Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Clubfoot – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551574/

  Clubfoot has a reported incidence of between 0.5 and 2 cases per 1000 births. Certain ethnicities, such as the Hawaiians and Maori, demonstrate a predilection for higher prevalence rates, with the latter population cited at up to 6.8 per 1000 births. […] Males are twice as likely as females to be born with a clubfoot, and cases are bilateral in approximately 50% of cases. In unilateral cases, the right is most commonly affected.

• #2 Systematic review and meta-analysis of global birth prevalence of clubfoot: a study protocol

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5855200/

  Clubfoot is a common congenital birth defect, with an average prevalence of approximately 1 per 1000 live births, although this rate is reported to vary among different countries around the world. […] The global prevalence of clubfoot is estimated to be between 0.6 and 1.5 per 1000 live births with around 80% of all clubfoot cases being born in LMICs. […] A study using the pooled data from 10 birth-defect surveillance programmes in the USA showed the overall prevalence of clubfoot was 1.29 per 1000 live births; 1.38 among non-Hispanic whites, 1.30 among Hispanics and 1.14 among non-Hispanic blacks or African-Americans. […] Another study in Uganda found a similar rate of 1.2 per 1000 with a male to female ratio of 2.4:1. […] A recent review conducted by Smythe et al revealed that the pooled estimate for clubfoot birth prevalence in LMICs according to WHO regions is 1.11 (0.96 to 1.26) within the Africa region, 1.74 (1.69, 1.80) in the Americas, 1.21 (0.73, 1.68) in South-East Asia (excluding India), 1.19 (0.96, 1.42) in India, 2.03 (1.54, 2.53) in Turkey (Europe region), 1.19 (0.98, 1.40) in the Eastern Mediterranean region, 0.94 (0.64, 1.24) in the West Pacific (excluding China) and 0.51 (0.50, 0.53) in China. […] In LMICs, birth prevalence of clubfoot varies between 0.51 and 2.03 per 1000 live births.

• #3 Clubfoot (Talipes): Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1237077-overview

  The incidence of clubfoot is approximately 1 case per 1000 live births in the United States. An analysis using data from the EUROCAT network reported that the total prevalence of congenital clubfoot in Europe was 1.13 per 1000 births. […] The incidence differs among ethnicities. For example, it is close to 75 cases per 1000 live births in the Polynesian islands, particularly in Tonga. […] The male-to-female ratio has been reported to be 2:1. Bilateral involvement is found in 30-50% of cases. A 2017 study by Zionts et al found that severity did not differ significantly by either sex or bilaterality, though patients with bilateral clubfoot had a wider range of severity. […] There is a 10% chance of a subsequent child being affected if the parents already have a child with a clubfoot. […] Parker et al pooled data from several birth defects surveillance programs (6139 cases of clubfoot) to better estimate the prevalence of clubfoot and investigate its risk factors. The overall prevalence of clubfoot was 1.29 per 1000 live births, with figures of 1.38 among non-Hispanic whites, 1.30 among Hispanics, and 1.14 among non-Hispanic blacks or African Americans. Maternal age, parity, education, and marital status were significantly associated with clubfoot, along with maternal smoking and diabetes.

• #4 Prevalence and epidemiological description of clubfoot at King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia – Journal of Musculoskeletal Surgery and Research

  https://journalmsr.com/prevalence-and-epidemiological-description-of-clubfoot-at-king-saud-medical-city-riyadh-saudi-arabia/

  Clubfoot is a burden affecting 150,000 newborns worldwide every year. […] This study looked at the prevalence of clubfoot at King Saud Medical City (KSMC) and examined the risk factors associated with clubfoot in Saudi Arabia. […] A total of 18,515 births at KSMC from 2015 to 2019 were evaluated. It was found that 42 patients were affected by clubfoot resulting in a birth prevalence of 2.3/1000 (0.23%) among Saudis at KSMC. […] The epidemiological description of clubfoot was attained from the orthopedics department at KSMC by collecting data from 100 (n = 100) cases that were following in the clinic for 2015-2019. […] The prevalence of clubfoot at KSMC is double that of the estimated prevalence of clubfoot worldwide; the prevalence is 2.3/1000 live birth at KSMC among Saudis. […] This study provides an initial look at the prevalence of clubfoot in Saudi Arabia by examining the reported cases at KSMC and future studies nationwide can give a better look at the prevalence of clubfoot in Saudi Arabia.

• #5 Importance of Early Detection of Clubfoot in Newborn Babies

  https://www.miraclefeet.org/about-us/our-model/clubfoot-importance-of-early-detection

  Clubfoot is one of the most common birth defects and a major cause of physical disability globally. […] Worldwide, clubfoot affects up to 200,000 newborns every year (1 in 800). […] 90% of newborns with clubfoot are born in LMICs and 85% do not have access to proper treatment. […] Developing and implementing guidelines for surveillance, screening, referral, and treatment of every newborn with clubfoot.

• #6 Clubfoot in children: An overview | The Foot and Ankle Online Journal

  http://faoj.org/2020/12/31/clubfoot-in-children-an-overview/

  Clubfoot is a case of complex defects affecting mostly newborns and children. […] Clubfoot called talipes equinovarus represents a global health problem affecting 1-2/1000 of live births all over the world. […] Clubfoot is one of the commonest and oldest recognized orthopedic anomalies. […] It has been reported that Egyptian Pharaohs Siptah and Tutankhamun were suffering from clubfoot. […] Clubfoot is encountered in about one per thousand of the live births, varying from one race to another. […] It affects approximately 150,000-200,000 of newborns all over the world each year. […] About 80% of cases are encountered in developing countries. […] The incidence is more in males than females with a ratio of 2-1 respectively. […] The prevalence in Western Europe and the USA accounts 1-1.4/1000 live births.

• #7 Clubfoot (Talipes Equinovarus) and Clenched Hands | Radiology Key

  https://radiologykey.com/clubfoot-talipes-equinovarus-and-clenched-hands/

  Clubfoot occurs in approximately 1:1000 pregnancies and is more common in male fetuses (2:1 male-to-female ratio). […] There is an increased incidence among first-degree relatives. […] Ethnic variations in frequency exist; it appears to be less common in Asians (0.5:1000) and more common in the Polynesian islands (7.5:1000 births).

• #8 Clubfoot | Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America (POSNA)

  https://posna.org/physician-education/study-guide/clubfoot

  Idiopathic clubfoot is one the most common congenital deformities of the lower extremity. Its incidence is reported to be 1-2 cases per 1000 live births. The incidence is higher in Polynesians and lower in Chinese. […] The treatment of idiopathic clubfoot (IC) has changed in the past two decades with Ponseti serial casting currently the preferred method in North America. […] Although initial correction is achieved in almost 95% of IC by Ponseti method, a recurrence rate up to 50% is reported requiring further treatment. Compliance with the orthosis after the initial correction can decrease the recurrence rate.

• #9 Club Foot | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/club-foot/

  The incidence of clubfoot is 1-2/1000 live births throughout the world every year, but varies according to geographic location. The deformity is bilateral in 50% of cases and is more common in males, with a 2:1 male to female ratio that remains consistent across ethnic populations. Chinese demonstrate the lowest incidence at 0.39 per 1000, and the highest incidence is found in Hawaiians and Moris at 7 per 1000. Currently, there is no known prevention. Intrauterine crowding was initially blamed, but has subsequently been disproven. Smoking during pregnancy has been shown to be a significant and consistent environmental risk factor. […] The certainty of the existing evidence regarding treatment outcomes in clubfoot remains low. A meta-analysis was attempted and the results were first published in the Cochrane Collaboration in 2010 and last updated in 2020. Twenty-one trials were available for evaluation, including 905 patients. While the formulation of strong conclusions was unsupported, this review did suggest that the Ponseti technique may produce better foot alignment in the short term with lower major surgery risk compared to the Kite technique in treatment-nave cases. Furthermore, semi-rigid fiberglass may be as effective as plaster of Paris when using the Ponseti technique.

• #10 Clubfoot – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clubfoot

  Birth prevalence of clubfoot varies between 0.51 and 2.03/1,000 live births in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). […] Clubfoot disproportionally affects those in LMICs. About 80% of those with clubfoot, or approximately 100,000 children per year as of 2018, are born in LMICs.

• #11 Systematic review and meta-analysis of global birth prevalence of clubfoot: a study protocol | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/8/3/e019246

  Clubfoot is a common congenital birth defect, with an average prevalence of approximately 1 per 1000 live births, although this rate is reported to vary among different countries around the world. […] The global prevalence of clubfoot is estimated to be between 0.6 and 1.5 per 1000 live births with around 80% of all clubfoot cases being born in LMICs. […] A study using the pooled data from 10 birth-defect surveillance programmes in the USA showed the overall prevalence of clubfoot was 1.29 per 1000 live births; 1.38 among non-Hispanic whites, 1.30 among Hispanics and 1.14 among non-Hispanic blacks or African-Americans. […] A recent review conducted by Smythe et al revealed that the pooled estimate for clubfoot birth prevalence in LMICs according to WHO regions is 1.11 (0.96 to 1.26) within the Africa region, 1.74 (1.69, 1.80) in the Americas, 1.21 (0.73, 1.68) in South-East Asia (excluding India), 1.19 (0.96, 1.42) in India, 2.03 (1.54, 2.53) in Turkey (Europe region), 1.19 (0.98, 1.40) in the Eastern Mediterranean region, 0.94 (0.64, 1.24) in the West Pacific (excluding China) and 0.51 (0.50, 0.53) in China. […] In LMICs, birth prevalence of clubfoot varies between 0.51 and 2.03 per 1000 live births.

• #12 Incidence of clubfoot in Uganda. – Document – Gale Academic OneFile

  https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA241516412&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=00084263&p=AONE&sw=w

  Background: While the congenital clubfoot deformity is a common deformity recorded in Uganda, the incidence of the condition had never been accurately determined. […] The total number of live births during the study period was 110,336. The maternity units of the centres identified 290 infants with a foot deformity. One hundred and thirty infants born during the study period were diagnosed in the clubfoot clinic as having a congenital clubfoot deformity. The proportion of infants with a clubfoot deformity was 1.2 per 1000 births over the 20-month period. The male to female ratio was 2.4:1. […] The rate of clubfoot deformities in the newborn can be used to estimate the numbers of children who should be treated and to estimate resource needs for the identification and management of this treatable congenital malformation. By comparing the number of those treated with the expected number of cases, the numbers of children with neglected clubfoot can be calculated.

• #13 The Incidence of Clubfoot in the Czech Republic: A Nationwide Epidemiological Study from 2000 to 2014

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/10/4/714

  Clubfoot is one of the most common musculoskeletal birth deformities worldwide. The prevalence varies among individual countries and populations. […] The incidence of clubfoot during the study period was 1.9 (95% CI 1.8–2.0) per 1000 births; males comprised the majority (59%). The incidence significantly differed among individual regions of the Czech Republic (p < 0.001). The incidence in the Czech Republic was higher than in previous European studies. [...] No nationwide epidemiological study has focused on CF in Central European countries in the last 30 years. A population-based study by Wang assessed the prevalence of CF only in 4 regions in 3 different countries in Central Europe (Germany, Poland, and Switzerland). To update information about the incidence of CF in Central Europe, we performed a nationwide epidemiological study in the Czech Republic over 14 consecutive years.

• #14 Prevalence and pattern of congenital clubfoot among less than 5-year-old children in Ethiopia; cross-sectional based study | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-024-07734-1

  Clubfoot is one of the most common congenital malformations, but it is also one of the most neglected public health problems among less than five-year-old children, mainly in middle- and low-income countries. Approximately 80% of clubfoot cases are found in low- and middle-income countries. […] In the area under investigation, a significant prevalence of congenital clubfoot was observed, especially among male children. The majority of cases were bilateral, with idiopathic clubfoot being the dominant form. […] The prevalence of clubfoot was found to be 7.2 per 1000 patients of age less than five. […] The findings of this study revealed a high prevalence of congenital clubfoot in the study area (7.2 per 1000), with a higher occurrence among male children. Most cases were bilateral, and idiopathic clubfoot predominated. […] The bilateral club foot alignment of this study was slightly greater (55.5%). […] The male-to-female burden of this study recorded that males accounted for 198 (77.3%) and females accounted for 58 (22.7%), resulting in a male-to-female ratio of 3.4:1.0.

• #15

  https://biomedgrid.com/fulltext/volume11/epidemiology-and-pattern-of-clubfoot-in-enugu-south-east-nigeria.001619.php

  Clubfoot is a major birth defect in the study area and is more prevalent in male children and in most cases is bilateral, with idiopathic clubfoot dominance. […] To evaluate the epidemiology and pattern of clubfoot at Enugu, Southeast Nigeria. […] Idiopathic clubfoot had highest prevalence of 92%, secondary clubfoot 6% and positional clubfoot 2%. […] The male gender had 56% occurrences and female 44%. […] Bilateral clubfoot had 75% occurrences and unilateral 25%. […] The study also supports other studies that have opined that Ponseti method is an effective method of treating clubfoot conservatively because 84% of the total cases studied were effectively treated with ponseti method, with only 16% of the cases requiring surgery/further treatments.

• #16 Descriptive epidemiology of clubfoot in Romania: a clinic-based study

  https://www.europeanreview.org/article/10204

  Congenital clubfoot affects 1 per 1000 live births per year in Romania. […] The aim of this study was to evaluate specific environmental and socio-demographic factors that may increase the risk of an infant to be born with clubfoot. […] We found that males were twice as likely to have clubfoot and half of clubfoot subjects were affected bilaterally. […] Infant and maternal characteristics showing a strong association with clubfoot included breech presentation and old maternal age at conception. […] Our results support reported literature data that males are two times as likely to have clubfoot which indicates a genetic influence. […] This clinic-based study does not support previously recorded data of a positive association for maternal or household smoking. […] Data from this Romanian population also does not support previous data suggesting strong associations with maternal diabetes.

• #17 Descriptive epidemiology of clubfoot in Romania: a clinic-based study – University of Iowa

  https://iro.uiowa.edu/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma9984040547802771&context=L&vid=01IOWA_INST:ResearchRepository&lang=en&search_scope=Research&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&tab=Research&query=sub%2Cexact%2CMaternal%2CAND&mode=advanced&offset=150

  Congenital clubfoot affects 1 per 1000 live births per year in Romania. […] To date, no epidemiological studies have been conducted in this country to assess risk factors associated with the deformity. […] The aim of this study was to evaluate specific environmental and socio-demographic factors that may increase the risk of an infant to be born with clubfoot. […] We found that males were twice as likely to have clubfoot and half of clubfoot subjects were affected bilaterally. […] Infant and maternal characteristics showing a strong association with clubfoot included breech presentation and old maternal age at conception. […] Our results support reported literature data that males are two times as likely to have clubfoot which indicates a genetic influence. […] This clinic-based study does not support previously recorded data of a positive association for maternal or household smoking. […] Data from this Romanian population also does not support previous data suggesting strong associations with maternal diabetes.

• #18 Epidemiology of clubfoot in Sweden from 2016 to 2019: A national register study | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0260336

  Epidemiology of clubfoot in Sweden from 2016 to 2019: A national register study […] This study aimed to estimate the birth prevalence of children born with isolated or non-isolated clubfoot in Sweden using a national clubfoot register. Secondarily we aimed to describe the clubfoot population with respect to sex, laterality, severity of deformity, comorbidity and geographic location. […] A national register, the Swedish Pediatric Orthopedic Quality register, was used to extract data on newborn children with clubfoot. To calculate the birth prevalence of children with isolated or non-isolated clubfoot between 1st of January 2016 and 31st of December 2019, we used official reports of the total number of Swedish live births from the Swedish Board of Statistics. […] In total 612 children with clubfoot were identified. Of these, 564 were children with isolated clubfoot, generating a birth prevalence of 1.24/1000 live births (95% confidence interval 1.151.35). About 8% were children with non-isolated clubfoot, increasing the birth prevalence to 1.35/1000 live births (95% confidence interval 1.251.46).

• #19 Epidemiology of clubfoot in Sweden from 2016 to 2019: A national register study | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0260336

  We have established the birth prevalence of children born with isolated or non-isolated clubfoot in Sweden based on data from a national register. Moreover, we have estimated the number of children born with atypical clubfeet in instances of both isolated and non-isolated clubfoot. These numbers may serve as a baseline for expected birth prevalence when planning clubfoot treatment and when evaluating time trends of children born with clubfoot. […] Epidemiological studies are important to improve treatment and to ensure equal care despite residential location. The information can be used to plan and evaluate treatment procedures and to compare outcomes among different centers. […] From the 1st of January 2016 to the 31st of December 2019, 564 children with isolated clubfoot were registered generating a birth prevalence of 1.24/1000 (95% CI 1.151.35) live births. Forty-eight children with non-isolated clubfoot were registered over the same time period generating a birth prevalence of 0.11/1000 (95% CI 0.080.14). In total, 612 children with isolated or non-isolated clubfoot were registered, and the birth prevalence was estimated as 1.35/1000 (95% CI 1.251.46).

• #19 Epidemiology of clubfoot in Sweden from 2016 to 2019: A national register study | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0260336

  We have established the birth prevalence of children with isolated or non-isolated clubfoot in Sweden based on data from a total population register. These numbers may serve as a baseline expected birth prevalence when planning clubfoot treatment and when evaluating time trends of children born with clubfoot.

• #19 Epidemiology of clubfoot in Sweden from 2016 to 2019: A national register study | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0260336

  The estimated birth prevalence of clubfoot in children, both isolated and non-isolated, is in line with the prevalence reported by Wallander et al from 1995 to 1996 of 1.4/1000 live births. Comparing birth prevalence in our study with those in earlier studies covering the Swedish population from 1936 to 1990 (0.740.93/1000 live births), an increasing trend can be seen. […] This national Swedish register study, covering almost half a million births, found 564 children with isolated clubfoot corresponding to a birth prevalence of 1.24/1000 live births. Including the children with non-isolated clubfoot, the prevalence increased to 1.35/1000 live births. The children with non-isolated clubfoot had more severe foot deformities at birth and a greater proportion of clubfeet with atypical signs.

• #20 Epidemiology of clubfoot in Sweden from 2016 to 2019 : A national register study | Lund University Publications

  https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/publication/366b924a-2f21-44ed-9cc2-5cdcaabbbb71

  BACKGROUND: This study aimed to estimate the birth prevalence of children born with isolated or non-isolated clubfoot in Sweden using a national clubfoot register. Secondarily we aimed to describe the clubfoot population with respect to sex, laterality, severity of deformity, comorbidity and geographic location. […] A national register, the Swedish Pediatric Orthopedic Quality register, was used to extract data on newborn children with clubfoot. To calculate the birth prevalence of children with isolated or non-isolated clubfoot between 1st of January 2016 and 31st of December 2019, we used official reports of the total number of Swedish live births from the Swedish Board of Statistics. […] In total 612 children with clubfoot were identified. Of these, 564 were children with isolated clubfoot, generating a birth prevalence of 1.24/1000 live births (95% confidence interval 1.15-1.35). About 8% were children with non-isolated clubfoot, increasing the birth prevalence to 1.35/1000 live births (95% confidence interval 1.25-1.46).

• #21 Trends in congenital clubfoot prevalence and co-occurring anomalies during 1994–2021 in Denmark: a nationwide register-based study | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-023-06889-7

  Congenital talipes equinovarus (clubfoot) is a common musculoskeletal anomaly, with a suspected multifactorial etiopathogenesis. […] Characterizing this nationwide, liveborn cohort provides a population-based resource for etiopathogenic investigations and life course surveillance. […] Prevalence (per 1,000 liveborn infants) was 1.52 (CI 1.45-1.58) for isolated and 0.19 (CI 0.17-0.22) for MCA clubfoot. Prevalence estimates for both isolated and MCA clubfoot remained relatively stable during the study period, despite marked decreases in population-based maternal smoking rates. […] From 1994 to 2021, prevalence of nonsyndromic clubfoot in Denmark was relatively stable. Reduction in population-level maternal smoking rates did not seem to impact prevalence estimates, providing some support for the suspected multifactorial etiopathogenesis of this anomaly.

• #21 Trends in congenital clubfoot prevalence and co-occurring anomalies during 1994–2021 in Denmark: a nationwide register-based study | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-023-06889-7

  The annual prevalence of clubfoot was relatively stable over three decades and remained stable following the establishment of four clubfoot specialized centers in 2010. The characterization of this nationwide clubfoot cohort provides a resource for future etiopathogenic investigations and life course surveillance of clinical outcomes.

• #22 Trends in congenital clubfoot prevalence and co-occurring anomalies during 1994-2021 in Denmark: A nationwide register-based study of 1,315,282 live born infants | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.11.23289837v1.full-text

  Congenital clubfoot is a common musculoskeletal anomaly, with a suspected multifactorial etiopathogenesis. […] Among these, 2,358 infants (65.1% male) were ascertained with clubfoot and classified as syndromic (co-occurring chromosomal, genetic, or teratogenic syndromes) and nonsyndromic (isolated or co-occurring multiple congenital anomalies [MCA]). […] Prevalence (per 1,000 liveborn infants) was 1.52 (CI 1.45 1.58) for isolated and 0.19 (CI 0.17 0.22) for MCA clubfoot. […] Prevalence estimates for both isolated and MCA clubfoot remained stable during the study period, despite marked decreases in population-based maternal smoking rates. […] From 1994-2021, prevalence of nonsyndromic clubfoot in Denmark was reasonably stable. […] Ascertainment and characterization of this cohort provides a population-based clinical and biological resource for etiopathogenic investigations. […] The overall prevalence (per 1,000 live births) for nonsyndromic clubfoot during this birth period was 1.71. […] The annual prevalence of clubfoot was relatively stable over three decades and remained stable following the establishment of four clubfoot specialized centres in 2010.

• #23 Epidemiological characterization of clubfoot: a population-based …: Ingenta Connect

  https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/wk/jpob/2024/00000034/00000001/art00002

  Clubfoot is a common musculoskeletal congenital abnormality, with a prevalence of 520 cases per 10000 live births in low to middle-income countries. […] Our objective was to characterize clubfoot and determine its prevalence and associated risk factors in Bogot and Cali, Colombia, from 2002 to 2020. […] Prevalence was calculated considering a 95% confidence interval using Poisson distribution, and risk factors were assessed through adjusted odds ratios obtained by logistic regression model. […] Of 558255 births, 861 cases of clubfoot were identified, 48.20% were postural clubfoot, and 15 cases were syndromic clubfoot. […] In Bogota, prevalence rate was 15.1 per 10000 live births, whereas in Cali it was 17.29 per 10000 live births. […] Family history of clubfoot within first-degree relatives was identified as a risk factor for clubfoot. […] Investigating risk factors for clubfoot holds significant importance in terms of preventing and reducing morbidity within this population.

• #24 The epidemiology and treatment outcomes of clubfoot in a South African tertiary academic hospital

  http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1999-76712022000100002

  The epidemiology and treatment outcomes of clubfoot in a South African tertiary academic hospital. Clubfoot is a common congenital condition with a global incidence estimated at 1 in 1 000 live births. There is a paucity of information regarding the epidemiology and incidence of clubfoot in South Africa. A secondary objective was to determine the incidence rate of clubfoot in our direct catchment area (within 40 km from Tygerberg hospital) for the study period. A total of 197 patients were included over a 60-month period. The overall incidence rate of idiopathic clubfoot in our direct catchment area was 1.02 per 1 000 live births. The epidemiology, treatment outcomes and incidence rates observed at our institution are like those reported globally. The aim of the present study was to describe the epidemiology and early treatment outcomes of clubfoot patients treated at a tertiary hospital in SA. The incidence rate of idiopathic clubfoot is variable depending on the geographical area, with a global incidence rate estimated at 0.6 – 1.5 per 1 000 live births. The incidence rate observed at our institution falls within the global range, with 1.02 clubfoot cases per 1 000 live births.

• #25 Epidemiology – Primary Care Notebook

  https://primarycarenotebook.com/pages/paediatrics/congenital-club-foot/epidemiology

  Talipes equinovarus is the most common form of club foot: the incidence is 1.2 per 1000 live births, but the incidence varies worldwide, e.g. 0.57/1,000 in Orientals to 6.81/1,000 in Polynesians […] the risk of club foot is increased 20-fold if there is an affected first degree relative; inheritance is either polygenic or autosomal dominant with incomplete penetrance […] the incidence is higher in males than females – 3:1 […] one third of cases are bilateral.

• #26 SciELO Brazil – Pé torto congênito Pé torto congênito

  https://www.scielo.br/j/aob/a/WVjrRdz7zfrxPWwkpjFK8mR/?lang=en

  The clubfoot is one of the most common congenital deformities affecting the lower limbs, it still presents controversial aspects regarding etiology and treatment. […] With approximate incidence of one in every 1,000 live births, it predominates in males, in the proportion of 2:1, with bilateral involvement in 50% of cases. […] Genetic factors may be involved in the origin of CC as suggested by studies that evidenced an increase in family incidence and in identical twins. […] The Ponseti method has gained attention and popularity because of its satisfactory results and surgery avoidance. […] The future perspective is based on the knowledge about long-term results and new understanding of the clubfoot etiology, especially in the genetic field, which may eventually be helpful for prognostic and treatment.

• #26 SciELO Brazil – Pé torto congênito Pé torto congênito

  https://www.scielo.br/j/aob/a/WVjrRdz7zfrxPWwkpjFK8mR/?lang=en

  The treatment of idiopathic congenital clubfoot (CC) has presented important evolution, since ample surgical releases were the rule a few years ago, in view of the unsatisfactory results of the manipulation techniques used at that time. […] Today, the Ponseti method is highly acclaimed due to the more satisfactory results and the reduction in the need for extensive surgical releases. […] The Ponseti method is being widely publicized, both in developed countries and in those under development, on account of the good correction rates achieved, which are close to 90%. […] The use of the Ponseti method was also extended to relapsed feet, including after surgical releases, with reports of good outcomes.

• #27 Clubfoot: Causes and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/183991

  According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), just over 1 in every 1,000 infants are born with clubfoot. […] Researchers at Washington University School of Medicine in the United States traced the condition to a mutation in a gene critical for early development of lower limbs called PITX1. […] Clubfoot is mainly idiopathic, which means that the cause is unknown. Genetic factors are believed to play a major role, and some specific gene changes have been associated with it, but this is not yet well understood. It appears to be passed down through families. […] Environmental factors may play a role. Research has found a link between the incidence of clubfoot and maternal age, as well as whether the mother smokes cigarettes, and if she has diabetes. […] A link has also been noted between a higher chance of clubfoot and early amniocentesis, before 13 weeks of gestation during pregnancy.

• #28

  https://omim.org/entry/119800

  Clubfoot appears to be multifactorial trait. […] Gurnett et al. (2008) described a 5-generation family with asymmetric right-sided predominant clubfoot segregating as an autosomal dominant condition with incomplete penetrance. […] Kancherla et al. (2010) estimated the incidence of isolated clubfoot to be 11.4 per 10,000 livebirths in Iowa. Increased prevalence odds ratios (POR) were found for male sex (POR = 1.8) and maternal smoking during pregnancy (POR = 1.5). Low birth weight showed an increased POR for females (POR = 3.2), but not males (POR = 0.9).

• #29 Clubfoot – Orthopaedia: Foot & Ankle

  https://pressbooks.pub/frontlinefootandankle/chapter/clubfoot/

  Clubfoot occurs in 1 in 1000 births and affects males twice as frequently as females. Approximately 50% of all cases are bilateral and 25% have a positive family history of clubfoot. In the US, incidence ranges across ethnic groups from 0.4 in 1000 in the Chinese population to 7 in 1000 in the Polynesian population. […] Most cases are idiopathic but about 20% are due to a genetic or chromosomal abnormality. The most common of these are disorders of the nervous system including myelomeningocele and arthrogryposis. These cases tend to be stiffer and more resistant to standard treatment than idiopathic cases.

• #30 Descriptive Epidemiology of Clubfoot in Peru: A Clinic-Based Study – University of Iowa

  https://iro.uiowa.edu/esploro/outputs/journalArticle/Descriptive-Epidemiology-of-Clubfoot-in-Peru/9984040566802771

  congenital clubfoot is the most common birth defect of the musculoskeletal system and affects 1 in every 1000 live births each year. […] To date, no epidemiological studies have been conducted in Peru to assess possible genetic and environmental risk factors associated with this deformity. […] We found that males were twice as likely to have clubfoot as females, and half of all clubfoot patients had bilateral clubfoot. […] Infant birth in the winter months correlated with an increased risk of clubfoot (p=0.01476). […] Maternal characteristics found to be significantly associated with increased risk of clubfoot were young maternal age at conception (p=0.04369) and low maternal education (p=0.003245). […] Young paternal age also had a correlation with increased risk of clubfoot in the child (p=0.0371). […] Both paternal smoking (p=0.00001) and the presence of any household smoking (p=0.00003) were strongly associated with an increased risk of clubfoot.

• #31 Epidemiology of clubfoot in Sweden from 2016 to 2019: A national register study. | EBSCOhost

  https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=19326203&AN=153931105&h=P5mOSVdYT8ujUTzi%2BMjn2HBaArb6POU5vFWtfvBUKYGmI2fkJGgkdasO3%2BKg58ony078N44k5wfflC8q84xuBw%3D%3D&crl=f

  We have established the birth prevalence of children born with isolated or non-isolated clubfoot in Sweden based on data from a national register. […] These numbers may serve as a baseline for expected birth prevalence when planning clubfoot treatment and when evaluating time trends of children born with clubfoot.

• #32 Congenital Anomalies and Deformations of the Musculoskeletal System: Talipes Equinovarus | NCBDDD | CDC

  https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/surveillancemanual/quick-reference-handbook/tatlipes-equinovarus.html

  Talipes equinovarus (TEV) is the specific term and common type of what is sometimes called clubfoot, a term that encompasses a range of anomalies of the ankle or foot present at birth. […] Clubfoot can be identified or suspected on prenatal ultrasound. However, it should not be included in birth defects surveillance data without postnatal confirmation. […] Cases should be followed and evaluated sequentially to assess the degree of severity and whether treatment other than manipulation is necessary. […] Milder cases are positional, meaning that the foot can be gently manipulated into a normal position and typically does not require orthopaedic or surgical interventions. Positional talipes is excluded in surveillance. […] More severe cases are rigid or fixed, meaning the foot cannot be manipulated into a normal position and requires orthopaedic or surgical treatment.

• #32 Congenital Anomalies and Deformations of the Musculoskeletal System: Talipes Equinovarus | NCBDDD | CDC

  https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/surveillancemanual/quick-reference-handbook/tatlipes-equinovarus.html

  Note that the following conditions are usually not considered eligible conditions: Flexible/positional TEV because of variability, frequency and minor health impact. […] Talipes associated with neuromuscular sequences and syndromes programmes should code the associated clubfoot but exclude when determining prevalence rates of talipes.

• #33 Clubfoot: Causes and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/183991

  The condition is immediately visible at birth. […] It can also be detected before birth by ultrasound, especially if both feet are affected. […] Whether the condition is detected during pregnancy or after birth, doctors will recommend more tests to check for other health problems, such as spina bifida and muscular dystrophy. […] A clubfoot will not improve without treatment. Leaving the foot untreated increases the risk of complications later in life. […] For the Ponseti method to be effective, it has to be done very early on, and parents have to make sure the boots are worn according to instructions. […] If clubfoot is the only problem that the infant has, treatment is usually completely successful. […] Even when the problem cannot be fully corrected, the appearance and function of the foot will improve significantly.

• #34 Clubfoot Integration and Advocacy at MiracleFeet

  https://www.miraclefeet.org/clubfoot-integration-and-advocacy-at-miraclefeet

  MiracleFeets mission to increase access to clubfoot treatment in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is guided by the principles of universal health coverage, equal right to healthcare, and sustainability. […] Access to prevention and treatment is limited in these countries, due to lack of prioritization by the global health community, donors, and governments. […] More than 85% of babies born with clubfoot in LMICs do not receive treatment due to lack of access. […] By integrating clubfoot care into the national health systems in the countries where we work, and by advocating for inclusion of congenital anomalies in the global health policy agenda for newborn and children’s health, we are promoting equitable distribution of healthcare resources and services. […] Full government adoption is elusive for many health interventions, but because clubfoot treatment is inexpensive, easy to teach, and requires simple supplies, it is well-suited for integration into health systems by gaining political support and building local capacity.

• #34 Clubfoot Integration and Advocacy at MiracleFeet

  https://www.miraclefeet.org/clubfoot-integration-and-advocacy-at-miraclefeet

  MiracleFeet works with the Ministry of Health to support inclusion of clubfoot indicators into the National Health Management Information System to ensure that all babies born with clubfoot are counted and referred to treatment. […] Linking clubfoot care with birth defect surveillance systems and integrating clubfoot data within existing health management information systems (HMIS).

• #35

  https://actaorthop.org/actao/article/view/19262

  Idiopathic clubfoot is one of the most common congenital orthopedic problems. Nationwide studies of the incidence are scarce. We performed a prospective multicenter study in order to assess the cumulative incidence in Sweden over 2 consecutive years. […] The average cumulative incidence of clubfoot during the study period was 1.4/103 (95% CI 1.2 1.6). […] There was significant regional heterogeneity, but no seasonal variation in occurrence of clubfoot. […] We found significant regional differences in incidence, but the cause of this observation must be investigated in greater depth.

• #36 Current Concepts in the Etiology, Diagnosis, and Management of Relapsed Clubfoot

  https://www.jfasap.com/abstractArticleContentBrowse/JFASAP/24317/JPJ/fullText

  Relapse is a recurrence of deformities in a previously corrected clubfoot. The incidence of relapse after the Ponseti method is reported between 26% and 48%. […] Sangiorgio and colleagues, by using the survivorship model, have shown the possibility of relapse following Ponseti serial casting is around 30% at the age of 2 years, 45% at the age of 4 years, and almost 50% at 6 years of age. […] The reported rate of recurrence has a wide range. This could be attributed to how recurrence is defined. There is no clarity on the definition of relapse or recurrence. The definition of relapse or recurrence changes as per the criteria used and hence the rate of relapse is variable in different studies. […] The relapse rate in clubfoot after the Ponseti method is from 18 to 48%. […] Non-idiopathic clubfoot has a 30-50% incidence of relapse after the Ponseti method. The incidence is higher in children with arthrogryposis as compared to meningo-myelocoele.

• #37 Clubfoot Epidemiology, a pediatric clinical case review and discussion 

  https://pediatriceducation.org/2013/05/06/how-often-does-clubfoot-recur/

  Newborn foot deformities are relatively common with an incidence of ~4.2%. […] Congenital talipes equinovarus or clubfoot deformity occurs in 1-2/1000 births. […] Overall relapse rates range from 4-41%. […] Of patients that are compliant with AFO use, this is decreased from 0-21%. […] Non-idiopathic clubfeet have a higher rate of relapse; from 24-56% depending on the population.

• #38

  https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-HD028779-04

  The clubfoot deformity has been known for approximately 3000 years, but the causes of clubfoot remain unknown. […] This population-based case-control study will investigate the association between ligamentous laxity, intrauterine constraint, family history, and birth prevalence of clubfoot in Washington State. […] Cases will be ascertained through the Washington State Birth Defects Registry, which was established in 1986. […] Since TEV and TCV are likely to be multifactorial in etiology, and to have different risk factors, the relations between these deformities and ligamentous laxity, family history of clubfoot, and intrauterine constraint will be evaluated using polychotomous logistic regression. […] This population-based case-control study will provide the most efficient and practical method for studying the mechanical hypothesis in humans.

• #39 New insight into possible cause of club foot | News | The University of Aberdeen

  https://www.abdn.ac.uk/news/17811/

  Researchers from the University of Aberdeen have published breakthrough findings in the American Journal of Epidemiology that shed light on the possible cause of clubfoot. […] Around 1-2 babies per 1,000 are born with the condition in the UK. […] The researchers, led by clinical geneticist Zosia Miedzybrodzka and epidemiologist Linda Sharp, were able to show for the first time that variation in a gene that processes folate in the body may be part of the cause of clubfoot. […] The paper The C677T Polymorphism in the Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase Gene (MTHFR), Maternal Use of Folic Acid Supplements, and Risk of Isolated Clubfoot: A Case-Parent-Triad Analysis appears in the American Journal of Epidemiology.

Zobacz więcej