Przedcukrzyca
Epidemiologia

Przedcukrzyca definiowana jest jako stan pośredni hiperglikemii, obejmujący nieprawidłową glikemię na czczo (IFG: 100-125 mg/dl), nieprawidłową tolerancję glukozy (IGT: 2-godzinna glikemia 140-199 mg/dl po 75 g glukozy) lub poziom HbA1c 5,7-6,4%. Globalne rozpowszechnienie przedcukrzycy jest wysokie i rośnie – w 2021 roku około 720 milionów osób na świecie miało ten stan, z prognozą wzrostu do miliarda do 2045 roku. W USA 38% dorosłych (97,6 mln) ma przedcukrzycę, z niską świadomością choroby (ok. 80% nieświadomych). Czynniki ryzyka to przede wszystkim nadwaga, otyłość oraz wiek, a także pochodzenie etniczne (wyższe ryzyko u rdzennych mieszkańców Alaski, Azjatów, Latynosów i osób czarnoskórych). Przedcukrzyca wiąże się z podwyższonym ryzykiem rozwoju cukrzycy typu 2 (25% w ciągu 3-5 lat, do 70% w całym życiu) oraz chorób sercowo-naczyniowych, co podkreśla potrzebę wczesnej identyfikacji i interwencji.

  1. Epidemiologia Przedcukrzycy
    1. Globalna skala problemu
    2. Wskaźniki epidemiologiczne w wybranych regionach
    3. Czynniki ryzyka i grupy wysokiego ryzyka
    4. Progresja do cukrzycy typu 2
  2. Nadzór epidemiologiczny przedcukrzycy
    1. Wyzwania w nadzorze epidemiologicznym
    2. Metody i źródła danych w nadzorze epidemiologicznym
    3. Świadomość i wykrywalność przedcukrzycy
    4. Znaczenie nadzoru dla zdrowia publicznego
  3. Interwencje i implikacje dla zdrowia publicznego
    1. Interwencje stylu życia i farmakologia
    2. Rekomendacje dotyczące badań przesiewowych
    3. Implikacje dla zdrowia publicznego
    4. Wyzwania związane z diagnozą i interwencją
    5. Kolejne rozdziały

Epidemiologia Przedcukrzycy

Przedcukrzyca (prediabetes) to stan podwyższonego poziomu glukozy we krwi, wyższego niż normalny, ale niewystarczająco wysokiego, aby spełniać kryteria diagnostyczne cukrzycy. Jest to pośredni etap hiperglikemii między prawidłową glikemią a cukrzycą, który często występuje przed rozwojem pełnoobjawowej cukrzycy typu 2. Przedcukrzyca może być definiowana jako obecność nieprawidłowej glikemii na czczo (IFG; 100-125 mg/dl), nieprawidłowej tolerancji glukozy (IGT; glikemia 2-godzinna 140-199 mg/dl po doustnym obciążeniu 75 g glukozy) lub poziomu HbA1c od 5,7% do 6,4%.12

Globalna skala problemu

Skala przedcukrzycy na świecie jest znacząca i stale rośnie. Według danych z 2021 roku, globalne rozpowszechnienie IGT wynosiło 9,1% (464 miliony osób) i przewiduje się, że wzrośnie do 10,0% (638 milionów) do 2045 roku. Rozpowszechnienie IFG na świecie w 2021 roku wynosiło 5,8% (298 milionów) i prognozuje się wzrost do 6,5% (414 milionów) do 2045 roku.3 Łącznie około 720 milionów osób na całym świecie miało przedcukrzycę w 2021 roku, a szacuje się, że liczba ta wzrośnie do miliarda do 2045 roku.4

Rozpowszechnienie przedcukrzycy było najwyższe w 2021 roku w krajach o wysokim dochodzie, jednak największy względny wzrost przypadków IGT i IFG do 2045 roku przewiduje się w krajach o niskim dochodzie.5 Zdecydowana większość osób z przedcukrzycą (72,2%) mieszka w krajach o niskim i średnim dochodzie.6

Wskaźniki epidemiologiczne w wybranych regionach

W Stanach Zjednoczonych około 38% dorosłych (97,6 miliona osób) ma przedcukrzycę, a prawie 80% z nich nie jest świadomych swojego stanu.78 Według badania National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), w latach 2017-2020 odsetek dorosłych z przedcukrzycą wynosił 38,0% na podstawie poziomu glukozy na czczo lub HbA1c, a 10,8% na podstawie zarówno podwyższonego poziomu glukozy na czczo, jak i poziomu HbA1c.9 Nie zaobserwowano istotnych zmian w skorygowanej względem wieku częstości występowania przedcukrzycy w USA od 2005-2008 do 2017-2020 – około jedna trzecia dorosłych amerykanów miała przedcukrzycę przez cały ten okres.10

W Europie również obserwuje się wysokie wskaźniki przedcukrzycy. W Polsce, zgodnie z badaniem kohortowym Białystok PLUS, u około 40% uczestników stwierdzono przedcukrzycę na podstawie wyników badań laboratoryjnych.11 W Republice Mołdawii przedcukrzycę zdiagnozowano u 29,6% badanych osób, z przewagą 48% u mężczyzn wobec 52% u kobiet.12

W Ameryce Łacińskiej zbiorcza częstość występowania przedcukrzycy wynosiła 24% (95% CI: 18-30%). Według określonych kryteriów częstość występowania wyniosła: według WHO 11% (95% CI: 5-18%), na podstawie glikemii na czczo (FG) 18% (95% CI: 10-27%), na podstawie glikemii poposiłkowej (PPG) 20% (95% CI: 3-46%) i na podstawie HbA1c 32% (95% CI: 21-52%).13

W Namibii, w Afryce, częstość występowania przedcukrzycy wynosiła 6,8% (95% CI: 5,8-8,0) według kryteriów WHO i 20,1% (95% CI: 18,4-21,9) według kryteriów ADA.1415 W Ugandzie, w wiejskim dystrykcie Isingiro, częstość występowania przedcukrzycy wyniosła 9,19% (95% CI: 6,23-12,14).16

Czynniki ryzyka i grupy wysokiego ryzyka

Najsilniejszymi czynnikami ryzyka przedcukrzycy u dorosłych są nadwaga i otyłość.1718 Badania wykazują, że częstość występowania przedcukrzycy jest wyższa wśród osób starszych, co potwierdza, że wiek jest istotnym czynnikiem ryzyka.1920 Prawdopodobieństwo wystąpienia przedcukrzycy wzrasta pięciokrotnie wraz z wiekiem, a osoby otyłe mają trzykrotnie większe ryzyko rozwoju przedcukrzycy.21

Częstość występowania cukrzycy jest wyższa wśród osób pochodzenia indiańskiego/rdzenne z Alaski (14,7%), Azjatów (9,2%), Latynosów/Hispano (12,5%) i nie-Latynosów/czarnoskórych (11,7%) niż wśród nie-Latynosów/białych (7,5%).22 W Wirginii, dane z 2020 roku wskazują na częstość występowania przedcukrzycy wynoszącą 9,3%, z wyższymi wskaźnikami wśród osób czarnoskórych/nie-Latynosów (11,7%) w porównaniu do białych/nie-Latynosów (9,1%).23

U osób z przedcukrzycą występuje wysokie obciążenie czynnikami ryzyka sercowo-naczyniowego.24 Badania obserwacyjne sugerują, że przedcukrzyca jest czynnikiem ryzyka chorób sercowo-naczyniowych, co wskazuje, że patogenne efekty dysregulacji metabolizmu glukozy rozpoczynają się jeszcze przed wystąpieniem cukrzycy.25

Progresja do cukrzycy typu 2

Przedcukrzyca prowadzi do jawnej cukrzycy typu 2 u około 25% osób w ciągu 3-5 lat, a nawet do 70% osób w ciągu całego życia.26 W krótkim okresie stosunkowo mały odsetek (5-10% rocznie) osób z przedcukrzycą przejdzie do pełnoobjawowej cukrzycy, jednak po 5 latach około połowa rozwinie chorobę.27

W badaniu 400 pacjentów z przedcukrzycą, 31 (7,8%) rozwinęło cukrzycę, a tylko 9 (2,3%) rozwinęło nadciśnienie w okresie dwóch lat. Pacjenci z jednoczesnym występowaniem stanu przednadciśnieniowego i przedcukrzycy mieli wyższe ryzyko progresji do nadciśnienia i cukrzycy (3% do nadciśnienia i 15,5% do cukrzycy).28

Region/Kraj Odsetek populacji z przedcukrzycą Liczba osób z przedcukrzycą Główne kryteria diagnostyczne
Świat (2021) 9,1% (IGT)
5,8% (IFG)		 464 mln (IGT)
298 mln (IFG)		 IGT, IFG
USA 38,0% 97,6 mln FPG, HbA1c
Polska ~40% – IFG, IGT
Mołdawia 29,6% – –
Ameryka Łacińska 24% – WHO, FG, PPG, HbA1c
Namibia 6,8% (WHO)
20,1% (ADA)		 – WHO, ADA
Uganda (Isingiro) 9,19% – –
Hawaje – 513 000 –

Nadzór epidemiologiczny przedcukrzycy

Dokładne oszacowanie częstości występowania cukrzycy i przedcukrzycy jest niezbędne do monitorowania wpływu tych stanów na zdrowie populacji i oceny skuteczności programów profilaktycznych.29 Jednak dane dotyczące epidemiologii przedcukrzycy są ograniczone ze względu na brak badań w tym kierunku w wielu regionach świata.3031

Wyzwania w nadzorze epidemiologicznym

Brak konsensusu dotyczącego jednej najlepszej definicji przedcukrzycy stanowi główne wyzwanie dla badań epidemiologicznych i praktyki klinicznej.32 Obecnie pięć definicji przedcukrzycy zostało wydanych przez towarzystwa profesjonalne, w tym Amerykańskie Towarzystwo Diabetologiczne (ADA), Światową Organizację Zdrowia (WHO) i Międzynarodowy Komitet Ekspertów.33

Definicja IGT jako przedcukrzycy wynikła z badań populacyjnych pokazujących, że 2-godzinna glikemia ≥140 mg/dl wiąże się z większym ryzykiem wystąpienia cukrzycy niż niższe wartości 2-godzinnej glikemii.34 Po zmianie kryteriów diagnostycznych IFG, gdy wartość graniczna została dostosowana do 100 mg/dl, częstość występowania IFG drastycznie wzrosła – na przykład w Danii częstość IFG wzrosła z 11,8% do 37,6%.35

Szacunki częstości występowania przedcukrzycy różnią się znacznie w literaturze, odzwierciedlając heterogeniczność zarówno metod stosowanych do definiowania tego stanu, jak i charakterystyki samych populacji.36 W zależności od definicji przedcukrzycy, skojarzenia z głównymi wynikami klinicznymi różnią się.37

Metody i źródła danych w nadzorze epidemiologicznym

Na poziomie państwowym najczęściej używanym narzędziem nadzoru do oceny częstości występowania chorób przewlekłych jest System Nadzoru Czynników Ryzyka Zachowań (BRFSS), coroczne badanie telefoniczne.38 Jednak BRFSS nie jest w stanie zidentyfikować przypadków niezdiagnozowanej cukrzycy i niedostatecznie raportuje przedcukrzycę, ponieważ wielu respondentów nie jest świadomych, że mają ten stan.39

Najdokładniejsze i najbardziej użyteczne metody nadzoru nad cukrzycą reprezentują populację, identyfikują zarówno zdiagnozowane, jak i niezdiagnozowane przypadki (za pomocą biomarkerów, takich jak glikemia na czczo [FPG] lub hemoglobina A1c [HbA1c]) i zawierają zmienne geograficzne, demograficzne i czynniki ryzyka wspierające analizę korekty i subpopulacji.40

Kilka badań, które obejmują pomiary FPG lub HbA1c, lub obu, ma duże wielkości próby, które mogą wspierać nadzór na poziomie państwowym w niektórych stanach. Te źródła danych obejmują Badanie Zdrowia i Emerytury (HRS) oraz Krajowe Badanie Ambulatoryjnej Opieki Medycznej (NAMCS).41

Świadomość i wykrywalność przedcukrzycy

Wśród dorosłych z przedcukrzycą, skorygowany względem wieku odsetek świadomych, że mają ten stan, wzrósł z 6,5% w latach 2005-2008 do 17,4% w latach 2017-2020.42 Świadomość przedcukrzycy wzrosła z 11,4% do 15,9% wśród mężczyzn, ale nieznacznie spadła z 19,8% do 19,4% wśród kobiet w okresie między 2013 a 2020 rokiem.43

Na Hawajach 513 000 dorosłych ma przedcukrzycę, a dwie trzecie z nich nie wie, że ją ma.44 Dane krajowe sugerują, że wiele osób ma przedcukrzycę, ale nie zostały zdiagnozowane przez pracownika służby zdrowia i nie są świadome swojego stanu z powodu jego niejasnych objawów.45

W Arabii Saudyjskiej ogólna częstość występowania cukrzycy wynosiła 10,84%, z czego 0,45% stanowiły znane przypadki cukrzycy typu 1 i typu 2, a 10,39% były to nowo zidentyfikowane przypadki cukrzycy (4,27%) lub IFG (6,12%), przy czym ponad 90% uczestników z cukrzycą nie było świadomych swojej choroby.46

Znaczenie nadzoru dla zdrowia publicznego

Ulepszenie nadzoru nad przedcukrzycą jest niezbędne do skutecznego wdrażania polityk i interwencji zapobiegających cukrzycy.47 Identyfikacja osób z przedcukrzycą w społeczności, zwłaszcza wśród osób o niskim statusie społeczno-ekonomicznym, byłaby bardzo korzystna dla projektowania i wdrażania odpowiednich interwencji w celu zmniejszenia wskaźnika rozwoju cukrzycy lub opóźnienia jej wystąpienia.48

Obecność rzeczywistych danych epidemiologicznych na temat częstości występowania cukrzycy, przedcukrzycy i ich czynników ryzyka jest niezbędna do prawidłowego planowania skutecznej pracy systemu zdrowia publicznego, którego ostatecznym celem jest poprawa jakości życia populacji.49

Zrozumienie częstości występowania i zapadalności na przedcukrzycę ma kluczowe znaczenie dla planowania strategii zdrowia publicznego i alokacji zasobów w regionie.50 Wzmocnienie systemów nadzoru epidemiologicznego pozwoliłoby na bardziej efektywne monitorowanie trendów czasowych i geograficznych, ułatwiając ocenę wpływu interwencji zdrowia publicznego i efektywną alokację zasobów.51

Interwencje i implikacje dla zdrowia publicznego

Skuteczne strategie profilaktyczne mogą zapobiec lub opóźnić rozwój cukrzycy typu 2 u osób z przedcukrzycą. Badania wykazały, że zmiany stylu życia u osób z przedcukrzycą mogą zmniejszyć względne ryzyko rozwoju cukrzycy o 40-70%.52

Interwencje stylu życia i farmakologia

Zarówno interwencje w zakresie stylu życia koncentrujące się na diecie, aktywności fizycznej lub obu, jak i metformina, wykazały skuteczność w zapobieganiu lub opóźnianiu progresji do cukrzycy u osób z przedcukrzycą.53 Badania przeprowadzone na osobach z przedcukrzycą w ramach Programu Zapobiegania Cukrzycy w Narodowych Instytutach Zdrowia wykazały, że utrata masy ciała o 5-7% może zapobiec lub opóźnić cukrzycę.54

Wysokie rozpowszechnienie nadwagi i otyłości u osób z i bez zaburzeń metabolizmu węglowodanów budzi niepokój. W Uzbekistanie ponad 35% populacji ma otyłość różnego stopnia, a około 35% ma nadwagę. Tak więc 70% populacji jest już zagrożonych rozwojem chorób sercowo-naczyniowych w ciągu najbliższych 10 lat.55

Istnieje pilna potrzeba opracowania i wdrożenia interwencji zdrowia publicznego, które koncentrują się na zdrowej żywności i zachowaniach dietetycznych oraz uczestnictwie w aktywności fizycznej, szczególnie regularnych ćwiczeniach, w celu leczenia przedcukrzycy.56

Rekomendacje dotyczące badań przesiewowych

Amerykańska Grupa Zadaniowa ds. Usług Profilaktycznych (USPSTF) zaleca obecnie badania przesiewowe w kierunku przedcukrzycy i cukrzycy typu 2 u dorosłych w wieku od 35 do 70 lat, którzy mają nadwagę lub otyłość.57 Klinicyści powinni rozważyć badania przesiewowe w młodszym wieku u osób z grup o nieproporcjonalnie wysokiej zapadalności i częstości występowania (osoby pochodzenia indiańskiego/rdzenni mieszkańcy Alaski, Amerykanie pochodzenia azjatyckiego, czarnoskórzy, Latynosi lub osoby pochodzenia hawajskiego/mieszkańcy wysp Pacyfiku) lub u osób, które mają rodzinną historię cukrzycy, historię cukrzycy ciążowej lub historię zespołu policystycznych jajników oraz przy niższym BMI u Amerykanów pochodzenia azjatyckiego.58

Przedcukrzycę i cukrzycę typu 2 można wykryć, mierząc poziom glukozy w osoczu na czczo lub poziom HbA1c, lub za pomocą doustnego testu tolerancji glukozy.59 Dowody dotyczące optymalnego interwału badań przesiewowych dla dorosłych z początkowym normalnym wynikiem testu glukozy są ograniczone. Badania kohortowe i modelowe sugerują, że badania przesiewowe co 3 lata mogą być rozsądnym podejściem dla dorosłych z normalnymi poziomami glukozy we krwi.60

Badania przesiewowe osób bez objawów w kierunku przedcukrzycy i cukrzycy typu 2 mogą umożliwić wcześniejsze wykrycie, diagnozę i leczenie, przy ostatecznym celu poprawy wyników zdrowotnych.61

Implikacje dla zdrowia publicznego

Rosnąca częstość występowania przedcukrzycy na całym świecie jest głównym problemem zdrowia publicznego i nie wróży dobrze dla rosnącej epidemii cukrzycy i jej powikłań.62 Wysokie rozpowszechnienie przedcukrzycy podkreśla znaczenie podejścia zdrowia we wszystkich politykach w Ameryce Łacińskiej. Rozwiązanie tego problemu wymaga interwencji z sektora zdrowia i polityk międzysektorowych, które promują zdrowsze środowisko, poprawiają dostęp do pożywnych pokarmów, zachęcają do aktywności fizycznej i uwzględniają społeczne determinanty zdrowia.63

Badania obserwacyjne sugerują potencjalny związek między przedcukrzycą a powikłaniami cukrzycy, w tym neuropatią cienkich włókien, wczesną retinopatią, wczesną nefropatią i zwiększonym ryzykiem chorób makronaczyniowych.64 Przedcukrzyca jest zatem najlepszą okazją do rozpoczęcia interwencji w celu zapobiegania cukrzycy na poziomie społecznym i indywidualnym.65

W dużej próbie uczestników UK Biobank z przedcukrzycą wykazano, że zarówno stan przedkruchości, jak i kruchość wiązały się z wyższym ryzykiem wielu niekorzystnych wyników, w tym cukrzycy typu 2, mikronaczyniowej choroby związanej z cukrzycą, chorób sercowo-naczyniowych, przewlekłej choroby nerek, chorób oczu, demencji, depresji i śmiertelności z wszystkich przyczyn.66 Ocena stanu kruchości wśród dorosłych w średnim wieku z przedcukrzycą może pomóc w identyfikacji osób najbardziej zagrożonych kolejnymi niekorzystnymi wynikami.67

W przypadku starszych dorosłych z przedcukrzycą, w badaniu przeprowadzonym przez Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, które obserwowało prawie 3 500 starszych dorosłych o średnim wieku 76 lat przez około sześć i pół roku, wyniki pokazują, że starsi dorośli z przedcukrzycą w takich przedziałach czasowych są bardziej narażeni na niższe poziomy cukru we krwi lub śmierć z innych powodów niż na progresję do cukrzycy.68 Naukowcy zalecają, aby w przypadku starszych dorosłych lekarze koncentrowali swoje wysiłki badań przesiewowych na czynnikach ryzyka, takich jak nadciśnienie, które są bardziej użyteczne w przewidywaniu chorób i śmiertelności w tej populacji.69

Wyzwania związane z diagnozą i interwencją

Głównym wyzwaniem w obszarze przedcukrzycy jest brak konsensusu co do tego, jak ją definiować, co doprowadziło do rozbieżnych szacunków częstości występowania i braku spójności w podejściach do badań przesiewowych i diagnozy.70 Przedcukrzyca jest szeroko zdefiniowanym stanem, który dotyka dużą część populacji. Paradoksalnie, jest powszechna u starszych osób, z których większość nie przechodzi do cukrzycy.71

Nie ma dowodów na to, że leczenie przedcukrzycy lekami zmniejsza śmiertelność, powikłania makronaczyniowe lub znaczące powikłania mikronaczyniowe.72 Doradzanie pacjentom na temat zdrowej diety, aktywności fizycznej i utraty masy ciała dla osób z nadwagą jest wartościowe niezależnie od tego, czy u pacjenta zdiagnozowano przedcukrzycę.73

U osób z wysokim ryzykiem zaleca się wtórną interwencję z farmakoterapią metforminą; niemniej jednak ostateczny cel terapii, długoterminowa efektywność kosztowa takich interwencji i korzyści z wczesnej interwencji nie są dobrze zrozumiane.74

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  1. 11.04.2026
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Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Prediabetes Trends Among U.S. Adults
    https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/prediabetes-trends-among-us-adults
    The American Diabetes Association (ADA) defines prediabetes as the presence of impaired fasting glucose (IFG; 100-125 mg/dL) or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT; 2-hour plasma glucose 140-199 mg/dL after 75-g oral glucose tolerance test) or an A1C level of 5.7% to 6.4%. […] The National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion notes that approximately 96 million U.S. adults aged 18 years and older (38% of the adult population) have prediabetes, and nearly 80% of them are unaware that they have it. […] Between 2013 and 2020, the prevalence of prediabetes increased 3.5% overall in adults aged 18 years and older. […] Prediabetes awareness increased from 11.4% to 15.9% among men, but dropped slightly from 19.8% to 19.4% among women. […] The strongest risk factors for prediabetes in adults are overweight and obesity. […] The U.S. Preventative Services Task Force currently recommends screening for prediabetes in adults aged 35 to 70 years who are overweight or obese.
  • #2
    https://bcsrj.com/ojs/index.php/bcsrj/article/view/615
    A state of hyperglycemia known as prediabetes is characterized by glycemic indices that are above normal but still below the diabetes threshold. […] Prediabetes remains significantly connected with a yearly conversion rate of 5% to 10% to diabetes, even with differences in the diagnostic criteria among international professional organizations. […] Observational research suggests a potential link between prediabetes and diabetic sequelae, including small fiber neuropathy, early retinopathy, early nephropathy, and an increased risk of macrovascular disease. […] Numerous studies showing the value of lifestyle changes in avoiding diabetes have shown a relative risk reduction of 40%70% in those with prediabetes. […] The health outcomes of childhood prediabetes have not been the subject of any rigorous evaluations.
  • #3 Global Prevalence of Prediabetes – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37196350/
    Approximately two-thirds of countries did not have high-quality IGT or IFG data. […] The global prevalence of IGT in 2021 was 9.1% (464 million) and is projected to increase to 10.0% (638 million) in 2045. […] The global prevalence of IFG in 2021 was 5.8% (298 million) and is projected to increase to 6.5% (414 million) in 2045. […] The 2021 prevalence of IGT and IFG was highest in high-income countries. […] In 2045, the largest relative growth in cases of IGT and IFG would be in low-income countries. […] The global burden of prediabetes is substantial and growing. Enhancing prediabetes surveillance is necessary to effectively implement diabetes prevention policies and interventions.
  • #4 Prediabetes – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prediabetes
    The prevalence of prediabetes worldwide is expected to increase. In 2021, 720 million people worldwide had prediabetes, and this is estimated to increase to 1 billion people by 2045. […] In the United States, 38% of all adults have prediabetes. […] In the United States, the prevalence rates of prediabetes are similar across ethnicities. […] The incidence of diabetes is also growing. In 2014, 29.1 million people or 9% of the US population had diabetes. […] In 2011-2012, the prevalence of diabetes in the U.S. using hemoglobin A1C, fasting plasma glucose or the two-hour plasma glucose definition was 14% for total diabetes, 9% for diagnosed diabetes, 5% for undiagnosed diabetes and 38% for prediabetes.
  • #5 Global Prevalence of Prediabetes – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37196350/
    Approximately two-thirds of countries did not have high-quality IGT or IFG data. […] The global prevalence of IGT in 2021 was 9.1% (464 million) and is projected to increase to 10.0% (638 million) in 2045. […] The global prevalence of IFG in 2021 was 5.8% (298 million) and is projected to increase to 6.5% (414 million) in 2045. […] The 2021 prevalence of IGT and IFG was highest in high-income countries. […] In 2045, the largest relative growth in cases of IGT and IFG would be in low-income countries. […] The global burden of prediabetes is substantial and growing. Enhancing prediabetes surveillance is necessary to effectively implement diabetes prevention policies and interventions.
  • #6 Pre-Diabetes and What It Means: The Epidemiological Evidence
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8026645/
    The vast majority of individuals with prediabetes (72.2%) reside in low- and middle-income countries. […] In the United States, national data on prevalence of prediabetes are available from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). […] Over the past three decades in the United States, prevalence of prediabetes has increased across all ethnic subgroups and all definitions of prediabetes. […] Individuals with prediabetes have a high burden of cardiovascular risk factors. […] Depending on the definition of prediabetes used, associations with major clinical outcomes differ. […] A major challenge in the field is a lack of consensus about how to define prediabetes, which has led to disparate prevalence estimates and a lack of consistency in approaches to screening and diagnosis. […] Ultimately, the lack of consensus regarding a single best definition of prediabetes continues to present a major challenge for the field and for clinical practice.
  • #7 Diabetes in America: Prevalence, Statistics, and Economic Impact
    https://diabetes.org/about-diabetes/statistics/about-diabetes
    In 2021, 97.6 million Americans age 18 and older had prediabetes. […] For additional information, read the CDC National Diabetes Statistics Report.
  • #8 Prediabetes Trends Among U.S. Adults
    https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/prediabetes-trends-among-us-adults
    The American Diabetes Association (ADA) defines prediabetes as the presence of impaired fasting glucose (IFG; 100-125 mg/dL) or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT; 2-hour plasma glucose 140-199 mg/dL after 75-g oral glucose tolerance test) or an A1C level of 5.7% to 6.4%. […] The National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion notes that approximately 96 million U.S. adults aged 18 years and older (38% of the adult population) have prediabetes, and nearly 80% of them are unaware that they have it. […] Between 2013 and 2020, the prevalence of prediabetes increased 3.5% overall in adults aged 18 years and older. […] Prediabetes awareness increased from 11.4% to 15.9% among men, but dropped slightly from 19.8% to 19.4% among women. […] The strongest risk factors for prediabetes in adults are overweight and obesity. […] The U.S. Preventative Services Task Force currently recommends screening for prediabetes in adults aged 35 to 70 years who are overweight or obese.
  • #9 National Diabetes Statistics Report | Diabetes | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/php/data-research/index.html
    An estimated 97.6 million adults aged 18 years or older had prediabetes in 2021. […] Among U.S. adults aged 18 years or older, crude estimates for 2017-2020 were: 38.0% of all U.S. adults had prediabetes, based on their fasting glucose or A1C level. […] Among U.S. adults aged 18 years or older, age-adjusted data for 2017-2020 indicated: 10.8% of adults had prediabetes, based on both elevated fasting plasma glucose and A1C levels. […] There were no significant changes in age-adjusted prevalence of prediabetes from 2005-2008 to 2017-2020. About one-third of U.S. adults had prediabetes over the entire period. […] Among adults with prediabetes, the age-adjusted percentage aware that they had this condition increased from 6.5% in 2005-2008 to 17.4% in 2017-2020.
  • #10 National Diabetes Statistics Report | Diabetes | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/php/data-research/index.html
    An estimated 97.6 million adults aged 18 years or older had prediabetes in 2021. […] Among U.S. adults aged 18 years or older, crude estimates for 2017-2020 were: 38.0% of all U.S. adults had prediabetes, based on their fasting glucose or A1C level. […] Among U.S. adults aged 18 years or older, age-adjusted data for 2017-2020 indicated: 10.8% of adults had prediabetes, based on both elevated fasting plasma glucose and A1C levels. […] There were no significant changes in age-adjusted prevalence of prediabetes from 2005-2008 to 2017-2020. About one-third of U.S. adults had prediabetes over the entire period. […] Among adults with prediabetes, the age-adjusted percentage aware that they had this condition increased from 6.5% in 2005-2008 to 17.4% in 2017-2020.
  • #11 The prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes: a population-based study – Polish Archives of Internal Medicine
    https://www.mp.pl/paim/issue/article/16407
    According to the medical history data, a total of 75 participants had diabetes (7.14%). Prediabetes (impaired fasting glycemia [IFG] or impaired glucose tolerance [IGT]) was identified in 410 individuals, including 241 participants with IFG (22.9%) and 169 patients with IGT (16.1%). […] Our cohort study demonstrated a high prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes in the Biaystok population. In addition, we showed that a large group of patients still remains undiagnosed for other hyperglycemic disorders. […] Recently, there have been limited data on the prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes in the general population. Our cohort study demonstrates a notable prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes in the study population. […] Our analysis included 1051 participants enrolled in the Bialystok PLUS cohort study. According to the medical history data, 75 patients (7.14%) had diabetes. Based on the laboratory test results, prediabetes was found in 410 participants (approximately 40%). […] Our analysis revealed a high prevalence of diabetes, with almost half of the cases being previously undiagnosed. […] The current cohort study demonstrated a high prevalence of diabetes, with nearly 50% of the disease cases being previously undiagnosed.
  • #12 Epidemiology of type 2 diabetes and prediabetes in the adult population of the Republic of Moldova | ECE2024 | 26th European Congress of Endocrinology | Endocrine Abstracts
    https://www.endocrine-abstracts.org/ea/0099/ea0099ep536
    Epidemiology of type 2 diabetes and prediabetes in the adult population of the Republic of Moldova […] Data on the prevalence and incidence of DM and prediabetes are limited due to the lack of studies in this direction. […] Prediabetes was diagnosed in 29.6% of the investigated persons, with a prevalence of 48 % in men vs 52 % in women. […] The study showed an increased prevalence of carbohydrate metabolism disorders, including prediabetes, as well as a high prevalence of abdominal obesity.
  • #13
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40200-024-01549-6
    Prediabetes represents a significant public health challenge in Latin America. Its prevalence varies considerably depending on the diagnostic criteria used, which hinders a precise understanding of its magnitude in the region. […] To estimate the prevalence and incidence of prediabetes in Latin America through a systematic review (SR). […] The pooled prevalence of prediabetes was 24% (95% CI: 1830%). According to specific criteria, the prevalences were: WHO 11% (95% CI: 518%), FG 18% (95% CI: 1027%), PPG 20% (95% CI: 346%), and HbA1c 32% (95% CI: 2152%). […] Prediabetes prevalence in Latin America is high, with significant variations by diagnostic criteria. The limited number of incidence studies and high heterogeneity highlight the need for standardized approaches in future research. Implementation of preventive strategies and strengthening of epidemiological surveillance systems are crucial for addressing this public health challenge.
  • #14 Epidemiology of prediabetes and diabetes in Namibia, Africa: A multilevel analysis | The PAIR Center
    https://pair.upenn.edu/publication/epidemiology-of-prediabetes-and-diabetes-in-namibia-africa-a-multilevel-analysis/
    Diabetes is a leading cause of progressive morbidity and early mortality worldwide. Little is known about the burden of diabetes and prediabetes in Namibia, a Sub-Saharan African (SSA) country that is undergoing a demographic transition. […] We estimated the prevalence and correlates of diabetes (defined as fasting [capillary] blood glucose [FBG] 126 mg/dL) and prediabetes (defined by World Health Organization [WHO] and American Diabetes Association [ADA] criteria as FBG 110-125 and 100-125 mg/dL, respectively) in a random sample of 3278 participants aged 35-64 years from the 2013 Namibia Demographic and Health Survey. […] The prevalence of prediabetes was 6.8% (95% CI 5.8-8.0) using WHO criteria and 20.1% (95% CI 18.4-21.9) using ADA criteria. […] One in five adult Namibians has prediabetes based on ADA criteria.
  • #15 Epidemiology of prediabetes and diabetes in Namibia, Africa : a multilevel analysis – WRAP: Warwick Research Archive Portal
    https://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/id/eprint/106717/
    BackgroundDiabetes is a leading cause of progressive morbidity and early mortality worldwide. Little is known on the burden of diabetes and prediabetes in Namibia, a SubSaharan African (SSA) country that is undergoing a demographic transition. […] The prevalence of prediabetes was 6.8% (5.88.0) and 20.1% (18.421.9) using WHO and ADA criteria, respectively. […] One in five adult Namibians has prediabetes by ADA criteria. Resources should be invested at the community level to promote efforts to prevent progression of this disease and its complications.
  • #16 Prevalence of prediabetes and associated factors among community members in rural Isingiro district | BMC Public Health | Full Text
    https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-023-15802-9
    In rural Uganda a significant number of persons afflicted with pre-diabetes are unaware of the condition. This study examined the prevalence of prediabetes and the associated factors among rural community members. The prevalence of prediabetes was 9.19% (95% CI 6.2312.14). Prediabetes is prevalent among adult community members in rural Isingiro, southwestern Uganda. Age and lifestyle factors predict prediabetes in this rural population, suggesting a need for targeted health promotion interventions. The global prevalence of prediabetes based on IFG was estimated at 319 million (6.2%) in 2021 and is projected to increase to 441 million (6.9%) in 2045. The prevalence of prediabetes was highest among the age group of 46 to 69 years. The odds of prediabetes were fivefold with advancing age. Increasing level of BMI was independently associated with prediabetes. Obese individuals were 3 times more likely to have prediabetes. Prediabetes therefore presents the best opportunity to initiate interventions for prevention of diabetes at community and at individual level. Given the magnitude of prediabetes recognized in this rural population, it is recommended that routine screening for prediabetes should be emphasized as part of disease prevention and control services.
  • #17 Prediabetes Trends Among U.S. Adults
    https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/prediabetes-trends-among-us-adults
    The American Diabetes Association (ADA) defines prediabetes as the presence of impaired fasting glucose (IFG; 100-125 mg/dL) or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT; 2-hour plasma glucose 140-199 mg/dL after 75-g oral glucose tolerance test) or an A1C level of 5.7% to 6.4%. […] The National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion notes that approximately 96 million U.S. adults aged 18 years and older (38% of the adult population) have prediabetes, and nearly 80% of them are unaware that they have it. […] Between 2013 and 2020, the prevalence of prediabetes increased 3.5% overall in adults aged 18 years and older. […] Prediabetes awareness increased from 11.4% to 15.9% among men, but dropped slightly from 19.8% to 19.4% among women. […] The strongest risk factors for prediabetes in adults are overweight and obesity. […] The U.S. Preventative Services Task Force currently recommends screening for prediabetes in adults aged 35 to 70 years who are overweight or obese.
  • #18 Recommendation: Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/screening-for-prediabetes-and-type-2-diabetes
    Overweight and obesity are the strongest risk factors for developing prediabetes and type 2 diabetes in adults. […] The prevalence of diabetes is higher among American Indian/Alaska Native (14.7%), Asian (9.2%), Hispanic/Latino (12.5%), and non-Hispanic Black (11.7%) persons than among non-Hispanic White (7.5%) persons. […] Clinicians should consider screening at an earlier age in persons from groups with disproportionately high incidence and prevalence (American Indian/Alaska Native, Asian American, Black, Hispanic/Latino, or Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander persons) or in persons who have a family history of diabetes, a history of gestational diabetes, or a history of polycystic ovarian syndrome, and at a lower BMI in Asian American persons. […] Prediabetes and type 2 diabetes can be detected by measuring fasting plasma glucose or HbA1c level, or with an oral glucose tolerance test.
  • #19 Prediabetes Data | Health & Human Services
    https://hhs.iowa.gov/data/health/diabetes/prediabetes-data
    There are 84.1 million adults in the United States that have prediabetes. According to the 2017 BRFSS survey, an estimated 74,621 adults, or 7.2% of the adult Iowan population have prediabetes. If left untreated, 15-30% of these people with prediabetes will develop type 2 diabetes within the next five years. […] Data indicates prediabetes is most common among individuals aged 45 and older. […] Data indicates individuals who identify their ethnicity as other/non-Hispanic have higher rates of prediabetes or borderline diabetes. […] Data indicates more individuals with a high school diploma or G.E.D. have been told they have prediabetes or have borderline diabetes. […] Data indicates more individuals with an income level between $50,000-$74,999 are being told by their physician that they have prediabetes or borderline diabetes. […] Data indicates Iowa males and females are similar in reporting they have been told by their physician they have prediabetes or borderline diabetes. […] Data indicates a drop in awareness of prediabetes or borderline diabetes.
  • #20 Prevalence of prediabetes and associated factors among community members in rural Isingiro district | BMC Public Health | Full Text
    https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-023-15802-9
    In rural Uganda a significant number of persons afflicted with pre-diabetes are unaware of the condition. This study examined the prevalence of prediabetes and the associated factors among rural community members. The prevalence of prediabetes was 9.19% (95% CI 6.2312.14). Prediabetes is prevalent among adult community members in rural Isingiro, southwestern Uganda. Age and lifestyle factors predict prediabetes in this rural population, suggesting a need for targeted health promotion interventions. The global prevalence of prediabetes based on IFG was estimated at 319 million (6.2%) in 2021 and is projected to increase to 441 million (6.9%) in 2045. The prevalence of prediabetes was highest among the age group of 46 to 69 years. The odds of prediabetes were fivefold with advancing age. Increasing level of BMI was independently associated with prediabetes. Obese individuals were 3 times more likely to have prediabetes. Prediabetes therefore presents the best opportunity to initiate interventions for prevention of diabetes at community and at individual level. Given the magnitude of prediabetes recognized in this rural population, it is recommended that routine screening for prediabetes should be emphasized as part of disease prevention and control services.
  • #21 Prevalence of prediabetes and associated factors among community members in rural Isingiro district | BMC Public Health | Full Text
    https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-023-15802-9
    In rural Uganda a significant number of persons afflicted with pre-diabetes are unaware of the condition. This study examined the prevalence of prediabetes and the associated factors among rural community members. The prevalence of prediabetes was 9.19% (95% CI 6.2312.14). Prediabetes is prevalent among adult community members in rural Isingiro, southwestern Uganda. Age and lifestyle factors predict prediabetes in this rural population, suggesting a need for targeted health promotion interventions. The global prevalence of prediabetes based on IFG was estimated at 319 million (6.2%) in 2021 and is projected to increase to 441 million (6.9%) in 2045. The prevalence of prediabetes was highest among the age group of 46 to 69 years. The odds of prediabetes were fivefold with advancing age. Increasing level of BMI was independently associated with prediabetes. Obese individuals were 3 times more likely to have prediabetes. Prediabetes therefore presents the best opportunity to initiate interventions for prevention of diabetes at community and at individual level. Given the magnitude of prediabetes recognized in this rural population, it is recommended that routine screening for prediabetes should be emphasized as part of disease prevention and control services.
  • #22 Recommendation: Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/screening-for-prediabetes-and-type-2-diabetes
    Overweight and obesity are the strongest risk factors for developing prediabetes and type 2 diabetes in adults. […] The prevalence of diabetes is higher among American Indian/Alaska Native (14.7%), Asian (9.2%), Hispanic/Latino (12.5%), and non-Hispanic Black (11.7%) persons than among non-Hispanic White (7.5%) persons. […] Clinicians should consider screening at an earlier age in persons from groups with disproportionately high incidence and prevalence (American Indian/Alaska Native, Asian American, Black, Hispanic/Latino, or Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander persons) or in persons who have a family history of diabetes, a history of gestational diabetes, or a history of polycystic ovarian syndrome, and at a lower BMI in Asian American persons. […] Prediabetes and type 2 diabetes can be detected by measuring fasting plasma glucose or HbA1c level, or with an oral glucose tolerance test.
  • #23 Data – Diabetes and Prediabetes
    https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/diabetes/data/
    Data and reports for diabetes and prediabetes can be accessed on this page. […] Overview of Prediabetes from the 2020 BRFSS. United States prevalence 38.0%. Virginia prevalence 9.3% White/Non-Hispanic 9.1% Black/Non-Hispanic 11.7% Hispanic 8.2% Other/Non-Hispanic 6.4% H.S. 9.1% H.S. or G.E.D. 9.6% Some College 9.7% College Graduate 8.8% Central 11.2% Eastern 8.0% Northern 8.2% Northwestern 10.1% Southwestern 10.2%.
  • #24 Pre-Diabetes and What It Means: The Epidemiological Evidence
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8026645/
    The vast majority of individuals with prediabetes (72.2%) reside in low- and middle-income countries. […] In the United States, national data on prevalence of prediabetes are available from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). […] Over the past three decades in the United States, prevalence of prediabetes has increased across all ethnic subgroups and all definitions of prediabetes. […] Individuals with prediabetes have a high burden of cardiovascular risk factors. […] Depending on the definition of prediabetes used, associations with major clinical outcomes differ. […] A major challenge in the field is a lack of consensus about how to define prediabetes, which has led to disparate prevalence estimates and a lack of consistency in approaches to screening and diagnosis. […] Ultimately, the lack of consensus regarding a single best definition of prediabetes continues to present a major challenge for the field and for clinical practice.
  • #25 An investigation of causal relationships between prediabetes and vascular complications | Nature Communications
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-18386-9
    Prediabetes is a state of glycaemic dysregulation below the diagnostic threshold of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Globally, ~352 million people have prediabetes, of which 35-50% develop full-blown diabetes within five years. T2D and its complications are costly to treat, causing considerable morbidity and early mortality. […] The cooccurrence of IFG and IGT is termed impaired glucose regulation. […] In the short term, a relatively small proportion (5-10% annually) of those with prediabetes will progress to full-blown diabetes; however, after 5 years, about half will have developed the disease. […] Many observational studies have shown that prediabetes is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), suggesting that the pathogenic effects of dysregulated glucose metabolism have already begun even before diabetes is manifest.
  • #26 Global epidemiology of prediabetes – present and future perspectives | Cardiovascular Diabetology – Endocrinology Reports | Full Text
    https://clindiabetesendo.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40842-019-0080-0
    Prediabetes is defined as an intermediate state of hyperglycaemia with glucose levels above the normal state but below the diagnostic levels of diabetes. […] Despite these differences, these estimates suggest that the number of individuals affected by prediabetes is increasing rapidly in all areas of the world. […] Prediabetes will progress to overt type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in approximately 25% of subjects within 35 years, and as many as 70% of individuals with prediabetes will develop overt diabetes within their lifetime. […] The global prevalence of IGT was estimated at 7.3% of the adult population in 2017, equivalent to 352.1 million individuals. By 2045 the prevalence is anticipated to increase to 8.3% of the global adult population, equivalent to an estimated 587 million individuals.
  • #27 An investigation of causal relationships between prediabetes and vascular complications | Nature Communications
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-18386-9
    Prediabetes is a state of glycaemic dysregulation below the diagnostic threshold of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Globally, ~352 million people have prediabetes, of which 35-50% develop full-blown diabetes within five years. T2D and its complications are costly to treat, causing considerable morbidity and early mortality. […] The cooccurrence of IFG and IGT is termed impaired glucose regulation. […] In the short term, a relatively small proportion (5-10% annually) of those with prediabetes will progress to full-blown diabetes; however, after 5 years, about half will have developed the disease. […] Many observational studies have shown that prediabetes is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), suggesting that the pathogenic effects of dysregulated glucose metabolism have already begun even before diabetes is manifest.
  • #28
    https://www.msjonline.org/index.php/ijrms/article/view/11706
    Among the 400 studied patients with prediabetes 31 (7.8%) progressed to diabetes and only 9 (2.3%) progressed to hypertension over a period of two years. […] Patients with both prehypertension and prediabetes had a higher risk of progression to hypertension and diabetes (3% to hypertension and 15.5% to diabetes). […] The screening of people for pre-diabetes mellitus and pre-hypertension should be carried out at mass levels so as to diagnose them at an early stage and hence, their progression can be either halted or modified.
  • #29 Novel Methods and Data Sources for Surveillance of State-Level Diabetes and Prediabetes Prevalence
    https://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2017/16_0572.htm
    States bear substantial responsibility for addressing the rising rates of diabetes and prediabetes in the United States. However, accurate state-level estimates of diabetes and prediabetes prevalence that include undiagnosed cases have been impossible to produce with traditional sources of state-level data. […] Accurate estimates of diabetes and prediabetes prevalence are essential for monitoring the impact of these conditions on population health and for assessing the effectiveness of prevention programs. […] In 2012, among US adults aged 20 years or older, the prevalence of diabetes was 12.3% and the prevalence of prediabetes was 37%. […] However, state-level estimates of diabetes and prediabetes prevalence that include undiagnosed cases are often unavailable because of a lack of applicable data.
  • #30 Epidemiology of type 2 diabetes and prediabetes in the adult population of the Republic of Moldova | ECE2024 | 26th European Congress of Endocrinology | Endocrine Abstracts
    https://www.endocrine-abstracts.org/ea/0099/ea0099ep536
    Epidemiology of type 2 diabetes and prediabetes in the adult population of the Republic of Moldova […] Data on the prevalence and incidence of DM and prediabetes are limited due to the lack of studies in this direction. […] Prediabetes was diagnosed in 29.6% of the investigated persons, with a prevalence of 48 % in men vs 52 % in women. […] The study showed an increased prevalence of carbohydrate metabolism disorders, including prediabetes, as well as a high prevalence of abdominal obesity.
  • #31 Pre-Diabetes and What It Means: The Epidemiological Evidence
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8026645/
    Prediabetes is an intermediate stage between normal glycemia and diabetes and is highly prevalent, especially in older age groups and obese individuals. […] The increasing prevalence of prediabetes globally is a major public health concern and does not bode well for the growing epidemic of diabetes and its complications. […] The concept of prediabetes emerged in the late 1970s as a result of a better understanding of the natural history of diabetes. […] Currently, five definitions of prediabetes have been issued by professional societies, including the ADA, the WHO, and International Expert Committee. […] The IGT definition of prediabetes emerged from community-based studies showing that a 2hBG 140 mg/dl confers a higher risk for incident diabetes than do lower 2hBG values. […] Comprehensive global prevalence data on prediabetes are lacking.
  • #32 Pre-Diabetes and What It Means: The Epidemiological Evidence
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8026645/
    The vast majority of individuals with prediabetes (72.2%) reside in low- and middle-income countries. […] In the United States, national data on prevalence of prediabetes are available from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). […] Over the past three decades in the United States, prevalence of prediabetes has increased across all ethnic subgroups and all definitions of prediabetes. […] Individuals with prediabetes have a high burden of cardiovascular risk factors. […] Depending on the definition of prediabetes used, associations with major clinical outcomes differ. […] A major challenge in the field is a lack of consensus about how to define prediabetes, which has led to disparate prevalence estimates and a lack of consistency in approaches to screening and diagnosis. […] Ultimately, the lack of consensus regarding a single best definition of prediabetes continues to present a major challenge for the field and for clinical practice.
  • #33 Pre-Diabetes and What It Means: The Epidemiological Evidence
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8026645/
    Prediabetes is an intermediate stage between normal glycemia and diabetes and is highly prevalent, especially in older age groups and obese individuals. […] The increasing prevalence of prediabetes globally is a major public health concern and does not bode well for the growing epidemic of diabetes and its complications. […] The concept of prediabetes emerged in the late 1970s as a result of a better understanding of the natural history of diabetes. […] Currently, five definitions of prediabetes have been issued by professional societies, including the ADA, the WHO, and International Expert Committee. […] The IGT definition of prediabetes emerged from community-based studies showing that a 2hBG 140 mg/dl confers a higher risk for incident diabetes than do lower 2hBG values. […] Comprehensive global prevalence data on prediabetes are lacking.
  • #34 Pre-Diabetes and What It Means: The Epidemiological Evidence
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8026645/
    Prediabetes is an intermediate stage between normal glycemia and diabetes and is highly prevalent, especially in older age groups and obese individuals. […] The increasing prevalence of prediabetes globally is a major public health concern and does not bode well for the growing epidemic of diabetes and its complications. […] The concept of prediabetes emerged in the late 1970s as a result of a better understanding of the natural history of diabetes. […] Currently, five definitions of prediabetes have been issued by professional societies, including the ADA, the WHO, and International Expert Committee. […] The IGT definition of prediabetes emerged from community-based studies showing that a 2hBG 140 mg/dl confers a higher risk for incident diabetes than do lower 2hBG values. […] Comprehensive global prevalence data on prediabetes are lacking.
  • #35 The Prediabetic Period: Review of Clinical Aspects
    https://www.e-dmj.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.4093/dmj.2011.35.2.107
    Generally, the prevalence of IGT is known to be higher than that of IFG; however, these data were mostly based on the previous ADA/WHO criteria. […] According to the new ADA criteria, when the IFG cut-off value is adjusted to 100 mg/dL, IFG prevalence increases dramatically. […] For example, by changing the IFG diagnostic criteria, the Danish IFG prevalence increased from 11.8% to 37.6%. […] According to data from a survey on NHANES subjects, the IFG prevalence of Americans over the age of 20 was reported as 25.7% and IGT was reported as 13.8%. […] The risk for DM in preDM subjects is much higher compared with those with normal glucose tolerance (NGT). […] When several prospective epidemiological studies were compiled, the incidence of T2DM in isolated IFG and IGT subjects was estimated at 4 to 6% per year, and this value was significantly higher than NGT subjects (0.5% per year).
  • #36 Global epidemiology of prediabetes – present and future perspectives | Cardiovascular Diabetology – Endocrinology Reports | Full Text
    https://clindiabetesendo.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40842-019-0080-0
    The reported prevalence for prediabetes vary widely within the literature, reflecting the heterogeneity of both the methods used to define the condition, and of the characteristics of the populations themselves. What is clear, however, is that the prevalence of prediabetes is increasing rapidly in all parts of the world.
  • #37 Pre-Diabetes and What It Means: The Epidemiological Evidence
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8026645/
    The vast majority of individuals with prediabetes (72.2%) reside in low- and middle-income countries. […] In the United States, national data on prevalence of prediabetes are available from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). […] Over the past three decades in the United States, prevalence of prediabetes has increased across all ethnic subgroups and all definitions of prediabetes. […] Individuals with prediabetes have a high burden of cardiovascular risk factors. […] Depending on the definition of prediabetes used, associations with major clinical outcomes differ. […] A major challenge in the field is a lack of consensus about how to define prediabetes, which has led to disparate prevalence estimates and a lack of consistency in approaches to screening and diagnosis. […] Ultimately, the lack of consensus regarding a single best definition of prediabetes continues to present a major challenge for the field and for clinical practice.
  • #38 Novel Methods and Data Sources for Surveillance of State-Level Diabetes and Prediabetes Prevalence
    https://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2017/16_0572.htm
    In this article, we describe testing the feasibility of using existing data sources in novel ways to enhance surveillance of diabetes and prediabetes prevalence at the state level. […] The most accurate and useful diabetes surveillance methods represent a population, identify both diagnosed and undiagnosed cases (via biomarkers such as fasting plasma glucose [FPG] or hemoglobin A1c [HbA1c]), and include geographic, demographic, and risk variables to support adjustment and subpopulation analysis. […] At the state level, the most commonly used surveillance tool for assessing chronic disease prevalence is the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), an annual telephone survey. […] However, BRFSS is unable to identify cases of undiagnosed diabetes, and it underreports prediabetes since many respondents are unaware that they have the condition.
  • #39 Novel Methods and Data Sources for Surveillance of State-Level Diabetes and Prediabetes Prevalence
    https://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2017/16_0572.htm
    In this article, we describe testing the feasibility of using existing data sources in novel ways to enhance surveillance of diabetes and prediabetes prevalence at the state level. […] The most accurate and useful diabetes surveillance methods represent a population, identify both diagnosed and undiagnosed cases (via biomarkers such as fasting plasma glucose [FPG] or hemoglobin A1c [HbA1c]), and include geographic, demographic, and risk variables to support adjustment and subpopulation analysis. […] At the state level, the most commonly used surveillance tool for assessing chronic disease prevalence is the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), an annual telephone survey. […] However, BRFSS is unable to identify cases of undiagnosed diabetes, and it underreports prediabetes since many respondents are unaware that they have the condition.
  • #40 Novel Methods and Data Sources for Surveillance of State-Level Diabetes and Prediabetes Prevalence
    https://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2017/16_0572.htm
    In this article, we describe testing the feasibility of using existing data sources in novel ways to enhance surveillance of diabetes and prediabetes prevalence at the state level. […] The most accurate and useful diabetes surveillance methods represent a population, identify both diagnosed and undiagnosed cases (via biomarkers such as fasting plasma glucose [FPG] or hemoglobin A1c [HbA1c]), and include geographic, demographic, and risk variables to support adjustment and subpopulation analysis. […] At the state level, the most commonly used surveillance tool for assessing chronic disease prevalence is the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), an annual telephone survey. […] However, BRFSS is unable to identify cases of undiagnosed diabetes, and it underreports prediabetes since many respondents are unaware that they have the condition.
  • #41 Novel Methods and Data Sources for Surveillance of State-Level Diabetes and Prediabetes Prevalence
    https://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2017/16_0572.htm
    In this article, we describe testing the feasibility of using existing data sources in novel ways to enhance surveillance of diabetes and prediabetes prevalence at the state level. […] The most accurate and useful diabetes surveillance methods represent a population, identify both diagnosed and undiagnosed cases (via biomarkers such as fasting plasma glucose [FPG] or hemoglobin A1c [HbA1c]), and include geographic, demographic, and risk variables to support adjustment and subpopulation analysis. […] At the state level, the most commonly used surveillance tool for assessing chronic disease prevalence is the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), an annual telephone survey. […] However, BRFSS is unable to identify cases of undiagnosed diabetes, and it underreports prediabetes since many respondents are unaware that they have the condition.
  • #42 National Diabetes Statistics Report | Diabetes | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/php/data-research/index.html
    An estimated 97.6 million adults aged 18 years or older had prediabetes in 2021. […] Among U.S. adults aged 18 years or older, crude estimates for 2017-2020 were: 38.0% of all U.S. adults had prediabetes, based on their fasting glucose or A1C level. […] Among U.S. adults aged 18 years or older, age-adjusted data for 2017-2020 indicated: 10.8% of adults had prediabetes, based on both elevated fasting plasma glucose and A1C levels. […] There were no significant changes in age-adjusted prevalence of prediabetes from 2005-2008 to 2017-2020. About one-third of U.S. adults had prediabetes over the entire period. […] Among adults with prediabetes, the age-adjusted percentage aware that they had this condition increased from 6.5% in 2005-2008 to 17.4% in 2017-2020.
  • #43 Prediabetes Trends Among U.S. Adults
    https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/prediabetes-trends-among-us-adults
    The American Diabetes Association (ADA) defines prediabetes as the presence of impaired fasting glucose (IFG; 100-125 mg/dL) or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT; 2-hour plasma glucose 140-199 mg/dL after 75-g oral glucose tolerance test) or an A1C level of 5.7% to 6.4%. […] The National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion notes that approximately 96 million U.S. adults aged 18 years and older (38% of the adult population) have prediabetes, and nearly 80% of them are unaware that they have it. […] Between 2013 and 2020, the prevalence of prediabetes increased 3.5% overall in adults aged 18 years and older. […] Prediabetes awareness increased from 11.4% to 15.9% among men, but dropped slightly from 19.8% to 19.4% among women. […] The strongest risk factors for prediabetes in adults are overweight and obesity. […] The U.S. Preventative Services Task Force currently recommends screening for prediabetes in adults aged 35 to 70 years who are overweight or obese.
  • #44 Diabetes – Chronic Disease Prevention & Health Promotion Division | What is Diabetes?
    https://health.hawaii.gov/diabetes/diabetes-prevention-and-control-program/what-is-diabetes/
    Prediabetes means that one has an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes. […] In Hawaii, 513,000 adults have prediabetes, and two in three of these adults dont know that they have it. […] Without intervention, 15% to 30% of those with prediabetes will develop type 2 diabetes within five years. […] Fortunately, prediabetes can be reversed, meaning that if you have it, there are things that you can do to prevent yourself from getting type 2 diabetes.
  • #45
    https://ibis.utah.gov/epht-view/indicator/important_facts/PreDiab.html
    Percentage of adults who have ever been told by a doctor or other health professional that they have prediabetes or borderline diabetes. Prediabetes is a condition in which an individual’s blood sugar level is elevated but not high enough to reach a clinical diagnosis for diabetes. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that about one-third of U.S. adults (aged 20 and over) have prediabetes. Most people with prediabetes do not know they have it. […] About 86 million Americans (roughly 35% of adults aged 20 years and older) may actually have prediabetes. […] National data suggest that many individuals have prediabetes but have not been diagnosed by a healthcare provider and are not aware they have it due to its unclear symptoms.
  • #46 National surveillance for type 1, type 2 diabetes and prediabetes among children and adolescents: a population-based study (SAUDI-DM) | Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health
    https://jech.bmj.com/content/69/11/1045
    There is a paucity of data on the national prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes among youth. […] The overall prevalence of diabetes was 10.84%, of which 0.45% were known type 1 and type 2 patients with diabetes and 10.39% were either newly identified cases of diabetes (4.27%) or IFG (6.12%) with more than 90% of the participants with diabetes being unaware of their disease. […] Diabetes and IFG are highly prevalent in this society with the majority of the patients being unaware of their disease, which warrants urgent adoption of early detection, treatment and prevention programmes. […] Saudi Arabia, currently ranked seventh among the top 10 countries known for their high prevalence of diabetes globally, sets a good model to study the factors behind the increase in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes among children and adolescents.
  • #47 Global Prevalence of Prediabetes – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37196350/
    Approximately two-thirds of countries did not have high-quality IGT or IFG data. […] The global prevalence of IGT in 2021 was 9.1% (464 million) and is projected to increase to 10.0% (638 million) in 2045. […] The global prevalence of IFG in 2021 was 5.8% (298 million) and is projected to increase to 6.5% (414 million) in 2045. […] The 2021 prevalence of IGT and IFG was highest in high-income countries. […] In 2045, the largest relative growth in cases of IGT and IFG would be in low-income countries. […] The global burden of prediabetes is substantial and growing. Enhancing prediabetes surveillance is necessary to effectively implement diabetes prevention policies and interventions.
  • #48 Epidemiology of prediabetes mellitus among hill tribe adults in Thailand | PLOS One
    https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0271900
    Prediabetes is a major silent health problem that leads to the development of diabetes within a few years, particularly among those who have a low socioeconomic status. […] The prevalence of prediabetes was 11.2%. […] After controlling for age and sex, five factors were found to be associated with prediabetes. […] The overall prevalence of prediabetes among Thai individuals 15 years and older was 10.7% (11.8% among men and 9.5% among women). […] Identifying people with prediabetes in a community, especially among those with a poor socioeconomic status, would be greatly advantageous for the design and implementation of proper interventions to reduce the rate of DM development or delay its onset. […] The prevalence of prediabetes among hill tribe people between 30 and 59 years old was 11.2%.
  • #49 Epidemiology of Diabetes and Prediabetes in Uzbekistan: Screening
    https://www.itmedicalteam.pl/articles/epidemiology-of-diabetes-and-prediabetes-in-uzbekistan-screening-results-106064.html
    Presence of real epidemiological data on prevalence of DM, prediabetes and their risk factors is extremely necessary for correct planning of effective work of the public health system which finally purpose is improvement of quality of life of the population. […] […] Results of our study showed, that the real prevalence of type 2 DM 10 times exceeds the data based on the registered patients. It could mean that only one of 10 patients receives the adequate qualified care and lives a high-quality life. […] […] According to IDF calculations, prevalence of IGT in the Republic is 5.69% among persons aged 20-79 years. […] […] For the first time in our study we received data on prevalence of IFG in Uzbekistan. […] […] High prevalence of overweight and obesity in persons with and without carbohydrate metabolism disorders causes concern. Over 35% of the Republic population has obesity of various degree and about 35% are overweight. So, 70% are already at risk of development of cardiovascular diseases within the next 10 years. […]
  • #50
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40200-024-01549-6
    Understanding the prevalence and incidence of prediabetes is crucial for planning public health strategies and allocating resources in the region. […] The high prevalence of prediabetes also underscores the importance of a health in all policies approach in Latin America. Addressing this problem requires interventions from the health sector and intersectoral policies that promote healthier environments, improve access to nutritious foods, encourage physical activity, and address the social determinants of health. […] Strengthening these systems would allow for more effective monitoring of temporal and geographical trends, facilitating the evaluation of the impact of public health interventions and the efficient allocation of resources.
  • #51
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40200-024-01549-6
    Understanding the prevalence and incidence of prediabetes is crucial for planning public health strategies and allocating resources in the region. […] The high prevalence of prediabetes also underscores the importance of a health in all policies approach in Latin America. Addressing this problem requires interventions from the health sector and intersectoral policies that promote healthier environments, improve access to nutritious foods, encourage physical activity, and address the social determinants of health. […] Strengthening these systems would allow for more effective monitoring of temporal and geographical trends, facilitating the evaluation of the impact of public health interventions and the efficient allocation of resources.
  • #52
    https://bcsrj.com/ojs/index.php/bcsrj/article/view/615
    A state of hyperglycemia known as prediabetes is characterized by glycemic indices that are above normal but still below the diabetes threshold. […] Prediabetes remains significantly connected with a yearly conversion rate of 5% to 10% to diabetes, even with differences in the diagnostic criteria among international professional organizations. […] Observational research suggests a potential link between prediabetes and diabetic sequelae, including small fiber neuropathy, early retinopathy, early nephropathy, and an increased risk of macrovascular disease. […] Numerous studies showing the value of lifestyle changes in avoiding diabetes have shown a relative risk reduction of 40%70% in those with prediabetes. […] The health outcomes of childhood prediabetes have not been the subject of any rigorous evaluations.
  • #53 Recommendation: Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/screening-for-prediabetes-and-type-2-diabetes
    Evidence on the optimal screening interval for adults with an initial normal glucose test result is limited. Cohort and modeling studies suggest that screening every 3 years may be a reasonable approach for adults with normal blood glucose levels. […] Both lifestyle interventions that focus on diet, physical activity, or both and metformin have demonstrated efficacy in preventing or delaying progression to diabetes in persons with prediabetes. […] The Community Preventive Services Task Force recommends diet and physical activity promotion programs to prevent type 2 diabetes among persons at increased risk.
  • #54 Prediabetes
    https://portal.ct.gov/DPH/Health-Education-Management–Surveillance/Diabetes/Prediabetes
    Prediabetes is a condition in which a person’s blood sugar levels are higher than normal, but are not high enough to be considered diabetes. This means a fasting blood sugar of 100-125 mg/dl or a value of 140-199 mg/dl two hours after a glucose tolerance test. Prediabetes can also be diagnosed with a A1c value (the three month average blood sugar) of 5.7-6.4%. […] People with prediabetes do not often exhibit any symptoms. They are, however, at greater risk for developing diabetes and having a heart attack or stroke. […] A person with certain risk factors is more likely to develop prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. These risk factors include: age, especially after 45 years of age; being overweight or obese; a family history of diabetes; having an African American, Hispanic/Latino, American Indian, Asian American, or Pacific Islander racial or ethnic background; a history of diabetes while pregnant (gestational diabetes) or having given birth to a baby weighing nine pounds or more; and being physically active less than three times a week. […] Research conducted on people with prediabetes in the Diabetes Prevention Program at National Institutes of Health demonstrated that a 5-7% weight loss could prevent or delay diabetes.
  • #55 Epidemiology of Diabetes and Prediabetes in Uzbekistan: Screening
    https://www.itmedicalteam.pl/articles/epidemiology-of-diabetes-and-prediabetes-in-uzbekistan-screening-results-106064.html
    Presence of real epidemiological data on prevalence of DM, prediabetes and their risk factors is extremely necessary for correct planning of effective work of the public health system which finally purpose is improvement of quality of life of the population. […] […] Results of our study showed, that the real prevalence of type 2 DM 10 times exceeds the data based on the registered patients. It could mean that only one of 10 patients receives the adequate qualified care and lives a high-quality life. […] […] According to IDF calculations, prevalence of IGT in the Republic is 5.69% among persons aged 20-79 years. […] […] For the first time in our study we received data on prevalence of IFG in Uzbekistan. […] […] High prevalence of overweight and obesity in persons with and without carbohydrate metabolism disorders causes concern. Over 35% of the Republic population has obesity of various degree and about 35% are overweight. So, 70% are already at risk of development of cardiovascular diseases within the next 10 years. […]
  • #56 Epidemiology of prediabetes mellitus among hill tribe adults in Thailand | PLOS One
    https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0271900
    Several factors were found to be associated with prediabetes: triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-C and HT. […] The need to develop and implement public health interventions that focus on healthy food and dietary behaviors and participation in physical activity, especially regular exercise, to address prediabetes is urgent.
  • #57 Recommendation: Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/screening-for-prediabetes-and-type-2-diabetes
    Recommendations made by the USPSTF are independent of the U.S. government. They should not be construed as an official position of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. […] The USPSTF recommends screening for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes in adults aged 35 to 70 years who have overweight or obesity. […] The prevalence of prediabetes and diabetes are higher in older adults. […] Screening asymptomatic adults for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes may allow earlier detection, diagnosis, and treatment, with the ultimate goal of improving health outcomes. […] The US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) concludes with moderate certainty that screening for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes and offering or referring patients with prediabetes to effective preventive interventions has a moderate net benefit.
  • #58 Recommendation: Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/screening-for-prediabetes-and-type-2-diabetes
    Overweight and obesity are the strongest risk factors for developing prediabetes and type 2 diabetes in adults. […] The prevalence of diabetes is higher among American Indian/Alaska Native (14.7%), Asian (9.2%), Hispanic/Latino (12.5%), and non-Hispanic Black (11.7%) persons than among non-Hispanic White (7.5%) persons. […] Clinicians should consider screening at an earlier age in persons from groups with disproportionately high incidence and prevalence (American Indian/Alaska Native, Asian American, Black, Hispanic/Latino, or Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander persons) or in persons who have a family history of diabetes, a history of gestational diabetes, or a history of polycystic ovarian syndrome, and at a lower BMI in Asian American persons. […] Prediabetes and type 2 diabetes can be detected by measuring fasting plasma glucose or HbA1c level, or with an oral glucose tolerance test.
  • #59 Recommendation: Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/screening-for-prediabetes-and-type-2-diabetes
    Overweight and obesity are the strongest risk factors for developing prediabetes and type 2 diabetes in adults. […] The prevalence of diabetes is higher among American Indian/Alaska Native (14.7%), Asian (9.2%), Hispanic/Latino (12.5%), and non-Hispanic Black (11.7%) persons than among non-Hispanic White (7.5%) persons. […] Clinicians should consider screening at an earlier age in persons from groups with disproportionately high incidence and prevalence (American Indian/Alaska Native, Asian American, Black, Hispanic/Latino, or Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander persons) or in persons who have a family history of diabetes, a history of gestational diabetes, or a history of polycystic ovarian syndrome, and at a lower BMI in Asian American persons. […] Prediabetes and type 2 diabetes can be detected by measuring fasting plasma glucose or HbA1c level, or with an oral glucose tolerance test.
  • #60 Recommendation: Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/screening-for-prediabetes-and-type-2-diabetes
    Evidence on the optimal screening interval for adults with an initial normal glucose test result is limited. Cohort and modeling studies suggest that screening every 3 years may be a reasonable approach for adults with normal blood glucose levels. […] Both lifestyle interventions that focus on diet, physical activity, or both and metformin have demonstrated efficacy in preventing or delaying progression to diabetes in persons with prediabetes. […] The Community Preventive Services Task Force recommends diet and physical activity promotion programs to prevent type 2 diabetes among persons at increased risk.
  • #61 Recommendation: Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/screening-for-prediabetes-and-type-2-diabetes
    Recommendations made by the USPSTF are independent of the U.S. government. They should not be construed as an official position of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. […] The USPSTF recommends screening for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes in adults aged 35 to 70 years who have overweight or obesity. […] The prevalence of prediabetes and diabetes are higher in older adults. […] Screening asymptomatic adults for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes may allow earlier detection, diagnosis, and treatment, with the ultimate goal of improving health outcomes. […] The US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) concludes with moderate certainty that screening for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes and offering or referring patients with prediabetes to effective preventive interventions has a moderate net benefit.
  • #62 Pre-Diabetes and What It Means: The Epidemiological Evidence
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8026645/
    Prediabetes is an intermediate stage between normal glycemia and diabetes and is highly prevalent, especially in older age groups and obese individuals. […] The increasing prevalence of prediabetes globally is a major public health concern and does not bode well for the growing epidemic of diabetes and its complications. […] The concept of prediabetes emerged in the late 1970s as a result of a better understanding of the natural history of diabetes. […] Currently, five definitions of prediabetes have been issued by professional societies, including the ADA, the WHO, and International Expert Committee. […] The IGT definition of prediabetes emerged from community-based studies showing that a 2hBG 140 mg/dl confers a higher risk for incident diabetes than do lower 2hBG values. […] Comprehensive global prevalence data on prediabetes are lacking.
  • #63
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40200-024-01549-6
    Understanding the prevalence and incidence of prediabetes is crucial for planning public health strategies and allocating resources in the region. […] The high prevalence of prediabetes also underscores the importance of a health in all policies approach in Latin America. Addressing this problem requires interventions from the health sector and intersectoral policies that promote healthier environments, improve access to nutritious foods, encourage physical activity, and address the social determinants of health. […] Strengthening these systems would allow for more effective monitoring of temporal and geographical trends, facilitating the evaluation of the impact of public health interventions and the efficient allocation of resources.
  • #64
    https://bcsrj.com/ojs/index.php/bcsrj/article/view/615
    A state of hyperglycemia known as prediabetes is characterized by glycemic indices that are above normal but still below the diabetes threshold. […] Prediabetes remains significantly connected with a yearly conversion rate of 5% to 10% to diabetes, even with differences in the diagnostic criteria among international professional organizations. […] Observational research suggests a potential link between prediabetes and diabetic sequelae, including small fiber neuropathy, early retinopathy, early nephropathy, and an increased risk of macrovascular disease. […] Numerous studies showing the value of lifestyle changes in avoiding diabetes have shown a relative risk reduction of 40%70% in those with prediabetes. […] The health outcomes of childhood prediabetes have not been the subject of any rigorous evaluations.
  • #65 Prevalence of prediabetes and associated factors among community members in rural Isingiro district | BMC Public Health | Full Text
    https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-023-15802-9
    In rural Uganda a significant number of persons afflicted with pre-diabetes are unaware of the condition. This study examined the prevalence of prediabetes and the associated factors among rural community members. The prevalence of prediabetes was 9.19% (95% CI 6.2312.14). Prediabetes is prevalent among adult community members in rural Isingiro, southwestern Uganda. Age and lifestyle factors predict prediabetes in this rural population, suggesting a need for targeted health promotion interventions. The global prevalence of prediabetes based on IFG was estimated at 319 million (6.2%) in 2021 and is projected to increase to 441 million (6.9%) in 2045. The prevalence of prediabetes was highest among the age group of 46 to 69 years. The odds of prediabetes were fivefold with advancing age. Increasing level of BMI was independently associated with prediabetes. Obese individuals were 3 times more likely to have prediabetes. Prediabetes therefore presents the best opportunity to initiate interventions for prevention of diabetes at community and at individual level. Given the magnitude of prediabetes recognized in this rural population, it is recommended that routine screening for prediabetes should be emphasized as part of disease prevention and control services.
  • #66 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Associations Between Frailty and the Increased Risk of Adverse Outcomes Among 38,950 UK Biobank Participants With Prediabetes: Prospective Cohort Study
    https://publichealth.jmir.org/2023/1/e45502
    During a median follow-up of 12 years, there were 5289 incident T2DM cases, 2657 incident diabetes-related microvascular disease cases, 3234 incident CVD cases, 1439 incident CKD cases, 3525 incident eye disease cases, 325 incident dementia cases, 1265 incident depression cases, and 2016 deaths. We found that frail participants developed more adverse outcomes than did their prefrail and nonfrail counterparts over the 12-year follow-up. In the age- and sex-adjusted model, both prefrailty and frailty were associated with higher risks of all adverse outcomes (all P for trend .001). After further adjusting for additional covariates, these associations remained statistically significant. […] In a large sample of UKB participants with prediabetes, we, for the first time, demonstrated that both prefrailty and frailty were associated with higher risks of multiple adverse outcomes, including T2DM, diabetes-related microvascular disease, CVD, CKD, eye disease, dementia, depression, and all-cause mortality. Our findings support the heterogeneity of prediabetes in middle-aged adulthood and suggest that assessing frailty status among middle-aged adults with prediabetes may help to identify those who were most at risk of subsequent adverse outcomes.
  • #67 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Associations Between Frailty and the Increased Risk of Adverse Outcomes Among 38,950 UK Biobank Participants With Prediabetes: Prospective Cohort Study
    https://publichealth.jmir.org/2023/1/e45502
    In this prospective cohort study of middle-aged UKB participants with prediabetes, both prefrailty and frailty were significantly associated with increased risks of multiple adverse outcomes, including T2DM, diabetes-related microvascular disease, CVD, CKD, eye disease, dementia, depression, and all-cause mortality. The findings underscore the importance of frailty assessment in routine care for middle-aged adults with prediabetes. Detecting frailty at an early stage (ie, accelerated aging) and implementing timely targeted interventions may help to improve the allocation of health care resources and to reduce diabetes-related burden.
  • #68
    https://hub.jhu.edu/2021/02/09/prediabetes-diagnosis-less-useful-for-older-patients/
    Older adults who are classified as having „prediabetes” due to moderately elevated measures of blood sugar usually don’t go on to develop full-blown diabetes, according to a study led by researchers at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. […] However, the study, which followed nearly 3,500 older adults, of median age 76, for about six and a half years, suggests that prediabetes is not a useful marker of diabetes risk in people of more advanced age. […] „Our results suggest that for older adults with blood sugar levels in the prediabetes range, few will actually develop diabetes,” says study senior author Elizabeth Selvin, professor in the Department of Epidemiology at the Bloomberg School. […] The results show that older adults with prediabetes, over intervals like the one in the study, are more likely to have lower blood sugar levels or to die for other reasons than to progress to diabetes.
  • #69
    https://hub.jhu.edu/2021/02/09/prediabetes-diagnosis-less-useful-for-older-patients/
    „Our findings support a focus on lifestyle improvements, including exercise and diet when feasible and safe, for older adults with prediabetes,” says Mary Rooney, a postdoctoral fellow at the Bloomberg School and the paper’s first author. […] Selvin and her colleagues recommend that for older adults, physicians should focus their screening efforts on risk factors, such as hypertension, that are more useful in predicting illness and mortality in this population.
  • #70 Pre-Diabetes and What It Means: The Epidemiological Evidence
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8026645/
    The vast majority of individuals with prediabetes (72.2%) reside in low- and middle-income countries. […] In the United States, national data on prevalence of prediabetes are available from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). […] Over the past three decades in the United States, prevalence of prediabetes has increased across all ethnic subgroups and all definitions of prediabetes. […] Individuals with prediabetes have a high burden of cardiovascular risk factors. […] Depending on the definition of prediabetes used, associations with major clinical outcomes differ. […] A major challenge in the field is a lack of consensus about how to define prediabetes, which has led to disparate prevalence estimates and a lack of consistency in approaches to screening and diagnosis. […] Ultimately, the lack of consensus regarding a single best definition of prediabetes continues to present a major challenge for the field and for clinical practice.
  • #71 Prediabetes Diagnosis: Helpful or Harmful? | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/1200/p649.html
    Prediabetes is a broadly defined condition that affects a large proportion of the population. Paradoxically, it is common in older people, most of whom do not progress to diabetes. There is no evidence that treating prediabetes with medications decreases mortality, macrovascular complications, or significant microvascular complications. Counseling patients about a healthy diet, physical activity, and weight loss for those who are overweight is worthwhile whether or not a patient is diagnosed with prediabetes.
  • #72 Prediabetes Diagnosis: Helpful or Harmful? | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/1200/p649.html
    Prediabetes is a broadly defined condition that affects a large proportion of the population. Paradoxically, it is common in older people, most of whom do not progress to diabetes. There is no evidence that treating prediabetes with medications decreases mortality, macrovascular complications, or significant microvascular complications. Counseling patients about a healthy diet, physical activity, and weight loss for those who are overweight is worthwhile whether or not a patient is diagnosed with prediabetes.
  • #73 Prediabetes Diagnosis: Helpful or Harmful? | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/1200/p649.html
    Prediabetes is a broadly defined condition that affects a large proportion of the population. Paradoxically, it is common in older people, most of whom do not progress to diabetes. There is no evidence that treating prediabetes with medications decreases mortality, macrovascular complications, or significant microvascular complications. Counseling patients about a healthy diet, physical activity, and weight loss for those who are overweight is worthwhile whether or not a patient is diagnosed with prediabetes.
  • #74
    https://bcsrj.com/ojs/index.php/bcsrj/article/view/615
    High-risk individuals are advised to undergo secondary intervention with metformin pharmacotherapy; nevertheless, the eventual goal of therapy, the long-term cost-effectiveness of such interventions, and the advantages of early intervention are not well understood. […] Prediabetes is the term for blood glucose levels that are higher than usual but not entirely above the diabetic threshold. […] Even though prediabetes is usually an asymptomatic condition, it is always present before the beginning of diabetes. […] As hyperglycemia is a continuum, prediabetes cannot be ruled out as a completely benign illness. […] In this review, we discussed the difficulties in diagnosing prediabetes, the potential adverse health consequences that come with it, the available treatments for prediabetes, and the reasons behind using them.

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