the annual influenza vaccination. […] Less information from published studies is available for children compared with adults. However, there have been no reported increases in asthma exacerbations and no increased risks of complications during the 2 weeks after administration in children receiving the inactivated influenza vaccination compared with controls. […] In healthy children, the efficacy (immunogenicity) of the inactivated and live attenuated influenza vaccine exceeds 80%. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Kaiser Permanente retrospectively evaluated the effectiveness of the inactivated influenza vaccine in 5,139 children aged 6 to 23 months in the Denver area during the 20032004 influenza season. Despite the suboptimal match between the predominant influenza A virus strain circulating that season and the vaccine strains, when fully-vaccinated children (e.g., those who received both doses of vaccine) were compared with non-vaccinated children, the vaccine effectiveness or protection against influenza-like illness and pneumonia, and influenza was approximately 25% (p=0.052) and 49% (p=0.022), respectively. […] It should be noted that in most studies that have reportedly evaluated the effectiveness of the influenza vaccine, accurate molecular and microbiologic testing for positive identification of the influenza virus were not performed.

• #2 Children’s flu vaccine

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/flu/childrens-flu-vaccine/

  This flu season, all children age 2 to 17 will be offered the nasal flu vaccine for free. […] The flu vaccine helps to protect children against flu. […] Children with flu may need hospital treatment. Some may need to stay in intensive care. […] Almost 5,000 children were admitted to hospital with complications of flu between 2009 and 2019. Almost 200 children had treatment in intensive care and 40 children died. […] If your child cannot get the nasal vaccine, your GP or pharmacist will talk to you about giving your child a flu vaccine by injection. […] The nasal flu vaccine for children has been given to children in Ireland since 2020. […] Generally, flu vaccines reduce the risk of infection by 40% to 60%. […] The flu vaccine protects your child from the most common types of flu. Your child may still get the flu if they come in contact with a type of flu not in the vaccine.

• #2 Flu and Children | Influenza (Flu) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/flu/highrisk/children.html

  Flu can be more dangerous than the common cold for children. […] Annual flu vaccination offers the best protection against flu and its potentially serious complications in children. […] Because these groups of children are at higher risk, it is especially important that they get a seasonal flu vaccine to help prevent flu, and to reduce their risk of being hospitalized or dying from flu if they do get sick. […] It’s important to vaccinate everyone 6 months and older against flu each year to help protect those most at risk. […] Each year, millions of children get sick with seasonal flu; thousands of children are hospitalized, and some children die from flu. […] Complications from flu among children in this age group can include: pneumonia, dehydration, worsening of long-term medical problems like heart disease or asthma, brain dysfunction such as encephalopathy, sinus problems and ear infections.

• #2 Flu Vaccines for Children | Kids and the Flu Shot | Flu Vaccine

  https://www.fffenterprises.com/vaccines/seasonal-viral-respiratory-vaccine-information/flu-vaccines-for-children.html

  Children are among one of the most vulnerable populations for influenza and are often among the least vaccinated age groups. Particular vaccines and protocols have been established for children ages 3-18. […] The flu is serious, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) states: „Millions of children get sick with flu each year and thousands are hospitalized.” They estimate that „between 7,000 and 28,000 children younger than 5 years old have been hospitalized for flu each year in the United States” since 2010. „Children with chronic conditions like asthma, diabetes, and disorders of the brain or nervous system, and children younger than 5 years old (and especially children younger than 2 years old) are more likely to end up in the hospital from flu […] Since 2010, CDC estimates that between 130 and 1,200 children (younger than 18 years) have died from flu each year.”

• #2 Flu vaccine and cancer treatment | Treatment for cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/treatment/cancer-drugs/flu-vaccine

  Children often have the flu vaccine as a nasal spray. Talk to your medical team if your child has cancer. Your doctor may suggest that your child doesn’t have the nasal spray if they have a very weakened immune system. This is because the nasal spray contains a live, but weakened form of the flu vaccine. […] Normally, the flu vaccine helps a child to build up their immunity to flu. But if your child has a weakened immune system, the immune system may not be strong enough to build up a response. Without an immune response, the vaccine virus could cause flu. The doctor might suggest your child has the flu vaccine injection instead.

• #2 Flu (Influenza) | HHS.govLock

  https://www.hhs.gov/immunization/diseases/flu/index.html

  Every year, millions of people get the flu. The good news is that the seasonal flu vaccine can lower the risk of getting the flu by about half. Getting the yearly flu vaccine is the best way to protect yourself from the flu. […] Most people who get the flu have a mild illness. But for some, it can be serious — and even deadly. Serious complications from the flu are more likely in babies and young children, pregnant women, older adults, and people with certain long-term health conditions — like diabetes or asthma. […] Everyone age 6 months and older needs to get the flu vaccine every year. It’s part of the routine vaccine schedules for children, teens, and adults. […] It’s especially important for people who are at high risk of developing complications from the flu to get the vaccine every year. People at high risk for complications from the flu include: […] Children younger than 5 years — and especially children younger than 2 years. […] Children younger than 6 months should not get the flu vaccine.

• #2 Your Child’s Vaccines: Influenza (Flu) Vaccine (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/flu-vaccine.html

  The flu vaccine protects against influenza (what most of us call „the flu”), a contagious viral infection of the nose, throat, and lungs that can make a person feel very sick. […] The flu vaccine is recommended for everyone 6 months of age and older. It does not cause the flu and it helps keep kids and parents from getting sick. […] Babies younger than 6 months can’t get the vaccine. But if their parents, other caregivers, and older kids in the household get it, that will help protect the baby. […] Every year thousands of people die from influenza, and getting the flu vaccine is one way to help prevent that. […] While the flu vaccine isn’t 100% effective, it still greatly lowers a person’s chances of catching the flu, which can be very serious. […] Kids under 9 years old need 2 doses if: Theyve never had the flu vaccine or have had the vaccine only once in a past flu season.

• #3 Influenza (flu) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351725

  Mayo Clinic offers flu shots in Arizona, Florida and Minnesota. […] To diagnose the flu, also called influenza, your healthcare professional does a physical exam, looks for symptoms of flu and possibly orders a test that detects flu viruses. […] A flu test may be done by a pharmacy, your healthcare professional’s office or in the hospital. For people age 2 and older, a test you can take at home may be available. […] Types of flu tests you may have include: […] Molecular tests. These tests look for genetic material from the flu virus. Polymerase chain reaction tests, shortened to PCR tests, are molecular tests. […] Antigen tests. These tests look for viral proteins called antigens. Rapid influenza diagnostic tests are one example of antigen tests. […] It’s possible to have a test to diagnose both flu and other respiratory illness, such as COVID-19, which stands for coronavirus disease 2019. You may have both COVID-19 and influenza at the same time.

• #3 Influenza: The Disease & Vaccines | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/vaccine-education-center/vaccine-details/influenza-vaccine

  Some people are at increased risk of experiencing complications and as such, it is particularly important for them to get the influenza vaccine, including young children, pregnant women, adults 65 years of age and older, and individuals with underlying medical conditions, such as chronic heart, lung and kidney conditions. […] If you seek medical attention for influenza infection, a first step is usually confirming the influenza infection. This is done with a rapid flu test, which detects genetic material of the virus from a nasal swab within 15 minutes. […] The test helps healthcare providers determine whether to administer antiviral treatments. Generally, antivirals are most effective when taken within 48 hours of beginning symptoms.

• #3 Key Facts About Flu Vaccine

  https://www.michigan.gov/flu/prevent/key-facts

  Children aged 6 months through 8 years of age are recommended to receive 2 doses of flu vaccine, separated by at least 4 weeks, for the 2024-2025 flu season if they have not previously received at least 2 doses of flu vaccine prior to this flu season. […] Children who need 2 doses of influenza vaccine administered at least 4 weeks apart are recommended to receive the first dose as soon as possible after vaccine becomes available.

• #3 Your Child’s Vaccines: Influenza (Flu) Vaccine (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/flu-vaccine.html

  Talk to your doctor about whether the vaccine is a good idea if your child has ever had a severe allergic reaction, or any allergic reaction to a previous flu vaccine. […] In the past, people with an egg allergy had to check with their doctor about whether the flu vaccine was OK for them because it’s grown inside eggs. […] But health experts now say that the amount of egg protein in the vaccine is so tiny that it’s safe even for kids with a severe egg allergy. […] So it’s more important than ever to get a flu vaccine and an updated COVID-19 vaccine. […] People can get a flu vaccine at the same time they get the COVID-19 and RSV shots. […] Call your doctor if your child is sick and has a fever, and you aren’t sure whether to reschedule the vaccine.

• #3 Report: Flu vaccine over 50% effective against severe illness among US children from 2015 to 2020 | CIDRAP

  https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/influenza-vaccines/report-flu-vaccine-over-50-effective-against-severe-illness-among-us-children

  The estimated effectiveness of at least one dose of the influenza vaccine against emergency department (ED) visits or hospitalization was over 50% across disease severity levels among nearly 16,000 US children during five respiratory illness seasons, finds a study published late last week in JAMA Network Open. […] „Annual influenza vaccination is recommended in the US for all persons 6 months or older and can reduce the risk of developing severe illness due to influenza virus infection,” the study authors wrote. […] Estimated vaccine effectiveness (VE) of one or more doses of flu vaccine was 55.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 51.6% to 59.6%) for preventing flu-related ED visits or hospitalizations among children of all ages. […] VE was similar across disease severity levels: 52.8% (95% CI, 46.6% to 58.3%) for ED visits, 52.3% (95% CI, 44.8% to 58.8%) for noncritical hospitalization, and 50.4% (95% CI, 29.7% to 65.3%) for critical hospitalization.

• #3 Flu prevention and vaccine information | Mass.gov

  https://www.mass.gov/info-details/flu-prevention-and-vaccine-information

  Everyone 6 months of age and older should be vaccinated for flu. It is especially important that the people in one of the groups listed below get a flu shot every year as they are more likely to get severely ill with flu. […] Children younger than 5 years of age — especially those younger than 2 years old — are at high risk of serious flu-related symptoms and complications. […] Flu vaccination has been found to reduce deaths in children. A study in Pediatrics was the first of its kind to show that influenza vaccination is effective in preventing influenza-associated deaths among children. […] A study looking at children and adolescents estimated that influenza (flu) vaccination reduced the risk of flu-related emergency department and urgent care visits and hospitalizations by almost half (40-48%) among children and adolescents during the 2022-2023 season. A 2022 study showed that flu vaccination reduced children’s risk of severe life-threatening influenza by 75%.

• #3 Flu and Children | Influenza (Flu) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/flu/highrisk/children.html

  CDC estimates that from the 2010-2011 season to the 2022-2023 season (excluding 2020-2021), flu-related hospitalizations among children younger than 5 years old each flu season have ranged from 6,000 to 25,000 annually in the United States. […] During the 2023-2024 flu season, 70 percent of children 0 to 17 years old hospitalized with flu had at least one underlying health condition, such as asthma, neurologic disease, obesity, or cardiovascular disease. […] Importantly, among reported flu-related deaths in children, about 80% occurred in children who were not fully vaccinated. […] In children, annual flu vaccination has been shown to reduce flu illnesses, doctor’s visits for flu, and missed school days. […] CDC recommends annual flu vaccination for everyone 6 months and older with any licensed, age-appropriate flu vaccine.

• #3 Optimal timing of influenza vaccination in young children: population based cohort study | The BMJ

  https://www.bmj.com/content/384/bmj-2023-077076

  Objective To assess optimal timing of influenza vaccination in young children. […] Main outcome measure Rates of diagnosis of influenza among children who were vaccinated against influenza, by birth month. […] Children vaccinated in November and December were least likely to have a diagnosis of influenza, a finding that may be confounded by unmeasured factors that influence the timing of vaccination and risk of influenza. […] In a quasi-experimental analysis of young children vaccinated against influenza, birth month was associated with the timing of vaccination through its influence on the timing of preventive care visits. […] Children born in October were most likely to be vaccinated in October and least likely to have a diagnosis of influenza, consistent with recommendations promoting October vaccination.

• #3

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/flu/Pages/which-flu-vaccine-should-my-child-get-this-year.aspx

  This flu season has been more severe than usual. A record number of children have been hospitalized with the flu. As a parent, the best thing you can do to protect your children and others from the flu is to get them vaccinated. […] All children age 6 months and older need a flu shot every year. […] The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) want as many children as possible to get a flu vaccine every year. […] Flu vaccine can also be given at the same visit as the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) immunization. […] A child who had an allergic reaction after a flu vaccine in the past should be seen by an allergist. […] The flu vaccine keeps people out of the hospitalit stops serious illness and deaths from influenza. […] The number of children who died from flu in a season has ranged from 1 child in 2020-2021 to 216 children so far in 2024-2025. Even children who are otherwise healthy and have no other medical conditions can be hospitalized with flu and develop life-threatening complications. […] Children 6 months to 8 years of age should receive two doses if this is the first time they are being vaccinated against influenza, or if they have only received one dose of flu vaccine ever before July 1.

• #3 Study highlights effectiveness of 2023–24 flu vaccine and its implications for future disease preparedness | ASU News

  https://news.asu.edu/20250204-health-and-medicine-study-highlights-effectiveness-202324-flu-vaccine-and-its-implications

  A study conducted by the U.S. Flu Vaccine Effectiveness (VE) Network, including researchers from Arizona State University, provides fresh insights into the 202324 flu vaccines performance. […] The vaccine was particularly effective for young children and older adults. Children age 8 months to 8 years saw a 59% reduction in risk, and adults age 65 and older experienced a 37% reduction. […] One of the studys important findings is that the vaccines effectiveness against the H1N1 flu virus was stronger for some versions of the virus than others, pointing to the importance of ongoing virus monitoring to learn how flu viruses change over time. […] This study highlights the flu vaccines critical role in reducing the impact of flu outbreaks. Although it performed well for children and older adults, the lack of effectiveness in adults age 5064 against certain flu strains emphasizes the need for continued research to improve vaccines for this group. […] Understanding the impact of early flu virus exposure on individuals’ immune responses is critical for developing more effective vaccines.

• #3 Report: Flu vaccine over 50% effective against severe illness among US children from 2015 to 2020 | CIDRAP

  https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/influenza-vaccines/report-flu-vaccine-over-50-effective-against-severe-illness-among-us-children

  Improving an understanding of VE against severe influenza in children could increase uptake of influenza vaccination and improve vaccine policies globally. […] „Improving vaccine uptake in children may reduce influenza illness and, subsequently, ED and hospital visits in a time of increased respiratory virus co-circulation,” the researchers wrote. […] „Thus, improving an understanding of VE against severe influenza in children could increase uptake of influenza vaccination and improve vaccine policies globally,” they wrote.

• #3 Influenza vaccination and treatment in children with neurologic disorders

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4063242/

  Children with neurologic disorders should be a particular focus of vaccination efforts by providers, as they are at greatly increased risk for complications from influenza. […] Current CDC guidance recommends that all children who are at higher risk for complications from influenza, which includes all children with neurologic disorders, receive treatment with a neuraminidase inhibitor if they present to their outpatient provider with symptoms suspicious for influenza. […] Typical symptoms that should prompt use of antiviral agents include abrupt onset of constitutional and respiratory signs and symptoms (e.g. fever, nonproductive cough, sore throat, rhinitis), although in children, otitis media, nausea and vomiting are commonly reported with influenza illness. […] It is important that clinicians consider the diagnosis of influenza in children with underlying neurologic conditions presenting with atypical symptoms during influenza season, including seizures, encephalopathy and irritability.

• #3 Influenza vaccine – children | Healthify

  https://healthify.nz/medicines-a-z/i/influenza-vaccine-children

  Tamariki are at risk of getting very sick from the flu, and passing it on to their whnau. […] Everyone from 6 months of age is advised to get a flu vaccination EVERY year to protect themselves and to reduce the spread of flu. […] It’s best to give your child the flu vaccine as soon as you can. […] The flu vaccine can help stop your child from getting very sick and needing hospital care. […] Flu vaccination is especially important for children with certain long-term (chronic) health conditions, such as asthma, heart disease or diabetes. […] If your child has a long-term condition, make sure they have their flu vaccination every year before winter starts. […] Giving your child the flu vaccine may not stop them getting the flu, but it should stop them getting very sick and prevent them needing hospital care.

• #3 Flu vaccine and cancer treatment | Treatment for cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/treatment/cancer-drugs/flu-vaccine

  Children often have the flu vaccine as a nasal spray. Talk to your medical team if your child has cancer. Your doctor may suggest that your child doesn’t have the nasal spray if they have a very weakened immune system. This is because the nasal spray contains a live, but weakened form of the flu vaccine. […] Normally, the flu vaccine helps a child to build up their immunity to flu. But if your child has a weakened immune system, the immune system may not be strong enough to build up a response. Without an immune response, the vaccine virus could cause flu. The doctor might suggest your child has the flu vaccine injection instead.

• #3 Flu (influenza) vaccine

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/Influenza_(flu)_vaccine/

  Influenza also known as the flu is an infection caused by a type of influenza virus. […] The influenza (flu) vaccine is a safe and effective way to protect your child from getting sick with the blue. […] If your child is above six months of age, they should get the flu vaccine. […] It is best to get your child vaccinated for the flu every year before the start of winter. […] In Australia, the flu vaccine is free for children aged from six months to five years, and those at higher risk of becoming very sick with the flu. […] Children under nine years who get the flu vaccine for the first time require two doses given four weeks apart. […] The flu vaccine is the best and safest way to protect your child from becoming sick with the flu. […] Your child should get a flu vaccine if they are above six months of age.

• #3 Your Child’s Vaccines: Influenza (Flu) Vaccine (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/flu-vaccine.html

  The flu vaccine protects against influenza (what most of us call „the flu”), a contagious viral infection of the nose, throat, and lungs that can make a person feel very sick. […] The flu vaccine is recommended for everyone 6 months of age and older. It does not cause the flu and it helps keep kids and parents from getting sick. […] Babies younger than 6 months can’t get the vaccine. But if their parents, other caregivers, and older kids in the household get it, that will help protect the baby. […] Every year thousands of people die from influenza, and getting the flu vaccine is one way to help prevent that. […] While the flu vaccine isn’t 100% effective, it still greatly lowers a person’s chances of catching the flu, which can be very serious. […] Kids under 9 years old need 2 doses if: Theyve never had the flu vaccine or have had the vaccine only once in a past flu season.

• #3 Flu Prevention | Wisconsin Department of Health Services

  https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/influenza/prevention.htm

  The best way to protect yourself and the people around you from the flu is to get the flu vaccine every year in the fall. […] Make sure that everyone who is older than 6 months gets their flu vaccine. […] Children who aren’t covered under health insurance can get free vaccines through the Vaccines for Children Program (VFC). […] Since it takes about two weeks after getting the vaccine for your body to build up defenses against flu infection, the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) and Wisconsin Department of Health Services (DHS) recommend that everybody age 6 months and older get a flu vaccine in the fall or early winter. […] Children under the age of 6 months are too young to be vaccinated, but are at a high risk of serious flu illness. It is important that people who live with or care for infants, as well as anyone who is at a higher risk of flu complications, get the flu vaccine every year to prevent spreading the flu to them. […] Antiviral drugs may be prescribed by your doctor if you have the flu. Many people do not need antivirals to recover from the flu, but they can be used to make the illness milder and shorten the time you are sick.

• #3 Influenza vaccines – frequently asked questions (FAQs) | NCIRS

  https://ncirs.org.au/influenza/influenza-vaccines-frequently-asked-questions-faqs

  Influenza vaccination is safe for breastfeeding women and can provide protection to the baby through antibodies that are transferred to the baby through breastmilk. […] Enhanced safety monitoring systems for influenza vaccines, such as AusVaxSafety, have confirmed that influenza vaccination is safe in children under 5 years; low rates of fever and medical attendance after vaccination have been reported.

• #4 Influenza (flu) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351725

  Mayo Clinic offers flu shots in Arizona, Florida and Minnesota. […] To diagnose the flu, also called influenza, your healthcare professional does a physical exam, looks for symptoms of flu and possibly orders a test that detects flu viruses. […] A flu test may be done by a pharmacy, your healthcare professional’s office or in the hospital. For people age 2 and older, a test you can take at home may be available. […] Types of flu tests you may have include: […] Molecular tests. These tests look for genetic material from the flu virus. Polymerase chain reaction tests, shortened to PCR tests, are molecular tests. […] Antigen tests. These tests look for viral proteins called antigens. Rapid influenza diagnostic tests are one example of antigen tests. […] It’s possible to have a test to diagnose both flu and other respiratory illness, such as COVID-19, which stands for coronavirus disease 2019. You may have both COVID-19 and influenza at the same time.

• #4 Tips for Speaking with Parents about Flu Vaccine – California Vaccines for Children (VFC)

  https://eziz.org/resources/flu-promo-materials/tips-for-speaking-with-parents-about-flu-vaccine/

  Flu vaccines are made with killed or weakened viruses that cannot give you the flu. […] Flu vaccine takes 2 weeks to work. Your child may have caught flu/a virus before developing immunity. […] Flu vaccines do not prevent 100% of all flu infections; however, if your child catches the flu, it will be much less severe. […] Without the flu vaccine, your child has zero added protection if he/she gets exposed. Its not worth the risk. Healthy children who were vaccinated lowered their chance of dying from flu by 65%. […] A recent study suggests that flu vaccine protected most kids against severe disease even when the vaccine wasnt a perfect match for the virus. […] About half of the children who are hospitalized or die from the flu each year are healthy before catching the flu. […] Flu can spread easily at school, while playing with friends, or being out in the community.

• #4 Influenza vaccination in persons with egg allergy – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/influenza-vaccination-in-persons-with-egg-allergy

  Influenza vaccination is recommended for all individuals six months of age and older and is particularly important in those at increased risk of complications. […] This topic reviews the risks and benefits of administration of the influenza vaccine in patients with HE allergy. […] Seasonal influenza vaccination in children: Prevention with vaccines.

• #4 Flu prevention and vaccine information | Mass.gov

  https://www.mass.gov/info-details/flu-prevention-and-vaccine-information

  Everyone 6 months of age and older should be vaccinated for flu. It is especially important that the people in one of the groups listed below get a flu shot every year as they are more likely to get severely ill with flu. […] Children younger than 5 years of age — especially those younger than 2 years old — are at high risk of serious flu-related symptoms and complications. […] Flu vaccination has been found to reduce deaths in children. A study in Pediatrics was the first of its kind to show that influenza vaccination is effective in preventing influenza-associated deaths among children. […] A study looking at children and adolescents estimated that influenza (flu) vaccination reduced the risk of flu-related emergency department and urgent care visits and hospitalizations by almost half (40-48%) among children and adolescents during the 2022-2023 season. A 2022 study showed that flu vaccination reduced children’s risk of severe life-threatening influenza by 75%.

• #4 Report: Flu vaccine over 50% effective against severe illness among US children from 2015 to 2020 | CIDRAP

  https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/influenza-vaccines/report-flu-vaccine-over-50-effective-against-severe-illness-among-us-children

  Improving an understanding of VE against severe influenza in children could increase uptake of influenza vaccination and improve vaccine policies globally. […] „Improving vaccine uptake in children may reduce influenza illness and, subsequently, ED and hospital visits in a time of increased respiratory virus co-circulation,” the researchers wrote. […] „Thus, improving an understanding of VE against severe influenza in children could increase uptake of influenza vaccination and improve vaccine policies globally,” they wrote.

• #4 8 reasons you may be planning to skip your child’s flu vaccine this year (and why you probably shouldn’t)

  https://www.arnoldpalmerhospital.com/content-hub/eight-reasons-you-may-be-planning-to-skip-your-childs-flu-vaccine-this-year/

  Only about half of the U.S. population will get a flu shot during the upcoming flu season despite overwhelming agreement among medical experts that every person over the age of six months should receive the vaccine every year. […] Young children as well as the elderly are more likely to need hospitalization when suffering from the flu and more commonly experience complications such as pneumonia that cause significant pain and suffering as well as a prolonged recovery time. […] Children die of complications from the flu every single year. […] While children with chronic illnesses are at greater risk than others for complications, previously healthy children can also suffer very serious complications from the flu. […] The lives of previously healthy children are lost each year due to the flu virus, and the false comfort isnt worth the risk.

• #4 Influenza vaccination and treatment in children with neurologic disorders

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4063242/

  Children with neurologic disorders should be a particular focus of vaccination efforts by providers, as they are at greatly increased risk for complications from influenza. […] Current CDC guidance recommends that all children who are at higher risk for complications from influenza, which includes all children with neurologic disorders, receive treatment with a neuraminidase inhibitor if they present to their outpatient provider with symptoms suspicious for influenza. […] Typical symptoms that should prompt use of antiviral agents include abrupt onset of constitutional and respiratory signs and symptoms (e.g. fever, nonproductive cough, sore throat, rhinitis), although in children, otitis media, nausea and vomiting are commonly reported with influenza illness. […] It is important that clinicians consider the diagnosis of influenza in children with underlying neurologic conditions presenting with atypical symptoms during influenza season, including seizures, encephalopathy and irritability.

• #4 Flu vaccine and cancer treatment | Treatment for cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/treatment/cancer-drugs/flu-vaccine

  Children often have the flu vaccine as a nasal spray. Talk to your medical team if your child has cancer. Your doctor may suggest that your child doesn’t have the nasal spray if they have a very weakened immune system. This is because the nasal spray contains a live, but weakened form of the flu vaccine. […] Normally, the flu vaccine helps a child to build up their immunity to flu. But if your child has a weakened immune system, the immune system may not be strong enough to build up a response. Without an immune response, the vaccine virus could cause flu. The doctor might suggest your child has the flu vaccine injection instead.

• #5 Children and the Flu | Patient Education | UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospitals

  https://www.ucsfbenioffchildrens.org/education/children-and-the-flu

  The flu vaccine is recommended for the following groups of children and pregnant women: […] There is a diagnostic test available to check for the flu, called direct fluorescent antibody (DFA). This test involves getting secretions from the back of the nasopharynx, or the space at the back of the nose and above the soft part of the palate. DFA is most often used when a definitive diagnosis would impact the medical care of the child or family. […] Your child may have the flu if he or she has a sudden onset of fever, body aches and respiratory symptoms, especially if it is between November and April, which is the usual flu season in the United States.

• #5 Tips for Speaking with Parents about Flu Vaccine – California Vaccines for Children (VFC)

  https://eziz.org/resources/flu-promo-materials/tips-for-speaking-with-parents-about-flu-vaccine/

  Flu vaccines are made with killed or weakened viruses that cannot give you the flu. […] Flu vaccine takes 2 weeks to work. Your child may have caught flu/a virus before developing immunity. […] Flu vaccines do not prevent 100% of all flu infections; however, if your child catches the flu, it will be much less severe. […] Without the flu vaccine, your child has zero added protection if he/she gets exposed. Its not worth the risk. Healthy children who were vaccinated lowered their chance of dying from flu by 65%. […] A recent study suggests that flu vaccine protected most kids against severe disease even when the vaccine wasnt a perfect match for the virus. […] About half of the children who are hospitalized or die from the flu each year are healthy before catching the flu. […] Flu can spread easily at school, while playing with friends, or being out in the community.

• #5 8 reasons you may be planning to skip your child’s flu vaccine this year (and why you probably shouldn’t)

  https://www.arnoldpalmerhospital.com/content-hub/eight-reasons-you-may-be-planning-to-skip-your-childs-flu-vaccine-this-year/

  Scientific evidence has shown that there is no reason to believe that vaccinations overload the immune system, and in fact there is a wealth of data proving that vaccines are safe and effective for young children. […] Young children are in much more danger of suffering from the effects of contracting the flu virus than they are from any side effect of a flu vaccine, and that is confirmed by scientific evidence. […] Vaccines dont cause autism. […] For optimal protection against the flu, a vaccine is needed each and every flu season. […] Nearly all children with an egg allergy are able to safely receive the flu vaccine. […] Regardless of the type of flu vaccine, the virus cannot give you the flu. […] The flu is a real and serious threat to the health of our children, and the flu shot is our best defense against it.

• #5 Influenza vaccination and treatment in children with neurologic disorders

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4063242/

  Children with neurologic disorders should be a particular focus of vaccination efforts by providers, as they are at greatly increased risk for complications from influenza. […] Current CDC guidance recommends that all children who are at higher risk for complications from influenza, which includes all children with neurologic disorders, receive treatment with a neuraminidase inhibitor if they present to their outpatient provider with symptoms suspicious for influenza. […] Typical symptoms that should prompt use of antiviral agents include abrupt onset of constitutional and respiratory signs and symptoms (e.g. fever, nonproductive cough, sore throat, rhinitis), although in children, otitis media, nausea and vomiting are commonly reported with influenza illness. […] It is important that clinicians consider the diagnosis of influenza in children with underlying neurologic conditions presenting with atypical symptoms during influenza season, including seizures, encephalopathy and irritability.

• #5 Flu vaccine and cancer treatment | Treatment for cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/treatment/cancer-drugs/flu-vaccine

  Children often have the flu vaccine as a nasal spray. Talk to your medical team if your child has cancer. Your doctor may suggest that your child doesn’t have the nasal spray if they have a very weakened immune system. This is because the nasal spray contains a live, but weakened form of the flu vaccine. […] Normally, the flu vaccine helps a child to build up their immunity to flu. But if your child has a weakened immune system, the immune system may not be strong enough to build up a response. Without an immune response, the vaccine virus could cause flu. The doctor might suggest your child has the flu vaccine injection instead.

• #6 Influenza: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/972269-workup

  Influenza traditionally has been diagnosed on the basis of clinical criteria, but rapid diagnostic tests, which have a high degree of specificity but only moderate sensitivity, are becoming more widely used. The gold standard for diagnosing influenza A and B is a viral culture of nasopharyngeal samples or throat samples. In elderly or high-risk patients with pulmonary symptoms, perform chest radiography to exclude pneumonia. […] Prevention of influenza is the most effective management strategy. Influenza A and B vaccine is administered each year before flu season. The CDC analyzes the vaccine subtypes each year and makes any necessary changes for the coming season on the basis of worldwide trends. […] The approved age indication for the cell culture-based inactivated influenza vaccine, ccIIV4 [Flucelvax Quadrivalent], has been lowered to children 2 years. […] Regardless of allergy history, all vaccines should be administered in settings in which personnel and equipment for rapid recognition and treatment of anaphylaxis are available.

• #6 Tips for Speaking with Parents about Flu Vaccine – California Vaccines for Children (VFC)

  https://eziz.org/resources/flu-promo-materials/tips-for-speaking-with-parents-about-flu-vaccine/

  Flu vaccines are made with killed or weakened viruses that cannot give you the flu. […] Flu vaccine takes 2 weeks to work. Your child may have caught flu/a virus before developing immunity. […] Flu vaccines do not prevent 100% of all flu infections; however, if your child catches the flu, it will be much less severe. […] Without the flu vaccine, your child has zero added protection if he/she gets exposed. Its not worth the risk. Healthy children who were vaccinated lowered their chance of dying from flu by 65%. […] A recent study suggests that flu vaccine protected most kids against severe disease even when the vaccine wasnt a perfect match for the virus. […] About half of the children who are hospitalized or die from the flu each year are healthy before catching the flu. […] Flu can spread easily at school, while playing with friends, or being out in the community.

• #6 Flu vaccine and cancer treatment | Treatment for cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/treatment/cancer-drugs/flu-vaccine

  Children often have the flu vaccine as a nasal spray. Talk to your medical team if your child has cancer. Your doctor may suggest that your child doesn’t have the nasal spray if they have a very weakened immune system. This is because the nasal spray contains a live, but weakened form of the flu vaccine. […] Normally, the flu vaccine helps a child to build up their immunity to flu. But if your child has a weakened immune system, the immune system may not be strong enough to build up a response. Without an immune response, the vaccine virus could cause flu. The doctor might suggest your child has the flu vaccine injection instead.

• #7 Influenza: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/972269-workup

  Influenza traditionally has been diagnosed on the basis of clinical criteria, but rapid diagnostic tests, which have a high degree of specificity but only moderate sensitivity, are becoming more widely used. The gold standard for diagnosing influenza A and B is a viral culture of nasopharyngeal samples or throat samples. In elderly or high-risk patients with pulmonary symptoms, perform chest radiography to exclude pneumonia. […] Prevention of influenza is the most effective management strategy. Influenza A and B vaccine is administered each year before flu season. The CDC analyzes the vaccine subtypes each year and makes any necessary changes for the coming season on the basis of worldwide trends. […] The approved age indication for the cell culture-based inactivated influenza vaccine, ccIIV4 [Flucelvax Quadrivalent], has been lowered to children 2 years. […] Regardless of allergy history, all vaccines should be administered in settings in which personnel and equipment for rapid recognition and treatment of anaphylaxis are available.

• #8 2024-25 Flu Season – Vaccinate Your Family 2024-25 Flu Season – Vaccinate Your Family

  https://vaccinateyourfamily.org/vaccines-diseases/current-flu-season/

  Flu vaccination is recommended for everyone six months and older, with rare exception. Flu vaccines have been updated this season to help protect against three circulating strains of flu. […] Children age 6 months and older should receive a flu vaccine every year. Flu vaccines can be lifesaving in children. Some children age 6 months through 8 years need 2 doses of flu vaccine, spaced at least 4 weeks apart. These children include those who have never received a flu vaccine or have previously only received one dose of vaccine. […] Especially with flu and COVID circulating together – along with other respiratory diseases like RSV – it’s important to be properly diagnosed to determine appropriate treatment. There are a number of tests available to determine if you have the flu. Your healthcare provider may test you for flu or diagnose you based on your symptoms.

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