Materiały źródłowe

• #1 VEHSS Modeled Estimates: Prevalence of Vision Loss and Blindness | Vision and Eye Health Surveillance System | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/vision-health-data/prevalence-estimates/vision-loss-prevalence.html

  The VEHSS modeled estimates of vision loss is CDC’s primary estimate of vision loss prevalence. […] VEHSS researchers used a statistical methodology called Bayesian meta-regression to combine information from multiple data sources to produce vision loss and blindness prevalence estimates among the entire US population in 2017. […] Estimates are standardized to the national age, sex, and race/ethnicity distribution. […] Vision loss is defined as permanent or uncorrectable vision loss based on the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in the better-seeing eye, as measured using the methodology of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). […] In 2017, over 7 million Americans had vision loss or blindness based on best corrected visual acuity in their better-seeing eye (using autorefraction).

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/blindness-and-visual-impairment

  Globally, at least 2.2 billion people have a near or distance vision impairment. In at least 1 billion of these, vision impairment could have been prevented or is yet to be addressed. […] The leading causes of vision impairment and blindness at a global level are refractive errors and cataracts. […] It is estimated that globally only 36% of people with a distance vision impairment due to refractive error and only 17% of people with vision impairment due to cataract have received access to an appropriate intervention. […] Vision impairment poses an enormous global financial burden, with the annual global cost of productivity estimated to be US$ 411 billion. […] Vision loss can affect people of all ages; however, most people with vision impairment and blindness are over the age of 50 years.

• #1 VEHSS Modeled Estimates: Prevalence of Vision Loss and Blindness | Vision and Eye Health Surveillance System | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/vision-health-data/prevalence-estimates/vision-loss-prevalence.html

  Approximately 6 million Americans have vision loss and 1 million have blindness. […] More than 1.6 million Americans who are living with vision loss or blindness are younger than age 40. […] Over 350,000 people with vision loss or blindness are living in group quarters, such as nursing homes or prisons. […] 20% of all people older than 85 years experience permanent vision loss. […] More females than males experience permanent vision loss or blindness. […] There is a higher risk of vision loss among Hispanic/Latino and Black individuals than among White individuals. […] The prevalence of vision loss varies by state, ranging from 1.3% in Maine to 3.6% in West Virginia. […] The Vision and Eye Health Surveillance System modeled estimates of vision loss and blindness were estimated using a statistical modeling approach called Bayesian meta-regression, which researchers used to combine information from multiple VEHSS data sources into a single summary estimate.

• #1 2 Understanding the Epidemiology of Vision Loss and Impairment in the United States | Making Eye Health a Population Health Imperative: Vision for Tomorrow | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/23471/chapter/4

  The combined total number of persons ages 40 and older who have uncorrectable vision impairment or are blind is projected to more than double from 4.24 million in 2015 to 8.96 million in 2050. […] The age-adjusted prevalence of uncorrectable vision impairment and blindness is lower among Hispanics and Asians than among other minorities and non-Hispanic whites. […] The estimated number of individuals with blindness follows similar trends; non-Hispanic whites will continue to account for a greater proportion of individuals affected by blindness followed by African Americans and Hispanics. […] The overall burden of eye disease varies from state to state, and the pattern of highest and lowest prevalence varies by condition. […] The distribution of uncorrectable visual impairment and blindness varies significantly by region and state. […] The overall burden of vision impairment in the United States is a significant public health concern that requires attention and action.

• #1 Understanding the Epidemiology of Vision Loss and Impairment in the United States – Making Eye Health a Population Health Imperative – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK402366/

  There is no peer-reviewed literature on the total population affected by all causes of vision impairment in the United States. […] One model, based on a review of 12 major epidemiological studies and the 2010 U.S. Census population, estimates that approximately 90 million of the 142 million adults over the age of 40 in the United States experienced vision problems attributable to vision impairment, blindness, refractive error, age-related macular degeneration, cataracts, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma. […] Refractive error alone is estimated to affect more than 48 million people ages 12 and older in the United States, and between 8.2 and 15.9 million people have undiagnosed or untreated refractive error. […] As the baby boomer generation ages, older adults will account for an ever larger proportion of the total population, and age-related eye diseases and conditions are projected to increase accordingly.

• #1 Understanding the Epidemiology of Vision Loss and Impairment in the United States – Making Eye Health a Population Health Imperative – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK402366/

  The distribution of uncorrectable visual impairment and blindness varies significantly by region and state. […] Prevalence rates are influenced by characteristics of the population, such as age, race and ethnicity, and socioeconomic status, among other broader determinants of health. […] Better county-level data would allow for more specific allocation of resources than state-level data. […] Better data from all states and their subdivisions are needed to assist in efforts to target resources. […] Socioeconomic status itself is an important determinant of visual impairment. […] Both nationally and globally, vision impairment and blindness are more prevalent in less affluent regions. […] As noted by Kirtland and colleagues, socioeconomic factors are associated with eye disease burden in a geographical area.

• #1 Visual impairment – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_impairment

  The WHO estimates that in 2012 there were 285 million visually impaired people in the world, of which 246 million had low vision and 39 million were blind. […] Of those who are blind 90% live in the developing world. […] Worldwide for each blind person, an average of 3.4 people have low vision, with country and regional variation ranging from 2.4 to 5.5. […] Visual impairment is unequally distributed across age groups. More than 82% of all people who are blind are 50 years of age and older, although they represent only 19% of the world’s population. […] Available studies consistently indicate that in every region of the world, and at all ages, females have a significantly higher risk of being visually impaired than males. […] Visual impairment is not distributed uniformly throughout the world. More than 90% of the world’s visually impaired live in developing countries.

• #1 Time trends, associations and prevalence of blindness and vision loss due to glaucoma: an analysis of observational data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/12/1/e053805

  Objective To estimate global prevalence of blindness and vision loss caused by glaucoma, and to evaluate the impact of socioeconomic factors on it. […] The prevalence of blindness and vision loss due to glaucoma were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 database. […] The overall age-standardised prevalence of blindness and vision loss due to glaucoma worldwide was 81.5 per 100000 in 1990 and 75.6 per 100000 in 2017. […] In 2017, men had a higher age-standardised prevalence than women (6.07% vs 5.42%), and the worldwide prevalence increased with age, from 0.5 per 100000 in the 4549year age group to 112.9 per 100000 among those 70+. […] Eastern Mediterranean and African regions had the highest prevalence during the whole period, while the Americas region had the lowest prevalence.

• #1 Time trends, associations and prevalence of blindness and vision loss due to glaucoma: an analysis of observational data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/12/1/e053805

  The prevalence was highest in low-SDI and low-income regions while lowest in high-SDI and high-income regions over the past 27 years. […] Lower socioeconomic levels and worse access to eyecare services are associated with higher prevalence of glaucoma-related blindness and vision loss. […] These findings provide evidence for policy-makers that investments in these areas may reduce the burden of the leading cause of irreversible blindness. […] The current study analysed the global trends in the prevalence of blindness and vision loss due to glaucoma from 1990 to 2017, stratifying by gender, age and various socioeconomic indexes. […] The results showed that the worldwide age-standardised prevalence of blindness and vision loss due to glaucoma decreased from 81.5 per 100000 in 1990 to 75.6 per 100000 in 2017, and the prevalence increased with age and is higher among men. […] More resources delivered to underdeveloped countries and cataract outreach programmes can help to decrease the burden of glaucoma.

• #1 Understanding the Epidemiology of Vision Loss and Impairment in the United States – Making Eye Health a Population Health Imperative – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK402366/

  Most of the data available about overall vision impairment in adults focus on individuals ages 40 and older. […] According to the Varma study, in 2015, the overall estimated prevalence of uncorrectable visual impairment in the U.S. population among individuals ages 40 and older was 2.14 percent, and the overall estimated prevalence of blindness was 0.68 percent. […] The age-adjusted prevalence of uncorrectable vision impairment and blindness is lower among Hispanics and Asians than among other minorities and non-Hispanic whites. […] Minority populations in the United States are already at risk for poorer overall health. […] By 2020, more than half of all children in the United States will be part of a minority race or ethnic group; by 2044, that will be true of all age groups. […] The overall burden of eye disease varies from state to state, and the pattern of highest and lowest prevalence varies by condition.

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/blindness-and-visual-impairment

  Globally, the leading causes of vision impairment and blindness are: refractive errors, cataract, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration. […] There is substantial variation in the causes of vision impairment between and within countries according to the availability of eye care services, their affordability, and the education of the population. […] Uncorrected refractive error remains a leading cause of vision impairment in all countries amongst children and adult populations. […] Among this 1 billion people, the main conditions causing distance vision impairment or blindness are cataract (94 million), refractive error (88.4 million), age-related macular degeneration (8 million), glaucoma (7.7 million), diabetic retinopathy (3.9 million). […] Vision impairment poses an enormous global financial burden with an estimate annual global productivity loss of about US$ 411 billion purchasing power parity. […] WHOs work is guided by the recommendations of the WHO World report on vision (2019) and the resolution on „integrated, people-centred eye care, including preventable blindness and vision impairment” adopted at the Seventy-third World Health Assembly in 2020.

• #1 Glaucoma-related Blindness Decreased Between 2000 and 2020

  https://www.reviewofoptometry.com/article/glaucomarelated-blindness-decreased-between-2000-and-2020

  Glaucoma was ranked as the second leading cause of blindness (after cataract) and fourth leading cause of moderate or severe vision loss, and therefore the most common cause of irreversible blindness, and the second most common cause of irreversible moderate or severe vision loss. This highlights the importance of glaucoma as a public health concern. […] Between 2000 and 2020, global age-standardized prevalence of glaucoma-related blindness among adults 50 years decreased by 26.1% among men and by 21.8% among women. […] Globally, in 2020, 3.61 million people were blind and nearly 4.14 million were visually impaired by glaucoma. The disease accounted for 8.4% of all blindness and 1.4% of all moderate or severe vision loss. […] Regionally, the highest proportion of blindness relating to glaucoma was found in high-income countries, while the region with the highest age-standardized prevalence of glaucoma-related blindness and visual impairment was Sub-Saharan Africa.

• #1 Visual impairment – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_impairment

  Since the estimates of the 1990s, new data based on the 2002 global population show a reduction in the number of people who are blind or visually impaired, and those who are blind from the effects of infectious diseases, but an increase in the number of people who are blind from conditions related to longer life spans. […] In 1987, it was estimated that 598,000 people in the United States met the legal definition of blindness.

• #1 Global estimates on the number of people blind or visually impaired by glaucoma: A meta-analysis from 2000 to 2020 | Eye

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41433-024-02995-5

  Globally, in 2020, 3.61 million people were blind and nearly 4.14 million were visually impaired by glaucoma. […] Glaucoma accounted for 8.39% (95% uncertainty intervals [UIs]: 6.54, 10.29) of all blindness and 1.41% (95% UI: 1.10, 1.75) of all MSVI. […] Within the last two decades, glaucoma has remained a major cause of blindness globally and regionally. […] Glaucoma was the cause for blindness in 3.61 million people or 8.4% of the 43.3 million blind people globally in 2020, and glaucoma was the cause for MSVI in 4.14 million people or 1.4% of the 295 million people visually impaired in 2020. […] The percentage of blindness caused by glaucoma showed regional variations, with relatively low figures in regions with relatively young populations such as South Asia, South-East Asia and Oceania, and Latin America and the Caribbean, and with relatively high figures in regions with relatively old populations such as the high-income regions. […] Glaucoma disproportionately accounted for a greater proportion of blindness than it did for MSVI. […] The observed increase in glaucoma-related MSVI may be interpreted as an improvement if more cases are detected at an earlier stage before the onset of blindness.

• #1 Review of the epidemiology of diabetic retinopathy

  https://www.modernretina.com/view/review-epidemiology-diabetic-retinopathy

  The prevalence of visual impairment and blindness caused by diabetic retinopathy is increasing worldwide. Early recognition, perhaps via a screening programme, and timely management would be of benefit. […] According to the latest report of the Vision Loss Expert Group of the Global Burden of Disease Study, the crude prevalence (all ages) of visual impairment and blindness caused by diabetic retinopathy (DR) increased significantly between 1990 and 2015.1 The number of people affected by blindness due to DR increased from 0.2 million to 0.4 million, and moderate to severe vision impairment increased from 1.4 million to 2.6 million. […] An increase in age-standardised prevalence of blindness and visual impairment caused by DR was observed in the high income sub-regions-North Africa and the Middle East-whereas the prevalence of blindness and visual impairment due to DR has decreased in all regions of sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, Oceania, Caribbean, central and eastern Europe.1

• #1 Understanding the Epidemiology of Vision Loss and Impairment in the United States – Making Eye Health a Population Health Imperative – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK402366/

  Children who live in low-income homes are also at greater risk for various types of vision loss and untreated vision impairment. […] Insurance status can have a direct impact on whether populations have access to appropriate eye and vision care. […] The lack of awareness about the causes of eye diseases and what can be done to minimize subsequent vision impairment, which can be another risk factor, is discussed in Chapter 4. […] Understanding how the etiology of vision impairment and blindness vary among populations can help policy makers and communities tailor interventions and deploy limited resources to best achieve health equity and improve population health. […] The prevalence and distribution of specific eye diseases also vary by race and ethnicity. […] The prevalence of hyperopia, cataract, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and age-related macular degeneration increases with advancing age; in the case of myopia, this trend is reversed.

• #1 Understanding the Epidemiology of Vision Loss and Impairment in the United States – Making Eye Health a Population Health Imperative – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK402366/

  The prevalence of vision impairment and many eye diseases increases with age, and can also vary with factors including race and ethnicity, gender, family history of eye disease, socioeconomic status, and geographic location. […] Some eye diseases can be corrected, cured, or prevented. […] Examples include refractive error, cataracts, and amblyopia. […] For many other eye diseases, interventions can only delay onset or slow the progression. […] Examples include diabetic retinopathy, AMD, and glaucoma. […] Some risk factors for eye disease are modifiable; these include UV exposure for cataracts, smoking for AMD, and elevated IOP for glaucoma. […] The committee stresses that efforts to develop public health interventions should emphasize the more common diseases in any adopted population health approach to combat the immediate and long-term health-related effects of vision loss.

• #1 4 Surveillance and Research | Making Eye Health a Population Health Imperative: Vision for Tomorrow | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/23471/chapter/6

  Surveillance is one of the cornerstones of public health, and it provides the basis for public health decision making (Lee et al., 2010). The World Health Organization defines surveillance as the continuous, systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of health-related data, and notes that surveillance is critical for determining and monitoring the incidence and distribution of a health issue (WHO, 2016). […] Surveillance of vision impairment and eye health is limited, however, and the lack of adequate surveillance has a substantial impact on public health efforts to address vision problems. The inability to detect and monitor prevalence and trends in the impact of vision impairment and blindness across the United States makes it difficult to characterize the burden of poor eye health among population groups and geographic locations and to then recommend specific effective interventions. A systematic and ongoing collection of relevant data about risk factors, the determinants of visual health, care practices and related health outcomes is needed to determine the nature and extent of the public health burden of eye disease and vision loss; to identify risk factors and at-risk populations; to discover disparities in access, care, and outcomes; and to tailor interventions to the needs of the public (West and Lee, 2012).

• #1 Case Definitions: Vision Loss and Blindness | Vision and Eye Health Surveillance System | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/vision-health-data/case-definitions/vision-loss-blindness.html

  The Vision and Eye Health Surveillance System (VEHSS) uses statistical modeling techniques to generate composite estimates of the prevalence of vision loss and blindness based on multiple data sources included in VEHSS. […] VEHSS also reports prevalence of vision loss and blindness based on data sources available in VEHSS including survey self-report and objectively measured acuity loss in examination data and the Intelligent Research in Sight (IRIS) Registry. […] VEHSS reports the prevalence of vision loss based on objectively measured BCVA in the better-seeing eye from the IRIS Registry and NHANES. […] VEHSS reports the prevalence of vision loss based on self-report from multiple national surveys, including ACS, NSCH, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), and National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). Self-reported vision loss questions measure perceived vision loss among survey respondents.

• #1 Vision and Eye Health Surveillance – advocacy

  https://advocacy.preventblindness.org/vision-and-eye-health-surveillance/

  Data generated from the most reliable surveillance and epidemiological tool available the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) is critical to the CDC’s efforts to prevent vision loss and eye disease for those most at risk. […] Continuing advocacy to equip the CDC’s Vision Health Initiative and the VEHSS is essential to meet the need for reliable surveillance data using NHANES, which measures rates of vision and eye examinations and measurements of visual acuity, screening tests, and visual functioning assessment to better determine where gaps in access and patient education exist.

• #1

  https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/OPX.0000000000001773

  Physically unhealthy days assessments in national health surveillance datasets represent a useful metric for quantifying quality-of-life differences in those with and without vision impairment. Disproportionately poorer physical health in the visually impaired population provides further rationale for the inclusion of vision care in multidisciplinary approaches to chronic disease management. […] Currently, there is no systematic public health approach for vision impairment surveillance in the United States. […] One national surveillance mechanism used to collect data on vision impairment in the United States is the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. […] The high prevalence of chronic conditions in the population with vision impairment would suggest that individuals who experience vision impairment also experience physical limitations that impact their work or activities of daily living, resulting in a higher number of physically unhealthy days.

• #1 Case Definitions: Vision Loss and Blindness | Vision and Eye Health Surveillance System | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/vision-health-data/case-definitions/vision-loss-blindness.html

  Users should use caution when interpreting self-reported vision loss. VEHSS found high levels of variability between different survey questions and between different surveys, even when asking the same question. A validation study conducted by VEHSS found that, among a sample of ophthalmology/optometry patients, the self-reported survey questions included in VEHSS exhibited only marginally acceptable diagnostic accuracy for predicting BCVA at the person level. […] However, in this study, population prevalence based on self-report was highly correlated with prevalence based on BCVA among almost all demographic groups.

• #1 Understanding the Epidemiology of Vision Loss and Impairment in the United States – Making Eye Health a Population Health Imperative – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK402366/

  This chapter provides an overview of the epidemiology of eye and vision health in the United States. […] The second section describes the epidemiology of vision impairment and common eye disorders in the United States, including differences by age, gender, and race and ethnicity and current evidence about specific risk and protective factors. […] The fourth section describes potential opportunities to reduce the preventable burden of vision impairment from uncorrected refractive error and cataracts in the United States based, in part, on an analysis commissioned by the committee. […] Determining the overall burden of vision impairment in the United States is challenging. […] National prevalence rates of vision impairment by etiology are typically calculated from the results of surveys, often self-reported by respondents, or are an aggregation of smaller studies, usually cross-sectional and not prospective.

• #1 Understanding the Epidemiology of Vision Loss and Impairment in the United States – Making Eye Health a Population Health Imperative – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK402366/

  Reporting of epidemiological data is further complicated because outcomes are not measured or reported consistently. […] Thus, the public health goal to improve health for individuals with uncorrectable vision impairment is to prevent the impairment, develop new therapies that will further correct or reverse the impairment, or provide services that improve the function of those individuals with the impairment. […] This section presents estimates of overall prevalence for uncorrectable vision impairment only, along with the epidemiology for refractive error, amblyopia and strabismus, visual system injury, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, AMD, cataract, vision-threatening infection, and rare eye diseases and conditions. […] Two recent estimates suggest that approximately 4.2 million adults ages 40 years and older in the United States suffer from uncorrectable vision impairment, including blindness.

• #1 4 Surveillance and Research | Making Eye Health a Population Health Imperative: Vision for Tomorrow | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/23471/chapter/6

  There is no current surveillance method that accurately and comprehensively measures the total burden of visual impairment and eye disease. Existing data collection methods and tools that are used to measure other health topics often ignore eye health, despite the available options for incorporating eye health measures into the data systems and tools that are used for other purposes. […] Vision health is a critical part of overall health, and the nations health information system should be able to monitor its epidemiology and treatment patterns in order to improve public health practice.

• #1 Coordinated Nationwide Approaches to Promote Eye Health

  https://www.apha.org/policy-and-advocacy/public-health-policy-briefs/policy-database/2020/01/10/coordinated-nationwide-approaches-to-promote-eye-health-and-reduce-vision-impairment

  An estimated one out of five preschool children in the United States have vision problems, and more than one in four school-aged children wear corrective eyewear. […] Economically, vision loss and eye disease were estimated to cost the United States $145 billion in 2014, making them (in combination) the fifth most expensive health condition. […] The effects of vision and eye health issues are widespread across the American population, but they are not distributed equally. […] For public health purposes, it may be more useful to assess the disproportionate effects of vision impairment and blindness that result from vision problems and eye diseases than the varying prevalence rates of individual conditions. […] Socioeconomic status is an important determinant of visual impairment. […] The scope of vision problems in the United States is large and demands a coordinated approach to ensure efficient use of available resources.

• #1

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/blindness-and-vision-loss

  Globally, at least 1 billion people have a near or distance vision impairment that could have been prevented or has yet to be addressed. […] Vision impairment affects people of all ages, with the majority being over the age of 50. […] Vision impairment and blindness impact the life of people everywhere. […] Cataracts and uncorrected refractive errors are estimated to be the leading causes of vision impairment; however, other causes for vision impairment cannot be ignored. […] Eye conditions that can be targeted effectively with preventive strategies include congenital and acquired eye conditions, myopia, ocular trauma, and ocular infections and inflammations. […] Importantly, the prevention and management of systemic diseases, such as diabetes and hypertension, can also be effective in reducing the risk of ocular diseases.

• #1 Coordinated Nationwide Approaches to Promote Eye Health

  https://www.apha.org/policy-and-advocacy/public-health-policy-briefs/policy-database/2020/01/10/coordinated-nationwide-approaches-to-promote-eye-health-and-reduce-vision-impairment

  As our nations population ages, the numbers outlined above are expected to grow. […] In fact, vision impairment is an independent contributor to earlier mortality. […] Access and utilization: Data on the percentage of people undergoing eye examinations, the gold standard in eye care for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases and conditions, are limited. […] According to the Uniform Data System, health centers employed only 407 full-time-equivalent optometrists and ophthalmologists (the professionals qualified to provide comprehensive eye care) in 2018. […] Medical insurance plans, including Medicare, typically do not cover comprehensive eye exams for asymptomatic patients who are not in a specific high-risk category, although many patients do not realize that they are experiencing symptoms of a vision or eye health problem until they receive a comprehensive exam.

• #1

  https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/OPX.0000000000001773

  The current study shows that the population with severe vision impairment is vulnerable to poor health outcomes in instances where eye care services could play an important role in improving care coordination, potentially reducing the number of physically unhealthy days in those with and without vision impairment. […] The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System has been used previously to assess health-related quality-of-life outcomes in populations with vision impairment, our analysis differs from previous work in several important ways. […] By broadening our analysis to include a younger cohort, we address an important recommendation outlined in the National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine report, highlighting the need for improved vision health surveillance in those younger than 40 years. […] The current study shows consistent differences between the population with vision impairment and the population that is not visually impaired, additional work is needed to provide context to these findings.

• #1 4 Surveillance and Research | Making Eye Health a Population Health Imperative: Vision for Tomorrow | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/23471/chapter/6

  Vision impairment and blindness are appropriate targets for surveillance and research because they adversely affect a large portion of the population, affect populations unequally, can be reduced by treatment and preventive efforts, and will become an increasing burden as the population ages (Saaddine et al., 2003). […] Understanding the risk and protective factors (including treatment), the progression of eye diseases, related outcomes, and disparities associated with eye health for specific populations can, therefore, be used to reduce vision impairment and blindness more efficiently and to improve the overall management and treatment of diseases and conditions that affect population health. […] Surveillance and research on eye health and vision impairment can be used for a number of purposes, including estimating the magnitude of the problem of vision impairment and the preventable burden; understanding the natural history of eye disease from a population health perspective; understanding how specific interventions halt the progression of disease from early to advanced stages; understanding the relationship between risk factors and eye health outcomes; documenting the existence of social determinants and policies affecting visual health; evaluating prevention and control strategies; detecting changes in health practice; assessing the quality of eye care; assessing the impact of occupational health and safety devices; assessing the unmet need for timely care for specific disorders/conditions; planning public health actions and the use of resources; and identifying research needs.

• #1 Review of the epidemiology of diabetic retinopathy

  https://www.modernretina.com/view/review-epidemiology-diabetic-retinopathy

  DR is the leading cause of preventable blindness in working-age adults. The potential risk of blindness in an individual with diabetes is 2.4 times higher than that of an individual without diabetes.2,3 In 2013, 382 million people had diabetes and this number is expected to rise to 592 million by 2035.4 […] Systematic screening of diabetic patients has the potential to reduce the incidence of sight-threatening visual impairment. Such programmes have been successfully implemented in many countries. […] In summary, while the global prevalence of diabetes mellitus is increasing, the awareness of DR remains poor in most communities. DMO, rather than proliferative DR, is an increasingly common cause of visual impairment. […] Early recognition and timely management of these conditions would reduce the number of visually impaired people, which would have a beneficial impact on societies.

• #1 Vision Workgroup – Healthy People 2030 | odphp.health.gov

  https://odphp.health.gov/healthypeople/about/workgroups/vision-workgroup

  As the demographics of the population continue to shift, vision loss is becoming a major public health concern. […] Reducing eye health disparities will entail strategies such as early access to vision screenings, comprehensive eye exams, and treatments like medicated eye drops and laser surgery that can ultimately help prevent or slow vision loss.

• #1 Using Health Surveillance Data to Assess Barriers to Vision Care in Ohio

  https://osma.org/aws/OSMA/pt/sd/news_article/549066/_PARENT/OOS_layout_details/false

  Because of the asymptomatic nature of many sight-threatening diseases, increased access and utilization of vision care services has the potential to reduce preventable vision loss. […] Health literacy and recognition of the importance of vision health continues to represent a considerable barrier to addressing avoidable vision loss. […] Our recent findings suggest that the future of vision health in the state of Ohio could truly benefit from the influence of primary care physicians in advancing health literacy in vision eye care.

• #1 Blindness and sight loss to double by 2050 – ARU

  https://www.aru.ac.uk/news/blindness-and-sight-loss-to-double-by-2050

  Blindness and severe vision impairment is predicted to affect almost 900 million people worldwide by 2050 up from around 338 million today, according to a new pre-print study accepted by The Lancet and highlighted on World Sight Day (8 October). […] Researchers led by Rupert Bourne, Professor of Ophthalmology at Anglia Ruskin University (ARU), examined more than 500 studies showing trends in prevalence of blindness and vision loss, allowing them to make forecasts about vision loss over the next three decades. […] The study, which has not yet been peer-reviewed, estimated that currently, 43.3 million people are blind, 295.1 million people suffer from major vision impairment and 257.8 million are mildly visually impaired. […] While the prevalence of blindness among the over 50s has reduced by 28.5% globally during the last 30 years, population growth has meant that the number of people who are blind is estimated to have increased by 50.6%, and the number of people with major visual impairment is believed to have almost doubled.

• #1 A Quest to Save Sight | Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases

  https://globalhealth.unc.edu/2024/11/a-quest-to-save-sight-unlock-human-potential/

  Globally, the World Health Organization reports at least 2.2 billion people have a vision impairment. […] More than 90% of people with vision impairment have a preventable or treatable condition. […] We just need to be able to find the resources to provide what people need in these different global communities, so that we can prevent or overcome vision loss. […] In roughly 38 countries, Trachoma is responsible for the blindness or visual impairment of about 1.9 million people. […] If left untreated, the disease can lead to blindness. […] The Long-Life study is looking at how common vision impairment is in older adults, the causes for that vision loss, and the impact on social measures, psychosocial measures and physical health. […] So far, Gower says the study shows that about 14% of this population has either uncorrected refractive error or under-corrected refractive error, and they would benefit from getting a new glasses prescription.

• #1 Blindness and sight loss to double by 2050 – ARU

  https://www.aru.ac.uk/news/blindness-and-sight-loss-to-double-by-2050

  Using these models, the authors predict a large rise in the number of people with severe visual impairment or blindness in 30 years time, unless major steps are taken to address the problem. […] Professor Bourne, co-ordinator of the Vision Loss Expert Group, which provided the data for the Global Burden of Disease study, said: It is encouraging that age-adjusted prevalence of blindness has reduced over the past three decades, yet due to population growth, progress is not keeping pace with needs. […] One of the issues we faced when compiling this data is that for many countries, including the UK, there is a lack of accurate information due to the fact the population has not been officially surveyed for eye disease and its consequences. […] High quality, current data on eye health and also hearing loss, is needed so the UK can plan future services in the most effective way, improve outcomes for those affected, and develop a more effective public health strategy in these crucial areas.

• #1 Global, regional, and national burden of blindness and vision loss due to common eye diseases along with its attributable risk factors from 1990 to 2019: a systematic analysis from the global burden of disease study 2019 | Aging

  https://www.aging-us.com/article/203374

  Moreover, the contribution of smoking and air pollution from solid fuels to BVL burden decreased, however, the age-standardized burden of BVL attributed to high body-mass index and high fasting plasma glucose elevated gradually across almost all regions. […] Understanding the real-time patterns of BVL burden is crucial for formulating more effective and targeted prevention and healthcare strategies to decrease the BVL burden.

• #2 2 Understanding the Epidemiology of Vision Loss and Impairment in the United States | Making Eye Health a Population Health Imperative: Vision for Tomorrow | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/23471/chapter/4

  There is no peer-reviewed literature on the total population affected by all causes of vision impairment in the United States. […] One model, based on a review of 12 major epidemiological studies and the 2010 U.S. Census population, estimates that approximately 90 million of the 142 million adults over the age of 40 in the United States experienced vision problems attributable to vision impairment, blindness, refractive error, age-related macular degeneration, cataracts, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma. […] As the baby boomer generation ages, older adults will account for an ever larger proportion of the total population, and age-related eye diseases and conditions are projected to increase accordingly. […] This chapter provides an overview of the epidemiology of eye and vision health in the United States.

• #2 Data sheet about vision loss and blindness in USA – Prevent Blindness

  https://preventblindness.org/prevalence-visual-acuity-loss-blindness-us/

  The estimated number of cases of visual acuity loss or blindness is more than 68% higher than the previous estimate. […] Researchers found more than 7 million people are living with uncorrectable vision loss, including more than 1 million Americans who are living with blindness. […] 20% of all individuals age 85 and older in the U.S. experience permanent vision loss. […] More females than males experience permanent vision loss. […] There is a higher risk of visual acuity loss among Hispanic and Black individuals than among Whites. […] More than 1.6 million people with visual acuity loss are under the age of 40. […] The prevalence of visual acuity loss and blindness varies widely by states. […] The variance of visual acuity loss and blindness between states may possibly be largely due to preventable issues.

• #2 2 Understanding the Epidemiology of Vision Loss and Impairment in the United States | Making Eye Health a Population Health Imperative: Vision for Tomorrow | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/23471/chapter/4

  The second section describes the epidemiology of vision impairment and common eye disorders in the United States, including differences by age, gender, and race and ethnicity and current evidence about specific risk and protective factors. […] The fourth section describes potential opportunities to reduce the preventable burden of vision impairment from uncorrected refractive error and cataracts in the United States based, in part, on an analysis commissioned by the committee. […] Determining the overall burden of vision impairment in the United States is challenging. […] National prevalence rates of vision impairment by etiology are typically calculated from the results of surveys, often self-reported by respondents, or are an aggregation of smaller studies, usually cross-sectional and not prospective.

• #2 2 Understanding the Epidemiology of Vision Loss and Impairment in the United States | Making Eye Health a Population Health Imperative: Vision for Tomorrow | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/23471/chapter/4

  Reporting of epidemiological data is further complicated because outcomes are not measured or reported consistently. […] This section presents estimates of overall prevalence for uncorrectable vision impairment only, along with the epidemiology for refractive error, amblyopia and strabismus, visual system injury, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, AMD, cataract, vision-threatening infection, and rare eye diseases and conditions. […] Two recent estimates suggest that approximately 4.2 million adults ages 40 years and older in the United States suffer from uncorrectable vision impairment, including blindness. […] Most of the data available about overall vision impairment in adults focus on individuals ages 40 and older. […] According to the Varma study, in 2015, the overall estimated prevalence of uncorrectable visual impairment in the U.S. population among individuals ages 40 and older was 2.14 percent, and the overall estimated prevalence of blindness was 0.68 percent.

• #2

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/blindness-and-visual-impairment

  Globally, the leading causes of vision impairment and blindness are: refractive errors, cataract, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration. […] There is substantial variation in the causes of vision impairment between and within countries according to the availability of eye care services, their affordability, and the education of the population. […] Uncorrected refractive error remains a leading cause of vision impairment in all countries amongst children and adult populations. […] Among this 1 billion people, the main conditions causing distance vision impairment or blindness are cataract (94 million), refractive error (88.4 million), age-related macular degeneration (8 million), glaucoma (7.7 million), diabetic retinopathy (3.9 million). […] Vision impairment poses an enormous global financial burden with an estimate annual global productivity loss of about US$ 411 billion purchasing power parity. […] WHOs work is guided by the recommendations of the WHO World report on vision (2019) and the resolution on „integrated, people-centred eye care, including preventable blindness and vision impairment” adopted at the Seventy-third World Health Assembly in 2020.

Zobacz więcej