Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Spondylolisthesis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430767/

  Spondylolisthesis is a spinal condition characterized by the displacement of one vertebra relative to the one below it, most commonly at the lumbosacral junction (L5-S1). […] Spondylolisthesis can arise from various causes, including congenital anomalies, degenerative changes, trauma, or systemic diseases, and is classified using the Wiltse classification system. […] The Wiltse classification offers a structured framework for understanding the etiology of spondylolisthesis, grouping spondylolisthesis into the following 5 principal categories based on distinct causative mechanisms: […] Dysplastic spondylolisthesis (Type I) is characterized by congenital malformations in the lumbosacral spine (eg, dysplastic upper sacrum or spina bifida occulta) that inherently compromise spinal stability.

• #1 Spondylolisthesis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430767/

  Isthmic spondylolisthesis (Type II): This type arises from pathology in the pars interarticularis and is further subdivided based on the nature of the lesion. […] Degenerative spondylolisthesis (Type III): Degenerative spondylolisthesis is closely linked to progressive degeneration of the intervertebral discs and facet joints, most commonly at the L4 to L5 level. […] Traumatic spondylolisthesis (Type IV): Type IV results from acute fractures or dislocations of the posterior spinal elements, excluding the pars interarticularis. […] Pathologic spondylolisthesis (Type V): This type of spondylolisthesis is associated with systemic or localized disease processes, including neoplasms, infections, and metabolic bone disorders, that weaken the vertebral architecture and render the spine susceptible to displacement. […] Additionally, iatrogenic spondylolisthesis can result postoperatively as a result of aggressive bone decompression. […] Taken together, the Wiltse classification underscores the multifactorial nature of spondylolisthesis etiology.

• #2 Etiology of spondylolisthesis – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1277680/

  The etiology of spondylolisthesis is multiple according to the type of the vertebral slipping. In fact all the following basic pathological processes may be involved: congenital malformation of the upper sacrum in the dysplastic spondylolisthesis; growth dysplasia of the vertebral arch in the „isthmic spondylolisthesis” where an hereditary background and mechanical stresses play a determining role; degenerative conditions of the intervertebral joints in „degenerative spondylolisthesis” of Newman or the „pseudospondylolisthesis” of Junghanns; infections and benign or malignant tumors destroying the articular bolt maintaining the vertebral line; traumatic lesions such as multiple fractures of the bony hook or much more rarely an isolated bilateral fracture of the pars interarticularis.

• #2 Spondylolisthesis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430767/

  Isthmic spondylolisthesis (Type II): This type arises from pathology in the pars interarticularis and is further subdivided based on the nature of the lesion. […] Degenerative spondylolisthesis (Type III): Degenerative spondylolisthesis is closely linked to progressive degeneration of the intervertebral discs and facet joints, most commonly at the L4 to L5 level. […] Traumatic spondylolisthesis (Type IV): Type IV results from acute fractures or dislocations of the posterior spinal elements, excluding the pars interarticularis. […] Pathologic spondylolisthesis (Type V): This type of spondylolisthesis is associated with systemic or localized disease processes, including neoplasms, infections, and metabolic bone disorders, that weaken the vertebral architecture and render the spine susceptible to displacement. […] Additionally, iatrogenic spondylolisthesis can result postoperatively as a result of aggressive bone decompression. […] Taken together, the Wiltse classification underscores the multifactorial nature of spondylolisthesis etiology.

• #2 Spondylolisthesis: What Is It, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10302-spondylolisthesis

  Congenital spondylolisthesis (dysplastic spondylolisthesis): Congenital spondylolisthesis happens when a baby’s spine doesn’t form the way it should before they’re born. The misaligned vertebrae can cause issues right away or much later in life. […] Isthmic spondylolisthesis: This happens when the bone that connects two vertebrae together (the pars interarticularis) breaks and can’t hold its usual alignment. That fractured vertebra then slips out of place. […] Less common spondylolisthesis types include: Traumatic spondylolisthesis: Any injury or accident that puts enough force on your spine can push a vertebra out of place. […] Pathological spondylolisthesis: Conditions that weaken your bones (like osteoporosis or a tumor) can cause spondylolisthesis. […] Postsurgical spondylolisthesis: It’s rare, but spondylolisthesis can be a side effect of having spinal surgery.

• #3 Spondylolisthesis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/spondylolisthesis-1?lang=us

  Spondylolisthesis (plural: spondylolistheses) denotes the slippage of one vertebra relative to the one below. […] Although etymologically, it is directionless and could be applied to both anterolisthesis and retrolisthesis, in practice, spondylolisthesis is used synonymously with anterolisthesis. Often, particularly in the lower lumbar spine, it is due to spondylolysis (pars interarticularis defects). […] The incidence of spondylolisthesis in childhood is ~5%, mostly due to spondylolysis. Incidence increases in adulthood to ~12.5% (range 10-15%), mostly due to degenerative change. […] Spondylolisthesis can occur anywhere in the vertebral column but is most frequent in the lumbar spine, particularly when due to spondylolysis at L5/S1, and when due to degeneration at L4/5. […] Wiltse classification: divides into types by etiology.

• #3 Spondylolisthesis, Spondylolysis, and Spondylosis: Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1266860-overview

  Spondylolisthesis refers to the forward slippage of one vertebral body with respect to the one beneath it. It is classified on the basis of etiology into the following five types: Congenital or dysplastic, Isthmic, Degenerative, Traumatic, Pathologic. […] The etiology of spondylolisthesis can be classified into one of five types: dysplastic, isthmic, degenerative, traumatic, and pathologic. The following classification of spondylolisthesis into five types on the basis of etiology is adapted from Wiltse et al: Type I – The dysplastic (congenital) type originates from a neural arch defect in the upper sacrum or L5; 94% of these cases are associated with spina bifida occulta, and there is a high rate of nerve root involvement. Type II – The isthmic (early in life) type results from a defect in the pars interarticularis, which permits forward slippage of the superior vertebra, usually L5; there are three recognized subcategories namely, (a) lytic (ie, spondylolysis) or stress fracture of the pars, (b) elongated yet intact pars, and (c) acutely fractured pars. Type III – The degenerative type is the most common form of spondylolisthesis and is an acquired condition resulting from chronic disk degeneration and facet incompetence, leading to long-standing segmental instability and gradual slippage, usually at L4-5; spondylosis is a general term reserved for acquired age-related degenerative changes of the spine (ie, diskopathy or facet arthropathy) that can lead to this type of spondylolisthesis. Type IV – The traumatic (any age) type results from fracture of any part of the neural arch or pars that leads to olisthesis; this category is subdivided into acute and stress-related subtypes. Type V – The pathologic type results from localized or generalized bone disease, such as Paget disease, infectious process, osteogenesis imperfecta, or metastatic disease. […] There is an increased risk of developing spondylolisthesis if an individual has a first-degree relative with spondylolisthesis, scoliosis, or occult spina bifida at the S1 level.

• #4 Spondylolisthesis: What Is It, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10302-spondylolisthesis

  Congenital spondylolisthesis (dysplastic spondylolisthesis): Congenital spondylolisthesis happens when a baby’s spine doesn’t form the way it should before they’re born. The misaligned vertebrae can cause issues right away or much later in life. […] Isthmic spondylolisthesis: This happens when the bone that connects two vertebrae together (the pars interarticularis) breaks and can’t hold its usual alignment. That fractured vertebra then slips out of place. […] Less common spondylolisthesis types include: Traumatic spondylolisthesis: Any injury or accident that puts enough force on your spine can push a vertebra out of place. […] Pathological spondylolisthesis: Conditions that weaken your bones (like osteoporosis or a tumor) can cause spondylolisthesis. […] Postsurgical spondylolisthesis: It’s rare, but spondylolisthesis can be a side effect of having spinal surgery.

• #5 Spondylolisthesis: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian Och Spine

  https://www.nyp.org/ochspine/spondylolisthesis/symptoms

  Congenital spondylolisthesis most often affects children and teenagers. It occurs when a birth defect causes the bones of the spine to grow abnormally. […] This kind of spondylolisthesis occurs when an acute, traumatic injury causes a fracture, leading the vertebra to slip out of alignment. […] This kind of condition is associated with another condition that affects the spine, such as spinal tumors, infections, or certain bone or inflammatory conditions that weaken the spine joints and ligaments, increasing the risk of slippage.

• #6 Spondylolisthesis Symptoms, Treatment, Surgery

  https://www.medicinenet.com/spondylolisthesis/article.htm

  Spondylolisthesis (spon + dee + lo + lis + thee + sis) is a condition of the spine whereby one of the vertebra slips forward or backward in relation to the next vertebra. […] There are five major types of lumbar spondylolisthesis. […] Dysplastic spondylolisthesis is caused by a defect in the formation of part of the vertebra called the facet that allows it to slip forward. This is a condition that a patient is born with (congenital). […] Isthmic spondylolisthesis can be caused by repetitive trauma and is more common in athletes exposed to hyperextension motions, including gymnasts and football linemen. […] Degenerative spondylolisthesis occurs due to arthritic changes in the joints of the vertebrae due to cartilage degeneration and is acquired later in life. […] Traumatic spondylolisthesis is due to direct trauma or injury to the vertebrae.

• #7 Spondylolisthesis: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian Och Spine

  https://www.nyp.org/ochspine/spondylolisthesis/symptoms

  Spondylolisthesis can occur in people of all ages and for different reasons. Its cause and severity will determine the course of treatment. […] There are different kinds of spondylolisthesis that vary in their cause and the age group they most often affect. […] This is the most common type of spondylolisthesis in adults. Slipping of a vertebra is caused by the normal wear and tear of aging that affects the spinal discs and joints. […] This kind of spondylolisthesis most common in adolescents and young adults, especially among those who participate in sports that stress the back such as gymnastics or football. The slippage most commonly occurs between the fifth lumbar and first sacral vertebrae (L5 and S1), although it may occur at higher levels in the lower spine. It is caused by a stress fracture in the back portion of the spine (pars interarticularis).

• #8 Spondylolisthesis: What Is It, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10302-spondylolisthesis

  Spondylolisthesis happens when one of the vertebrae in your spine slips out of position and puts pressure on the vertebra below it. […] What causes spondylolisthesis? What makes a vertebra slip out of alignment depends on which type of spondylolisthesis you have. The most common causes include: Natural aging and wear and tear on your spinal disks. Having naturally thinner vertebrae than usual. Sports injuries. Growth spurts (in kids and teens). Traumas like falls or car accidents. […] There are several spondylolisthesis types, including: Degenerative spondylolisthesis: This is the most common type. It happens as your body naturally ages and the disks that cushion the spaces between your vertebrae break down (degenerate). As the disks thin, there’s more space between your vertebrae, which increases the risk one slips out of place.

• #9 Spondylolisthesis – Back Pain Specialist & Surgeon In Houston

  https://www.houstonscoliosisandspineinstitute.com/scoliosis-and-kyphosis/spondylolisthesis/

  Spondylolisthesis is a condition in which a vertebra in the spine slips forward over the vertebra below. […] Spondylolisthesis usually occurs in the lumbar spine, or lower back area, most often involving the L4 and L5 vertebrae. […] Degenerative spondylolisthesis is most likely to occur in older patients, most commonly in women over the age of 60. It is caused by degenerative changes caused by wear and tear on the body. […] The second and most common form of spondylolisthesis is isthmic spondylolisthesis. This type is caused by either a genetic bone defect or a fracture of the pars interarticularis. […] Even in cases where isthmic spondylolisthesis is caused by a genetic defect in the pars, this can be made worse by physical stresses. […] Isthmic spondylolisthesis may appear when the patient is as young as eight years of age, as growth spurts reveal abnormalities in the spine.

• #10 Spondylolisthesis – Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/musculoskeletal-and-connective-tissue-disorders/neck-and-back-pain/spondylolisthesis

  Spondylolisthesis has multiple causes. […] There are five types of spondylolisthesis, categorized based on the etiology: Type I, congenital: caused by agenesis of superior articular facet […] Type II, isthmic: caused by a defect in the pars interarticularis (spondylolysis) […] Type III, degenerative: caused by articular degeneration as occurs in conjunction with osteoarthritis […] Type IV, traumatic: caused by fracture, dislocation, or other injury […] Type V, pathologic: caused by infection, cancer, or other bony abnormalities. […] Type II often occurs in adolescents or young adults who are athletes and who have had only minimal trauma; the cause is a weakening of lumbar posterior elements by a defect in the pars interarticularis (spondylolysis). […] In most younger patients, the defect results from an overuse injury or stress fracture with the L5 pars being the most common level. […] Type III (degenerative) can occur in patients who are 60 and have osteoarthritis; this form is six times more common in women than men.

• #11 Lumbar Spondylolisthesis: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://www.samitivejhospitals.com/article/detail/spondylolisthesis

  Spondylolisthesis is a spinal condition that can cause back pain, especially when standing or walking. […] The cause of back pain in patients with spondylolisthesis with nerve compression is often due to the instability of the spinal alignment. This begins with degeneration of the intervertebral discs and spinal joints, causing the vertebrae to shift out of alignment, and the narrowing of the spinal canal, which compresses the nerves. […] The likelihood increases after the age of 50. […] Women are more likely to develop lumbar spondylolisthesis than men. […] Activities that put pressure on the spine, such as cycling or long-distance driving, increase the risk.

• #12 Spondylolisthesis: Causes, Symptoms and Treatments | HSS

  https://www.hss.edu/condition-list_spondylolisthesis.asp

  Traumatic spondylolisthesis is where a trauma to the spine forces vertebrae out of alignment. […] Pathologic spondylolisthesis is caused by a separate bone disease, such as a spinal tumor or osteoporosis. […] Iatrogenic (postsurgical) spondylolisthesis is caused by spinal destabilization resulting from a prior spinal decompression surgery without instrumentation.

• #13 Spondylolisthesis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/back-pain/pain-management-spondylolisthesis

  Spondylolisthesis Causes and Risk Factors […] Causes of spondylolisthesis include: […] – Wear and tear with age […] – Birth defects […] – Wear and tear with age […] – Spondylolysis […] – Injury to the spine […] – Another condition such as a spinal tumor or osteoporosis […] – Spinal surgery […] You’re more likely to get this condition if you: […] – Take part in sports that put stress on your spine […] – Were born with thinner areas of vertebrae that are prone to breaking and slipping […] – Are 50 or older […] – Have a degenerative spinal condition […] […] […] In adults, it most often happens when cartilage and bones in the spine become worn from conditions such as arthritis. It’s more common in people age 50 and older. In kids and teens, the most common causes are either a spinal birth defect or injury to the spine.

• #14 Understanding Spondylolisthesis: Causes and Treatment Options | Advanced Spine and Pain

  https://www.asappaindocs.com/articles/understanding-spondylolisthesis-causes-and-treatment-options

  Chronic back pain is often diagnosed as spondylolisthesis, a condition that tends to occur more frequently in older adults. […] Spondylolisthesis can develop for a variety of reasons. However, certain risk factors make it more likely. These include being assigned female at birth, being over age 50, participating in athletics, or having a family history of spondylolisthesis or other bone disorders. While anyone can experience this condition, these factors increase the likelihood. […] The most common causes of spondylolisthesis include: Aging and wear and tear that happens over time, including arthritis; Sports-related injuries; Traumatic injuries, such as auto accidents; Having vertebrae that are thinner than normal; Growth spurts in younger people.

• #15 Spondylolisthesis, Spondylolysis, and Spondylosis: Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1266860-overview

  Spondylolisthesis refers to the forward slippage of one vertebral body with respect to the one beneath it. It is classified on the basis of etiology into the following five types: Congenital or dysplastic, Isthmic, Degenerative, Traumatic, Pathologic. […] The etiology of spondylolisthesis can be classified into one of five types: dysplastic, isthmic, degenerative, traumatic, and pathologic. The following classification of spondylolisthesis into five types on the basis of etiology is adapted from Wiltse et al: Type I – The dysplastic (congenital) type originates from a neural arch defect in the upper sacrum or L5; 94% of these cases are associated with spina bifida occulta, and there is a high rate of nerve root involvement. Type II – The isthmic (early in life) type results from a defect in the pars interarticularis, which permits forward slippage of the superior vertebra, usually L5; there are three recognized subcategories namely, (a) lytic (ie, spondylolysis) or stress fracture of the pars, (b) elongated yet intact pars, and (c) acutely fractured pars. Type III – The degenerative type is the most common form of spondylolisthesis and is an acquired condition resulting from chronic disk degeneration and facet incompetence, leading to long-standing segmental instability and gradual slippage, usually at L4-5; spondylosis is a general term reserved for acquired age-related degenerative changes of the spine (ie, diskopathy or facet arthropathy) that can lead to this type of spondylolisthesis. Type IV – The traumatic (any age) type results from fracture of any part of the neural arch or pars that leads to olisthesis; this category is subdivided into acute and stress-related subtypes. Type V – The pathologic type results from localized or generalized bone disease, such as Paget disease, infectious process, osteogenesis imperfecta, or metastatic disease. […] There is an increased risk of developing spondylolisthesis if an individual has a first-degree relative with spondylolisthesis, scoliosis, or occult spina bifida at the S1 level.

• #16 Isthmic Spondylolisthesis | UVA Health

  https://uvahealth.com/services/spine/isthmic-spondylolisthesis

  Isthmic spondylolisthesis is a spinal condition where one vertebra slips forward over the vertebra below. Its caused by a defect, or fracture, of the pars interarticularis, a bone that connects the upper and lower facet joints. […] You may inherit the defect or obtain a fracture by the accumulative affects of spinal stress. […] Isthmic spondylolisthesis may result from failure of bone to form properly. Accumulated physical stress to the spine may cause weak or insufficiently formed vertebral structures to break. Repeated heavy lifting, stooping over or twisting may also cause small fractures to occur and lead to a vertebral slip. Weightlifters, football players, and gymnasts may suffer from this disorder because of considerable spinal stress.

• #17 Spondylolisthesis Symptoms, Treatment, Surgery

  https://www.medicinenet.com/spondylolisthesis/article.htm

  Pathologic spondylolisthesis is caused by a defect in the bone caused by abnormal bone, such as from a tumor. […] Risk factors for spondylolisthesis include a family history of back problems. […] People who are born with a defect in the pars interarticularis bone in the spine (a condition called spondylolysis) are at increased risk of isthmic spondylolisthesis. […] Spondylolisthesis cannot be completely prevented. Certain activities, such as gymnastics, weight-lifting, and football, are known to increase the stress on the vertebrae and increase the risk of developing spondylolisthesis.

• #18 Spondylolisthesis | Spine Care | Mercy Health

  https://www.mercy.com/health-care-services/spinal-care/conditions/spondylolisthesis

  Spondylolisthesis is a spinal condition that occurs in the lower back (lumbar spine) where a vertebra slips out of place onto the bone below it. In most cases, spondylolisthesis occurs when bones, joints and ligaments in the spine age and weaken. […] Spondylolisthesis can be caused by a variety of problems to the joints in the lumbar spine such as: […] Trauma to a joint, ligaments or bones […] Joint damage caused by arthritis or an infection […] Stress fracture from overuse of a joint […] Birth defects. […] Factors that increase your likelihood of developing spondylolisthesis are directly correlated to the cause of the condition. Risk factors include: […] Genetics if you have a family history of back or spinal issues, you are more likely to develop spondylolisthesis […] Sports any activity or sport that hyperextends the lower back such as gymnastics, dance or ice skating […] Trauma to the lower back repeated trauma to the lower back (such as getting hit in the back during football) can increase chances of developing spondylolisthesis.

• #19 Causes and Symptoms of Spondylolisthesis – Huffman Spine Clinic – Spondylosis

  https://huffmanclinic.com/causes-and-symptoms-of-spondylolisthesis/

  The exact cause of spondylolisthesis is unknown, although certain risk factors have been identified. […] When you fracture your spine, vertebrae are more likely to become unstable and slip onto the vertebrae below. […] The injury most often occurs in children and adolescents who participate in sports that involve overstretching and repeated stress on the lower back, such as gymnastics, football, and weight lifting. This is thought to be the cause of most spondylolysis. Over time this may result in spondylolisthesis. […] When you age, your discs lose water content. This causes them to become less spongy and resistant to movement by the vertebrae. In addition, the facet joints may develop wear and become loose. The facet joints help control the motion in the spine so if they wear out abnormal motion can occur. This makes it easier for the vertebrae to slip forward after a fracture.

• #20 Causes and Symptoms of Spondylolisthesis – Huffman Spine Clinic – Spondylosis

  https://huffmanclinic.com/causes-and-symptoms-of-spondylolisthesis/

  When a child grows quickly, their spine may become unstable. This is due to the significant increase in length of their spine within a short amount of time. This can lead to a stress fracture which can cause a spinal bone to become weak and shift out of place. Along with overuse, rapid growth is considered to be the other main cause of spondylolysis, which may result in spondylolisthesis over time. […] Arthritis in your spine causes your vertebrae to weaken. The weaker your bones are, the more likely they are to fracture. Once fractured, theyre likely to slip forward because the vertebrae itself is weaker as well. […] Worn out facet joints and discs result in a loose segment which can slip. This results in spondylolisthesis and is generally referred to as degenerative spondylolisthesis (the most common type of spondylolisthesis).

• #21

  https://www.aurorahealthcare.org/services/aurora-spine-services/spondylolisthesis

  Spondylolisthesis can occur during growth spurts and is a common cause of back pain in teenagers. […] In adults, spondylolisthesis is usually due to a degenerative disease like arthritis or bone disease or a stress fracture (break). […] Degenerative spondylolisthesis is the most common type and is caused by aging. […] Isthmic spondylolisthesis is the result of a condition called spondylolysis small stress fractures in your vertebrae. […] Pathological spondylolisthesis can occur if your bones become weakened by an infection or by a disease like osteoporosis. […] Postsurgical spondylolisthesis can happen after certain surgical procedures. […] Traumatic spondylolisthesis results from an injury.

• #22 Spondylolisthesis | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/s/spondylolisthesis.html

  Spondylolisthesis may appear in children as the result of a birth defect or sudden injury, typically occurring between the fifth bone in the lower back (lumbar vertebra) and the first bone in the sacrum (pelvis). […] In adults, spondylolisthesis is the result of abnormal wear on the cartilage and bones from conditions such as arthritis, trauma from an accident or injury, or the result of a fracture, tumor or bone abnormality. […] Sports that place a great deal of stress on bones may cause additional deterioration, fractures and bone disease, which may cause the bones of the spine to become weak and shift out of place.

• #23 Understanding spondylolisthesis –a spinal condition that causes lower back pain. | Bangkok International Hospital (Brain x Bone)

  https://www.bangkokhospital.com/en/bangkok-bone-brain/content/spondylolisthesis

  Spondylolisthesis is one of common spinal conditions that affects the lower vertebrae (spinal bones). This disease causes the lower vertebrae to slip forward onto the bone directly beneath it. […] In adolescent patients: the cause of spondylolisthesis mainly involves spondylolysis a spine condition that results in small fracture in bones of the spine which might be a birth defect in part of the spine, causing it to slip forward during childhood or repetitive trauma to the spine. This condition is common in athletes, such as gymnasts and weightlifters. […] In elderly patients: Spondylolisthesis in the elderly is often caused due to the degenerative conditions of spine, intervertebral discs and facet joints (the joints connecting each of vertebrae). As a result, degenerative changes in these spinal structures can eventually induce spinal instability and cause vertebrae to move and slip out of place.

• #24 Spondylolisthesis | UTHealth Neurosciences

  https://med.uth.edu/neurosciences/conditions-and-treatments/spine-disorders-and-back-pain/spondylolisthesis/

  Spondylolisthesis occurs when a vertebra in the lower spine shifts out of place and onto the bone below it, often because of weakness or a stress fracture. […] Usually spondylolisthesis results from spondylolysis, a crack or stress fracture in the pars interarticularis, the thin portion of the vertebra that connects the upper and lower facet joints. […] In children, spondylolisthesis usually occurs between the fifth bone in the lower back (lumbar vertebra) and the first bone in the sacrum (pelvis) area. The injury is most commonly seen in children and adolescents who participate in sports that involve repeated stress on the lower back, including football, weightlifting, and gymnastics. Repetitive stress can cause a fracture on one or both sides of the vertebra. It also may be caused by a birth defect in the lumbar spine or an acute injury.

• #25

  https://journals.lww.com/jbjsjournal/abstract/1962/44030/the_etiology_of_spondylolisthesis.11.aspx

  Spondylolisthesis, when caused by separation of the pars interarticularis, is a disease which affects only man. […] The author believes the defect in the pars is due to two factors: 1. An hereditary defect or dysplasia probably in the cartilage model of the arch of the affected vertebra and usually of several vertebrae in this same individual. […] The particular strain upon the pars interarticularis in the lower lumbar spine is due to the erect stance and to the lumbar curve. […] As a result of the physical force of strain or tension, combined with the factor of dysplasia, the reparative process which bone normally is undergoing all the time progresses more toward bone resorption than toward bone formation. […] In those cases which separate in spite of relatively little strain the hereditary weakness in the pars interarticularis must be especially pronounced.

• #26 Lumbar Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/310235-clinical

  A genetic predisposition to isthmic spondylolisthesis is believed to be linked with patients having a thin pars or subtle hypoplastic facet joints. Family members have a reported incidence of 28-69%. Activities requiring lumbar extension stress increase the risk. Patients with spina bifida occulta are known to have a higher occurrence. […] Degenerative spondylolisthesis is caused by facet degeneration accompanied by disk degeneration most commonly at the level of L4-L5. Some studies identify sagittally oriented facets as more prone to arthritic change. […] Congenital spondylolisthesis is due to dysplastic sacral or lower lumbar segments. Dysplastic facets or abnormal orientation of the facet joints are the cause for spondylolisthesis. […] Traumatic spondylolisthesis is rare. In theory, severe hyperextension stress placed on the pars could produce fracture and instability. One should keep in mind that hyperflexion-distraction forces can cause facet dislocation and spondylolisthesis.

• #27 Causes and Symptoms of Spondylolisthesis – Huffman Spine Clinic – Spondylosis

  https://huffmanclinic.com/causes-and-symptoms-of-spondylolisthesis/

  There are many types of birth defects some are born without a facet joint on one side, an incompletely formed facet joints. If a child is born with a defect in their spine, it makes their spine more unstable, increasing the chances that their vertebrae will slip. […] People of all ages are susceptible if the condition runs in the family. Some people may be born with vertebral bone that is thinner than normal. and this may make them more vulnerable to fractures. […] Spondylosis is often a precursor to spondylolisthesis. Spondylosis occurs when there is a stress fracture in a vertebra, but it hasnt yet fallen onto a lower bone in your spine. In some cases, the stress fracture weakens the bone so much that it is unable to maintain its proper position in the spineand the vertebra starts to shift or slip out of place resulting in spondylolisthesis.

• #28 Degenerative Spondylolisthesis

  https://www.spine-health.com/conditions/spondylolisthesis/degenerative-spondylolisthesis

  Degenerative spondylolisthesis can happen in two ways: symmetrically, if both facets are equally affected and degenerated, or asymmetrically, where one facet is more degenerated than the other, causing the slippage to occur asymmetrically. […] Degenerative spondylolisthesis causes pain through one or more of the following processes: degeneration of facet joints causes inflammation of the cartilaginous facet joint lining, tension within the capsule and ligaments that surround the facet joints as the vertebra slips, spasm of the muscles that support the affected spinal segment, and narrowing of the central canal (spinal stenosis) and/or intervertebral foramen (foraminal stenosis) causing compression of the neural elements. […] Degenerative spondylolisthesis is typically not a serious condition.

• #29 Spondylolisthesis: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/spondylolisthesis

  Causes of spondylolisthesis vary based on age, heredity, and lifestyle. Children may suffer from this condition as the result of a birth defect or injury. However, people of all ages are susceptible if the condition runs in the family. Rapid growth during adolescence may also be a contributing factor. […] Playing sports may also cause your strain to overstretch and put stress on your lower back. The following sports are especially likely to cause this condition: football, gymnastics, track and field, weightlifting. […] Spondylolysis is often a precursor to spondylolisthesis. Spondylolysis occurs when there is a fracture in a vertebra, but it hasn’t yet fallen onto a lower bone in your spine.

• #30 Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis | Mayfield Brain & Spine

  https://mayfieldclinic.com/pe-spond.htm

  Spondylolisthesis is most often caused by spondylolysis. […] The cause of spondylolysis is not as clearly defined. Most believe it is due to a genetic weakness of the pars interarticularis. […] Both spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis can be present at birth or occur through injury. […] Repeated stress fractures caused by hyperextension of the back (as in gymnastics and football) and traumatic fractures are also causes. […] The most common cause in adults is degenerative arthritis.

Zobacz więcej