Przetoki tętniczo-żylne opony twardej
Rokowania, prognozy i postęp choroby

Przetoki tętniczo-żylne opony twardej (DAVF) stanowią rzadką, ale klinicznie istotną patologię, której rokowanie w dużej mierze zależy od stanu neurologicznego pacjenta przed leczeniem, ocenianego m.in. za pomocą zmodyfikowanej skali Aminoffa (mALS). Wczesna diagnostyka i interwencja, szczególnie w ciągu ≤6 miesięcy od pojawienia się objawów, znacząco poprawiają długoterminowe wyniki. Lokalizacja przetoki w dolnym odcinku piersiowym oraz brak drenażu żylnego korowego sprzyjają korzystniejszemu przebiegowi choroby. Leczenie endowaskularne jest preferowaną metodą w typach I, II oraz niekrwotocznych typach III/IV, osiągając całkowitą obliterację w 58–95% przypadków i ustąpienie objawów u 98% pacjentów, przy niskim ryzyku trwałego deficytu neurologicznego (około 2%). W przypadku przetok krwotocznych lub nieudanych prób endowaskularnych wskazane jest leczenie chirurgiczne lub podejście łączone, które zapewnia okluzję w 93% przypadków.

Prognoza przetok tętniczo-żylnych opony twardej

Przetoki tętniczo-żylne opony twardej (DAVF, ang. Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas) stanowią rzadką, ale poważną jednostkę chorobową, której prawidłowa i wczesna diagnostyka może istotnie wpłynąć na rokowanie pacjentów. Wyniki leczenia oraz czynniki prognostyczne są kluczowe dla określenia długoterminowych efektów terapeutycznych i planowania optymalnego postępowania.12

Czynniki prognostyczne przed leczeniem

Badania kliniczne wskazują na szereg czynników, które mają istotny wpływ na długoterminowe rezultaty leczenia przetok tętniczo-żylnych opony twardej:34

  • Stan neurologiczny przed leczeniem – jest to najsilniejszy czynnik prognostyczny dla długoterminowych wyników. Skala mALS (zmodyfikowana skala Aminoffa) przed operacją najlepiej prognozuje poprawę kliniczną w okresie 6-letniej obserwacji. Wyższy wynik w skali mALS, wskazujący na większą niepełnosprawność rdzenia kręgowego, sugeruje gorszą poprawę kliniczną.56
  • Czas trwania objawów przed leczeniem – krótszy czas trwania objawów przed leczeniem (≤6 miesięcy) wiąże się z lepszymi długoterminowymi wynikami. Wczesne rozpoznanie i leczenie mają kluczowe znaczenie dla zapobiegania nieodwracalnym uszkodzeniom rdzenia kręgowego.78
  • Lokalizacja anatomiczna przetoki – przetoki zlokalizowane w dolnym odcinku piersiowym są związane z korzystniejszymi wynikami leczenia.910
  • Objawy przy prezentacji – charakter i nasilenie objawów przy pierwszej prezentacji wpływają na rokowanie.11
  • Drenaż żylny korowy – obecność drenażu żylnego korowego wpływa na przebieg choroby i ryzyko powikłań, takich jak krwotok wewnątrzczaszkowy.12

Co interesujące, niektóre badania wykazały, że wiek pacjenta i płeć nie mają bezpośredniego wpływu na rokowanie długoterminowe.1314

Wyniki długoterminowe po leczeniu

Obserwacje długoterminowe pacjentów z przetokami tętniczo-żylnymi opony twardej wskazują na zróżnicowane wyniki leczenia:15

  • Poprawa kliniczna – około dwie trzecie pacjentów doświadcza poprawy klinicznej w okresie 72 miesięcy po leczeniu.16
  • Pogorszenie po tymczasowej poprawie – u 55,8% pacjentów obserwuje się pogorszenie po przejściowej poprawie, co wskazuje na potrzebę długoterminowego monitorowania.17
  • Całkowita obliteracja przetoki – wskaźniki całkowitej obliteracji po leczeniu przetok o niskim stopniu zaawansowania wahają się w literaturze między 78% a 95%. W niektórych badaniach całkowitą okluzję jako bezpośredni wynik po leczeniu endowaskularnym obserwowano u 58% pacjentów.18
  • Ustąpienie objawówleczenie endowaskularne przetok o niskim stopniu zaawansowania pozwala osiągnąć wysoki wskaźnik ustąpienia objawów (98%), przy niskim ryzyku trwałego deficytu neurologicznego (2%).19

Naturalny przebieg nieleczonych przetok

Badania nad naturalnym przebiegiem nieleczonych przetok tętniczo-żylnych opony twardej o niskim stopniu zaawansowania wskazują na ich stosunkowo łagodny charakter:20

  • Ryzyko krwotoku wewnątrzczaszkowego – w przypadku przetok o niskim stopniu zaawansowania ryzyko to jest minimalne, nie odnotowano przypadków późnego krwotoku wewnątrzczaszkowego związanego z przetoką po prawie 6-letnim okresie obserwacji.21
  • Śmiertelność – nie zaobserwowano zgonów związanych z przetokami o niskim stopniu zaawansowania w grupie pacjentów nieleczonych.22

Należy jednak podkreślić, że przebieg naturalny zależy od zaburzeń przepływu krwi mózgowej, takich jak drenaż żylny korowy i zastój żylny, a także od objawów klinicznych.23

Wybór metody leczenia a rokowanie

Wybór odpowiedniej metody leczenia jest kluczowy dla osiągnięcia optymalnych wyników długoterminowych:24

  • Leczenie endowaskularne (EVT) – rekomendowane jako pierwsza metoda leczenia w typach I, II oraz w niekrwotocznych przetokach typu III/IV.25
  • Leczenie chirurgiczne – zalecane jako pierwsza opcja w przypadku ostrych przetok krwotocznych oraz jako metoda drugiego wyboru w przypadku przetok typu III/IV, które nie zostały skutecznie zamknięte metodą endowaskularną.26
  • Podejście łączone – połączenie obu metod zapewnia okluzję w 93% przypadków przetok przy niskim ryzyku proceduralnym, w tym wszystkich przetok typu III/IV.27

W przypadku przetok krwotocznych, ze względu na wysoką częstość wczesnych ponownych krwawień, zaleca się szybkość leczenia podobną jak w przypadku krwotocznego pęknięcia tętniaka.2829

Komplikacje i ryzyko

Leczenie przetok tętniczo-żylnych opony twardej wiąże się z określonym ryzykiem powikłań:30

  • Ogólny wskaźnik powikłań – wynosi około 21%, jednak większość powikłań nie powoduje następstw neurologicznych.31
  • Trwały deficyt nerwów czaszkowych – występuje u około 5% pacjentów.32
  • Powikłania neurologiczne – ryzyko trwałego deficytu neurologicznego po leczeniu endowaskularnym przetok o niskim stopniu zaawansowania wynosi około 2%.33

Mimo tych ryzyk, leczenie przetok tętniczo-żylnych opony twardej jest uważane za skuteczne i bezpieczne, zwłaszcza w porównaniu z potencjalnymi konsekwencjami nieleczonej choroby.34

Znaczenie wczesnej diagnostyki

Badania jednoznacznie podkreślają kluczowe znaczenie wczesnej diagnostyki i leczenia przetok tętniczo-żylnych opony twardej:3536

  • Zapobieganie nieodwracalnym uszkodzeniom – pacjenci muszą być poddani leczeniu chirurgicznemu jak najszybciej, aby zapobiec stopniowemu pogarszaniu się funkcji rdzenia kręgowego.37
  • Wpływ na rokowanie – nieodwracalne uszkodzenie rdzenia kręgowego spowodowane nadciśnieniem żylnym rdzenia lub jakikolwiek powód opóźnienia leczenia może wpłynąć na późniejszą poprawę.38
  • Opóźniona diagnostyka – mimo znaczącego rozwoju nieinwazyjnych narzędzi neuroradiologicznych w ostatnich dziesięcioleciach, diagnostyka przetok tętniczo-żylnych opony twardej rdzenia (sdAVF) pozostaje znacznie opóźniona, co odzwierciedla ciągły brak wiedzy i świadomości wśród lekarzy na temat tej rzadkiej, ale poważnej choroby.3940

Badania potwierdzają, że wczesna diagnoza przetok tętniczo-żylnych opony twardej rdzenia w dolnym odcinku piersiowym u pacjentów z wynikiem w skali Aminoffa ≤3 wiąże się z najkorzystniejszym rokowaniem.414243

Dalsze obserwacje i monitorowanie

Ze względu na możliwość pogorszenia po tymczasowej poprawie oraz ryzyko nawrotu przetoki, konieczne jest długoterminowe monitorowanie pacjentów:4445

  • Optymalny schemat obserwacji radiologicznej – powinien zostać opracowany w ramach przyszłego prospektywnego rejestru wieloośrodkowego.46
  • Długoterminowa ocena – mimo że rezydualny lub nawrotowy przepływ przez przetokę przy braku drenażu żylnego korowego jest uznawany za akceptowalny, całkowita i trwała obliteracja przetoki pozostaje głównym celem leczenia.47

Należy zaznaczyć, że związek między przetoką tętniczo-żylną opony twardej a bólem głowy wydaje się mniej bezpośredni, ponieważ 43% pacjentów z bólem głowy miało utrzymujące się bóle głowy pomimo całkowitej obliteracji przetoki.48

Wnioski końcowe

Przetoki tętniczo-żylne opony twardej charakteryzują się zróżnicowaną prezentacją kliniczną, co utrudnia określenie specyficznych czynników prognostycznych dla długoterminowych wyników.49 Niemniej jednak, badania konsekwentnie wskazują, że najsilniejszym czynnikiem prognostycznym jest stan neurologiczny przed leczeniem, a wczesna diagnostyka i leczenie mogą znacząco poprawić rokowanie.505152

Połączenie metod endowaskularnych i chirurgicznych zapewnia wysoką skuteczność obliteracji przetok przy akceptowalnym ryzyku powikłań.53 Wyniki leczenia są generalnie korzystne, przy czym 68% pacjentów staje się bezobjawowymi po leczeniu.54

Wieloczynnikowe podejście do oceny rokowania, uwzględniające stan neurologiczny przed leczeniem, lokalizację anatomiczną przetoki, czas trwania objawów i objawy przy prezentacji, pozwala na lepsze przewidywanie wyników długoterminowych i optymalizację strategii leczenia.5556

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  1. 10.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Long-term outcomes and prognostic factors in patients with treated spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas: a prospective cohort study
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8724715/
    To define the pattern of long-term clinical outcomes and prognostic factors in patients with spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas (SDAVFs). […] Nearly two-thirds of the patients experienced clinical improvement at 72 months, and preoperative (1day before treatment) mALS was the strongest predictor of clinical improvement. However, 55.8% of patients showed deterioration after temporary recovery. […] The preoperative mALS was found to be related to clinical improvement at 6 years. A higher preoperative mALS, which suggests higher spinal cord disability, suggests poor clinical improvement at 6 years. […] In our study, the strongest factor predicting the long-term outcome was the degree of preoperative spinal cord function, while age, sex, duration of symptoms and location of fistula were not directly correlated.
  • #2 Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas: outcome and prognostic factors – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22537120/
    The aim of this study is to review the clinical outcome of patients treated for spinal dural arteriovenous malformations and investigate the presence of pretreatment indicators of outcome after short- and midterm follow-up. […] This study appears to confirm that neurological status before treatment, anatomical location of the fistula, and symptoms at presentation are all factors that can predict outcome. […] Early diagnosis of spinal dural arteriovenous malformations in the lower thoracic area in patients with an Aminoff scale score 3 was associated with the most favorable outcome.
  • #3 Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas: outcome and prognostic factors in: Neurosurgical Focus Volume 32 Issue 5 (2012) Journals
    https://thejns.org/focus/view/journals/neurosurg-focus/32/5/2012.2.focus1218.xml
    The aim of this study is to review the clinical outcome of patients treated for spinal dural arteriovenous malformations and investigate the presence of pretreatment indicators of outcome after short- and midterm follow-up. […] This study appears to confirm that neurological status before treatment, anatomical location of the fistula, and symptoms at presentation are all factors that can predict outcome. […] Early diagnosis of spinal dural arteriovenous malformations in the lower thoracic area in patients with an Aminoff scale score 3 was associated with the most favorable outcome. […] Despite improvements in neuroradiological tools, which permit prompt diagnosis and safe surgical or endovascular intervention, it remains difficult to predict whether patients will obtain clinical improvement or whether the treatment will simply halt progression of symptoms.
  • #4 Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas: outcome and prognostic factors in: Neurosurgical Focus Volume 32 Issue 5 (2012) Journals
    https://thejns.org/focus/view/journals/neurosurg-focus/32/5/2012.2.focus1218.xml
    An unfavorable outcome could be the consequence of several factors as noted by many authors. […] It would appear that clinical status before treatment, modality of onset of symptoms, patient age, and anatomical location of the fistula all play a predictive role in determining clinical outcome after treatment. […] Our study appears to confirm that neurological status before treatment, anatomical location of the fistula, and presenting symptoms are all predictive factors for outcome. […] Early diagnosis of lower thoracic area SDAVFs in patients and an Aminoff scale score 3 were associated with the best outcome.
  • #5 Long-term outcomes and prognostic factors in patients with treated spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas: a prospective cohort study
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8724715/
    To define the pattern of long-term clinical outcomes and prognostic factors in patients with spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas (SDAVFs). […] Nearly two-thirds of the patients experienced clinical improvement at 72 months, and preoperative (1day before treatment) mALS was the strongest predictor of clinical improvement. However, 55.8% of patients showed deterioration after temporary recovery. […] The preoperative mALS was found to be related to clinical improvement at 6 years. A higher preoperative mALS, which suggests higher spinal cord disability, suggests poor clinical improvement at 6 years. […] In our study, the strongest factor predicting the long-term outcome was the degree of preoperative spinal cord function, while age, sex, duration of symptoms and location of fistula were not directly correlated.
  • #6 Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas: outcome and prognostic factors – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22537120/
    The aim of this study is to review the clinical outcome of patients treated for spinal dural arteriovenous malformations and investigate the presence of pretreatment indicators of outcome after short- and midterm follow-up. […] This study appears to confirm that neurological status before treatment, anatomical location of the fistula, and symptoms at presentation are all factors that can predict outcome. […] Early diagnosis of spinal dural arteriovenous malformations in the lower thoracic area in patients with an Aminoff scale score 3 was associated with the most favorable outcome.
  • #7 Long-Term Outcome of Patients with Spinal Dural Arteriovenous Fistula: The Dilemma of Delayed Diagnosis | American Journal of Neuroradiology
    https://www.ajnr.org/content/41/2/357
    BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The impact of various radiologic and clinical features on the long-term outcome in spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas is still unclear; thus, they are the purpose of this study. […] CONCLUSIONS: Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas are characterized by interindividually variable clinical presentations, which make a determination of specific predictors for long-term outcome more difficult. Fast and sufficient diagnosis might result in a better outcome after treatment. The diagnosis of spinal dural arteriovenous fistula remains markedly delayed, reflecting an ongoing lack of knowledge and awareness among treating physicians of this rare-but-serious disease. […] Among all analyzed clinical factors in our current cohort, only a shorter duration of symptoms before treatment (6 months) was associated with a better long-term outcome. Patient age and the neurologic status at diagnosis had no influence on the long-term outcome.
  • #8 Long-Term Outcome of Patients with Spinal Dural Arteriovenous Fistula: The Dilemma of Delayed Diagnosis | American Journal of Neuroradiology
    https://www.ajnr.org/content/41/2/357
    Our current analysis implies the importance of early diagnosis for a better neurologic outcome. However, despite major developments in neuroradiologic noninvasive diagnostic tools in the past decades, the diagnosis of sdAVF remains markedly delayed. Our current study may raise the awareness of neurologists of this rare disease and emphasize the importance of early diagnosis in these patients.
  • #9 Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas: outcome and prognostic factors in: Neurosurgical Focus Volume 32 Issue 5 (2012) Journals
    https://thejns.org/focus/view/journals/neurosurg-focus/32/5/2012.2.focus1218.xml
    The aim of this study is to review the clinical outcome of patients treated for spinal dural arteriovenous malformations and investigate the presence of pretreatment indicators of outcome after short- and midterm follow-up. […] This study appears to confirm that neurological status before treatment, anatomical location of the fistula, and symptoms at presentation are all factors that can predict outcome. […] Early diagnosis of spinal dural arteriovenous malformations in the lower thoracic area in patients with an Aminoff scale score 3 was associated with the most favorable outcome. […] Despite improvements in neuroradiological tools, which permit prompt diagnosis and safe surgical or endovascular intervention, it remains difficult to predict whether patients will obtain clinical improvement or whether the treatment will simply halt progression of symptoms.
  • #10 Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas: outcome and prognostic factors in: Neurosurgical Focus Volume 32 Issue 5 (2012) Journals
    https://thejns.org/focus/view/journals/neurosurg-focus/32/5/2012.2.focus1218.xml
    An unfavorable outcome could be the consequence of several factors as noted by many authors. […] It would appear that clinical status before treatment, modality of onset of symptoms, patient age, and anatomical location of the fistula all play a predictive role in determining clinical outcome after treatment. […] Our study appears to confirm that neurological status before treatment, anatomical location of the fistula, and presenting symptoms are all predictive factors for outcome. […] Early diagnosis of lower thoracic area SDAVFs in patients and an Aminoff scale score 3 were associated with the best outcome.
  • #11 Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas: outcome and prognostic factors in: Neurosurgical Focus Volume 32 Issue 5 (2012) Journals
    https://thejns.org/focus/view/journals/neurosurg-focus/32/5/2012.2.focus1218.xml
    An unfavorable outcome could be the consequence of several factors as noted by many authors. […] It would appear that clinical status before treatment, modality of onset of symptoms, patient age, and anatomical location of the fistula all play a predictive role in determining clinical outcome after treatment. […] Our study appears to confirm that neurological status before treatment, anatomical location of the fistula, and presenting symptoms are all predictive factors for outcome. […] Early diagnosis of lower thoracic area SDAVFs in patients and an Aminoff scale score 3 were associated with the best outcome.
  • #12 A Judgment and Action for Dural Arteriovenous Fistula
    https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jcns/25/1/25_42/_article/-char/en
    When treating dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVF), it is recognized that the disease course depends on the disturbance of the cerebral blood flow such as cortical venous drainage and venous congestion. […] Recent reports suggested that symptomatology is also an important factor affecting the natural history of this pathology. […] These factors can help to predict the future development of intracranial hemorrhage/infarction in DAVF patients. […] Therefore treatment indication should be carefully determined based upon various factors to best affect the natural course. […] Trans-venous embolization which is results in the outlet occlusion of DAVF is an established therapy with high curability and low morbidity. […] Transarterial and trans-fistulous embolization with NBCA or Onyx can also be expected with higher curability, although all of the possible procedure-related complications are not yet fully elucidated.
  • #13 Long-term outcomes and prognostic factors in patients with treated spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas: a prospective cohort study
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8724715/
    To define the pattern of long-term clinical outcomes and prognostic factors in patients with spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas (SDAVFs). […] Nearly two-thirds of the patients experienced clinical improvement at 72 months, and preoperative (1day before treatment) mALS was the strongest predictor of clinical improvement. However, 55.8% of patients showed deterioration after temporary recovery. […] The preoperative mALS was found to be related to clinical improvement at 6 years. A higher preoperative mALS, which suggests higher spinal cord disability, suggests poor clinical improvement at 6 years. […] In our study, the strongest factor predicting the long-term outcome was the degree of preoperative spinal cord function, while age, sex, duration of symptoms and location of fistula were not directly correlated.
  • #14 Long-Term Outcome of Patients with Spinal Dural Arteriovenous Fistula: The Dilemma of Delayed Diagnosis | American Journal of Neuroradiology
    https://www.ajnr.org/content/41/2/357
    BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The impact of various radiologic and clinical features on the long-term outcome in spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas is still unclear; thus, they are the purpose of this study. […] CONCLUSIONS: Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas are characterized by interindividually variable clinical presentations, which make a determination of specific predictors for long-term outcome more difficult. Fast and sufficient diagnosis might result in a better outcome after treatment. The diagnosis of spinal dural arteriovenous fistula remains markedly delayed, reflecting an ongoing lack of knowledge and awareness among treating physicians of this rare-but-serious disease. […] Among all analyzed clinical factors in our current cohort, only a shorter duration of symptoms before treatment (6 months) was associated with a better long-term outcome. Patient age and the neurologic status at diagnosis had no influence on the long-term outcome.
  • #15 Long-term outcomes and prognostic factors in patients with treated spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas: a prospective cohort study
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8724715/
    To define the pattern of long-term clinical outcomes and prognostic factors in patients with spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas (SDAVFs). […] Nearly two-thirds of the patients experienced clinical improvement at 72 months, and preoperative (1day before treatment) mALS was the strongest predictor of clinical improvement. However, 55.8% of patients showed deterioration after temporary recovery. […] The preoperative mALS was found to be related to clinical improvement at 6 years. A higher preoperative mALS, which suggests higher spinal cord disability, suggests poor clinical improvement at 6 years. […] In our study, the strongest factor predicting the long-term outcome was the degree of preoperative spinal cord function, while age, sex, duration of symptoms and location of fistula were not directly correlated.
  • #16 Long-term outcomes and prognostic factors in patients with treated spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas: a prospective cohort study
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8724715/
    To define the pattern of long-term clinical outcomes and prognostic factors in patients with spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas (SDAVFs). […] Nearly two-thirds of the patients experienced clinical improvement at 72 months, and preoperative (1day before treatment) mALS was the strongest predictor of clinical improvement. However, 55.8% of patients showed deterioration after temporary recovery. […] The preoperative mALS was found to be related to clinical improvement at 6 years. A higher preoperative mALS, which suggests higher spinal cord disability, suggests poor clinical improvement at 6 years. […] In our study, the strongest factor predicting the long-term outcome was the degree of preoperative spinal cord function, while age, sex, duration of symptoms and location of fistula were not directly correlated.
  • #17 Long-term outcomes and prognostic factors in patients with treated spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas: a prospective cohort study
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8724715/
    To define the pattern of long-term clinical outcomes and prognostic factors in patients with spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas (SDAVFs). […] Nearly two-thirds of the patients experienced clinical improvement at 72 months, and preoperative (1day before treatment) mALS was the strongest predictor of clinical improvement. However, 55.8% of patients showed deterioration after temporary recovery. […] The preoperative mALS was found to be related to clinical improvement at 6 years. A higher preoperative mALS, which suggests higher spinal cord disability, suggests poor clinical improvement at 6 years. […] In our study, the strongest factor predicting the long-term outcome was the degree of preoperative spinal cord function, while age, sex, duration of symptoms and location of fistula were not directly correlated.
  • #18 Long-term treatment outcomes and natural course of low-grade intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas in: Neurosurgical Focus Volume 56 Issue 3 (2024) Journals
    https://thejns.org/focus/view/journals/neurosurg-focus/56/3/article-pE2.xml
    The rates of complete occlusion after treatment of low-grade dAVFs vary in the literature between 78% and 95%. […] We found complete occlusion as an immediate posttreatment result in 58% of patients after EVT, which is similar to the findings of a recent international multicenter study. […] The overall complication rate of our study is similar to that of a previous report (21%), but the vast majority of the complications were without neurological sequela. […] Still, in light of this and previous studies, treatment of low-grade dAVFs can be considered effective and safe. […] An optimal radiographic follow-up regimen should be developed by a future prospective multicenter registry.
  • #19 Long-term treatment outcomes and natural course of low-grade intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas in: Neurosurgical Focus Volume 56 Issue 3 (2024) Journals
    https://thejns.org/focus/view/journals/neurosurg-focus/56/3/article-pE2.xml
    Treatment of low-grade dAVF provides a high rate of symptom relief with small risks for complications with neurological sequela. […] The risks of ICH and mortality in patients with untreated low-grade dAVF are minimal. […] We showed that EVT of low-grade dAVF achieves a high rate of symptom relief (98%), with a low risk of permanent neurological deficit (2%). […] The natural course of untreated low-grade dAVF seemed benign, as we found no cases of late dAVF-related ICH or mortality after a median follow-up of almost 6 years. […] The fact that we found no cases of late dAVF-related ICH or mortality in the treated and untreated cohorts further underlines the benign nature of these lesions, as previously described by others. […] Although residual or recurrent flow through fistulas in the absence of cortical venous drainage is regarded as acceptable, complete and durable fistula obliteration is of course the primary treatment goal.
  • #20 Long-term treatment outcomes and natural course of low-grade intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas in: Neurosurgical Focus Volume 56 Issue 3 (2024) Journals
    https://thejns.org/focus/view/journals/neurosurg-focus/56/3/article-pE2.xml
    Treatment of low-grade dAVF provides a high rate of symptom relief with small risks for complications with neurological sequela. […] The risks of ICH and mortality in patients with untreated low-grade dAVF are minimal. […] We showed that EVT of low-grade dAVF achieves a high rate of symptom relief (98%), with a low risk of permanent neurological deficit (2%). […] The natural course of untreated low-grade dAVF seemed benign, as we found no cases of late dAVF-related ICH or mortality after a median follow-up of almost 6 years. […] The fact that we found no cases of late dAVF-related ICH or mortality in the treated and untreated cohorts further underlines the benign nature of these lesions, as previously described by others. […] Although residual or recurrent flow through fistulas in the absence of cortical venous drainage is regarded as acceptable, complete and durable fistula obliteration is of course the primary treatment goal.
  • #21 Long-term treatment outcomes and natural course of low-grade intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas in: Neurosurgical Focus Volume 56 Issue 3 (2024) Journals
    https://thejns.org/focus/view/journals/neurosurg-focus/56/3/article-pE2.xml
    Treatment of low-grade dAVF provides a high rate of symptom relief with small risks for complications with neurological sequela. […] The risks of ICH and mortality in patients with untreated low-grade dAVF are minimal. […] We showed that EVT of low-grade dAVF achieves a high rate of symptom relief (98%), with a low risk of permanent neurological deficit (2%). […] The natural course of untreated low-grade dAVF seemed benign, as we found no cases of late dAVF-related ICH or mortality after a median follow-up of almost 6 years. […] The fact that we found no cases of late dAVF-related ICH or mortality in the treated and untreated cohorts further underlines the benign nature of these lesions, as previously described by others. […] Although residual or recurrent flow through fistulas in the absence of cortical venous drainage is regarded as acceptable, complete and durable fistula obliteration is of course the primary treatment goal.
  • #22 Long-term treatment outcomes and natural course of low-grade intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas in: Neurosurgical Focus Volume 56 Issue 3 (2024) Journals
    https://thejns.org/focus/view/journals/neurosurg-focus/56/3/article-pE2.xml
    Treatment of low-grade dAVF provides a high rate of symptom relief with small risks for complications with neurological sequela. […] The risks of ICH and mortality in patients with untreated low-grade dAVF are minimal. […] We showed that EVT of low-grade dAVF achieves a high rate of symptom relief (98%), with a low risk of permanent neurological deficit (2%). […] The natural course of untreated low-grade dAVF seemed benign, as we found no cases of late dAVF-related ICH or mortality after a median follow-up of almost 6 years. […] The fact that we found no cases of late dAVF-related ICH or mortality in the treated and untreated cohorts further underlines the benign nature of these lesions, as previously described by others. […] Although residual or recurrent flow through fistulas in the absence of cortical venous drainage is regarded as acceptable, complete and durable fistula obliteration is of course the primary treatment goal.
  • #23 A Judgment and Action for Dural Arteriovenous Fistula
    https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jcns/25/1/25_42/_article/-char/en
    When treating dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVF), it is recognized that the disease course depends on the disturbance of the cerebral blood flow such as cortical venous drainage and venous congestion. […] Recent reports suggested that symptomatology is also an important factor affecting the natural history of this pathology. […] These factors can help to predict the future development of intracranial hemorrhage/infarction in DAVF patients. […] Therefore treatment indication should be carefully determined based upon various factors to best affect the natural course. […] Trans-venous embolization which is results in the outlet occlusion of DAVF is an established therapy with high curability and low morbidity. […] Transarterial and trans-fistulous embolization with NBCA or Onyx can also be expected with higher curability, although all of the possible procedure-related complications are not yet fully elucidated.
  • #24
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00701-021-04950-9
    We recommend EVT as first treatment modality in types I, II, and in non-hemorrhagic type III/IV dAVFs. […] We recommend surgery as first treatment choice in acute hemorrhagic dAVFs and as secondary choice in type III/IV dAVFs not successfully occluded by EVT. […] Combining the two modalities provides obliteration in 9/10 dAVF cases at a low procedural risk. […] This study confirmed our hypothesis that our selection of treatment modality (EVT/surgery) depended heavily on the dAVF characteristics and clinical setting. […] Combining the two modalities gave a high (93%) final angiographic obliteration rate, including all type III/IV fistulas. […] Outcome was favorable, with 52/77 (68%) patients becoming asymptomatic and 5% permanent cranial nerve deficits. […] The present experience of 21/23 (91%) of the hemorrhagic cases being asymptomatic prior to ictus, however, suggests elective treatment of asymptomatic type IIIV dAVFs unless patient frailty/medical contraindications exist.
  • #25
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00701-021-04950-9
    We recommend EVT as first treatment modality in types I, II, and in non-hemorrhagic type III/IV dAVFs. […] We recommend surgery as first treatment choice in acute hemorrhagic dAVFs and as secondary choice in type III/IV dAVFs not successfully occluded by EVT. […] Combining the two modalities provides obliteration in 9/10 dAVF cases at a low procedural risk. […] This study confirmed our hypothesis that our selection of treatment modality (EVT/surgery) depended heavily on the dAVF characteristics and clinical setting. […] Combining the two modalities gave a high (93%) final angiographic obliteration rate, including all type III/IV fistulas. […] Outcome was favorable, with 52/77 (68%) patients becoming asymptomatic and 5% permanent cranial nerve deficits. […] The present experience of 21/23 (91%) of the hemorrhagic cases being asymptomatic prior to ictus, however, suggests elective treatment of asymptomatic type IIIV dAVFs unless patient frailty/medical contraindications exist.
  • #26
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00701-021-04950-9
    We recommend EVT as first treatment modality in types I, II, and in non-hemorrhagic type III/IV dAVFs. […] We recommend surgery as first treatment choice in acute hemorrhagic dAVFs and as secondary choice in type III/IV dAVFs not successfully occluded by EVT. […] Combining the two modalities provides obliteration in 9/10 dAVF cases at a low procedural risk. […] This study confirmed our hypothesis that our selection of treatment modality (EVT/surgery) depended heavily on the dAVF characteristics and clinical setting. […] Combining the two modalities gave a high (93%) final angiographic obliteration rate, including all type III/IV fistulas. […] Outcome was favorable, with 52/77 (68%) patients becoming asymptomatic and 5% permanent cranial nerve deficits. […] The present experience of 21/23 (91%) of the hemorrhagic cases being asymptomatic prior to ictus, however, suggests elective treatment of asymptomatic type IIIV dAVFs unless patient frailty/medical contraindications exist.
  • #27
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00701-021-04950-9
    We recommend EVT as first treatment modality in types I, II, and in non-hemorrhagic type III/IV dAVFs. […] We recommend surgery as first treatment choice in acute hemorrhagic dAVFs and as secondary choice in type III/IV dAVFs not successfully occluded by EVT. […] Combining the two modalities provides obliteration in 9/10 dAVF cases at a low procedural risk. […] This study confirmed our hypothesis that our selection of treatment modality (EVT/surgery) depended heavily on the dAVF characteristics and clinical setting. […] Combining the two modalities gave a high (93%) final angiographic obliteration rate, including all type III/IV fistulas. […] Outcome was favorable, with 52/77 (68%) patients becoming asymptomatic and 5% permanent cranial nerve deficits. […] The present experience of 21/23 (91%) of the hemorrhagic cases being asymptomatic prior to ictus, however, suggests elective treatment of asymptomatic type IIIV dAVFs unless patient frailty/medical contraindications exist.
  • #28
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00701-021-04950-9
    We recommend EVT as first treatment modality in types I, II, and in non-hemorrhagic type III/IV dAVFs. […] We recommend surgery as first treatment choice in acute hemorrhagic dAVFs and as secondary choice in type III/IV dAVFs not successfully occluded by EVT. […] Combining the two modalities provides obliteration in 9/10 dAVF cases at a low procedural risk. […] This study confirmed our hypothesis that our selection of treatment modality (EVT/surgery) depended heavily on the dAVF characteristics and clinical setting. […] Combining the two modalities gave a high (93%) final angiographic obliteration rate, including all type III/IV fistulas. […] Outcome was favorable, with 52/77 (68%) patients becoming asymptomatic and 5% permanent cranial nerve deficits. […] The present experience of 21/23 (91%) of the hemorrhagic cases being asymptomatic prior to ictus, however, suggests elective treatment of asymptomatic type IIIV dAVFs unless patient frailty/medical contraindications exist.
  • #29
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00701-021-04950-9
    Due to the high frequency of early rebleeds among our 20 acute hemorrhagic patients, we recommend that the swiftness of treatment in a hemorrhaging dAVF should be similar to that of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. […] This contrasts Baltsavias et al. who use primary surgery only in cases of emergency hematoma evacuation. […] The relationship between dAVF and headache seems to be less direct as 43% of our headache patients had residual headache in spite of complete dAVF obliteration.
  • #30 Long-term treatment outcomes and natural course of low-grade intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas in: Neurosurgical Focus Volume 56 Issue 3 (2024) Journals
    https://thejns.org/focus/view/journals/neurosurg-focus/56/3/article-pE2.xml
    The rates of complete occlusion after treatment of low-grade dAVFs vary in the literature between 78% and 95%. […] We found complete occlusion as an immediate posttreatment result in 58% of patients after EVT, which is similar to the findings of a recent international multicenter study. […] The overall complication rate of our study is similar to that of a previous report (21%), but the vast majority of the complications were without neurological sequela. […] Still, in light of this and previous studies, treatment of low-grade dAVFs can be considered effective and safe. […] An optimal radiographic follow-up regimen should be developed by a future prospective multicenter registry.
  • #31 Long-term treatment outcomes and natural course of low-grade intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas in: Neurosurgical Focus Volume 56 Issue 3 (2024) Journals
    https://thejns.org/focus/view/journals/neurosurg-focus/56/3/article-pE2.xml
    The rates of complete occlusion after treatment of low-grade dAVFs vary in the literature between 78% and 95%. […] We found complete occlusion as an immediate posttreatment result in 58% of patients after EVT, which is similar to the findings of a recent international multicenter study. […] The overall complication rate of our study is similar to that of a previous report (21%), but the vast majority of the complications were without neurological sequela. […] Still, in light of this and previous studies, treatment of low-grade dAVFs can be considered effective and safe. […] An optimal radiographic follow-up regimen should be developed by a future prospective multicenter registry.
  • #32
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00701-021-04950-9
    We recommend EVT as first treatment modality in types I, II, and in non-hemorrhagic type III/IV dAVFs. […] We recommend surgery as first treatment choice in acute hemorrhagic dAVFs and as secondary choice in type III/IV dAVFs not successfully occluded by EVT. […] Combining the two modalities provides obliteration in 9/10 dAVF cases at a low procedural risk. […] This study confirmed our hypothesis that our selection of treatment modality (EVT/surgery) depended heavily on the dAVF characteristics and clinical setting. […] Combining the two modalities gave a high (93%) final angiographic obliteration rate, including all type III/IV fistulas. […] Outcome was favorable, with 52/77 (68%) patients becoming asymptomatic and 5% permanent cranial nerve deficits. […] The present experience of 21/23 (91%) of the hemorrhagic cases being asymptomatic prior to ictus, however, suggests elective treatment of asymptomatic type IIIV dAVFs unless patient frailty/medical contraindications exist.
  • #33 Long-term treatment outcomes and natural course of low-grade intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas in: Neurosurgical Focus Volume 56 Issue 3 (2024) Journals
    https://thejns.org/focus/view/journals/neurosurg-focus/56/3/article-pE2.xml
    Treatment of low-grade dAVF provides a high rate of symptom relief with small risks for complications with neurological sequela. […] The risks of ICH and mortality in patients with untreated low-grade dAVF are minimal. […] We showed that EVT of low-grade dAVF achieves a high rate of symptom relief (98%), with a low risk of permanent neurological deficit (2%). […] The natural course of untreated low-grade dAVF seemed benign, as we found no cases of late dAVF-related ICH or mortality after a median follow-up of almost 6 years. […] The fact that we found no cases of late dAVF-related ICH or mortality in the treated and untreated cohorts further underlines the benign nature of these lesions, as previously described by others. […] Although residual or recurrent flow through fistulas in the absence of cortical venous drainage is regarded as acceptable, complete and durable fistula obliteration is of course the primary treatment goal.
  • #34 Long-term treatment outcomes and natural course of low-grade intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas in: Neurosurgical Focus Volume 56 Issue 3 (2024) Journals
    https://thejns.org/focus/view/journals/neurosurg-focus/56/3/article-pE2.xml
    The rates of complete occlusion after treatment of low-grade dAVFs vary in the literature between 78% and 95%. […] We found complete occlusion as an immediate posttreatment result in 58% of patients after EVT, which is similar to the findings of a recent international multicenter study. […] The overall complication rate of our study is similar to that of a previous report (21%), but the vast majority of the complications were without neurological sequela. […] Still, in light of this and previous studies, treatment of low-grade dAVFs can be considered effective and safe. […] An optimal radiographic follow-up regimen should be developed by a future prospective multicenter registry.
  • #35 Long-term outcomes and prognostic factors in patients with treated spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas: a prospective cohort study
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8724715/
    Therefore, patients with SDAVFs must undergo surgical treatment as soon as possible; otherwise, their spinal cord function will decline gradually. The irreversible damage to the spinal cord caused by spinal venous hypertension, or any reason for delayed treatment, may also affect subsequent recovery.
  • #36 Long-Term Outcome of Patients with Spinal Dural Arteriovenous Fistula: The Dilemma of Delayed Diagnosis | American Journal of Neuroradiology
    https://www.ajnr.org/content/41/2/357
    Our current analysis implies the importance of early diagnosis for a better neurologic outcome. However, despite major developments in neuroradiologic noninvasive diagnostic tools in the past decades, the diagnosis of sdAVF remains markedly delayed. Our current study may raise the awareness of neurologists of this rare disease and emphasize the importance of early diagnosis in these patients.
  • #37 Long-term outcomes and prognostic factors in patients with treated spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas: a prospective cohort study
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8724715/
    Therefore, patients with SDAVFs must undergo surgical treatment as soon as possible; otherwise, their spinal cord function will decline gradually. The irreversible damage to the spinal cord caused by spinal venous hypertension, or any reason for delayed treatment, may also affect subsequent recovery.
  • #38 Long-term outcomes and prognostic factors in patients with treated spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas: a prospective cohort study
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8724715/
    Therefore, patients with SDAVFs must undergo surgical treatment as soon as possible; otherwise, their spinal cord function will decline gradually. The irreversible damage to the spinal cord caused by spinal venous hypertension, or any reason for delayed treatment, may also affect subsequent recovery.
  • #39 Long-Term Outcome of Patients with Spinal Dural Arteriovenous Fistula: The Dilemma of Delayed Diagnosis | American Journal of Neuroradiology
    https://www.ajnr.org/content/41/2/357
    BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The impact of various radiologic and clinical features on the long-term outcome in spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas is still unclear; thus, they are the purpose of this study. […] CONCLUSIONS: Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas are characterized by interindividually variable clinical presentations, which make a determination of specific predictors for long-term outcome more difficult. Fast and sufficient diagnosis might result in a better outcome after treatment. The diagnosis of spinal dural arteriovenous fistula remains markedly delayed, reflecting an ongoing lack of knowledge and awareness among treating physicians of this rare-but-serious disease. […] Among all analyzed clinical factors in our current cohort, only a shorter duration of symptoms before treatment (6 months) was associated with a better long-term outcome. Patient age and the neurologic status at diagnosis had no influence on the long-term outcome.
  • #40 Long-Term Outcome of Patients with Spinal Dural Arteriovenous Fistula: The Dilemma of Delayed Diagnosis | American Journal of Neuroradiology
    https://www.ajnr.org/content/41/2/357
    Our current analysis implies the importance of early diagnosis for a better neurologic outcome. However, despite major developments in neuroradiologic noninvasive diagnostic tools in the past decades, the diagnosis of sdAVF remains markedly delayed. Our current study may raise the awareness of neurologists of this rare disease and emphasize the importance of early diagnosis in these patients.
  • #41 Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas: outcome and prognostic factors – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22537120/
    The aim of this study is to review the clinical outcome of patients treated for spinal dural arteriovenous malformations and investigate the presence of pretreatment indicators of outcome after short- and midterm follow-up. […] This study appears to confirm that neurological status before treatment, anatomical location of the fistula, and symptoms at presentation are all factors that can predict outcome. […] Early diagnosis of spinal dural arteriovenous malformations in the lower thoracic area in patients with an Aminoff scale score 3 was associated with the most favorable outcome.
  • #42 Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas: outcome and prognostic factors in: Neurosurgical Focus Volume 32 Issue 5 (2012) Journals
    https://thejns.org/focus/view/journals/neurosurg-focus/32/5/2012.2.focus1218.xml
    The aim of this study is to review the clinical outcome of patients treated for spinal dural arteriovenous malformations and investigate the presence of pretreatment indicators of outcome after short- and midterm follow-up. […] This study appears to confirm that neurological status before treatment, anatomical location of the fistula, and symptoms at presentation are all factors that can predict outcome. […] Early diagnosis of spinal dural arteriovenous malformations in the lower thoracic area in patients with an Aminoff scale score 3 was associated with the most favorable outcome. […] Despite improvements in neuroradiological tools, which permit prompt diagnosis and safe surgical or endovascular intervention, it remains difficult to predict whether patients will obtain clinical improvement or whether the treatment will simply halt progression of symptoms.
  • #43 Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas: outcome and prognostic factors in: Neurosurgical Focus Volume 32 Issue 5 (2012) Journals
    https://thejns.org/focus/view/journals/neurosurg-focus/32/5/2012.2.focus1218.xml
    An unfavorable outcome could be the consequence of several factors as noted by many authors. […] It would appear that clinical status before treatment, modality of onset of symptoms, patient age, and anatomical location of the fistula all play a predictive role in determining clinical outcome after treatment. […] Our study appears to confirm that neurological status before treatment, anatomical location of the fistula, and presenting symptoms are all predictive factors for outcome. […] Early diagnosis of lower thoracic area SDAVFs in patients and an Aminoff scale score 3 were associated with the best outcome.
  • #44 Long-term outcomes and prognostic factors in patients with treated spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas: a prospective cohort study
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8724715/
    To define the pattern of long-term clinical outcomes and prognostic factors in patients with spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas (SDAVFs). […] Nearly two-thirds of the patients experienced clinical improvement at 72 months, and preoperative (1day before treatment) mALS was the strongest predictor of clinical improvement. However, 55.8% of patients showed deterioration after temporary recovery. […] The preoperative mALS was found to be related to clinical improvement at 6 years. A higher preoperative mALS, which suggests higher spinal cord disability, suggests poor clinical improvement at 6 years. […] In our study, the strongest factor predicting the long-term outcome was the degree of preoperative spinal cord function, while age, sex, duration of symptoms and location of fistula were not directly correlated.
  • #45 Long-term treatment outcomes and natural course of low-grade intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas in: Neurosurgical Focus Volume 56 Issue 3 (2024) Journals
    https://thejns.org/focus/view/journals/neurosurg-focus/56/3/article-pE2.xml
    The rates of complete occlusion after treatment of low-grade dAVFs vary in the literature between 78% and 95%. […] We found complete occlusion as an immediate posttreatment result in 58% of patients after EVT, which is similar to the findings of a recent international multicenter study. […] The overall complication rate of our study is similar to that of a previous report (21%), but the vast majority of the complications were without neurological sequela. […] Still, in light of this and previous studies, treatment of low-grade dAVFs can be considered effective and safe. […] An optimal radiographic follow-up regimen should be developed by a future prospective multicenter registry.
  • #46 Long-term treatment outcomes and natural course of low-grade intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas in: Neurosurgical Focus Volume 56 Issue 3 (2024) Journals
    https://thejns.org/focus/view/journals/neurosurg-focus/56/3/article-pE2.xml
    The rates of complete occlusion after treatment of low-grade dAVFs vary in the literature between 78% and 95%. […] We found complete occlusion as an immediate posttreatment result in 58% of patients after EVT, which is similar to the findings of a recent international multicenter study. […] The overall complication rate of our study is similar to that of a previous report (21%), but the vast majority of the complications were without neurological sequela. […] Still, in light of this and previous studies, treatment of low-grade dAVFs can be considered effective and safe. […] An optimal radiographic follow-up regimen should be developed by a future prospective multicenter registry.
  • #47 Long-term treatment outcomes and natural course of low-grade intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas in: Neurosurgical Focus Volume 56 Issue 3 (2024) Journals
    https://thejns.org/focus/view/journals/neurosurg-focus/56/3/article-pE2.xml
    Treatment of low-grade dAVF provides a high rate of symptom relief with small risks for complications with neurological sequela. […] The risks of ICH and mortality in patients with untreated low-grade dAVF are minimal. […] We showed that EVT of low-grade dAVF achieves a high rate of symptom relief (98%), with a low risk of permanent neurological deficit (2%). […] The natural course of untreated low-grade dAVF seemed benign, as we found no cases of late dAVF-related ICH or mortality after a median follow-up of almost 6 years. […] The fact that we found no cases of late dAVF-related ICH or mortality in the treated and untreated cohorts further underlines the benign nature of these lesions, as previously described by others. […] Although residual or recurrent flow through fistulas in the absence of cortical venous drainage is regarded as acceptable, complete and durable fistula obliteration is of course the primary treatment goal.
  • #48
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00701-021-04950-9
    Due to the high frequency of early rebleeds among our 20 acute hemorrhagic patients, we recommend that the swiftness of treatment in a hemorrhaging dAVF should be similar to that of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. […] This contrasts Baltsavias et al. who use primary surgery only in cases of emergency hematoma evacuation. […] The relationship between dAVF and headache seems to be less direct as 43% of our headache patients had residual headache in spite of complete dAVF obliteration.
  • #49 Long-Term Outcome of Patients with Spinal Dural Arteriovenous Fistula: The Dilemma of Delayed Diagnosis | American Journal of Neuroradiology
    https://www.ajnr.org/content/41/2/357
    BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The impact of various radiologic and clinical features on the long-term outcome in spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas is still unclear; thus, they are the purpose of this study. […] CONCLUSIONS: Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas are characterized by interindividually variable clinical presentations, which make a determination of specific predictors for long-term outcome more difficult. Fast and sufficient diagnosis might result in a better outcome after treatment. The diagnosis of spinal dural arteriovenous fistula remains markedly delayed, reflecting an ongoing lack of knowledge and awareness among treating physicians of this rare-but-serious disease. […] Among all analyzed clinical factors in our current cohort, only a shorter duration of symptoms before treatment (6 months) was associated with a better long-term outcome. Patient age and the neurologic status at diagnosis had no influence on the long-term outcome.
  • #50 Long-term outcomes and prognostic factors in patients with treated spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas: a prospective cohort study
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8724715/
    To define the pattern of long-term clinical outcomes and prognostic factors in patients with spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas (SDAVFs). […] Nearly two-thirds of the patients experienced clinical improvement at 72 months, and preoperative (1day before treatment) mALS was the strongest predictor of clinical improvement. However, 55.8% of patients showed deterioration after temporary recovery. […] The preoperative mALS was found to be related to clinical improvement at 6 years. A higher preoperative mALS, which suggests higher spinal cord disability, suggests poor clinical improvement at 6 years. […] In our study, the strongest factor predicting the long-term outcome was the degree of preoperative spinal cord function, while age, sex, duration of symptoms and location of fistula were not directly correlated.
  • #51 Long-Term Outcome of Patients with Spinal Dural Arteriovenous Fistula: The Dilemma of Delayed Diagnosis | American Journal of Neuroradiology
    https://www.ajnr.org/content/41/2/357
    BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The impact of various radiologic and clinical features on the long-term outcome in spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas is still unclear; thus, they are the purpose of this study. […] CONCLUSIONS: Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas are characterized by interindividually variable clinical presentations, which make a determination of specific predictors for long-term outcome more difficult. Fast and sufficient diagnosis might result in a better outcome after treatment. The diagnosis of spinal dural arteriovenous fistula remains markedly delayed, reflecting an ongoing lack of knowledge and awareness among treating physicians of this rare-but-serious disease. […] Among all analyzed clinical factors in our current cohort, only a shorter duration of symptoms before treatment (6 months) was associated with a better long-term outcome. Patient age and the neurologic status at diagnosis had no influence on the long-term outcome.
  • #52 Long-Term Outcome of Patients with Spinal Dural Arteriovenous Fistula: The Dilemma of Delayed Diagnosis | American Journal of Neuroradiology
    https://www.ajnr.org/content/41/2/357
    Our current analysis implies the importance of early diagnosis for a better neurologic outcome. However, despite major developments in neuroradiologic noninvasive diagnostic tools in the past decades, the diagnosis of sdAVF remains markedly delayed. Our current study may raise the awareness of neurologists of this rare disease and emphasize the importance of early diagnosis in these patients.
  • #53
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00701-021-04950-9
    We recommend EVT as first treatment modality in types I, II, and in non-hemorrhagic type III/IV dAVFs. […] We recommend surgery as first treatment choice in acute hemorrhagic dAVFs and as secondary choice in type III/IV dAVFs not successfully occluded by EVT. […] Combining the two modalities provides obliteration in 9/10 dAVF cases at a low procedural risk. […] This study confirmed our hypothesis that our selection of treatment modality (EVT/surgery) depended heavily on the dAVF characteristics and clinical setting. […] Combining the two modalities gave a high (93%) final angiographic obliteration rate, including all type III/IV fistulas. […] Outcome was favorable, with 52/77 (68%) patients becoming asymptomatic and 5% permanent cranial nerve deficits. […] The present experience of 21/23 (91%) of the hemorrhagic cases being asymptomatic prior to ictus, however, suggests elective treatment of asymptomatic type IIIV dAVFs unless patient frailty/medical contraindications exist.
  • #54
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00701-021-04950-9
    We recommend EVT as first treatment modality in types I, II, and in non-hemorrhagic type III/IV dAVFs. […] We recommend surgery as first treatment choice in acute hemorrhagic dAVFs and as secondary choice in type III/IV dAVFs not successfully occluded by EVT. […] Combining the two modalities provides obliteration in 9/10 dAVF cases at a low procedural risk. […] This study confirmed our hypothesis that our selection of treatment modality (EVT/surgery) depended heavily on the dAVF characteristics and clinical setting. […] Combining the two modalities gave a high (93%) final angiographic obliteration rate, including all type III/IV fistulas. […] Outcome was favorable, with 52/77 (68%) patients becoming asymptomatic and 5% permanent cranial nerve deficits. […] The present experience of 21/23 (91%) of the hemorrhagic cases being asymptomatic prior to ictus, however, suggests elective treatment of asymptomatic type IIIV dAVFs unless patient frailty/medical contraindications exist.
  • #55 Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas: outcome and prognostic factors in: Neurosurgical Focus Volume 32 Issue 5 (2012) Journals
    https://thejns.org/focus/view/journals/neurosurg-focus/32/5/2012.2.focus1218.xml
    An unfavorable outcome could be the consequence of several factors as noted by many authors. […] It would appear that clinical status before treatment, modality of onset of symptoms, patient age, and anatomical location of the fistula all play a predictive role in determining clinical outcome after treatment. […] Our study appears to confirm that neurological status before treatment, anatomical location of the fistula, and presenting symptoms are all predictive factors for outcome. […] Early diagnosis of lower thoracic area SDAVFs in patients and an Aminoff scale score 3 were associated with the best outcome.
  • #56 A Judgment and Action for Dural Arteriovenous Fistula
    https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jcns/25/1/25_42/_article/-char/en
    When treating dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVF), it is recognized that the disease course depends on the disturbance of the cerebral blood flow such as cortical venous drainage and venous congestion. […] Recent reports suggested that symptomatology is also an important factor affecting the natural history of this pathology. […] These factors can help to predict the future development of intracranial hemorrhage/infarction in DAVF patients. […] Therefore treatment indication should be carefully determined based upon various factors to best affect the natural course. […] Trans-venous embolization which is results in the outlet occlusion of DAVF is an established therapy with high curability and low morbidity. […] Transarterial and trans-fistulous embolization with NBCA or Onyx can also be expected with higher curability, although all of the possible procedure-related complications are not yet fully elucidated.