Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Anterior vaginal prolapse (cystocele) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cystocele/symptoms-causes/syc-20369452

  A dropped or prolapsed bladder (cystocele) occurs when the bladder bulges into the vaginal space. It results when the muscles and tissues that support the bladder give way. […] Anterior prolapse occurs when the pelvic floor becomes weak or if too much pressure is put on the pelvic floor. This can happen over time, during vaginal childbirth or with chronic constipation, violent coughing or heavy lifting. […] Your pelvic floor consists of muscles, ligaments and connective tissues that support your bladder and other pelvic organs. The connections between your pelvic organs and ligaments can weaken over time, or as a result of trauma from childbirth or chronic straining. When this happens, your bladder can slip down lower than usual and bulge into your vagina (anterior prolapse). […] Causes of stress to the pelvic floor include: Pregnancy and vaginal childbirth, Being overweight or obese, Repeated heavy lifting, Straining with bowel movements, A chronic cough or bronchitis.

• #2 Anterior vaginal prolapse (cystocele) | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/anterior-vaginal-prolapse-cystocele

  Anterior vaginal prolapse, also known as a cystocele (SIS-toe-seel) or a prolapsed bladder, is when the bladder drops from its usual position in the pelvis and pushes on the wall of the vagina. […] Anterior prolapse occurs when the pelvic floor becomes weak or if too much pressure is put on the pelvic floor. This can happen over time, during vaginal childbirth or with chronic constipation, violent coughing or heavy lifting. […] Your pelvic floor consists of muscles, ligaments and connective tissues that support your bladder and other pelvic organs. The connections between your pelvic organs and ligaments can weaken over time, or as a result of trauma from childbirth or chronic straining. When this happens, your bladder can slip down lower than usual and bulge into your vagina (anterior prolapse).

• #3 Cystocele (Prolapsed Bladder): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15468-cystocele-fallen-bladder

  A cystocele occurs when the ligaments and muscles that hold up your bladder stretch or weaken. […] Stretched or weakened pelvic ligaments cause cystoceles. Many different factors can damage the ligaments. These include: Vaginal births, which may strain the muscles in your pelvic floor. A biological family history of cystoceles. Obesity (having a body mass index, or BMI, greater than 30). Hysterectomy. A drop in estrogen production, usually as a result of aging. Estrogen is a hormone that helps keep the muscles around your vagina strong. As you age and enter menopause, your body produces less estrogen. […] A cystocele can affect anyone with a vagina of any age. However, you’re more likely to have a cystocele as you age and your pelvic floor muscles weaken. The following can also increase your risk of developing a cystocele: Giving birth vaginally. Having surgery on your pelvic floor muscles or uterus, such as a hysterectomy. Having obesity. Having a biological family history of cystoceles.

• #4 Anterior and Posterior Vaginal Wall Prolapse – Gynecology and Obstetrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/pelvic-organ-prolapse-pop/anterior-and-posterior-vaginal-wall-prolapse

  Cystocele commonly develops when the pubocervical vesical fascia is weakened. […] Anterior vaginal wall prolapse is commonly referred to as cystocele (protrusion of the bladder) or urethrocele (urethra). […] Diagnose cystocele on pelvic examination by retracting the posterior vaginal wall and observing the anterior vaginal wall with the patient at rest and then with the patient straining. […] First-line conservative treatment options include pelvic floor physical therapy (for less severe pelvic organ prolapse) and pessaries, with surgical options available based on patient preference and clinical pelvic organ prolapse severity.

• #5 Cystocele Repair: Overview, Technique, Periprocedural Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1848220-overview

  Pelvic organ prolapse (POP), including cystocele, is a major health concern, especially in the elderly. […] The risk factors for developing POP include age, parity, obesity, chronic constipation, hormonal status, previous gynecologic surgery and hysterectomy, chronic obstructive airway disease, smoking, high-impact activity, and genetics. […] Disruption of 1 or more of these support structures might precipitate POP, including cystocele. […] Depending on the site of fascial detachment, cystocele can be central (midline defect of the pericervical fascia; about 1% of cases), lateral (detachment of the pericervical fascia from the ATFP; about 80-85% of cases), or apical (detachment from the uterosacral ligaments or the pericervical ring; about 15% of cases). […] A patient with cystocele may be asymptomatic, especially in the early stages.

• #6 Cystocele – Knowledge and References – Taylor & Francis

  https://taylorandfrancis.com/knowledge/Medicine_and_healthcare/Urology/Cystocele/

  Cystocele is a medical condition where the bladder protrudes into or out of the vaginal canal due to tearing or weakening of the supporting structure in the anterior vaginal wall. It is most commonly caused by a separation of the vaginal endo-pelvic fascia from its natural insertion or attachment to the arcus tendinus fascia pelvis or White’s line of the pelvis. […] The relaxation of the anterior wall results in an urethrocele (urethra and bladder neck) and a cystocele. […] The bladder (cystocele), the uterus (hysterocele), the pouch of Douglas (elytrocele) and the rectum (rectocele) may be involved in the vaginal prolapse, differently from the rectal prolapse that is an exteriorization of the rectum through the anal orifice.

• #7 Surgery for Pelvic Organ Prolapse | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/surgery-for-pelvic-organ-prolapse

  Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) develops when tissue and muscles can no longer support the pelvic organs and they drop down. […] The main cause of POP is pregnancy and vaginal childbirth. Other causes of POP include menopause, aging, and repeated heavy lifting. Conditions that create pressure on the abdomen can cause POP, including the following: Being overweight, Being constipated and straining to have a bowel movement, Chronic coughing caused by smoking, asthma, or other medical conditions. […] Cystocele: The bladder drops into the vagina.

• #8 Pelvic Organ Prolapse – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563229/

  Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a common condition that is multifactorial in etiology. […] Although the etiology of POP is multifactorial, there is a high correlation between pregnancy and vaginal delivery, which can lead to direct pelvic floor muscle and connective tissue injury. […] Combinations of anatomical, physiological, genetic, lifestyle, and reproductive factors contribute to pelvic floor dysfunction throughout a woman’s lifespan. […] Many studies have correlated parity with a high incidence of POP.

• #9 Pelvic Organ Prolapse | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/0801/p179.html

  Pelvic organ prolapse is the descent of one or more of the anterior vaginal wall, posterior vaginal wall, the uterus (cervix), or the apex of the vagina (vaginal vault or cuff scar after hysterectomy). […] The cause of prolapse is multifactorial but is primarily associated with pregnancy and vaginal delivery, which lead to direct pelvic floor muscle and connective tissue injury. […] The cause of pelvic organ prolapse is multifactorial, but pregnancy is the most commonly associated risk factor. […] Normal pelvic support is primarily provided by the levator ani muscles and the connective tissue attachments of the vagina to the sidewalls and pelvis. […] Biomechanical modeling has demonstrated that during the second stage of labor, levator ani muscles are stretched more than 200% beyond the threshold for stretch injuries. […] A magnetic resonance imaging study of parous women revealed that those with prolapse within 1 cm of the hymen are 7.3 times more likely to have levator ani injuries than women without prolapse. […] Additional risk factors for prolapse are listed in Table 1.

• #10 Anterior vaginal prolapse (cystocele) | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/anterior-vaginal-prolapse-cystocele

  Causes of stress to the pelvic floor include: Pregnancy and vaginal childbirth, Being overweight or obese, Repeated heavy lifting, Straining with bowel movements, A chronic cough or bronchitis. […] Women who have had a vaginal or instrument-assisted delivery, multiple pregnancies, or whose infants had a high birth weight have a higher risk of anterior prolapse. […] Your risk of anterior prolapse increases as you age. This is especially true after menopause, when your body’s production of estrogen which helps keep the pelvic floor strong decreases. […] Some women are born with weaker connective tissues, making them more susceptible to anterior prolapse. […] Women who are overweight or obese are at higher risk of anterior prolapse.

• #11 Cystocele – Humanitas.net

  https://www.humanitas.net/diseases/cystocele/

  Anterior prolapse, also known as a cystocele, occurs when the supportive tissue between a womans bladder and vaginal wall weakens and stretches, allowing the bladder wall to bulge into the vaginal space. Anterior prolapse tends to occur when there is straining of the muscles, such as during childbirth, severe coughing, chronic constipation or lifting heavy objects. […] Anterior prolapsed occurs when the connections between the pelvic floor muscles and ligaments weaken, causing a bulge into the vaginal space. This is caused as a result of lowering of the bladder, resulting in trauma during childbirth or straining of the pelvic floor muscles. The most common causes of anterior prolapse include the following: Childbirth, Being overweight, Lifting heavy objects, Severe coughing, Straining with bowel movements.

• #12 Pelvic Organ Prolapse: Types, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24046-pelvic-organ-prolapse

  Vaginal childbirth. This is the most common cause of prolapse. Multiple vaginal deliveries, having twins or triplets, having a large baby (fetal macrosomia), and having a delivery with forceps or a vacuum all increase the odds that your pelvic floor muscles will weaken. […] The aging process. Your muscles lose strength with age. One factor is declining estrogen. During menopause, your body produces less estrogen. The decline can cause the connective tissues that support your pelvic floor to weaken. […] Having a heavier body weight. Studies have shown that people who have overweight or obesity are more likely to develop POP than people who are within a weight range that’s healthy for them. […] Long-term pressure in your abdominal cavity. Pressure on your pelvic floor muscles can weaken them. Chronic constipation, chronic coughing and frequent heavy lifting all increase your chance of developing POP. […] Family history. Research into the genetic components of POP is ongoing, but it’s possible that you inherited a weaker pelvic floor. […] Connective tissue diseases. People with conditions like Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Marfan syndrome or joint hypermobility syndrome are at risk of POP.

• #12 Pelvic Organ Prolapse: Types, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24046-pelvic-organ-prolapse

  Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is when your pelvic organs (vagina, uterus, bladder, rectum) drop from their typical positions. It happens when your pelvic floor (the muscles, ligaments and tissues that support your pelvic organs) become too weak to hold your organs in place. Your pelvic floor can weaken due to things like childbirth or aging. […] Anterior vaginal wall prolapse (dropped bladder). Weakened pelvic floor muscles above your vagina can cause your bladder to slip out of place and bulge into your vagina. This type of prolapse is also called cystocele. Anterior vaginal wall prolapse is the most common type of POP. […] What causes pelvic organ prolapse? Your pelvic floor can weaken for many reasons. It happens most often when your pelvic floor muscles, ligaments and tissues overstretch. It can also happen due to underuse when the muscles don’t work enough.

• #13 Urology & Continence Care Today | May 2025

  https://www.ucc-today.com/journals/issue/launch-edition/article/pelvic-organ-prolapse-and-female-urinary-incontinence-assessment-ucct

  Observational studies cited by Memon and Landa (2013) have identified that certain methods of delivery appear to be more traumatic to the pelvic floor, particularly forceps delivery, prolonged second stage of labour, and tears to the sphincter. […] Nulliparous women can, however, also experience symptoms of vaginal prolapse. […] Herbert (2009) suggests that the number of births, whether there were any tears, whether the deliveries were instrumented, and the type of delivery all have an impact on the pelvic floor. […] Vermeulen et al (2021) suggest that women who suffer with POP after vaginal hysterectomy, which was performed for prolapse, occurs more frequently than after hysterectomy for other benign indications. Thus, women who have had surgery already for prolapse are at increased risk of needing further prolapse surgery.

• #14 Pelvic Organ Prolapse: Practice Essentials, Background, Problem

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/276259-overview

  Pelvic floor defects may be created as a result of childbirth and are caused by the stretching and tearing of the endopelvic fascia and the levator muscles and perineal body. Pregnancy itself, without vaginal birth, has been sited as a risk factor as well. A study by Handa et al suggests that vaginal birth and operative vaginal birth increase an individuals risk for urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse 5-10 years after delivery when compared with cesarean delivery without labor. […] Partial pudendal and perineal neuropathies are also associated with labor. […] Impaired nerve transmission to the muscles of the pelvic floor may predispose the muscles to decreased tone, leading to further sagging and stretching. Therefore, multiparous women are at particular risk for pelvic organ prolapse. Genital atrophy and hypoestrogenism also play important contributory roles in the pathogenesis of prolapse. However, the exact mechanisms are not completely understood. Prolapse may potentially result from pelvic tumors, sacral nerve disorders, and diabetic neuropathy.

• #15 Anterior Vaginal Prolapse (Cystocele) – Coyle Institute

  https://coyleinstitute.com/cystocele/

  Cystoceles can be caused by one or many issues. Typically, these issues occur chronically or over time before causing a cystocele. These are the most common causes of cystoceles: […] Achieving an advanced age […] Being overweight […] Experiencing childbirth or straining muscles during childbirth […] Heavy lifting […] Chronic coughing […] Constipation or repeated straining during bowel movements […] Previous pelvic surgery […] Weakened muscles around the vagina caused by a lack of estrogen after menopause.

• #16 Anterior vaginal prolapse (cystocele) – Hancock Health

  https://www.hancockhealth.org/zh/mayo-health-library/anterior-vaginal-prolapse-cystocele/

  Anterior vaginal prolapse, also known as a cystocele (SIS-toe-seel) or a prolapsed bladder, is when the bladder drops from its usual position in the pelvis and pushes on the wall of the vagina. […] Anterior prolapse occurs when the pelvic floor becomes weak or if too much pressure is put on the pelvic floor. This can happen over time, during vaginal childbirth or with chronic constipation, violent coughing or heavy lifting. […] Causes of stress to the pelvic floor include: Pregnancy and vaginal childbirth, Repeated heavy lifting, Straining with bowel movements, A chronic cough or bronchitis. […] These factors may increase your risk of anterior prolapse: Pregnancy and childbirth. Women who have had a vaginal or instrument-assisted delivery, multiple pregnancies, or whose infants had a high birth weight have a higher risk of anterior prolapse. Aging. Your risk of anterior prolapse increases as you age. This is especially true after menopause, when your body’s production of estrogen which helps keep the pelvic floor strong decreases. Hysterectomy. Having your uterus removed may contribute to weakness in your pelvic floor, but this is not always the case. Genetics. Some women are born with weaker connective tissues, making them more susceptible to anterior prolapse. Obesity. Women who are overweight or obese are at higher risk of anterior prolapse.

• #17 Advanced Gynecology – Cystocele

  https://www.advancedgynecology.com/urogynecology-conditions/cystocele

  Cystocele can be caused by straining the muscles that support the pelvic organs — anything that weakens the supportive tissue between a woman’s bladder and vaginal wall that causes the bladder to bulge into the vagina unnaturally. […] This type of straining can occur during vaginal childbirth, chronic constipation, violent coughing or heavy lifting. […] The decrease in estrogen levels that happens during menopause can also be a contributor to forming a cystocele. […] A woman’s chance of developing a cystocele increases with age, possibly because aging tends to weaken the muscles and supportive tissues of the pelvic floor. […] Whether menopause increases a woman’s chances of developing a cystocele is unclear.

• #18 Cystocele (Prolapsed Bladder) – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/womens-health/cystocele-prolapsed-bladder/

  Getting older also plays a role in cystoceles, due to changes in the body that can weaken the pelvic floor. The structure of collagen, the major component of vaginal walls, changes over time due to aging, which might explain why older age increases the likelihood of cystoceles. […] Childbirth, and especially vaginal delivery, is another major risk factor for cystoceles, as it can weaken the muscles in the pelvic floor. Specifically, the risk of developing pelvic floor disorders has been found to increase with each delivery. Additionally, the use of forceps during delivery can also contribute to muscle damage. […] Having persistent high pressure in the abdomen, due to chronic conditions like constipation, chronic cough, or lung disease, could slightly increase the risk of a cystocele as well.

• #18 Cystocele (Prolapsed Bladder) – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/womens-health/cystocele-prolapsed-bladder/

  A cystocele, or a bladder protrusion, happens when the bladder lowers down into the vagina. Essentially, the bladder pushes through the front wall of the vagina, a place where theyre structurally connected. There are many reasons why a cystocele could occur, mainly due to weakened muscles and connective tissue around the bladder and vagina. […] Cystoceles, or bladder prolapses, happen when the muscles that support the pelvic floor weaken. Several risk factors contribute to this weakness, including obesity, aging, childbirth, ongoing high pressure in the abdomen, collagen irregularities, family history of cystocele, and previous pelvic surgery. […] Obesity is a noted risk factor, as research has discovered that women with a Body Mass Index (BMI) over 25 have a higher chance of developing a prolapse. The risk increases even more for those with a BMI over 30.

• #19 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Anterior vaginal prolapse (cystocele) | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20369433

  Anterior vaginal prolapse, also known as a cystocele (SIS-toe-seel) or a prolapsed bladder, is when the bladder drops from its usual position in the pelvis and pushes on the wall of the vagina. […] Anterior prolapse occurs when the pelvic floor becomes weak or if too much pressure is put on the pelvic floor. This can happen over time, during vaginal childbirth or with chronic constipation, violent coughing or heavy lifting. […] Your pelvic floor consists of muscles, ligaments and connective tissues that support your bladder and other pelvic organs. The connections between your pelvic organs and ligaments can weaken over time, or as a result of trauma from childbirth or chronic straining. When this happens, your bladder can slip down lower than usual and bulge into your vagina (anterior prolapse). […] Causes of stress to the pelvic floor include: Pregnancy and vaginal childbirth, Being overweight or obese, Repeated heavy lifting, Straining with bowel movements, A chronic cough or bronchitis.

• #20 Cystocele (Prolapsed Bladder) – Symptoms, Causes and Treatment PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact Nu

  https://www.pacehospital.com/cystocele-prolapsed-bladder-symptoms-causes-prevention-and-treatment

  Menopause and aging: Oestrogen (female reproductive hormone) levels in women, tend to decrease after menopause. Oestrogen is said to maintain the strength of the pelvic floor muscles. Due to decreased levels of oestrogen in menopausal women, the bladder may protrude into the vaginal wall. […] Constipation and straining: Straining during bowel motions, having a long-term coughing problem, or suffering from chronic constipation can all cause pelvic floor muscle injury leading to prolapse. […] Being overweight: Elevated body mass index (BMI) is a major lifestyle factor that influences pelvic organ prolapse. The most likely mechanism of pelvic organ prolapse development among obese people is a rise in intra-abdominal pressure that may lead to the weakening of the pelvic floor muscles. […] Repeated heavy lifting: Heavy lifting raises abdominal pressure and strains the muscles and ligaments that support the pelvic organs.

• #20 Cystocele (Prolapsed Bladder) – Symptoms, Causes and Treatment PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact Nu

  https://www.pacehospital.com/cystocele-prolapsed-bladder-symptoms-causes-prevention-and-treatment

  An inherited condition that causes a higher risk of prolapse: Despite the fact that there are no known particular genes responsible for the development of vaginal prolapse, a review of 16 research studies found that women with pelvic prolapse are highly likely to have a family member suffering from this disorder. […] Previous pelvic surgery: Damage is done to the endopelvic fascia (tissue covering the pelvic floor and joining them to the surrounding bone and muscle) structures and nerves after pelvic surgery, particularly surgical removal of uterus (hysterectomy). This raises the possibility of bladder herniation (prolapse) and vaginal prolapse. […] Pregnancy and childbirth: Pregnancy and childbirth can lead to bladder prolapse, by affecting the muscles of the pelvic floor and nerves and damaging the muscles that support the pelvic organs. This can happen during pregnancy, vaginal birth, or both.

• #20 Cystocele (Prolapsed Bladder) – Symptoms, Causes and Treatment PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact Nu

  https://www.pacehospital.com/cystocele-prolapsed-bladder-symptoms-causes-prevention-and-treatment

  Cystocele, also known as a prolapsed bladder, develops when the bladder moves out of its normal position in the pelvis and pushes onto the vaginal wall and perineum (The part between the anus and the genitals). A cystocele is caused by weakened or damaged muscles and connective tissues that support the bladder and vaginal wall. […] Addressing the causes and risk factors of bladder prolapse is crucial for prevention, early discovery, and successful management. By investigating these factors, we can learn more about how this disorder develops and identify those who may be at a higher risk. This research will aid in developing focused therapies and preventive strategies to address and lessen the impact of bladder prolapse on affected people’s quality of life. Below are some of the causes and risk factors of cystocele:

• #21

  https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/9396

  A cystocele is usually found to protrude the urinary bladder through the vaginal wall. Various causes have been reported in the literature for the pathogenesis and development of cystocele. These can cumulatively lead to a remarkable weakness in the muscular and connective tissue layers related to the urinary bladder and anterior vaginal wall. […] Evidence indicates that a defect within the pelvic-floor supporting system can significantly lead to the development of cystocele. Parity, increasing age, and obesity are the main associated risk factors for developing these events.

• #22 Anterior vaginal prolapse (Cystocele) – Vejthani Hospital | JCI Accredited International Hospital in Bangkok, Thailand.

  https://www.vejthani.com/diseases-conditions/anterior-vaginal-prolapse-cystocele/

  A cystocele occurs when the bladder falls from its normal position into the pelvic and pressing against the vaginal wall. […] Vaginal childbirth, chronic constipation, chronic coughing, or heavy lifting can increase the risk of cystocele, and which causes the pelvic floor to weaken or stretches that could lead to cystocele. […] The muscles, ligaments, and connective tissues that make up the pelvic floor support the bladder and other pelvic organs may get looser over time, due to delivery trauma, or of persistent pressure. The bladder may then drop lower than usual and protrude into the vagina. […] The factors that contribute to weakening of pelvic floor include: Pregnancy and vaginal childbirth, History of pelvic surgery (ex: hysterectomy or pelvic organ prolapse repair), Obesity or overweight, Frequent heavy or intense lifting, Straining with bowel movements, Frequent coughing or bronchitis.

• #23 Cystocele – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystocele

  A cystocele occurs when the muscles, fascia, tendons and connective tissues between a woman’s bladder and vagina weaken, or detach. […] Causes include childbirth, constipation, chronic cough, heavy lifting, hysterectomy, genetics, and being overweight. […] Some women with connective tissue disorders are predisposed to developing anterior vaginal wall collapse. Up to one third of women with Marfan syndrome have a history of vaginal wall collapse. Ehlers-Danlos syndrome in women is associated with a rate of 3 out of 4. […] Risk factors for developing a cystocele are: an occupation involving or a history of heavy lifting, pregnancy and childbirth, chronic lung disease/smoking, family history of cystocele, exercising incorrectly, ethnicity (risk is greater for Hispanic and whites), hypoestrogenism, pelvic floor trauma, connective tissue disorders, spina bifida, hysterectomy, cancer treatment of pelvic organs, childbirth; correlates to the number of births, forceps delivery, age, and chronically high intra-abdominal pressures. […] Connective tissue disorders predispose women to developing cystocele and other pelvic organ prolapses. The tissues tensile strength of the vaginal wall decreases when the structure of the collagen fibers change and become weaker.

• #24 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-Causes-a-Cystocele.aspx

  Vaginal delivery: this is by far the most common factor underlying a cystocele. The process of delivery stretches the pelvic floor as the baby presses against it in its downward journey through the pelvis and vagina. […] Chronic strain on the pelvic floor such as with: Habitual constipation, Straining at stools, Chronic or very heavy coughing, Overweight or obesity, Lifting heavy weights repeatedly. […] Nulliparous bladder prolapse: this is a cystocele which occurs in a woman who has never given birth. In some cases it may be due to a congenital weakness of the pelvic muscles. […] Some conditions in which the connective tissues are excessively weak may lead to cystocele, such as: Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Joint hypermobility syndrome.

• #24 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-Causes-a-Cystocele.aspx

  A cystocele is one manifestation of a pelvic floor prolapse, and it is defined as an anterior vaginal wall descent in such a way that the urethrovesical junction (or any point behind it) is found 3 centimeters or less above the hymenal plane. […] The urinary bladder, along with other pelvic organs in the female, lies upon and is supported by the strong endopelvic fascia and pelvic floor muscles. The pelvic muscle tone is vital to hold these organs, including the uterus, urinary bladder, urethra, cervix and vagina. […] But in cases when these supports are torn or excessively stretched, they are seriously weakened. This allows the bladder to bulge through the vagina, even as far as into or beyond the opening of the vagina. This is how a cystocele is formed. Cystoceles are covered by the vaginal mucosal membrane.

• #25 Cystocele: Symptoms, outlook, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/cystocele

  A cystocele occurs when the muscles and tissues that support the vaginal wall and bladder weaken or stretch. Various factors may cause these supportive structures to weaken or stretch, including: pregnancy and childbirth, conditions that cause persistent strain or pressure in the pelvic area, such as chronic cough, constipation, and obesity, conditions that affect the connective tissues, such as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and Marfan syndrome, repeatedly lifting heavy objects, previous pelvic surgeries, such as hysterectomy, a family history of pelvic prolapse, advancing age. […] A cystocele is a progressive condition, which means it worsens over time. Without treatment or lifestyle changes, a cystocele is unlikely to heal or improve on its own.

• #26

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pelvic-organ-prolapse/

  Pelvic organ prolapse happens when the group of muscles and tissues that normally support the pelvic organs, called the pelvic floor, becomes weakened and cannot hold the organs in place firmly. […] A number of things can weaken your pelvic floor and increase your chance of developing pelvic organ prolapse. […] These include: pregnancy and childbirth especially if you had a long, difficult birth, or if you gave birth to a large baby or multiple babies; getting older and going through the menopause; being overweight; having long-term constipation or a long-term health condition that causes you to cough and strain; having a hysterectomy; a job that requires a lot of heavy lifting. […] Some health conditions can also make a prolapse more likely, including: joint hypermobility syndrome; Marfan syndrome; Ehlers-Danlos syndromes.

• #27 Pelvic Organ Prolapse: Causes, Complications, Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/women/vaginal-prolapse

  Anterior vaginal wall prolapse (cystocele) involves your bladder. Muscles that hold the bladder in place above the vagina weaken, causing it to protrude into the vagina. It’s the most common kind of pelvic organ prolapse. […] Pregnancy puts you at risk of pelvic organ prolapse, but vaginal delivery raises your risk (as opposed to a C-section). Repeated deliveries raise your risk. Other things that make you more likely to have POP include: Having surgery or radiation on your pelvic area, Breaking your back or the bones in your pelvis, Chronic constipation, because of the pushing and straining, Chronic cough (it puts pressure on your pelvic organs), Obesity, Doing a lot of heavy lifting over and over, Getting older, Having family members who have it, Being white, Having a hysterectomy, Giving birth for the first time at a young age, Smoking.

• #28 Pelvic Organ Prolapse | UVA Health

  https://uvahealth.com/services/pelvic-floor-disorders/pelvic-organ-prolapse

  Pelvic organ prolapse occurs when one or more of the pelvic organs (bladder, uterus, vagina and rectum) fall downward and bulge out through the opening of the vagina. This happens when the pelvic floor muscles become weak or damaged and can no longer support the pelvic organs. […] The causes of prolapse include: Childbirth, Menopause, Obesity, Chronic cough, Prior pelvic floor surgery, Neurologic diseases, such as Parkinsons disease, multiple sclerosis or a spinal cord injury, Ethnicity (prolapse is found more often in Caucasian and Hispanic women).

• #29 Bladder Prolapse (Cystocele): Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments | Every Mother

  https://every-mother.com/empower/bladder-prolapse-cystocele-symptoms-causes-and-treatments

  Conditions that involve chronic straining during bowel movements, such as chronic constipation, can place excessive pressure on the pelvic floor muscles, leading to bladder prolapse. […] Certain connective tissue disorders can lead to laxity of the collagen fibers, so much that the pelvic supports are compromised. […] Smoking tobacco was found to correlate with a severe degree of bladder prolapse significantly. […] A high BMI can increase intra-abdominal pressure that weakens the pelvic floor muscles and fascia.

• #30 Pelvic Organ Prolapse – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/conditions-services/obgyn/urogynecology/pelvic-organ-prolapse

  Anterior vaginal wall prolapse (cystocele): The front wall of the vagina sags allowing the bladder to drop into the vagina or past the vaginal opening. […] Pregnancy and childbirth are the most common risk factors for prolapse. Childbirth can damage the muscles and ligaments that support the pelvic organs. Each pregnancy and delivery increases your chance of having prolapse. Having an assisted vaginal delivery (operative vaginal delivery with forceps) or a large baby also raise your risk for pelvic organ prolapse. […] In addition to pregnancy and childbirth, other causes of pelvic organ prolapse include: Chronic coughing, constipation, obesity and heavy lifting, which put pressure on the pelvic floor and weaken the muscles. Menopause, which is associated with a decrease in estrogen levels causing weakening of the supportive tissues in the pelvis. Aging. Genetics, which determine the strength of the connective tissue in your pelvis; if your mother or sister had pelvic organ prolapse, you have a higher risk for developing prolapse.

• #31 Central and Lateral Cystocele | Iris Publishers

  https://irispublishers.com/sjrr/fulltext/central-and-lateral-cystocele.ID.000505.php

  Anterior vaginal wall prolapses or cystocele is by the International Urogynaecological Association (IUGA) defined as a downward descent of the anterior vaginal wall and bladder. A cystocele is a pathological descent of the anterior vaginal wall and bladder base. The etiology of prolapse is multifactorial. Advancing age, parity and collagen weakness, drooping, separation of rupture of the pubocervial ligament are all quoted as significant predisposing factors. The risk factors include pregnancy, childbearing, obesity, congenital or acquired connective tissue abnormalities, chronic constipation, family history of POP, denervation or weakness of the pelvic floor, obesity, the menopause and aging. Vaginal delivery, hysterectomy, chronic straining, normal ageing, and abnormalities of connective tissue or connective-tissue repair predispose some women to disruption, stretching, or dysfunction of the levator Ani complex, connective-tissue attachments of the vagina, or both, resulting in prolapse. Epidemiologic studies indicate that vaginal birth and aging are two major risk factors for the development of pelvic organ prolapse. Disruption or dysfunction of one or both of these factors can contribute to deprivation of sustenance and, eventually, pelvic organ prolapse.

• #32 Cystocoele/Anterior Repair | Continence Matters

  https://continencematters.com/surgery-and-procedures/surgery-for-prolapse/cystocoele-anterior-repair/

  Tearing of supports to the bladder and vagina may occur during childbirth, or with chronic straining form coughing, constipation or heavy lifting. […] Tissues may be weakened after the menopause and by aging or obesity. […] Damage to the nerves to the supporting pelvic floor muscles may also occur with childbirth, other injuries or pelvic surgery.

• #33

  https://nirmalsuperspecialityhospital.com/Blog-Details/-Understanding-Anterior-Vaginal-Prolapse–Cystocele—Causes–Symptoms–and-Treatment-Options

  Anterior vaginal prolapse, or cystocele, occurs when the wall between the bladder and the vagina weakens or stretches, leading to the descent of the bladder into the vaginal space. This condition is a type of pelvic organ prolapse, where the pelvic organs, including the bladder, uterus, or rectum, may drop from their normal position, causing discomfort and other complications. […] If you suspect you may be experiencing symptoms of anterior vaginal prolapse, it is crucial to consult with a healthcare professional for a proper diagnosis and personalized treatment plan.

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