Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Meniscus Tears – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/meniscus-tears/

  Meniscus tears are among the most common knee injuries. Athletes, particularly those who play contact sports, are at risk for meniscus tears. However, anyone at any age can tear the meniscus. When people talk about torn cartilage in the knee, they are usually referring to a torn meniscus. […] The meniscus can tear from acute trauma or as the result of degenerative changes that happen over time. Tears are noted by how they look, as well as where the tear occurs in the meniscus. Common types of meniscus tears include bucket handle, flap, and radial. […] One of the main tests for meniscus tears is the McMurray test. Your doctor will bend your knee, then straighten and rotate it. This puts tension on a torn meniscus. If you have a meniscus tear, this movement may cause pain, clicking, or a clunking sensation within the joint.

• #1 Torn meniscus – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/torn-meniscus/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354823

  A torn meniscus often can be identified during a physical exam. Your doctor might move your knee and leg into different positions, watch you walk, and ask you to squat to help pinpoint the cause of your signs and symptoms. […] Because a torn meniscus is made of cartilage, it won’t show up on X-rays. But X-rays can help rule out other problems with the knee that cause similar symptoms. […] This uses a strong magnetic field to produce detailed images of both hard and soft tissues within your knee. It’s the best imaging study to detect a torn meniscus. […] In some cases, your doctor might use an instrument known as an arthroscope to examine the inside of your knee. […] If your knee remains painful despite rehabilitative therapy or if your knee locks, your doctor might recommend surgery. It’s sometimes possible to repair a torn meniscus, especially in children and younger adults. […] If the tear can’t be repaired, the meniscus might be surgically trimmed, possibly through tiny incisions using an arthroscope.

• #1 Meniscus Tear in Knee: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/pain-management/knee-pain/meniscus-tear-injury

  Meniscus Tear Diagnosis […] To diagnose a meniscus tear, your doctor will give you a thorough exam and ask how you got your injury. They’ll check your knee to see if there’s any tenderness along the joint line where the meniscus is located. That tenderness often indicates a tear. […] […] The doctor may order some other tests as well. They may ask for an X-ray to rule out broken bones, arthritis, and other problems. They may also order an MRI scan, which allows a more detailed evaluation of knee cartilage and menisci. […] […] A common way to check for this kind of tear is the McMurray test. Your doctor will have you lie down on a table. They’ll bend and straighten your knee and rotate it both ways. If you have a tear in your meniscus, you may feel pain or hear a clicking sound in the joint.

• #1 Degenerative meniscus: Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment options

  https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-5836/full/v5/i5/597.htm

  Typical mechanical symptoms include painful clicking, popping, locking, catching, and giving way. […] Several findings are suggestive of meniscus injury including joint line tenderness, positive McMurrays test, locking, and palpable or audible clicking. […] Ercin et al found physical examination by an experienced practitioner to have better specificity (90% vs 60%), positive predictive value (95% vs 83%), negative predictive value (90% vs 86%), and diagnostic accuracy (93% vs 83%) than MRI for medial meniscal tears. […] Currently, however, most surgeons choose to obtain advanced imaging prior to arthroscopy. […] Ultimately, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the gold standard for soft-tissue imaging of the knee. […] MRI has an accuracy of 90%-95% for detecting meniscal injury. […] One must always remember to evaluate and treat the patient based upon the clinical presentation along with diagnostic findings, not by imaging alone.

• #1 Torn Meniscus: Symptoms, Treatment, Surgery, Recovery Time

  https://www.medicinenet.com/torn_meniscus/article.htm

  There is a true art to the physical examination of the knee. […] The McMurray test, named after a British orthopedic surgeon, has been used for more than 100 years to make the clinical diagnosis of a torn meniscus. […] Prior to the widespread use of MRI, knee arthroscopy was used to confirm the diagnosis of a torn meniscus.

• #1 McMurray Test: What It Is & How It’s Performed

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/23442-mcmurray-test

  The McMurray test is a quick first step your provider can use to determine if anything in your knee is damaged. You’ll probably still need other tests like an MRI to confirm that your meniscus is torn. […] The McMurray test is a series of knee and leg movements healthcare providers use to diagnose a torn meniscus. […] The McMurray test is usually part of a preliminary exam when you visit your provider with knee pain or after an injury. You’ll probably also need at least one of a few imaging tests to confirm a torn meniscus or any other injuries in your knee. […] You might need a McMurray test when you visit your provider after injuring your knee. They’ll perform the test as part of your physical exam, especially if you’re having symptoms of a torn meniscus. The McMurray test can help your provider know if you damaged your knee ligaments or other connective tissue during your injury.

• #1 Meniscus Tears – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/meniscus-tears/

  Because other knee injuries can cause similar symptoms, your doctor may order imaging tests to help confirm the diagnosis. […] MRI is the preferred method of diagnosing acute meniscus tears (tears that occur due to injury) because of its high level of accuracy. […] The treatment your doctor recommends will depend on a number of factors, including your age, symptoms, and activity level. The doctor will also consider the type, size, and location of the injury. […] If your symptoms persist with nonsurgical treatment, your doctor may suggest arthroscopic surgery. […] Some meniscus tears can be repaired by suturing (stitching) the torn pieces together. Whether a tear can be successfully repaired depends upon the type of tear, as well as the overall condition of the injured meniscus. […] Meniscus tears are extremely common knee injuries. With proper diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation, patients often return to their pre-injury abilities.

• #1 Cartilage defects, chondropathy in the knee: diagnosis and therapy – Priv.-Doz. DDr. Christian Albrecht, Knee and cartilage specialist

  https://www.knieschmerzen-wien.at/cartilage-defects-en.html

  Diagnosis of cartilage defects can be assessed through an exact assessment of the pain symptoms and a thorough clinical examination. An X-ray examination serves to exclude a bony injury. If the X-ray shows a narrowing of the joint space, this indicates advanced cartilage defects or arthrosis. Finally, a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can confirm the diagnosis of cartilage defects or chondropathy. The size and depth of the cartilage defect can be precisely assessed. […] Before the treatment of cartilage defects in the knee joint, the leg axis should also be determined in an X-ray examination, as a malposition (knock knees or bow legs) can be the cause of the cartilage defect and the malposition must be taken into account in the treatment. In the case of cartilage defects to the kneecap, instability of the kneecap should also be clarified.

• #1 Knee Meniscal Tears – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431067/

  The lateral and medial menisci are crescent-shaped fibrocartilaginous structures that collectively cover approximately 70% of the articular surface of the tibial plateau and primarily function in load transmission and shock absorption through the tibiofemoral joint. […] This activity reviews the evaluation and management of patients who present with tearing injuries of the knee menisci and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in improving care for those with this condition. […] Outline the diagnostic procedure for suspected meniscal tears, including any necessary diagnostic imaging. […] Using arthroscopy as the gold standard, MRI is the best mode of imaging to diagnose and characterize meniscal tears. MR imaging has been found to be 93% sensitive and 88% specific for medial meniscal tears, and 79% sensitive and 96% specific for lateral meniscal tears.

• #1 Medial and Lateral Meniscus Tears | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/m/medial-and-lateral-meniscus-tears.html

  Meniscus tears can vary widely in size and severity. […] A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan is often used to diagnose meniscal injuries. […] An MRI is 70 to 90 percent accurate in identifying whether the meniscus has been torn and how badly. […] Meniscus tears, indicated by MRI, are classified in three grades. […] Grade 3 is a true meniscus tear and an arthroscope is close to 100 percent accurate in diagnosing this tear.

• #1 Meniscal Tears and Other Knee Cartilage Injuries | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/meniscal-tears-and-other-knee-cartilage-injuries-pro

  Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the technique of choice for evaluating internal derangement of the knee since even serious internal derangements of the knee may not be demonstrated on X-rays. […] Incidental meniscal findings on MRI scan of the knee are common in the general population and increase with increasing age: in one study of almost 1,000 people, 61% had meniscal tears on MRI but had no knee symptoms in the previous month. […] MRI continues to be the imaging modality of choice. Surgical management is the mainstay of treatment for meniscal tears. […] An urgent referral to an orthopaedic surgeon is advised if the person has locking of the knee and a meniscal injury is suspected. […] Refer routinely to an orthopaedic surgeon if a meniscal injury is suspected, and symptoms interfere with the ability to work or persist, despite 6-8 weeks of rehabilitation by a physiotherapist.

• #1 Torn meniscus: Symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/torn-meniscus-symptoms-diagnosis-and-treatment-options

  Ultrasound: This test uses sound waves to produce images of the knee, which can help detect a tear or other soft tissue injuries. […] MRI: This imaging test uses magnetic fields to create detailed pictures of the knee, helping to identify the tear and its location. An MRI is the best test for finding small tears. However, it’s usually not needed unless a meniscal tear is suspected, symptoms are significant, and surgery would be offered to repair a confirmed tear.

• #1 Meniscus Tear Diagnosis

  https://aidmymeniscus.com/meniscus-injuries/diagnosing.php

  A medical professional will often recommend diagnostic testing to obtain more detailed information, and assess the amount and/or type of damage done to your knee and meniscus. […] X-rays will provide an image of the overall structure of your knee It is helpful in identifying abnormal bone shapes, fractures, arthritis, and degeneration (wear and tear) within the joint. […] CAT scans (or CT – computerized tomography) can be used to provide a 3-dimensional assessment of the bones and soft tissues in and around your knee joint and may be used to identify a meniscus tear. […] MRIs (magnetic resonance imaging) will provide more detailed information and will help to evaluate the soft tissues in and around your knee joint (muscles, tendons, ligaments, menisci, other connective tissues). It can identify ligament and meniscal damage, and help to determine the extent of your injury, the displacement and degree of your tear, fluid on your knee, a discoid meniscus, ACL or MCL tear, and/or other associated conditions. […] The type of diagnostic test recommended will depend on your symptoms and the opinion of your medical professional.

• #1 Torn Meniscus: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | UW MedicineStethascopeHeart

  https://www.uwmedicine.org/conditions-symptoms/bone-joint-muscle/torn-meniscus

  A torn meniscus is a painful, but treatable, knee injury. Sports medicine specialists help you to heal and recover more quickly. […] Your healthcare provider will ask about your medical history and do a physical exam. You may also need: […] X-ray. This test uses invisible electromagnetic energy beams to make images of internal tissues, bones, and organs onto film. […] MRI. This test uses a combination of large magnets, radiofrequencies, and a computer to make detailed images of organs and structures within the body. It can often find damage or disease in a surrounding ligament, tendon, bone, or muscle. […] Arthroscopy. This is a minimally invasive procedure used for conditions of a joint. It uses a small, lighted, optic tube (arthroscope). The tube is inserted into the joint through a small incision in the joint. Images of the inside of the joint are projected onto a screen. They are used to evaluate any degenerative or arthritic changes in the joint. The procedure also may detect bone diseases and tumors, as well as determine the cause of bone pain and inflammation.

• #1 Is My Knee Pain Arthritis or a Torn Meniscus?

  https://www.sports-health.com/blog/my-knee-pain-arthritis-or-torn-meniscus

  Knee osteoarthritis and knee meniscus tear are distinct conditions that cause pain and swelling in the knee joint. […] Knee osteoarthritis affects the entire knee joint, while a meniscal tear is limited to the cartilaginous tissue that lines the joint surfaces of the knee. […] Meniscal tear is generally restricted to the meniscus tissue that lubricates and serves as a shock absorber at the knee joint. […] Meniscal tears causing knee pain are generally observed after an offending incident, such as: Forceful twisting of the knee, A rapid change in the direction, A direct injury to the knee, Lifting heavy weights. […] Knee joint swelling is a common symptom seen in both knee osteoarthritis and torn meniscus. […] The key differences between knee osteoarthritis and a torn meniscus include the onset, sensation, and recurrence of pain.

• #1 Degenerative meniscus: Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment options

  https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-5836/full/v5/i5/597.htm

  The symptomatic degenerative meniscus continues to be a source of discomfort for a significant number of patients. […] Patient history and physical examination are critical to determine the true source of pain, particularly with the significant incidence of simultaneous articular pathology. […] Joint line tenderness, a positive McMurray test, and mechanical catching or locking can be highly suggestive of a meniscal source of knee pain and dysfunction. […] Radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging are frequently utilized to examine for osteoarthritis and to verify the presence of meniscal tears, in addition to ruling out other sources of pain. […] Degenerative meniscal pathology typically presents as knee pain accompanied by mechanical symptoms. […] One should have a low threshold to consider meniscal injury in patients with knee osteoarthritis; Wang et al diagnosed a 40% concomitant prevalence determined by arthroscopy.

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• #1 Knee Meniscal Tears – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431067/

  When a meniscal tear is suspected, imaging should begin with radiographs that include AP, lateral, oblique, sunrise, and weight bearing views to assess for concomitant bony pathologies, loose bodies, and osteoarthritis. […] The initial treatment of the acutely painful, edematous knee in which meniscal tear is suspected should consist of the RICE principles and pain control. […] For tears requiring arthroscopic surgery, meniscal repair is preferred over meniscectomy if possible since the risk of accelerated osteoarthritis increases with the removal of meniscal tissue due to decreased cushioning and increased force transmission across articular cartilage surfaces.

• #1 Torn meniscus – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/torn-meniscus/symptoms-causes/syc-20354818

  In older adults, degenerative changes of the knee can contribute to a torn meniscus with little or no trauma. […] Performing activities that involve aggressive twisting and pivoting of the knee puts you at risk of a torn meniscus. […] A torn meniscus can lead to a feeling of your knee giving way, inability to move your knee as you usually do or persistent knee pain. You might be more likely to develop osteoarthritis in the injured knee.

• #1 Meniscal tear Presentation, diagnosis and management

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2012/april/meniscal-tear

  Magnetic resonance imaging can confirm clinical concern for meniscal tear, review intra- and extra-articular anatomical structures and exclude alternative diagnoses. […] If clinically suspicious of meniscal injury, a trial of conservative measures may be considered or confirmation with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). […] Magnetic resonance imaging is the gold standard, first choice for investigation of suspected meniscal tears. […] Sagittal peripheral meniscal images demonstrate the normal anatomical 'bow-tie configuration’ (the central meniscal body with the anterior and posterior horns as well circumscribed triangles. […] Magnetic resonance imaging can also be effectively used to estimate the vascular zone classification (see Treatment) of tears. […] The absolute indication for specialist referral is the locked knee loss of joint function necessitates surgical intervention. […] Referral is also indicated if the diagnosis is uncertain for review and to access MRI. […] As the risk of osteoarthritis is increased if meniscal structures are not optimally functional, it may also be appropriate to refer all young patients for opinion if symptoms do not rapidly improve.

• #1 What Is a Meniscus Tear & How Can I Treat It? | NorthEast Spine & Sports Medicine

  https://www.northeastspineandsports.com/blog/what-is-a-meniscus-tear-and-how-can-i-treat-it/

  Doctors diagnose a meniscus tear using a physical examination and specialized tests like the McMurray test, which involves rotating the knee to detect pain or clicking. Imaging, such as an MRI, provides a detailed view of soft tissue damage, while an X-ray can rule out fractures or arthritis. […] Seeking treatment early can help prevent long-term joint problems.

• #2 Meniscus Tears – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/meniscus-tears/

  Because other knee injuries can cause similar symptoms, your doctor may order imaging tests to help confirm the diagnosis. […] MRI is the preferred method of diagnosing acute meniscus tears (tears that occur due to injury) because of its high level of accuracy. […] The treatment your doctor recommends will depend on a number of factors, including your age, symptoms, and activity level. The doctor will also consider the type, size, and location of the injury. […] If your symptoms persist with nonsurgical treatment, your doctor may suggest arthroscopic surgery. […] Some meniscus tears can be repaired by suturing (stitching) the torn pieces together. Whether a tear can be successfully repaired depends upon the type of tear, as well as the overall condition of the injured meniscus. […] Meniscus tears are extremely common knee injuries. With proper diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation, patients often return to their pre-injury abilities.

• #2 Torn meniscus: Symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/torn-meniscus-symptoms-diagnosis-and-treatment-options

  A torn meniscus is a common knee injury that can affect anyone, from athletes to older adults. […] A meniscal tear occurs when the cartilage is damaged, either due to a sudden injury or gradual wear and tear (also called chronic degenerative meniscal tear). […] To diagnose a torn meniscus, a doctor will ask about your symptoms and how the injury (if there was one) occurred. They will also perform a physical exam, checking for stability, tenderness, swelling, and range of motion in your knee. […] Specific tests, like the McMurray test, involve moving your knee in certain ways to help identify the tear. Imaging tests can provide more detailed information. […] These include: X-rays: While they don’t show soft tissues like the meniscus, x-rays can rule out other conditions, such as a fracture or osteoarthritis.

• #2 Meniscus Tears – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/meniscus-tears/

  Meniscus tears are among the most common knee injuries. Athletes, particularly those who play contact sports, are at risk for meniscus tears. However, anyone at any age can tear the meniscus. When people talk about torn cartilage in the knee, they are usually referring to a torn meniscus. […] The meniscus can tear from acute trauma or as the result of degenerative changes that happen over time. Tears are noted by how they look, as well as where the tear occurs in the meniscus. Common types of meniscus tears include bucket handle, flap, and radial. […] One of the main tests for meniscus tears is the McMurray test. Your doctor will bend your knee, then straighten and rotate it. This puts tension on a torn meniscus. If you have a meniscus tear, this movement may cause pain, clicking, or a clunking sensation within the joint.

• #2 McMurray Test: What It Is & How It’s Performed

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/23442-mcmurray-test

  A McMurray test is usually a first step in treating your knee. If your provider feels or hears anything in your knee during a McMurray test, they’ll recommend either further imaging tests or a treatment to relieve your symptoms. […] After the McMurray test, you might need at least one imaging test. These tests will take pictures of the inside of your knee and confirm any damage inside your joint. […] Some studies have shown that the McMurray test may not be very accurate at proving whether or not your meniscus is torn. However, it’s usually only the first step your provider will take to diagnose your injury. Imaging tests will give a more conclusive answer, which is why you’ll probably need at least one after your McMurray test. […] A McMurray test is usually one of the first steps your provider will use to diagnose a torn meniscus in your knee. It’s a quick, simple set of movements they’ll lead you through when you visit their office after an injury.

• #2 Meniscal Cartilage Tears & Injuries: Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatments

  https://yorkshirekneeclinic.com/knee-conditions/meniscal-cartilage-injuries/

  Together with the history of the injury, an examination of the knee is a very useful aid to diagnosis. We will usually take an x-ray. Even though the meniscus won’t show up, the x-ray will help eliminate other problems such as arthritis, an injury to the bone or loose bodies (fragments of bone) in the knee, any of which can mimic the symptoms of a cartilage tear. Sometimes your knee surgeon will ask for an MRI scan to confirm a cartilage tear if there are any doubts. An MRI scan is not always used and will depend on the clinical diagnosis and problems that you are having. Even MRI can miss small tears.

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  https://www.mountelizabeth.com.sg/conditions-diseases/knee-cartilage-damage/diagnosis-treatment

  Diagnosing a knee cartilage damage based on physical examination and medical history alone can be a challenge. […] Therefore, your doctor may order magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to properly visualise the articular cartilage and rule out other causes of your symptoms. MRI produces detailed images of the body part being examined using radio waves and a magnetic field, and is able to differentiate between water, muscle, fat and other soft tissue. […] Advanced cartilage damage can indirectly be diagnosed by X-ray (reduced joint spaces).

• #2 Degenerative meniscus: Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment options

  https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-5836/full/v5/i5/597.htm

  Typical mechanical symptoms include painful clicking, popping, locking, catching, and giving way. […] Several findings are suggestive of meniscus injury including joint line tenderness, positive McMurrays test, locking, and palpable or audible clicking. […] Ercin et al found physical examination by an experienced practitioner to have better specificity (90% vs 60%), positive predictive value (95% vs 83%), negative predictive value (90% vs 86%), and diagnostic accuracy (93% vs 83%) than MRI for medial meniscal tears. […] Currently, however, most surgeons choose to obtain advanced imaging prior to arthroscopy. […] Ultimately, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the gold standard for soft-tissue imaging of the knee. […] MRI has an accuracy of 90%-95% for detecting meniscal injury. […] One must always remember to evaluate and treat the patient based upon the clinical presentation along with diagnostic findings, not by imaging alone.

• #2 All You Need to Know About Meniscus Injury (Torn Meniscus)

  https://www.physiotattva.com/blog/meniscus-injury-symptoms-diagnosis-physiotherapy-treatment

  Meniscus tear knee injury, indicated by MRI, is classified into three grades. Grades 1 and 2 are not considered severe. They may not even be apparent with an arthroscopic examination. Grade 3 is an actual meniscus tear, and an arthroscope is close to 100 percent accurate in diagnosing this tear. […] After examining the injury, the orthopedist will note the health history and inquire about your physical and athletic goals. She can order X-rays and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to confirm the diagnosis and further evaluate the knee joint. […] An MRI is a diagnostic procedure that combines large magnets, radio frequencies, and a computer to produce detailed images of organs and structures within the body; it can often determine damage or disease in a surrounding ligament or muscle. The meniscus appears black on the MRI, whereas any tears appear as white lines. An MRI is 70 to 90 percent accurate in identifying whether the meniscus has been torn and how badly. However, meniscus tears do not always appear on MRIs.

• #2 Knee – Degenerative Meniscal Tears – NHS Ayrshire & Arran

  https://www.nhsaaa.net/musculoskeletal-msk-service-patient-portal/knee-msk-patient-portal/knee-degenerative-meniscal-tears/

  MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) scans give a very detailed picture of the knee, and may form part of the eventual investigation of your knee pain. However, there is poor correlation between MRI findings of degenerative meniscal tears and the level of pain experienced by the patient. […] Degenerative meniscus tears commonly exist in people without knee pain, so it is important that treatment deals with your contributory factors and not just the picture generated from the MRI scan. […] From the most up to date evidence, surgery is not recommended for degenerative tears in the meniscus because the removal of this shock absorber will expose the bone that can eventually increase the risk of osteoarthritis. […] Osteoarthritis is common following an arthroscopy, which can potentially lead to the need for arthroplasty (knee replacement surgery). Therefore, it is suggested that leaving as much of the meniscus as possible will help your knee in the long term.

• #2 Torn Meniscus: Symptoms, Treatment, Surgery, Recovery Time

  https://www.medicinenet.com/torn_meniscus/article.htm

  There is a true art to the physical examination of the knee. […] The McMurray test, named after a British orthopedic surgeon, has been used for more than 100 years to make the clinical diagnosis of a torn meniscus. […] Prior to the widespread use of MRI, knee arthroscopy was used to confirm the diagnosis of a torn meniscus.

• #2 Meniscus Tear of the Knee: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/meniscus-tears

  If your doctor is unable to determine the cause of your knee pain from these techniques, they may suggest arthroscopy to study your knee. […] With arthroscopy, a small incision or cut is made near the knee. The arthroscope is a thin and flexible fiber-optic device that can be inserted through the incision.

• #2 Diagnosing a Cartilage Injury | LA Orthopaedic Specialists

  https://laorthospecialists.net/diagnosing-a-cartilage-injury/

  When you come to LA Orthopaedic Specialists with an injury that wont get better or seems to be getting worse, we go straight to work determining the cause. […] Depending on what you tell us and what we observe, we may opt for any or all of the following diagnostic tests. […] So why would we take an X-ray in a suspected cartilage injury? We do this because often the kind of injury that damages cartilage also injures other tissues. […] Another diagnostic test that proves helpful if we suspect youve injured your cartilage is an MRI. […] The test is loud but noninvasive and painless, and it allows us to see the exact location and severity of your cartilage injury. […] If we suspect a cartilage tear, we may recommend an arthroscopy, a surgical procedure where we insert a tiny camera into your joint through a very small incision. […] The best part about arthroscopic surgery is that it serves as both a definitive diagnostic test and an effective treatment at the same time.

• #2 Is My Knee Pain Arthritis or a Torn Meniscus?

  https://www.sports-health.com/blog/my-knee-pain-arthritis-or-torn-meniscus

  The severity and location of the underlying condition also dictate the intensity of pain and other symptoms. […] The next steps for addressing knee osteoarthritis and a knee meniscus tear involve a comprehensive approach to treatment. An orthopedic specialist helps diagnose and treat arthritis-related pain in the knee, and an orthopedic surgeon or physiatrist helps manage pain from a meniscal tear. […] In the case of symptomatic meniscus tear, surgical intervention is generally considered.

• #2 Meniscus tear – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meniscus_tear

  A tear of a meniscus is a rupturing of one or more of the fibrocartilage strips in the knee called menisci. […] The two most common causes of a meniscal tear are traumatic injury (often seen in athletes) and degenerative processes, which are the most common tear seen in all ages of patients. […] If the diagnosis is not clear from the history and examination, the menisci can be imaged with magnetic resonance imaging (an MRI scan). […] Recent clinical data shows that MRI and clinical testing are comparable in sensitivity and specificity when looking for a meniscal tear. […] A meniscal tear can be classified in various ways, such as by anatomic location or by proximity to blood supply. […] The repairability of a meniscus depends on a number of factors. […] If the tear is not serious, physical therapy, compression, elevation and icing the knee can heal the meniscus. […] More serious tears may require surgical procedures. […] Surgery is not appropriate for a degenerative meniscus tear, absent locking or catching of the knee, recurrent effusion or persistent pain. […] If conservative treatment is ineffective, surgical intervention may be required.

• #2 Meniscus tear: diagnosis and therapy – Priv.-Doz. DDr. Christian Albrecht, Knee and cartilage specialist

  https://www.knieschmerzen-wien.at/meniscus-tear-en.html

  Meniscus tear: diagnosis and therapy […] Diagnosis for a meniscus tear […] Through a detailed discussion with the patient about the mechanism of the accident or the occurrence and severity of the pain, as well as a thorough clinical examination, the doctor can usually make the diagnosis of a meniscus tear. To confirm the diagnosis and to clarify possible concomitant injuries, a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is recommended. This can also be used to assess the exact location of the tear, the size and the shape of the tear. This plays an important role for the further therapy decision. […] In the case of a degenerative meniscus lesion, MRI distinguishes between four grades. Grade 3 and above is a meniscus tear. […] Not every meniscus tear requires surgery. A distinction can be made between different forms and degrees of meniscal damage. Tears that do not reach the surface of the meniscus can usually be treated very well without surgery (conservatively). In these cases, physiotherapy is usually used to achieve freedom from symptoms. Meniscus tears that reach the surface of the meniscus carry the risk of causing cartilage damage through constant friction on the cartilage. For this reason, they should be operated on before cartilage damage can occur. A tear that leads to entrapment symptoms or a blockage of the joint should definitely be operated on, as blockages can occur again and again and cause considerable cartilage damage.

• #2 Meniscus Surgery: Trimming, Repair & Meniscectomy | HSS

  https://www.hss.edu/conditions_meniscus-surgery-meniscectomy.asp

  Meniscus repair recovery time is typically six to nine months depending on the activities of the patient. […] The recovery time from meniscectomy is typically faster than the recovery time from meniscus repair. […] Success rates vary depending on both the type, location and severity of the tear, and which surgery is used to treat it. […] Complications with arthroscopic knee surgery are rare but any surgery comes with risks such as postsurgical blood clots, infections or damage to nerves or other tissues. […] Significant meniscus tears increase the likelihood that a person will develop knee arthritis in the future.

• #2 Meniscal Tears (Knee Cartilage Injuries)

  https://patient.info/bones-joints-muscles/sports-injuries/meniscal-tears-knee-cartilage-injuries

  You’ve all seen the footballer on TV – one moment they’re running full pelt, the next they’ve tripped over another player and are clutching their knee in agony. There’s a good chance an injury to their knee cartilage is at least part of the problem. […] How is a meniscal tear diagnosed? […] The diagnosis of a meniscal tear can be confirmed by a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan. […] How is damage to the articular cartilage diagnosed? […] X-rays are sometimes useful but an MRI scan provides doctors with the best pictures of the articular cartilages of the knee. […] If damaged articular cartilage that is bad enough to cause symptoms is left untreated, this may lead to early osteoarthritis.

• #2 Meniscal Tears and Other Knee Cartilage Injuries | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/meniscal-tears-and-other-knee-cartilage-injuries-pro

  Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the technique of choice for evaluating internal derangement of the knee since even serious internal derangements of the knee may not be demonstrated on X-rays. […] Incidental meniscal findings on MRI scan of the knee are common in the general population and increase with increasing age: in one study of almost 1,000 people, 61% had meniscal tears on MRI but had no knee symptoms in the previous month. […] MRI continues to be the imaging modality of choice. Surgical management is the mainstay of treatment for meniscal tears. […] An urgent referral to an orthopaedic surgeon is advised if the person has locking of the knee and a meniscal injury is suspected. […] Refer routinely to an orthopaedic surgeon if a meniscal injury is suspected, and symptoms interfere with the ability to work or persist, despite 6-8 weeks of rehabilitation by a physiotherapist.

• #2 Diagnosing Knee Cartilage Injuries | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/knee-cartilage-injuries/diagnosis

  Meniscus is another form of cartilage found in the knee. […] Damage to the articular knee cartilage can cause pain, inflammation, a clicking noise and catching sensation, and reduced range of motion of the joint. […] Your doctor may refer to the injury as a full-thickness lesion, meaning a cartilage injury that reaches the underlying bone, or a partial-thickness lesion, which goes partway into the articular cartilage. […] NYU Langone doctors conduct a comprehensive history and physical examination and use advanced imaging tests to diagnose knee cartilage injuries. […] An MRI, which creates images of soft tissues, helps your doctor determine whether you have an acute injury to the knee cartilage. This sensitive imaging test allows the doctor to evaluate the size and depth of the cartilage injury, whether or not loose pieces of cartilage are floating in the joint, and the status of other important structures, including the meniscus and knee ligaments.

• #2 Meniscus Tear Diagnosis

  https://aidmymeniscus.com/meniscus-injuries/diagnosing.php

  The best way to diagnose this condition is with a quick visit to the your doctor for a physical examination of your knee. Getting a proper diagnosis is important so you can treat your condition correctly. This step of knowing what type of meniscus injury you are suffering from is key to your recovery! […] Your doctor or orthopedic surgeon will be able to test whether you have a meniscus injury and then will determine what type you have through a variety of tests. It is more difficult to diagnose a lateral meniscus tear than a medial meniscus tear because of its tear shape and location and it may go unnoticed until it is much larger. […] A physical exam will be performed to determine if you have any signs of a meniscus tear or possibly another knee injury. It is important to note that no one single test is sufficient enough to establish 100% accurate diagnosis of meniscus damage.

• #2 Cartilage Injury and Repair > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/cartilage-injury-and-repair

  The choice of treatment depends on several factors, including age and overall health, physical activity level, desired post-treatment activities, and the type and severity of the articular cartilage injury. […] Surgery is often the best treatment option for damaged articular cartilage since it does not heal well on its own. Some surgeries aim to relieve symptoms, while other surgical procedures are intended to repair and restore damaged articular cartilage. […] In most cases, surgery for articular cartilage injury is done arthroscopically. […] The surgeon drills small holes in the bone and bone marrow under the damaged articular cartilage. These holes stimulate the bone to repair itself, triggering cells from the bone marrow to repair the damaged cartilage. […] The outlook is good for patients with these injuries, although not everyone will be able to resume all activities. Pain and discomfort can be relieved with both nonsurgical and surgical treatments. When the articular cartilage is damaged, surgical procedures can effectively repair and restore the tissue. […] If left untreated, articular cartilage injuries can lead to the development of osteoarthritis, a condition in which the articular cartilage wears away, exposing the underlying bone.

• #3 Torn meniscus – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/torn-meniscus/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354823

  A torn meniscus often can be identified during a physical exam. Your doctor might move your knee and leg into different positions, watch you walk, and ask you to squat to help pinpoint the cause of your signs and symptoms. […] Because a torn meniscus is made of cartilage, it won’t show up on X-rays. But X-rays can help rule out other problems with the knee that cause similar symptoms. […] This uses a strong magnetic field to produce detailed images of both hard and soft tissues within your knee. It’s the best imaging study to detect a torn meniscus. […] In some cases, your doctor might use an instrument known as an arthroscope to examine the inside of your knee. […] If your knee remains painful despite rehabilitative therapy or if your knee locks, your doctor might recommend surgery. It’s sometimes possible to repair a torn meniscus, especially in children and younger adults. […] If the tear can’t be repaired, the meniscus might be surgically trimmed, possibly through tiny incisions using an arthroscope.

• #3 Meniscus Tear in Knee: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/pain-management/knee-pain/meniscus-tear-injury

  Meniscus Tear Diagnosis […] To diagnose a meniscus tear, your doctor will give you a thorough exam and ask how you got your injury. They’ll check your knee to see if there’s any tenderness along the joint line where the meniscus is located. That tenderness often indicates a tear. […] […] The doctor may order some other tests as well. They may ask for an X-ray to rule out broken bones, arthritis, and other problems. They may also order an MRI scan, which allows a more detailed evaluation of knee cartilage and menisci. […] […] A common way to check for this kind of tear is the McMurray test. Your doctor will have you lie down on a table. They’ll bend and straighten your knee and rotate it both ways. If you have a tear in your meniscus, you may feel pain or hear a clicking sound in the joint.

• #3 Knee Meniscal Tears – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431067/

  The lateral and medial menisci are crescent-shaped fibrocartilaginous structures that collectively cover approximately 70% of the articular surface of the tibial plateau and primarily function in load transmission and shock absorption through the tibiofemoral joint. […] This activity reviews the evaluation and management of patients who present with tearing injuries of the knee menisci and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in improving care for those with this condition. […] Outline the diagnostic procedure for suspected meniscal tears, including any necessary diagnostic imaging. […] Using arthroscopy as the gold standard, MRI is the best mode of imaging to diagnose and characterize meniscal tears. MR imaging has been found to be 93% sensitive and 88% specific for medial meniscal tears, and 79% sensitive and 96% specific for lateral meniscal tears.

• #3 Cartilage Injury and Repair > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/cartilage-injury-and-repair

  When these symptoms dont go away after a few days, you set up a doctors appointment. After doing a physical examination and running some diagnostic tests, the orthopaedist tells you that your daughter has suffered an injury to the articular cartilage, a type of connective tissue that covers the ends of the bone in joints like your knee and elbow. […] Diagnosing cartilage injuries and damage usually entails obtaining a medical history, performing a physical exam, and ordering one or more diagnostic tests. […] Imaging studies, including a weight-bearing X-ray and/or a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study, may also be needed. These tests allow a doctor to detect and determine the severity of any damage to the articular cartilage, underlying bone, and surrounding tissues and ligaments. […] Sometimes, a procedure called arthroscopy is done to help diagnose articular cartilage injury or damage. Arthroscopy is a minimally invasive surgical procedure in which a surgeon makes a one or two small incisions on the skin around the affected joint, then inserts an arthroscopea thin, pencil-sized tube equipped with a cameraand surgical tools into the joint.

• #3 Meniscus Tear Diagnosis

  https://m.aidmymeniscus.com/meniscus-injuries/diagnosing.php

  The severity of your meniscus tear will vary depending on which meniscus is injured and the location, type and shape of the tear. […] The zone of the tear on the meniscus (the blood supply zone it’s located in) will influence your ability to heal without surgery. […] Tears in the red zone have the best chance of healing because they have more access to blood supply. […] A partial meniscus tear (partial thickness in depth – meniscus still remain attached) tends to be smaller and more stable because it stays connected to the front and back of your knee and doesn’t move about freely. […] A complete meniscus tear (full thickness – tissue separates from your meniscus and tear goes all the way through) tends to be larger and less stable because it hangs by a thread of cartilage. […] A degenerative meniscus tears have frayed edges on the inner rim, where the meniscus is thinnest, which can eventually tear in multiple directions and can lead to a completely degenerated meniscus.

• #3 An overview of meniscus tears: Causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options

  https://www.exakthealth.com/en-US/blog/an-overview-of-meniscus-tears-symptoms-causes-and-treatment-options

  Most meniscus tears can recover through a conservative treatment plan that usually includes a mix of assistive devices to help protect the knee, treatments that help reduce pain and swelling, and a rehab plan that restores the function of the knee. […] If conservative treatment doesn’t improve your symptoms within three months, your tear may require surgical treatment. […] During surgery, they either repair the torn meniscus or remove part (partial meniscectomy) or all of the meniscus (total meniscectomy). […] Meniscus tears may cause mild to severe symptoms at the start. […] For people over 40, surgery is not recommended once the initial injury settles down if your symptoms don’t interfere with daily activities. […] Meniscus tears can either be repaired or trimmed. […] The type of meniscus tear may determine if you require surgery or not. […] For most meniscus tears, surgery isn’t the best option. […] Most people with meniscus tears can benefit from trying conservative management before deciding if surgery is needed. […] Most straight-forward meniscus tears recover in about 12 -24 weeks with conservative treatment.

• #4 Torn meniscus: Symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/torn-meniscus-symptoms-diagnosis-and-treatment-options

  A torn meniscus is a common knee injury that can affect anyone, from athletes to older adults. […] A meniscal tear occurs when the cartilage is damaged, either due to a sudden injury or gradual wear and tear (also called chronic degenerative meniscal tear). […] To diagnose a torn meniscus, a doctor will ask about your symptoms and how the injury (if there was one) occurred. They will also perform a physical exam, checking for stability, tenderness, swelling, and range of motion in your knee. […] Specific tests, like the McMurray test, involve moving your knee in certain ways to help identify the tear. Imaging tests can provide more detailed information. […] These include: X-rays: While they don’t show soft tissues like the meniscus, x-rays can rule out other conditions, such as a fracture or osteoarthritis.

• #4 Meniscus Tears: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/meniscus-tear-treatment-2549649

  A meniscus tear is common sports injury that affects the C-shaped cartilage in the knee. […] This article discusses the symptoms, diagnosis and treatment for meniscal tears. […] The diagnosis of a meniscal tear requires a medical history, physical examination, and imaging. […] The McMurray test is one classic test used to assess for meniscus damage. […] In general, though, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the gold standard for diagnosing and evaluating a meniscus tear. […] A detailed physical exam can help distinguish between knee ligament and meniscus injuries. […] An MRI can confirm one or both diagnoses.

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