Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Cystocele Repair: Overview, Technique, Periprocedural Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1848220-overview

  Pelvic organ prolapse (POP), including cystocele, is a major health concern, especially in the elderly. In the United States, more than 200,000 operations are performed annually for POP; reoperation rates reach 30%. By the age of 80 years, the lifetime risk of primary surgery for POP is 20.0%; the cumulative lifetime risk is 12.6%. […] Anterior vaginal wall prolapse (AWP) is the most common form of female POP, with 81% of prolapse repairs including the anterior vaginal wall. Furthermore, AWP carries the highest risk for recurrence, with reported recurrence rates as high as 41%. In this article, we use the term „cystocele” to represent AWP. […] The risk factors for developing POP include age, parity, obesity, chronic constipation, hormonal status, previous gynecologic surgery and hysterectomy, chronic obstructive airway disease, smoking, high-impact activity, and genetics.

• #2 Pelvic organ prolapse – WikEM

  https://wikem.org/wiki/Pelvic_organ_prolapse

  Cystocele […] Most common form of pelvic organ prolapse […] Hernia of anterior vaginal wall + descent of bladder […] Uterine prolapse […] Cystocele […] Uterine prolapse […] Cystocele.

• #3 Cystocele – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystocele

  A large study found a rate of 29% over a woman’s lifetime. Other studies indicate a recurrence rate as low as 3%. […] In the US, greater than 200,000 surgeries are performed each year for pelvic organ prolapse and 81% of these are to correct cystocele. […] Cystocele occurs most frequently compared to the prolapse of other pelvic organs and structure. […] Cystocele is found to be three times as common as vaginal vault prolapse and twice as often as posterior vaginal wall defects. […] The incidence of cystocele is around 9 per 100 women-years. […] The highest incidence of symptoms occurs between the ages of 70 and 79 years. […] Based on population growth statistics, the number of women with prolapse will increase by a minimum of 46% by the year 2050 in the US. […] Surgery to correct prolapse after hysterectomy is 3.6 per 1,000 women-years.

• #4 Clinical challenges in the management of vaginal prolapse | IJWH

  https://www.dovepress.com/clinical-challenges-in-the-management-of-vaginal-prolapse-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IJWH

  Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is one of many pelvic floor disorders in women. Prolapse is a protrusion of the vaginal walls and/or uterus, resulting from descent of the pelvic organs. In general, vaginal prolapse includes multiple categories of pelvic support problems, such as uterine prolapse, posthysterectomy vaginal vault prolapse (enterocele), anterior vaginal wall prolapse (cystocele), and posterior vaginal wall prolapse (rectocele). These various support defects can occur in isolation or in combination with one another. […] Among women aged 5079 years in the Womens Health Initiative, 41% had POP, with cystocele being the most common. […] In the US alone, approximately 200,000 women undergo surgery annually for prolapse, and approximately 29% require reoperation for recurrent prolapse.

• #5 Cystocele – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystocele

  A large study found a rate of 29% over a woman’s lifetime. Other studies indicate a recurrence rate as low as 3%. […] In the US, greater than 200,000 surgeries are performed each year for pelvic organ prolapse and 81% of these are to correct cystocele. […] Cystocele occurs most frequently compared to the prolapse of other pelvic organs and structure. […] Cystocele is found to be three times as common as vaginal vault prolapse and twice as often as posterior vaginal wall defects. […] The incidence of cystocele is around 9 per 100 women-years. […] The highest incidence of symptoms occurs between the ages of 70 and 79 years. […] Based on population growth statistics, the number of women with prolapse will increase by a minimum of 46% by the year 2050 in the US. […] Surgery to correct prolapse after hysterectomy is 3.6 per 1,000 women-years.

• #6 Cystocele – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystocele

  A large study found a rate of 29% over a woman’s lifetime. Other studies indicate a recurrence rate as low as 3%. […] In the US, greater than 200,000 surgeries are performed each year for pelvic organ prolapse and 81% of these are to correct cystocele. […] Cystocele occurs most frequently compared to the prolapse of other pelvic organs and structure. […] Cystocele is found to be three times as common as vaginal vault prolapse and twice as often as posterior vaginal wall defects. […] The incidence of cystocele is around 9 per 100 women-years. […] The highest incidence of symptoms occurs between the ages of 70 and 79 years. […] Based on population growth statistics, the number of women with prolapse will increase by a minimum of 46% by the year 2050 in the US. […] Surgery to correct prolapse after hysterectomy is 3.6 per 1,000 women-years.

• #7 Pelvic Organ Prolapse | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/0801/p179.html

  Pelvic organ prolapse is defined by herniation of the anterior vaginal wall, posterior vaginal wall, uterus, or vaginal apex into the vagina; descent may occur in one or more structures. Although pelvic organ prolapse can affect women of all ages, it more commonly occurs in older women. The prevalence of pelvic organ prolapse increases with age until a peak of 5% in 60- to 69-year-old women. Some degree of prolapse is present in 41% to 50% of women on physical examination, but only 3% of patients report symptoms. Limited data suggest that prolapse progresses until menopause, with low rates of progression and regression thereafter. The number of women who have pelvic organ prolapse is expected to increase by 46%, to 4.9 million, by 2050. […] The Pelvic Floor Disorders Registry, created by the American Urogynecologic Society for the purpose of surveillance of transvaginal mesh implants, also collects validated objective outcome measures and electronic patient-reported outcomes.

• #8 Pelvic Organ Prolapse | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/0501/p1111.html

  Pelvic organ prolapse, or genital prolapse, is the descent of one or more of the pelvic structures (bladder, uterus, vagina) from the normal anatomic location toward or through the vaginal opening. Women of all ages may be affected, although pelvic organ prolapse is more common in older women. […] The prevalence of pelvic organ prolapse varies widely across studies, depending on the population studied and entry criteria. Women of all ages may be affected, although it is more common in older women. In the Women’s Health Initiative study, investigators found a 41.1 percent prevalence of pelvic organ prolapse at a standard physical assessment in postmenopausal women older than 60 years who had not had a hysterectomy. […] The cause of pelvic organ prolapse is multi-factorial, resulting from loss of the support maintained by a complex interaction among the levator ani, the vagina, and the connective tissue, as well as neurologic injury from stretching of the pudendal nerves that may occur during childbirth.

• #9 Pelvic Organ Prolapse | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/0801/p179.html

  Pelvic organ prolapse is defined by herniation of the anterior vaginal wall, posterior vaginal wall, uterus, or vaginal apex into the vagina; descent may occur in one or more structures. Although pelvic organ prolapse can affect women of all ages, it more commonly occurs in older women. The prevalence of pelvic organ prolapse increases with age until a peak of 5% in 60- to 69-year-old women. Some degree of prolapse is present in 41% to 50% of women on physical examination, but only 3% of patients report symptoms. Limited data suggest that prolapse progresses until menopause, with low rates of progression and regression thereafter. The number of women who have pelvic organ prolapse is expected to increase by 46%, to 4.9 million, by 2050. […] The Pelvic Floor Disorders Registry, created by the American Urogynecologic Society for the purpose of surveillance of transvaginal mesh implants, also collects validated objective outcome measures and electronic patient-reported outcomes.

• #10 Uterine Prolapse

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/Gyn/Uterus/UtrnPrlps.htm

  Prevalence increases with age and peaks at 5% for those over age 60 years old. […] Herniation of anterior vaginal wall (2-3 fold more common than posterior and apical prolapse).

• #11 The prevalence and treatment pattern of clinically diagnosed pelvic organ prolapse: a Korean National Health Insurance Database-based cross-sectional study 2009–2015 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-19692-5

  The prevalence of pelvic organ prolapse was 1804 per 100,000 population in women older than 50 years old. […] The prevalence of uterine prolapse, cystocele, and rectocele was 351 per 100,000 population, 181 per 100,000 population, and 161 per 100,000 population among all ages, respectively, and 953 per 100,000 population, 472 per 100,000 population, and 331 per 100,000 population among women greater than 50 years of age, respectively. […] The prevalence of POP was 711 per 100,000 population for all ages and 1804 per 100,000 population for women older than 50 years old. […] The use of pessary has increased dramatically in women older than 65 years, and this procedure is the most commonly used treatment for women over 75 years old.

• #12 Genitourinary Prolapse (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/genitourinary-prolapse-pro

  Pelvic organ prolapse is common, occurring in 40-60% of parous women. The exact incidence of genital prolapse may be difficult to determine, as many women do not seek medical advice. A woman’s lifetime risk of surgery for pelvic organ prolapse is 12-19%. 1 in 12 women in the community in the UK report symptoms of pelvic organ prolapse. In the UK, pelvic organ prolapse accounts for 20% of women waiting for major gynaecological surgery and is a leading indication for hysterectomy in postmenopausal women. Prolapse of the anterior vaginal wall is the most common type. […] Cystourethrocele is the most common type of prolapse, followed by uterine prolapse and then rectocele.

• #13 Anterior vaginal prolapse (cystocele) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cystocele/symptoms-causes/syc-20369452

  Anterior vaginal prolapse, also known as a cystocele (SIS-toe-seel) or a prolapsed bladder, is when the bladder drops from its usual position in the pelvis and pushes on the wall of the vagina. […] Anterior prolapse occurs when the pelvic floor becomes weak or if too much pressure is put on the pelvic floor. […] Anterior prolapse is treatable. For a mild or moderate prolapse, nonsurgical treatment is often effective. In more severe cases, surgery may be necessary to keep the vagina and other pelvic organs in their proper positions. […] These factors may increase your risk of anterior prolapse: Pregnancy and childbirth. Women who have had a vaginal or instrument-assisted delivery, multiple pregnancies, or whose infants had a high birth weight have a higher risk of anterior prolapse. […] Your risk of anterior prolapse increases as you age. This is especially true after menopause, when your body’s production of estrogen which helps keep the pelvic floor strong decreases. […] Having your uterus removed may contribute to weakness in your pelvic floor, but this is not always the case. […] Some women are born with weaker connective tissues, making them more susceptible to anterior prolapse. […] Women who are overweight or obese are at higher risk of anterior prolapse.

• #14 Cystocele Repair: Overview, Technique, Periprocedural Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1848220-overview

  Pelvic organ prolapse (POP), including cystocele, is a major health concern, especially in the elderly. In the United States, more than 200,000 operations are performed annually for POP; reoperation rates reach 30%. By the age of 80 years, the lifetime risk of primary surgery for POP is 20.0%; the cumulative lifetime risk is 12.6%. […] Anterior vaginal wall prolapse (AWP) is the most common form of female POP, with 81% of prolapse repairs including the anterior vaginal wall. Furthermore, AWP carries the highest risk for recurrence, with reported recurrence rates as high as 41%. In this article, we use the term „cystocele” to represent AWP. […] The risk factors for developing POP include age, parity, obesity, chronic constipation, hormonal status, previous gynecologic surgery and hysterectomy, chronic obstructive airway disease, smoking, high-impact activity, and genetics.

• #15 Anterior vaginal prolapse (cystocele) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cystocele/symptoms-causes/syc-20369452

  Anterior vaginal prolapse, also known as a cystocele (SIS-toe-seel) or a prolapsed bladder, is when the bladder drops from its usual position in the pelvis and pushes on the wall of the vagina. […] Anterior prolapse occurs when the pelvic floor becomes weak or if too much pressure is put on the pelvic floor. […] Anterior prolapse is treatable. For a mild or moderate prolapse, nonsurgical treatment is often effective. In more severe cases, surgery may be necessary to keep the vagina and other pelvic organs in their proper positions. […] These factors may increase your risk of anterior prolapse: Pregnancy and childbirth. Women who have had a vaginal or instrument-assisted delivery, multiple pregnancies, or whose infants had a high birth weight have a higher risk of anterior prolapse. […] Your risk of anterior prolapse increases as you age. This is especially true after menopause, when your body’s production of estrogen which helps keep the pelvic floor strong decreases. […] Having your uterus removed may contribute to weakness in your pelvic floor, but this is not always the case. […] Some women are born with weaker connective tissues, making them more susceptible to anterior prolapse. […] Women who are overweight or obese are at higher risk of anterior prolapse.

• #16 FDA ban on transvaginal mesh: What does it mean for women facing pelvic organ prolapse? | Women’s Health | UT Southwestern Medical Center

  https://utswmed.org/medblog/fda-ban-transvaginal-mesh-what-does-it-mean-women-facing-pelvic-organ-prolapse/

  Pelvic organ prolapse, or POP, occurs when the muscles and ligaments supporting the vagina weaken, leading to a gradual dropping of the cervix, uterus, bladder, or rectum. The condition affects nearly one-third of all women, usually as they age or after childbirth. […] The FDA ruling in 2019 effectively discontinued a procedure that sometimes didn’t result in safe and positive outcomes. In October 2022, after a 36-month postmarket surveillance study, the FDA determined again that the benefits of using surgical mesh to treat POP transvaginally do not outweigh the risks. […] The end of transvaginal mesh surgery, as mandated by the FDA, does not mean the end of effective treatment for pelvic organ prolapse. Our team is trained in the most advanced therapies, technologies, and techniques to successfully treat POP.

• #17 Anterior vaginal prolapse (cystocele) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cystocele/symptoms-causes/syc-20369452

  Anterior vaginal prolapse, also known as a cystocele (SIS-toe-seel) or a prolapsed bladder, is when the bladder drops from its usual position in the pelvis and pushes on the wall of the vagina. […] Anterior prolapse occurs when the pelvic floor becomes weak or if too much pressure is put on the pelvic floor. […] Anterior prolapse is treatable. For a mild or moderate prolapse, nonsurgical treatment is often effective. In more severe cases, surgery may be necessary to keep the vagina and other pelvic organs in their proper positions. […] These factors may increase your risk of anterior prolapse: Pregnancy and childbirth. Women who have had a vaginal or instrument-assisted delivery, multiple pregnancies, or whose infants had a high birth weight have a higher risk of anterior prolapse. […] Your risk of anterior prolapse increases as you age. This is especially true after menopause, when your body’s production of estrogen which helps keep the pelvic floor strong decreases. […] Having your uterus removed may contribute to weakness in your pelvic floor, but this is not always the case. […] Some women are born with weaker connective tissues, making them more susceptible to anterior prolapse. […] Women who are overweight or obese are at higher risk of anterior prolapse.

• #18 Central and Lateral Cystocele | Iris Publishers

  https://irispublishers.com/sjrr/fulltext/central-and-lateral-cystocele.ID.000505.php

  Anterior vaginal wall prolapses or cystocele is by the International Urogynaecological Association (IUGA) defined as a downward descent of the anterior vaginal wall and bladder. A cystocele is a pathological descent of the anterior vaginal wall and bladder base. […] Epidemiologic studies indicate that vaginal birth and aging are two major risk factors for the development of pelvic organ prolapse. […] Successful treatment of anterior vaginal prolapse remains one of the most challenging aspects of pelvic reconstructive surgery. Anterior colporrhaphy has been the standard surgical treatment for anterior vaginal prolapse. […] Current management options for women with symptomatic pelvic organ prolapse include observation, pessary use, and surgery. Cystoceles are mainly treated by anterior colporrhaphy, paravaginal repair, Burch colposuspension and even sacrocolpopexy. […] Recurrence rates after the traditional anterior colporrhaphy have been reported as high as 30% to 70%. This large failure rate can be attributed to the approximation of attenuated perivesical fascia to the midline for the repair.

• #19 Anterior vaginal prolapse (cystocele) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cystocele/symptoms-causes/syc-20369452

  Anterior vaginal prolapse, also known as a cystocele (SIS-toe-seel) or a prolapsed bladder, is when the bladder drops from its usual position in the pelvis and pushes on the wall of the vagina. […] Anterior prolapse occurs when the pelvic floor becomes weak or if too much pressure is put on the pelvic floor. […] Anterior prolapse is treatable. For a mild or moderate prolapse, nonsurgical treatment is often effective. In more severe cases, surgery may be necessary to keep the vagina and other pelvic organs in their proper positions. […] These factors may increase your risk of anterior prolapse: Pregnancy and childbirth. Women who have had a vaginal or instrument-assisted delivery, multiple pregnancies, or whose infants had a high birth weight have a higher risk of anterior prolapse. […] Your risk of anterior prolapse increases as you age. This is especially true after menopause, when your body’s production of estrogen which helps keep the pelvic floor strong decreases. […] Having your uterus removed may contribute to weakness in your pelvic floor, but this is not always the case. […] Some women are born with weaker connective tissues, making them more susceptible to anterior prolapse. […] Women who are overweight or obese are at higher risk of anterior prolapse.

• #20

  https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/9396

  A cystocele is usually found to protrude the urinary bladder through the vaginal wall. […] Evidence indicates that a defect within the pelvic-floor supporting system can significantly lead to the development of cystocele. […] Parity, increasing age, and obesity are the main associated risk factors for developing these events. […] Staging is important to decide the most suitable treatment plan, which might be conservative or surgical. […] Surgery has been associated with enhanced outcomes and can be conducted via two different approaches, including anterior colporrhaphy and sacral colpopexy.

• #21 Anterior vaginal prolapse (cystocele) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cystocele/symptoms-causes/syc-20369452

  Anterior vaginal prolapse, also known as a cystocele (SIS-toe-seel) or a prolapsed bladder, is when the bladder drops from its usual position in the pelvis and pushes on the wall of the vagina. […] Anterior prolapse occurs when the pelvic floor becomes weak or if too much pressure is put on the pelvic floor. […] Anterior prolapse is treatable. For a mild or moderate prolapse, nonsurgical treatment is often effective. In more severe cases, surgery may be necessary to keep the vagina and other pelvic organs in their proper positions. […] These factors may increase your risk of anterior prolapse: Pregnancy and childbirth. Women who have had a vaginal or instrument-assisted delivery, multiple pregnancies, or whose infants had a high birth weight have a higher risk of anterior prolapse. […] Your risk of anterior prolapse increases as you age. This is especially true after menopause, when your body’s production of estrogen which helps keep the pelvic floor strong decreases. […] Having your uterus removed may contribute to weakness in your pelvic floor, but this is not always the case. […] Some women are born with weaker connective tissues, making them more susceptible to anterior prolapse. […] Women who are overweight or obese are at higher risk of anterior prolapse.

• #22 Anterior vaginal prolapse (cystocele) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cystocele/symptoms-causes/syc-20369452

  Anterior vaginal prolapse, also known as a cystocele (SIS-toe-seel) or a prolapsed bladder, is when the bladder drops from its usual position in the pelvis and pushes on the wall of the vagina. […] Anterior prolapse occurs when the pelvic floor becomes weak or if too much pressure is put on the pelvic floor. […] Anterior prolapse is treatable. For a mild or moderate prolapse, nonsurgical treatment is often effective. In more severe cases, surgery may be necessary to keep the vagina and other pelvic organs in their proper positions. […] These factors may increase your risk of anterior prolapse: Pregnancy and childbirth. Women who have had a vaginal or instrument-assisted delivery, multiple pregnancies, or whose infants had a high birth weight have a higher risk of anterior prolapse. […] Your risk of anterior prolapse increases as you age. This is especially true after menopause, when your body’s production of estrogen which helps keep the pelvic floor strong decreases. […] Having your uterus removed may contribute to weakness in your pelvic floor, but this is not always the case. […] Some women are born with weaker connective tissues, making them more susceptible to anterior prolapse. […] Women who are overweight or obese are at higher risk of anterior prolapse.

• #23

  https://step2.medbullets.com/gynecology/121754/uterine-prolapse

  incidence approximately 50% of women who have had children will develop organ prolapse […] demographics can affect women of any age […] occurs most often in postmenopausal women […] risk factors trauma during child birth […] multiple vaginal births […] obesity […] chronic coughing or straining […] chronic constipation

• #24 Cystocele Repair: Overview, Technique, Periprocedural Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1848220-overview

  Pelvic organ prolapse (POP), including cystocele, is a major health concern, especially in the elderly. In the United States, more than 200,000 operations are performed annually for POP; reoperation rates reach 30%. By the age of 80 years, the lifetime risk of primary surgery for POP is 20.0%; the cumulative lifetime risk is 12.6%. […] Anterior vaginal wall prolapse (AWP) is the most common form of female POP, with 81% of prolapse repairs including the anterior vaginal wall. Furthermore, AWP carries the highest risk for recurrence, with reported recurrence rates as high as 41%. In this article, we use the term „cystocele” to represent AWP. […] The risk factors for developing POP include age, parity, obesity, chronic constipation, hormonal status, previous gynecologic surgery and hysterectomy, chronic obstructive airway disease, smoking, high-impact activity, and genetics.

• #25 Cystocele Repair: Overview, Technique, Periprocedural Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1848220-overview

  Pelvic organ prolapse (POP), including cystocele, is a major health concern, especially in the elderly. In the United States, more than 200,000 operations are performed annually for POP; reoperation rates reach 30%. By the age of 80 years, the lifetime risk of primary surgery for POP is 20.0%; the cumulative lifetime risk is 12.6%. […] Anterior vaginal wall prolapse (AWP) is the most common form of female POP, with 81% of prolapse repairs including the anterior vaginal wall. Furthermore, AWP carries the highest risk for recurrence, with reported recurrence rates as high as 41%. In this article, we use the term „cystocele” to represent AWP. […] The risk factors for developing POP include age, parity, obesity, chronic constipation, hormonal status, previous gynecologic surgery and hysterectomy, chronic obstructive airway disease, smoking, high-impact activity, and genetics.

• #26 Pelvic Organ Prolapse – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563229/

  The incidence of pelvic organ prolapse is highly associated with increased age. […] Although the exact prevalence of pelvic organ prolapse is unknown, an analysis of hospital procedure codes reveals that approximately 200,000 surgeries for POP treatment are performed annually in the United States. […] The incidence of pelvic organ prolapse is projected to increase by 46%, to 4.9 million, by 2050.

• #27 Pelvic Organ Prolapse | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/0801/p179.html

  Pelvic organ prolapse is defined by herniation of the anterior vaginal wall, posterior vaginal wall, uterus, or vaginal apex into the vagina; descent may occur in one or more structures. Although pelvic organ prolapse can affect women of all ages, it more commonly occurs in older women. The prevalence of pelvic organ prolapse increases with age until a peak of 5% in 60- to 69-year-old women. Some degree of prolapse is present in 41% to 50% of women on physical examination, but only 3% of patients report symptoms. Limited data suggest that prolapse progresses until menopause, with low rates of progression and regression thereafter. The number of women who have pelvic organ prolapse is expected to increase by 46%, to 4.9 million, by 2050. […] The Pelvic Floor Disorders Registry, created by the American Urogynecologic Society for the purpose of surveillance of transvaginal mesh implants, also collects validated objective outcome measures and electronic patient-reported outcomes.

• #28 Pelvic Organ Prolapse – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563229/

  The incidence of pelvic organ prolapse is highly associated with increased age. […] Although the exact prevalence of pelvic organ prolapse is unknown, an analysis of hospital procedure codes reveals that approximately 200,000 surgeries for POP treatment are performed annually in the United States. […] The incidence of pelvic organ prolapse is projected to increase by 46%, to 4.9 million, by 2050.

• #29 Cystocele – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystocele

  A large study found a rate of 29% over a woman’s lifetime. Other studies indicate a recurrence rate as low as 3%. […] In the US, greater than 200,000 surgeries are performed each year for pelvic organ prolapse and 81% of these are to correct cystocele. […] Cystocele occurs most frequently compared to the prolapse of other pelvic organs and structure. […] Cystocele is found to be three times as common as vaginal vault prolapse and twice as often as posterior vaginal wall defects. […] The incidence of cystocele is around 9 per 100 women-years. […] The highest incidence of symptoms occurs between the ages of 70 and 79 years. […] Based on population growth statistics, the number of women with prolapse will increase by a minimum of 46% by the year 2050 in the US. […] Surgery to correct prolapse after hysterectomy is 3.6 per 1,000 women-years.

• #30 Cystocele – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystocele

  A large study found a rate of 29% over a woman’s lifetime. Other studies indicate a recurrence rate as low as 3%. […] In the US, greater than 200,000 surgeries are performed each year for pelvic organ prolapse and 81% of these are to correct cystocele. […] Cystocele occurs most frequently compared to the prolapse of other pelvic organs and structure. […] Cystocele is found to be three times as common as vaginal vault prolapse and twice as often as posterior vaginal wall defects. […] The incidence of cystocele is around 9 per 100 women-years. […] The highest incidence of symptoms occurs between the ages of 70 and 79 years. […] Based on population growth statistics, the number of women with prolapse will increase by a minimum of 46% by the year 2050 in the US. […] Surgery to correct prolapse after hysterectomy is 3.6 per 1,000 women-years.

• #31

  https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/fulltext/2019/11000/pelvic_organ_prolapse__acog_practice_bulletin,.44.aspx

  Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a common, benign condition in women. […] Women in the United States have a 13% lifetime risk of undergoing surgery for POP (1). […] Although POP can occur in younger women, the peak incidence of POP symptoms is in women aged 70-79 years (2). […] Given the aging population in the United States, it is anticipated that by 2050 the number of women experiencing POP will increase by approximately 50% (3).

• #32 Pelvic organ prolapse in women: Surgical repair of anterior vaginal wall prolapse – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pelvic-organ-prolapse-in-women-surgical-repair-of-anterior-vaginal-wall-prolapse

  Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) affects millions of women; approximately 200,000 inpatient surgical procedures for prolapse are performed annually in the United States. […] Eleven to 19 percent of women will undergo surgery for prolapse or urinary incontinence by age 80 to 85 years, and 30 percent of these women will require an additional prolapse or incontinence surgery. […] Diagnosis and evaluation and conservative management (see „Pelvic organ prolapse in females: Epidemiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, and management” and „Vaginal pessaries: Indications, devices, and approach to selection”).

• #33 Cystocele Repair: Overview, Technique, Periprocedural Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1848220-overview

  Urinary symptoms associated with cystocele include urinary frequency and urgency (35%), urge urinary incontinence (15%), stress urinary incontinence (60%), and difficulty voiding (23%). […] Guidelines for the management of POP have been developed by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. […] Prolapse repair is indicated for relief of patient symptoms, restoration of the normal anatomy and function of the pelvic structures, prevention of prolapse recurrence, and repair of concomitant intrapelvic defects. […] A cystocele associated with bladder outlet obstruction is also an indication for surgical correction. […] In 2011, the FDA issued a statement that serious complications are not rare with the use of surgical mesh in transvaginal repair of pelvic organ prolapse. […] In 2019, the FDA mandated that all manufacturers of surgical mesh intended for transvaginal repair of anterior compartment prolapse (cystocele) stop selling and distributing their products.

• #34 Pelvic organ prolapse in women: Surgical repair of anterior vaginal wall prolapse – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pelvic-organ-prolapse-in-women-surgical-repair-of-anterior-vaginal-wall-prolapse

  Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) affects millions of women; approximately 200,000 inpatient surgical procedures for prolapse are performed annually in the United States. […] Eleven to 19 percent of women will undergo surgery for prolapse or urinary incontinence by age 80 to 85 years, and 30 percent of these women will require an additional prolapse or incontinence surgery. […] Diagnosis and evaluation and conservative management (see „Pelvic organ prolapse in females: Epidemiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, and management” and „Vaginal pessaries: Indications, devices, and approach to selection”).

• #35 Cystocele – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystocele

  A large study found a rate of 29% over a woman’s lifetime. Other studies indicate a recurrence rate as low as 3%. […] In the US, greater than 200,000 surgeries are performed each year for pelvic organ prolapse and 81% of these are to correct cystocele. […] Cystocele occurs most frequently compared to the prolapse of other pelvic organs and structure. […] Cystocele is found to be three times as common as vaginal vault prolapse and twice as often as posterior vaginal wall defects. […] The incidence of cystocele is around 9 per 100 women-years. […] The highest incidence of symptoms occurs between the ages of 70 and 79 years. […] Based on population growth statistics, the number of women with prolapse will increase by a minimum of 46% by the year 2050 in the US. […] Surgery to correct prolapse after hysterectomy is 3.6 per 1,000 women-years.

• #36 Cystocele Repair: Overview, Technique, Periprocedural Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1848220-overview

  Pelvic organ prolapse (POP), including cystocele, is a major health concern, especially in the elderly. In the United States, more than 200,000 operations are performed annually for POP; reoperation rates reach 30%. By the age of 80 years, the lifetime risk of primary surgery for POP is 20.0%; the cumulative lifetime risk is 12.6%. […] Anterior vaginal wall prolapse (AWP) is the most common form of female POP, with 81% of prolapse repairs including the anterior vaginal wall. Furthermore, AWP carries the highest risk for recurrence, with reported recurrence rates as high as 41%. In this article, we use the term „cystocele” to represent AWP. […] The risk factors for developing POP include age, parity, obesity, chronic constipation, hormonal status, previous gynecologic surgery and hysterectomy, chronic obstructive airway disease, smoking, high-impact activity, and genetics.

• #37

  https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/fulltext/2017/04000/practice_bulletin_no__176__pelvic_organ_prolapse.46.aspx

  Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a common, benign condition in women. For many women it can cause vaginal bulge and pressure, voiding dysfunction, defecatory dysfunction, and sexual dysfunction, which may adversely affect quality of life. Women in the United States have a 13% lifetime risk of undergoing surgery for POP. Although POP can occur in younger women, the peak incidence of POP symptoms is in women aged 70-79 years. Given the aging population in the United States, it is anticipated that by 2050 the number of women experiencing POP will increase by approximately 50%. […] The purpose of this joint document of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and the American Urogynecologic Society is to review information on the current understanding of POP in women and to outline guidelines for diagnosis and management that are consistent with the best available scientific evidence.

• #38 Genitourinary Prolapse (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/genitourinary-prolapse-pro

  Pelvic organ prolapse is common, occurring in 40-60% of parous women. The exact incidence of genital prolapse may be difficult to determine, as many women do not seek medical advice. A woman’s lifetime risk of surgery for pelvic organ prolapse is 12-19%. 1 in 12 women in the community in the UK report symptoms of pelvic organ prolapse. In the UK, pelvic organ prolapse accounts for 20% of women waiting for major gynaecological surgery and is a leading indication for hysterectomy in postmenopausal women. Prolapse of the anterior vaginal wall is the most common type. […] Cystourethrocele is the most common type of prolapse, followed by uterine prolapse and then rectocele.

• #39 Pelvic organ prolapse in women: Surgical repair of anterior vaginal wall prolapse – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pelvic-organ-prolapse-in-women-surgical-repair-of-anterior-vaginal-wall-prolapse

  Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) affects millions of women; approximately 200,000 inpatient surgical procedures for prolapse are performed annually in the United States. […] Eleven to 19 percent of women will undergo surgery for prolapse or urinary incontinence by age 80 to 85 years, and 30 percent of these women will require an additional prolapse or incontinence surgery. […] Diagnosis and evaluation and conservative management (see „Pelvic organ prolapse in females: Epidemiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, and management” and „Vaginal pessaries: Indications, devices, and approach to selection”).

• #40 Clinical challenges in the management of vaginal prolapse | IJWH

  https://www.dovepress.com/clinical-challenges-in-the-management-of-vaginal-prolapse-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IJWH

  Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is one of many pelvic floor disorders in women. Prolapse is a protrusion of the vaginal walls and/or uterus, resulting from descent of the pelvic organs. In general, vaginal prolapse includes multiple categories of pelvic support problems, such as uterine prolapse, posthysterectomy vaginal vault prolapse (enterocele), anterior vaginal wall prolapse (cystocele), and posterior vaginal wall prolapse (rectocele). These various support defects can occur in isolation or in combination with one another. […] Among women aged 5079 years in the Womens Health Initiative, 41% had POP, with cystocele being the most common. […] In the US alone, approximately 200,000 women undergo surgery annually for prolapse, and approximately 29% require reoperation for recurrent prolapse.

• #41 Cystocele Repair: Overview, Technique, Periprocedural Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1848220-overview

  Pelvic organ prolapse (POP), including cystocele, is a major health concern, especially in the elderly. In the United States, more than 200,000 operations are performed annually for POP; reoperation rates reach 30%. By the age of 80 years, the lifetime risk of primary surgery for POP is 20.0%; the cumulative lifetime risk is 12.6%. […] Anterior vaginal wall prolapse (AWP) is the most common form of female POP, with 81% of prolapse repairs including the anterior vaginal wall. Furthermore, AWP carries the highest risk for recurrence, with reported recurrence rates as high as 41%. In this article, we use the term „cystocele” to represent AWP. […] The risk factors for developing POP include age, parity, obesity, chronic constipation, hormonal status, previous gynecologic surgery and hysterectomy, chronic obstructive airway disease, smoking, high-impact activity, and genetics.

• #42 Clinical challenges in the management of vaginal prolapse | IJWH

  https://www.dovepress.com/clinical-challenges-in-the-management-of-vaginal-prolapse-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IJWH

  The anterior vaginal compartment is the area most prone to prolapse recurrence, with 28%40% of women experiencing prolapse recurrence after traditional anterior colporrhaphy. […] In a recent large systematic review, synthetic mesh or biologic grafts during anterior colporrhaphy were shown to reduce the risk of recurrent cystocele over traditional suture reinforcement alone. […] Native-tissue anterior colporrhaphy is associated with more recurrent anterior prolapse compared to absorbable polyglactin mesh (relative risk [RR] 1.39, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.021.90) or porcine dermis (RR 2.08, 95% CI 1.084.01); however, there were no differences in subjective awareness of prolapse. […] Mesh erosion (exposure or extrusion into the vagina) occurs in 11.4% after mesh-augmented anterior vaginal wall repair. […] Thus, there are data suggesting that mesh augmentation results in improved anatomic support for anterior wall prolapse, but for women who are choosing surgery to improve quality of life, the potential complications may outweigh the benefits of improved support and durability.

• #43 Long-term follow-up of 453 patients with pelvic organ prolapse who underwent transvaginal sacrospinous colpopexy with Veronikis ligature carrier | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-61995-z

  Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) occurs when the female bladder, uterus, vaginal stump, small bowels and/or large bowels descend into the vagina. The prevalence of POP reaches 36% as measured by symptoms and up to 50% by vaginal examination. Epidemiologic studies estimate the lifetime risk of undergoing an operation for prolapse or incontinence has increased from 11.1% to 19% from 1997 to 2010. […] Previous prospective studies have indicated that the majority of SSLF recurrence is located in the anterior compartment, also called the cystocele. The 5-year incidence of recurrence reported in long-term studies has ranged from 6 to 29%. […] The long-term cure rate is as high as 82.5%, and the recurrent pattern usually involves the anterior compartment.

• #44 Clinical challenges in the management of vaginal prolapse | IJWH

  https://www.dovepress.com/clinical-challenges-in-the-management-of-vaginal-prolapse-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IJWH

  The anterior vaginal compartment is the area most prone to prolapse recurrence, with 28%40% of women experiencing prolapse recurrence after traditional anterior colporrhaphy. […] In a recent large systematic review, synthetic mesh or biologic grafts during anterior colporrhaphy were shown to reduce the risk of recurrent cystocele over traditional suture reinforcement alone. […] Native-tissue anterior colporrhaphy is associated with more recurrent anterior prolapse compared to absorbable polyglactin mesh (relative risk [RR] 1.39, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.021.90) or porcine dermis (RR 2.08, 95% CI 1.084.01); however, there were no differences in subjective awareness of prolapse. […] Mesh erosion (exposure or extrusion into the vagina) occurs in 11.4% after mesh-augmented anterior vaginal wall repair. […] Thus, there are data suggesting that mesh augmentation results in improved anatomic support for anterior wall prolapse, but for women who are choosing surgery to improve quality of life, the potential complications may outweigh the benefits of improved support and durability.

• #45

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00192-016-3216-0

  Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) recurrence after surgery is a major problem. POP that is more advanced preoperatively is associated with a higher risk of recurrence postoperatively. […] The lifetime risk of surgery for POP in the general female population is 13-19%. POP recurrence after surgery is a major problem, with anatomical recurrence rates reported in the literature from 31% up to 59%. […] Advanced preoperative stage seems to be an important risk factor for recurrence. […] Women with advanced cystocele were significantly older than women with stage 2 cystocele. This raises the question whether it would be favorable to perform POP surgery in an earlier stage, i.e., at a younger age, in order to prevent POP recurrence. […] In conclusion, women with advanced POP have a higher risk of recurrence after POP surgery. Women with advanced cystocele are significantly older than women with stage 2 cystocele. Further research is needed to determine whether it would be favorable to perform POP surgery at an earlier stage (i.e., at a younger age) in order to prevent POP recurrence.

• #46

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00192-016-3216-0

  Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) recurrence after surgery is a major problem. POP that is more advanced preoperatively is associated with a higher risk of recurrence postoperatively. […] The lifetime risk of surgery for POP in the general female population is 13-19%. POP recurrence after surgery is a major problem, with anatomical recurrence rates reported in the literature from 31% up to 59%. […] Advanced preoperative stage seems to be an important risk factor for recurrence. […] Women with advanced cystocele were significantly older than women with stage 2 cystocele. This raises the question whether it would be favorable to perform POP surgery in an earlier stage, i.e., at a younger age, in order to prevent POP recurrence. […] In conclusion, women with advanced POP have a higher risk of recurrence after POP surgery. Women with advanced cystocele are significantly older than women with stage 2 cystocele. Further research is needed to determine whether it would be favorable to perform POP surgery at an earlier stage (i.e., at a younger age) in order to prevent POP recurrence.

• #47 Anterior and Posterior Vaginal Wall Prolapse – Gynecology and Obstetrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/pelvic-organ-prolapse-pop/anterior-and-posterior-vaginal-wall-prolapse

  Anterior vaginal wall prolapse is commonly referred to as cystocele (protrusion of the bladder) or urethrocele (urethra). […] Cystocele commonly develops when the pubocervical vesical fascia is weakened. […] Diagnosis of vaginal wall prolapse is made clinically with pelvic examination by retracting the posterior vaginal wall and observing the anterior vaginal wall with the patient at rest and then with the patient straining. […] Cystocele is diagnosed by inserting a single-blade speculum in the vagina and retracting the posterior vaginal wall. […] First-line conservative treatment options include pelvic floor physical therapy (for less severe pelvic organ prolapse) and pessaries, with surgical options available based on patient preference and clinical pelvic organ prolapse severity.

• #48 Anterior Prolapse (Cystocele) – Giggles – Giggles

  http://giggles.co.in/departments/anterior-prolapse-cystocele/

  Leading the Way in Anterior Prolapse (Cystocele) Treatment […] A cystocele, often called an anterior vaginal prolapse or a prolapsed bladder, occurs when the bladder slips out of its normal position in the pelvis and presses against the vaginal wall. […] Anterior prolapses are usually treatable. Nonsurgical treatment is frequently successful for mild or moderate prolapse. Surgery may be required in more severe circumstances to preserve the vagina and other pelvic organs in their position. […] Causes of anterior prolapse can include age-related deterioration of muscles and tendons, which may weaken over time, leading to the condition. However, chronic stress or trauma can cause anterior vaginal prolapse or cystocele at any age. […] Diagnosis of anterior prolapse includes the following

• #49 Anterior and Posterior Vaginal Wall Prolapse – Gynecology and Obstetrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/pelvic-organ-prolapse-pop/anterior-and-posterior-vaginal-wall-prolapse

  Anterior vaginal wall prolapse is commonly referred to as cystocele (protrusion of the bladder) or urethrocele (urethra). […] Cystocele commonly develops when the pubocervical vesical fascia is weakened. […] Diagnosis of vaginal wall prolapse is made clinically with pelvic examination by retracting the posterior vaginal wall and observing the anterior vaginal wall with the patient at rest and then with the patient straining. […] Cystocele is diagnosed by inserting a single-blade speculum in the vagina and retracting the posterior vaginal wall. […] First-line conservative treatment options include pelvic floor physical therapy (for less severe pelvic organ prolapse) and pessaries, with surgical options available based on patient preference and clinical pelvic organ prolapse severity.

• #50 Anterior and Posterior Vaginal Wall Prolapse – Gynecology and Obstetrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/pelvic-organ-prolapse-pop/anterior-and-posterior-vaginal-wall-prolapse

  Anterior vaginal wall prolapse is commonly referred to as cystocele (protrusion of the bladder) or urethrocele (urethra). […] Cystocele commonly develops when the pubocervical vesical fascia is weakened. […] Diagnosis of vaginal wall prolapse is made clinically with pelvic examination by retracting the posterior vaginal wall and observing the anterior vaginal wall with the patient at rest and then with the patient straining. […] Cystocele is diagnosed by inserting a single-blade speculum in the vagina and retracting the posterior vaginal wall. […] First-line conservative treatment options include pelvic floor physical therapy (for less severe pelvic organ prolapse) and pessaries, with surgical options available based on patient preference and clinical pelvic organ prolapse severity.

• #51 Structural Failure Sites in Anterior Vaginal Wall Prolapse: Identification of a Collinear Triad

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5218807/

  Apical location, paravaginal location, and hiatus size are highly correlated, and are strong predictors of cystocele presence and size. […] Cystocele, or anterior vaginal wall prolapse, is the most common form of pelvic organ prolapse and the most frequent site of operative failure. […] The recent development of 3D Stress MRI now captures the geometry of the anterior vaginal wall during maximal Valsalva, allowing assessment of the status of the four connective tissue failure sites at maximal Valsalva. […] Three factors formed a collinear triad: paravaginal descent, apical descent, and anteroposterior hiatal diameter. These 3 factors are highly correlated and were the best predictors for the occurrence of cystocele, accounting for 83% of variations in cystocele size. […] Our findings corroborate earlier studies showing that women with prolapse have increased apical descent and increased vaginal length when compared to women with normal support.

• #52 Pelvic Organ Prolapse | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/0801/p179.html

  Pelvic organ prolapse is defined by herniation of the anterior vaginal wall, posterior vaginal wall, uterus, or vaginal apex into the vagina; descent may occur in one or more structures. Although pelvic organ prolapse can affect women of all ages, it more commonly occurs in older women. The prevalence of pelvic organ prolapse increases with age until a peak of 5% in 60- to 69-year-old women. Some degree of prolapse is present in 41% to 50% of women on physical examination, but only 3% of patients report symptoms. Limited data suggest that prolapse progresses until menopause, with low rates of progression and regression thereafter. The number of women who have pelvic organ prolapse is expected to increase by 46%, to 4.9 million, by 2050. […] The Pelvic Floor Disorders Registry, created by the American Urogynecologic Society for the purpose of surveillance of transvaginal mesh implants, also collects validated objective outcome measures and electronic patient-reported outcomes.

• #53 Cystocele Repair: Overview, Technique, Periprocedural Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1848220-overview

  Urinary symptoms associated with cystocele include urinary frequency and urgency (35%), urge urinary incontinence (15%), stress urinary incontinence (60%), and difficulty voiding (23%). […] Guidelines for the management of POP have been developed by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. […] Prolapse repair is indicated for relief of patient symptoms, restoration of the normal anatomy and function of the pelvic structures, prevention of prolapse recurrence, and repair of concomitant intrapelvic defects. […] A cystocele associated with bladder outlet obstruction is also an indication for surgical correction. […] In 2011, the FDA issued a statement that serious complications are not rare with the use of surgical mesh in transvaginal repair of pelvic organ prolapse. […] In 2019, the FDA mandated that all manufacturers of surgical mesh intended for transvaginal repair of anterior compartment prolapse (cystocele) stop selling and distributing their products.

• #54 FDA ban on transvaginal mesh: What does it mean for women facing pelvic organ prolapse? | Women’s Health | UT Southwestern Medical Center

  https://utswmed.org/medblog/fda-ban-transvaginal-mesh-what-does-it-mean-women-facing-pelvic-organ-prolapse/

  Pelvic organ prolapse, or POP, occurs when the muscles and ligaments supporting the vagina weaken, leading to a gradual dropping of the cervix, uterus, bladder, or rectum. The condition affects nearly one-third of all women, usually as they age or after childbirth. […] The FDA ruling in 2019 effectively discontinued a procedure that sometimes didn’t result in safe and positive outcomes. In October 2022, after a 36-month postmarket surveillance study, the FDA determined again that the benefits of using surgical mesh to treat POP transvaginally do not outweigh the risks. […] The end of transvaginal mesh surgery, as mandated by the FDA, does not mean the end of effective treatment for pelvic organ prolapse. Our team is trained in the most advanced therapies, technologies, and techniques to successfully treat POP.

• #55 Structural Failure Sites in Anterior Vaginal Wall Prolapse: Identification of a Collinear Triad

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5218807/

  Apical location, paravaginal location, and hiatus size are highly correlated, and are strong predictors of cystocele presence and size. […] Cystocele, or anterior vaginal wall prolapse, is the most common form of pelvic organ prolapse and the most frequent site of operative failure. […] The recent development of 3D Stress MRI now captures the geometry of the anterior vaginal wall during maximal Valsalva, allowing assessment of the status of the four connective tissue failure sites at maximal Valsalva. […] Three factors formed a collinear triad: paravaginal descent, apical descent, and anteroposterior hiatal diameter. These 3 factors are highly correlated and were the best predictors for the occurrence of cystocele, accounting for 83% of variations in cystocele size. […] Our findings corroborate earlier studies showing that women with prolapse have increased apical descent and increased vaginal length when compared to women with normal support.

• #56 Structural Failure Sites in Anterior Vaginal Wall Prolapse: Identification of a Collinear Triad

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5218807/

  Apical location, paravaginal location, and hiatus size are highly correlated, and are strong predictors of cystocele presence and size. […] Cystocele, or anterior vaginal wall prolapse, is the most common form of pelvic organ prolapse and the most frequent site of operative failure. […] The recent development of 3D Stress MRI now captures the geometry of the anterior vaginal wall during maximal Valsalva, allowing assessment of the status of the four connective tissue failure sites at maximal Valsalva. […] Three factors formed a collinear triad: paravaginal descent, apical descent, and anteroposterior hiatal diameter. These 3 factors are highly correlated and were the best predictors for the occurrence of cystocele, accounting for 83% of variations in cystocele size. […] Our findings corroborate earlier studies showing that women with prolapse have increased apical descent and increased vaginal length when compared to women with normal support.

• #57 Structural Failure Sites in Anterior Vaginal Wall Prolapse: Identification of a Collinear Triad

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5218807/

  Apical location, paravaginal location, and hiatus size are highly correlated, and are strong predictors of cystocele presence and size. […] Cystocele, or anterior vaginal wall prolapse, is the most common form of pelvic organ prolapse and the most frequent site of operative failure. […] The recent development of 3D Stress MRI now captures the geometry of the anterior vaginal wall during maximal Valsalva, allowing assessment of the status of the four connective tissue failure sites at maximal Valsalva. […] Three factors formed a collinear triad: paravaginal descent, apical descent, and anteroposterior hiatal diameter. These 3 factors are highly correlated and were the best predictors for the occurrence of cystocele, accounting for 83% of variations in cystocele size. […] Our findings corroborate earlier studies showing that women with prolapse have increased apical descent and increased vaginal length when compared to women with normal support.

• #58 Structural Failure Sites in Anterior Vaginal Wall Prolapse: Identification of a Collinear Triad

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5218807/

  The finding that the mean vaginal width was not greater in women with cystocele came as a surprise. […] In conclusion, there are changes in all the supporting domains of vaginal support attachment factors, vaginal wall factors, and levator factors but the highly correlated changes in attachment and levator factors are much larger than the changes in vaginal wall factors.

• #59 Structural Failure Sites in Anterior Vaginal Wall Prolapse: Identification of a Collinear Triad

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5218807/

  The finding that the mean vaginal width was not greater in women with cystocele came as a surprise. […] In conclusion, there are changes in all the supporting domains of vaginal support attachment factors, vaginal wall factors, and levator factors but the highly correlated changes in attachment and levator factors are much larger than the changes in vaginal wall factors.

• #60 Genital prolapse: epidemiology, clinic and therapeutic at Saint Joseph Hospital of Kinshasa

  https://www.panafrican-med-journal.com/content/article/37/196/full/

  The aim of the study was to describe the epidemiological, clinical and therapeutical profile of genital prolapse in the Gynecology and Obstetrics Service of Saint Joseph Hospital of Kinshasa. […] We recorded 161 cases of genital prolapses upon 13957 patients. The genital prolapses frequency was 1.2% with an annual average of 16.1 cases (SD 10.1) per year. […] The prevalence of genital prolapse varies from 2.9% to 97.7% in the world according to the method used for the study. […] In the Democratic Republic of Congo, this prevalence is not known and data to estimate its incidence are inexistent. […] The frequency of genital prolapses was of 1.2% at SJH. […] The anterior genital prolapses which is made of the cysto-colpocele was the most frequent type of genital prolapses: isolated in 35.0% of cases and associated to middle genital prolapses in 20.0%, to posterior genital prolapses in 10.0% and to two precedent in 20.0%.

• #61 Pelvic organ prolapse – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_organ_prolapse

  Genital prolapse occurs in about 316 million women worldwide as of 2010 (9.3% of all females). […] Anterior vaginal wall prolapse includes cystocele (bladder into vagina).

• #62 Genital prolapse: epidemiology, clinic and therapeutic at Saint Joseph Hospital of Kinshasa

  https://www.panafrican-med-journal.com/content/article/37/196/full/

  The aim of the study was to describe the epidemiological, clinical and therapeutical profile of genital prolapse in the Gynecology and Obstetrics Service of Saint Joseph Hospital of Kinshasa. […] We recorded 161 cases of genital prolapses upon 13957 patients. The genital prolapses frequency was 1.2% with an annual average of 16.1 cases (SD 10.1) per year. […] The prevalence of genital prolapse varies from 2.9% to 97.7% in the world according to the method used for the study. […] In the Democratic Republic of Congo, this prevalence is not known and data to estimate its incidence are inexistent. […] The frequency of genital prolapses was of 1.2% at SJH. […] The anterior genital prolapses which is made of the cysto-colpocele was the most frequent type of genital prolapses: isolated in 35.0% of cases and associated to middle genital prolapses in 20.0%, to posterior genital prolapses in 10.0% and to two precedent in 20.0%.

• #63 Genital prolapse: epidemiology, clinic and therapeutic at Saint Joseph Hospital of Kinshasa

  https://www.panafrican-med-journal.com/content/article/37/196/full/

  The stage III was the most frequent in 56.0% whereas the stage I was absent. […] The surgical treatment was the most practiced in 89.2%. […] The rate of pessarys usage is of 0% in our cases series whereas its more than 11.0% in many studies. […] The vaginal surgical access was predominant with 98.0%. […] The recurrence rate was of 2.0%. Our results are smaller than those of many authors who reported a recurrence rate higher than 30.0%. […] The genital prolapses frequency is 1.2%, the cysto-colpocele of stage III is the most frequent type and treated surgically with the recurrence rate of 2.0% in Kinshasa (DRC): this is the base on deepened studies upon genital prolapses in hospital of Kinshasa in DR Congo.

• #64 Genital prolapse: epidemiology, clinic and therapeutic at Saint Joseph Hospital of Kinshasa

  https://www.panafrican-med-journal.com/content/article/37/196/full/

  The stage III was the most frequent in 56.0% whereas the stage I was absent. […] The surgical treatment was the most practiced in 89.2%. […] The rate of pessarys usage is of 0% in our cases series whereas its more than 11.0% in many studies. […] The vaginal surgical access was predominant with 98.0%. […] The recurrence rate was of 2.0%. Our results are smaller than those of many authors who reported a recurrence rate higher than 30.0%. […] The genital prolapses frequency is 1.2%, the cysto-colpocele of stage III is the most frequent type and treated surgically with the recurrence rate of 2.0% in Kinshasa (DRC): this is the base on deepened studies upon genital prolapses in hospital of Kinshasa in DR Congo.

• #65 KoreaMed Synapse

  https://synapse.koreamed.org/articles/1006197

  Quality of life is adversely affected by pelvic organ prolapse, the prevalence of which is increasing because of the persistently growing older population. […] POP affects almost half of all women over 50 years of age, with a lifetime prevalence of 30% to 50%. […] The management of POP includes nonsurgical and surgical management. Most pelvic surgeons favor surgical treatment. […] The goal of surgery for pelvic organ prolapse is the restoration of anatomic defects. […] The prevalence of POP will increase with the growing aged population. More extensive studies are needed for prevention and proper treatment.

• #66 Genital prolapse: epidemiology, clinic and therapeutic at Saint Joseph Hospital of Kinshasa

  https://www.panafrican-med-journal.com/content/article/37/196/full/

  The stage III was the most frequent in 56.0% whereas the stage I was absent. […] The surgical treatment was the most practiced in 89.2%. […] The rate of pessarys usage is of 0% in our cases series whereas its more than 11.0% in many studies. […] The vaginal surgical access was predominant with 98.0%. […] The recurrence rate was of 2.0%. Our results are smaller than those of many authors who reported a recurrence rate higher than 30.0%. […] The genital prolapses frequency is 1.2%, the cysto-colpocele of stage III is the most frequent type and treated surgically with the recurrence rate of 2.0% in Kinshasa (DRC): this is the base on deepened studies upon genital prolapses in hospital of Kinshasa in DR Congo.

• #67 Genital prolapse: epidemiology, clinic and therapeutic at Saint Joseph Hospital of Kinshasa

  https://www.panafrican-med-journal.com/content/article/37/196/full/

  The stage III was the most frequent in 56.0% whereas the stage I was absent. […] The surgical treatment was the most practiced in 89.2%. […] The rate of pessarys usage is of 0% in our cases series whereas its more than 11.0% in many studies. […] The vaginal surgical access was predominant with 98.0%. […] The recurrence rate was of 2.0%. Our results are smaller than those of many authors who reported a recurrence rate higher than 30.0%. […] The genital prolapses frequency is 1.2%, the cysto-colpocele of stage III is the most frequent type and treated surgically with the recurrence rate of 2.0% in Kinshasa (DRC): this is the base on deepened studies upon genital prolapses in hospital of Kinshasa in DR Congo.

• #68 Genital prolapse: epidemiology, clinic and therapeutic at Saint Joseph Hospital of Kinshasa

  https://www.panafrican-med-journal.com/content/article/37/196/full/

  The stage III was the most frequent in 56.0% whereas the stage I was absent. […] The surgical treatment was the most practiced in 89.2%. […] The rate of pessarys usage is of 0% in our cases series whereas its more than 11.0% in many studies. […] The vaginal surgical access was predominant with 98.0%. […] The recurrence rate was of 2.0%. Our results are smaller than those of many authors who reported a recurrence rate higher than 30.0%. […] The genital prolapses frequency is 1.2%, the cysto-colpocele of stage III is the most frequent type and treated surgically with the recurrence rate of 2.0% in Kinshasa (DRC): this is the base on deepened studies upon genital prolapses in hospital of Kinshasa in DR Congo.

• #69 Genital prolapse: epidemiology, clinic and therapeutic at Saint Joseph Hospital of Kinshasa

  https://www.panafrican-med-journal.com/content/article/37/196/full/

  The stage III was the most frequent in 56.0% whereas the stage I was absent. […] The surgical treatment was the most practiced in 89.2%. […] The rate of pessarys usage is of 0% in our cases series whereas its more than 11.0% in many studies. […] The vaginal surgical access was predominant with 98.0%. […] The recurrence rate was of 2.0%. Our results are smaller than those of many authors who reported a recurrence rate higher than 30.0%. […] The genital prolapses frequency is 1.2%, the cysto-colpocele of stage III is the most frequent type and treated surgically with the recurrence rate of 2.0% in Kinshasa (DRC): this is the base on deepened studies upon genital prolapses in hospital of Kinshasa in DR Congo.

• #70 KoreaMed Synapse

  https://synapse.koreamed.org/articles/1006197

  Quality of life is adversely affected by pelvic organ prolapse, the prevalence of which is increasing because of the persistently growing older population. […] POP affects almost half of all women over 50 years of age, with a lifetime prevalence of 30% to 50%. […] The management of POP includes nonsurgical and surgical management. Most pelvic surgeons favor surgical treatment. […] The goal of surgery for pelvic organ prolapse is the restoration of anatomic defects. […] The prevalence of POP will increase with the growing aged population. More extensive studies are needed for prevention and proper treatment.

• #71 Pelvic organ prolapse in women: Surgical repair of anterior vaginal wall prolapse – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pelvic-organ-prolapse-in-women-surgical-repair-of-anterior-vaginal-wall-prolapse

  Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) affects millions of women; approximately 200,000 inpatient surgical procedures for prolapse are performed annually in the United States. […] Eleven to 19 percent of women will undergo surgery for prolapse or urinary incontinence by age 80 to 85 years, and 30 percent of these women will require an additional prolapse or incontinence surgery. […] Diagnosis and evaluation and conservative management (see „Pelvic organ prolapse in females: Epidemiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, and management” and „Vaginal pessaries: Indications, devices, and approach to selection”).

• #72 Genitourinary Prolapse (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/genitourinary-prolapse-pro

  Pelvic organ prolapse is common, occurring in 40-60% of parous women. The exact incidence of genital prolapse may be difficult to determine, as many women do not seek medical advice. A woman’s lifetime risk of surgery for pelvic organ prolapse is 12-19%. 1 in 12 women in the community in the UK report symptoms of pelvic organ prolapse. In the UK, pelvic organ prolapse accounts for 20% of women waiting for major gynaecological surgery and is a leading indication for hysterectomy in postmenopausal women. Prolapse of the anterior vaginal wall is the most common type. […] Cystourethrocele is the most common type of prolapse, followed by uterine prolapse and then rectocele.

• #73 Genitourinary Prolapse (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/genitourinary-prolapse-pro

  Pelvic organ prolapse is common, occurring in 40-60% of parous women. The exact incidence of genital prolapse may be difficult to determine, as many women do not seek medical advice. A woman’s lifetime risk of surgery for pelvic organ prolapse is 12-19%. 1 in 12 women in the community in the UK report symptoms of pelvic organ prolapse. In the UK, pelvic organ prolapse accounts for 20% of women waiting for major gynaecological surgery and is a leading indication for hysterectomy in postmenopausal women. Prolapse of the anterior vaginal wall is the most common type. […] Cystourethrocele is the most common type of prolapse, followed by uterine prolapse and then rectocele.

• #74 Pelvic organ prolapse in women: Surgical repair of anterior vaginal wall prolapse – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pelvic-organ-prolapse-in-women-surgical-repair-of-anterior-vaginal-wall-prolapse

  Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) affects millions of women; approximately 200,000 inpatient surgical procedures for prolapse are performed annually in the United States. […] Eleven to 19 percent of women will undergo surgery for prolapse or urinary incontinence by age 80 to 85 years, and 30 percent of these women will require an additional prolapse or incontinence surgery. […] Diagnosis and evaluation and conservative management (see „Pelvic organ prolapse in females: Epidemiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, and management” and „Vaginal pessaries: Indications, devices, and approach to selection”).

• #75 Pelvic organ prolapse – WikEM

  https://wikem.org/wiki/Pelvic_organ_prolapse

  Cystocele […] Most common form of pelvic organ prolapse […] Hernia of anterior vaginal wall + descent of bladder […] Uterine prolapse […] Cystocele […] Uterine prolapse […] Cystocele.

• #76 Cystocele – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystocele

  A large study found a rate of 29% over a woman’s lifetime. Other studies indicate a recurrence rate as low as 3%. […] In the US, greater than 200,000 surgeries are performed each year for pelvic organ prolapse and 81% of these are to correct cystocele. […] Cystocele occurs most frequently compared to the prolapse of other pelvic organs and structure. […] Cystocele is found to be three times as common as vaginal vault prolapse and twice as often as posterior vaginal wall defects. […] The incidence of cystocele is around 9 per 100 women-years. […] The highest incidence of symptoms occurs between the ages of 70 and 79 years. […] Based on population growth statistics, the number of women with prolapse will increase by a minimum of 46% by the year 2050 in the US. […] Surgery to correct prolapse after hysterectomy is 3.6 per 1,000 women-years.

• #77 Anterior vaginal prolapse (cystocele) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cystocele/symptoms-causes/syc-20369452

  Anterior vaginal prolapse, also known as a cystocele (SIS-toe-seel) or a prolapsed bladder, is when the bladder drops from its usual position in the pelvis and pushes on the wall of the vagina. […] Anterior prolapse occurs when the pelvic floor becomes weak or if too much pressure is put on the pelvic floor. […] Anterior prolapse is treatable. For a mild or moderate prolapse, nonsurgical treatment is often effective. In more severe cases, surgery may be necessary to keep the vagina and other pelvic organs in their proper positions. […] These factors may increase your risk of anterior prolapse: Pregnancy and childbirth. Women who have had a vaginal or instrument-assisted delivery, multiple pregnancies, or whose infants had a high birth weight have a higher risk of anterior prolapse. […] Your risk of anterior prolapse increases as you age. This is especially true after menopause, when your body’s production of estrogen which helps keep the pelvic floor strong decreases. […] Having your uterus removed may contribute to weakness in your pelvic floor, but this is not always the case. […] Some women are born with weaker connective tissues, making them more susceptible to anterior prolapse. […] Women who are overweight or obese are at higher risk of anterior prolapse.

• #78 Cystocele Repair: Overview, Technique, Periprocedural Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1848220-overview

  Pelvic organ prolapse (POP), including cystocele, is a major health concern, especially in the elderly. In the United States, more than 200,000 operations are performed annually for POP; reoperation rates reach 30%. By the age of 80 years, the lifetime risk of primary surgery for POP is 20.0%; the cumulative lifetime risk is 12.6%. […] Anterior vaginal wall prolapse (AWP) is the most common form of female POP, with 81% of prolapse repairs including the anterior vaginal wall. Furthermore, AWP carries the highest risk for recurrence, with reported recurrence rates as high as 41%. In this article, we use the term „cystocele” to represent AWP. […] The risk factors for developing POP include age, parity, obesity, chronic constipation, hormonal status, previous gynecologic surgery and hysterectomy, chronic obstructive airway disease, smoking, high-impact activity, and genetics.

• #79 Pelvic Organ Prolapse | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/0801/p179.html

  Pelvic organ prolapse is defined by herniation of the anterior vaginal wall, posterior vaginal wall, uterus, or vaginal apex into the vagina; descent may occur in one or more structures. Although pelvic organ prolapse can affect women of all ages, it more commonly occurs in older women. The prevalence of pelvic organ prolapse increases with age until a peak of 5% in 60- to 69-year-old women. Some degree of prolapse is present in 41% to 50% of women on physical examination, but only 3% of patients report symptoms. Limited data suggest that prolapse progresses until menopause, with low rates of progression and regression thereafter. The number of women who have pelvic organ prolapse is expected to increase by 46%, to 4.9 million, by 2050. […] The Pelvic Floor Disorders Registry, created by the American Urogynecologic Society for the purpose of surveillance of transvaginal mesh implants, also collects validated objective outcome measures and electronic patient-reported outcomes.

• #80 Structural Failure Sites in Anterior Vaginal Wall Prolapse: Identification of a Collinear Triad

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5218807/

  Apical location, paravaginal location, and hiatus size are highly correlated, and are strong predictors of cystocele presence and size. […] Cystocele, or anterior vaginal wall prolapse, is the most common form of pelvic organ prolapse and the most frequent site of operative failure. […] The recent development of 3D Stress MRI now captures the geometry of the anterior vaginal wall during maximal Valsalva, allowing assessment of the status of the four connective tissue failure sites at maximal Valsalva. […] Three factors formed a collinear triad: paravaginal descent, apical descent, and anteroposterior hiatal diameter. These 3 factors are highly correlated and were the best predictors for the occurrence of cystocele, accounting for 83% of variations in cystocele size. […] Our findings corroborate earlier studies showing that women with prolapse have increased apical descent and increased vaginal length when compared to women with normal support.

• #81 Cystocele Repair: Overview, Technique, Periprocedural Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1848220-overview

  Pelvic organ prolapse (POP), including cystocele, is a major health concern, especially in the elderly. In the United States, more than 200,000 operations are performed annually for POP; reoperation rates reach 30%. By the age of 80 years, the lifetime risk of primary surgery for POP is 20.0%; the cumulative lifetime risk is 12.6%. […] Anterior vaginal wall prolapse (AWP) is the most common form of female POP, with 81% of prolapse repairs including the anterior vaginal wall. Furthermore, AWP carries the highest risk for recurrence, with reported recurrence rates as high as 41%. In this article, we use the term „cystocele” to represent AWP. […] The risk factors for developing POP include age, parity, obesity, chronic constipation, hormonal status, previous gynecologic surgery and hysterectomy, chronic obstructive airway disease, smoking, high-impact activity, and genetics.

• #82

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00192-016-3216-0

  Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) recurrence after surgery is a major problem. POP that is more advanced preoperatively is associated with a higher risk of recurrence postoperatively. […] The lifetime risk of surgery for POP in the general female population is 13-19%. POP recurrence after surgery is a major problem, with anatomical recurrence rates reported in the literature from 31% up to 59%. […] Advanced preoperative stage seems to be an important risk factor for recurrence. […] Women with advanced cystocele were significantly older than women with stage 2 cystocele. This raises the question whether it would be favorable to perform POP surgery in an earlier stage, i.e., at a younger age, in order to prevent POP recurrence. […] In conclusion, women with advanced POP have a higher risk of recurrence after POP surgery. Women with advanced cystocele are significantly older than women with stage 2 cystocele. Further research is needed to determine whether it would be favorable to perform POP surgery at an earlier stage (i.e., at a younger age) in order to prevent POP recurrence.

• #83 Pelvic Organ Prolapse – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563229/

  The incidence of pelvic organ prolapse is highly associated with increased age. […] Although the exact prevalence of pelvic organ prolapse is unknown, an analysis of hospital procedure codes reveals that approximately 200,000 surgeries for POP treatment are performed annually in the United States. […] The incidence of pelvic organ prolapse is projected to increase by 46%, to 4.9 million, by 2050.

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