Przedcukrzyca
Diagnostyka i diagnoza

Przedcukrzyca to stan pośredni między normoglikemią a cukrzycą typu 2, definiowany przez podwyższone wartości glikemii, które nie spełniają kryteriów cukrzycy. Diagnostyka opiera się na trzech głównych testach: HbA1c (5,7-6,4%), glukozie na czczo (FPG 100-125 mg/dl, tj. 5,6-6,9 mmol/l) oraz doustnym teście tolerancji glukozy (OGTT 2h: 140-199 mg/dl, tj. 7,8-11,0 mmol/l). Różnice w kryteriach diagnostycznych między ADA a WHO wpływają na rozpoznawalność przedcukrzycy. Wczesne wykrycie i interwencje, głównie modyfikacja stylu życia, mogą zmniejszyć ryzyko progresji do cukrzycy typu 2 nawet o 58%. Ryzyko rozwoju cukrzycy jest zróżnicowane w zależności od typu zaburzeń glikemii, np. IFG wiąże się z 4,3-krotnym, a HbA1c 6,0% z 10,1-krotnym wzrostem ryzyka. U osób starszych ryzyko progresji jest znacznie niższe, co sugeruje konieczność indywidualizacji podejścia diagnostycznego i terapeutycznego.

  1. Diagnostyka Przedcukrzycy
    1. Kiedy wykonać badania przesiewowe?
    2. Badania diagnostyczne
    3. Potwierdzenie diagnozy
  2. Znaczenie kliniczne diagnozy przedcukrzycy
    1. Przedcukrzyca u osób starszych
    2. Kontrowersje wokół diagnozy przedcukrzycy
  3. Praktyczne aspekty diagnostyki przedcukrzycy
    1. Objawy kliniczne
    2. Identyfikacja grup ryzyka
    3. Algorytm diagnostyczny
    4. Interpretacja wyników
  4. Implikacje kliniczne diagnozy przedcukrzycy
    1. Znaczenie wczesnej interwencji
    2. Zalecenia terapeutyczne
    3. Monitorowanie i follow-up
    4. Rokowanie
  5. Praktyczne wnioski i zalecenia
    1. Kolejne rozdziały

Diagnostyka Przedcukrzycy

Przedcukrzyca (prediabetes) to stan pośredni pomiędzy prawidłowym stężeniem glukozy we krwi a cukrzycą typu 2, charakteryzujący się podwyższonym poziomem glukozy, który nie jest jeszcze wystarczająco wysoki, by spełnić kryteria rozpoznania cukrzycy12. Według danych epidemiologicznych, przedcukrzyca dotyczy około 1/3 populacji osób dorosłych w krajach rozwiniętych, a u ponad 90% pacjentów pozostaje nierozpoznana34. Wczesna diagnostyka jest kluczowa, ponieważ wprowadzenie odpowiednich interwencji może zmniejszyć ryzyko rozwoju cukrzycy typu 2 nawet o 58%5.

Kiedy wykonać badania przesiewowe?

Amerykańskie Towarzystwo Diabetologiczne (ADA) zaleca rozpoczęcie badań przesiewowych w kierunku przedcukrzycy i cukrzycy u większości osób dorosłych od 35. roku życia67. Badania przesiewowe powinny być wykonywane wcześniej u osób z nadwagą lub otyłością, które mają dodatkowe czynniki ryzyka przedcukrzycy lub cukrzycy typu 28. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) zaleca badania przesiewowe w kierunku przedcukrzycy i cukrzycy typu 2 u dorosłych w wieku 35-70 lat z nadwagą lub otyłością7.

W przypadku wyników negatywnych (prawidłowych), badania przesiewowe należy powtarzać co 3 lata9. Natomiast po rozpoznaniu przedcukrzycy zaleca się kontrolę w kierunku progresji do cukrzycy typu 2 co 1-2 lata610.

W przypadku dzieci, ADA zaleca badania przesiewowe u dzieci z nadwagą lub otyłością, które mają co najmniej jeden dodatkowy czynnik ryzyka cukrzycy typu 211. Zakres wartości stężenia glukozy uznawanych za normę, przedcukrzycę i cukrzycę jest taki sam dla dzieci i dorosłych11.

Badania diagnostyczne

Do rozpoznania przedcukrzycy stosuje się trzy główne badania laboratoryjne12:

Hemoglobina glikowana (HbA1c)

Hemoglobina glikowana (HbA1c) to badanie odzwierciedlające średnie stężenie glukozy we krwi w okresie ostatnich 2-3 miesięcy1314. Według kryteriów ADA, wartości HbA1c między 5,7% a 6,4% wskazują na przedcukrzycę1516. Wartości poniżej 5,7% są uznawane za prawidłowe, natomiast 6,5% lub więcej (potwierdzone w dwóch oddzielnych badaniach) wskazuje na cukrzycę6. Warto zauważyć, że kryteria mogą się różnić w zależności od organizacji – np. Światowa Organizacja Zdrowia (WHO) definiuje przedcukrzycę jako HbA1c w zakresie 6,0-6,4%1718.

Glukoza na czczo (FPG)

Badanie stężenia glukozy na czczo (FPG – Fasting Plasma Glucose) wymaga pobrania próbki krwi po co najmniej 8-godzinnym okresie powstrzymania się od jedzenia6. Według kryteriów ADA, wartości między 100 a 125 mg/dl (5,6-6,9 mmol/l) wskazują na przedcukrzycę15. Wartości poniżej 100 mg/dl są prawidłowe, a 126 mg/dl lub więcej wskazuje na cukrzycę13. WHO stosuje nieco inne kryteria dla FPG, określając przedcukrzycę jako wartości między 110 a 125 mg/dl (6,1-6,9 mmol/l)1920.

Doustny test tolerancji glukozy (OGTT)

Doustny test tolerancji glukozy (OGTT – Oral Glucose Tolerance Test) polega na pomiarze stężenia glukozy we krwi przed i 2 godziny po wypiciu płynu zawierającego 75 g glukozy21. Stężenie glukozy w przedziale 140-199 mg/dl (7,8-11,0 mmol/l) 2 godziny po obciążeniu glukozą wskazuje na przedcukrzycę156. Wartości poniżej 140 mg/dl są prawidłowe, a 200 mg/dl lub więcej wskazuje na cukrzycę21.

Test ten jest rzadziej stosowany niż pozostałe metody, z wyjątkiem diagnostyki cukrzycy ciążowej6. Badania wskazują jednak, że OGTT może wykrywać około 20,7% więcej przypadków przedcukrzycy niż samo badanie HbA1c22 i jest uważany za „złoty standard” w diagnostyce przedcukrzycy, ponieważ ujawnia, jak organizm przetwarza glukozę w warunkach obciążenia22.

Badanie Wartości prawidłowe Przedcukrzyca Cukrzyca
Hemoglobina glikowana (HbA1c) < 5,7% 5,7-6,4% ≥ 6,5%
Glukoza na czczo (FPG) < 100 mg/dl
(< 5,6 mmol/l)		 100-125 mg/dl
(5,6-6,9 mmol/l)		 ≥ 126 mg/dl
(≥ 7,0 mmol/l)
Doustny test tolerancji glukozy (OGTT) – po 2h < 140 mg/dl
(< 7,8 mmol/l)		 140-199 mg/dl
(7,8-11,0 mmol/l)		 ≥ 200 mg/dl
(≥ 11,1 mmol/l)

Potwierdzenie diagnozy

Ważne jest, aby podkreślić, że różne metody badań nie zawsze identyfikują tych samych pacjentów12. Występuje stosunkowo słaba korelacja między wynikami badań HbA1c, FPG i OGTT23. Z tego powodu w przypadku uzyskania pozytywnego wyniku testu wskazującego na cukrzycę, zaleca się powtórzenie badania tym samym testem w innym dniu w celu potwierdzenia diagnozy24. Jednak w przypadku przedcukrzycy często nie wymaga się potwierdzenia rozpoznania drugim testem3, co może być jednym z powodów różnic w rozpoznawalności tego stanu.

Kombinacja różnych testów może zwiększyć dokładność rozpoznania. Badania wykazały, że łączne stosowanie pomiaru glukozy i HbA1c zapewnia większą dokładność w identyfikacji przedcukrzycy niż badanie każdego z tych parametrów osobno25. Połączenie kilku metod testowania może zwiększyć wskaźniki wykrywalności nawet o 40%22.

Znaczenie kliniczne diagnozy przedcukrzycy

Rozpoznanie przedcukrzycy ma istotne znaczenie kliniczne, ponieważ wskazuje na zwiększone ryzyko rozwoju cukrzycy typu 2 oraz powikłań sercowo-naczyniowych2627. Szacuje się, że u osób z przedcukrzycą roczny wskaźnik konwersji do cukrzycy typu 2 wynosi 5-10%19, a około 70% osób z przedcukrzycą ostatecznie rozwinie cukrzycę typu 2, jeśli nie podejmą odpowiednich działań28.

Jednak ryzyko to jest zróżnicowane w zależności od typu zaburzeń glikemii. Badania wykazały, że osoby z różnymi formami przedcukrzycy mają różne ryzyko progresji29:

  • Nieprawidłowa glikemia na czczo (IFG): 4,3-krotnie wyższe ryzyko rozwoju cukrzycy29
  • Nieprawidłowa tolerancja glukozy (IGT): 3,6-krotnie wyższe ryzyko29
  • Kombinacja IFG/IGT: 6,9-krotnie wyższe ryzyko29
  • HbA1c 6,0%: 10,1-krotnie wyższe ryzyko29

Kombinacja podwyższonego stężenia glukozy na czczo (FPG 6,1-6,9 mmol/l) i HbA1c 6,0-6,4% może być szczególnie predykcyjna – według niektórych badań prowadzi do 100% progresji do cukrzycy typu 2 w ciągu 5 lat30.

Przedcukrzyca u osób starszych

Warto podkreślić, że znaczenie kliniczne rozpoznania przedcukrzycy może być różne w zależności od wieku pacjenta. U osób starszych ryzyko progresji do cukrzycy typu 2 jest znacznie niższe niż u młodszych dorosłych31. W badaniu amerykańskim obejmującym osoby w wieku 71-90 lat, u 73% stwierdzono co najmniej jedno kryterium diagnostyczne przedcukrzycy, ale po 6 latach tylko 9% z tej grupy rozwinęło cukrzycę, a 13% powróciło do prawidłowych poziomów glikemii31.

Podobnie, w badaniu szwedzkim dotyczącym osób starszych (powyżej 70 lat), które były obserwowane przez 12 lat po rozpoznaniu przedcukrzycy, tylko 13% rozwinęło cukrzycę, a 22% powróciło do prawidłowej glikemii32. Wyniki te sugerują, że u osób starszych przedcukrzyca może nie być tak istotnym markerem ryzyka rozwoju cukrzycy typu 2, jak ma to miejsce u młodszych dorosłych33.

Badanie ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities) wykazało, że mniej niż 12% starszych osób z przedcukrzycą rozwinęło cukrzycę typu 2, niezależnie od rodzaju testu użytego do pomiaru stężenia glukozy we krwi26. W związku z tym niektórzy eksperci sugerują, że u osób starszych lekarze powinni skupić się bardziej na ogólnych zaleceniach dotyczących zdrowego stylu życia oraz innych istotnych czynnikach ryzyka, takich jak palenie tytoniu, nadciśnienie tętnicze i wysoki poziom cholesterolu34.

Kontrowersje wokół diagnozy przedcukrzycy

Należy zauważyć, że istnieją pewne kontrowersje dotyczące diagnozy przedcukrzycy. Kryteria diagnostyczne nie są jednolite na całym świecie19. Jak wspomniano wcześniej, ADA definiuje przedcukrzycę jako FPG 100-125 mg/dl, podczas gdy WHO stosuje węższy zakres 110-125 mg/dl, co prowadzi do znacznie mniejszej grupy osób z rozpoznaniem przedcukrzycy według kryteriów WHO20.

Brak zgody co do najlepszej definicji przedcukrzycy powoduje dezorientację zarówno wśród lekarzy, jak i pacjentów20. Różne definicje przedcukrzycy nie identyfikują tych samych osób i wiążą się z różnymi implikacjami ryzyka20.

Niektórzy eksperci argumentują, że zbyt szerokie kryteria diagnostyczne mogą prowadzić do nadrozpoznawalności, nadmiernego leczenia, wywoływania niepotrzebnego niepokoju i stresu u pacjentów oraz zwiększenia obciążenia finansowego związanego z badaniami i leczeniem35. Krytyka obecnej definicji przedcukrzycy według wytycznych ADA opiera się na tym, że wiele osób z tą diagnozą nigdy nie rozwinie cukrzycy35.

Przegląd 103 badań opublikowany w 2018 roku wykazał, że choć rozwój nowej cukrzycy typu 2 u osób z przedcukrzycą generalnie zwiększał się z czasem, wielu uczestników powróciło z przedcukrzycy do prawidłowych poziomów glukozy we krwi35. W badaniu z 2021 roku obejmującym 3412 starszych dorosłych stwierdzono, że w ciągu średnio 6 lat większość uczestników z przedcukrzycą pozostała w tym stanie lub powróciła do normalnych poziomów glukozy36.

Praktyczne aspekty diagnostyki przedcukrzycy

Objawy kliniczne

Przedcukrzyca zazwyczaj nie daje wyraźnych objawów klinicznych437. Jest to jeden z głównych powodów, dla których tak wiele osób z przedcukrzycą pozostaje niezdiagnozowanych38. Jedynym widocznym objawem przedcukrzycy jest podwyższony poziom glukozy we krwi w badaniach laboratoryjnych28. Z tego powodu regularne badania przesiewowe są niezbędne do wczesnego wykrycia tego stanu39.

Identyfikacja grup ryzyka

Ze względu na brak wyraźnych objawów, ważne jest zidentyfikowanie osób z grupy podwyższonego ryzyka przedcukrzycy i cukrzycy typu 2. Czynniki ryzyka obejmują40:

  • Nadwaga lub otyłość (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m², lub ≥ 23 kg/m² u Azjatów)41
  • Wiek ≥ 45 lat42
  • Siedzący tryb życia40
  • Rodzinne występowanie cukrzycy typu 240
  • Pochodzenie etniczne (wyższe ryzyko u osób pochodzenia afroamerykańskiego, latynoskiego, rdzennych Amerykanów, Azjatów)33
  • Przebyta cukrzyca ciążowa41
  • Urodzenie dziecka o masie ciała > 4 kg43
  • Zespół policystycznych jajników43
  • Zaburzenia sercowo-naczyniowe44

Osoby z tymi czynnikami ryzyka powinny być regularnie badane w kierunku przedcukrzycy, nawet jeśli nie mają żadnych objawów42.

Algorytm diagnostyczny

Biorąc pod uwagę różne dostępne testy i ich zmienny poziom czułości, ważne jest opracowanie skutecznego algorytmu diagnostycznego dla przedcukrzycy. Aktualne podejście można podsumować następująco:

  1. Identyfikacja osób z grupy ryzyka za pomocą kwestionariuszy ryzyka (np. test ryzyka CDC lub test ryzyka ADA)45
  2. Wykonanie badania przesiewowego u osób z grupy ryzyka za pomocą jednego z trzech testów: HbA1c, FPG lub OGTT45
  3. W przypadku uzyskania wyniku w zakresie przedcukrzycy, rozważenie wykonania dodatkowych testów w celu zwiększenia dokładności diagnozy22
  4. Przeprowadzenie pełnej oceny innych czynników ryzyka sercowo-naczyniowego26
  5. Zaplanowanie regularnych kontroli w kierunku progresji do cukrzycy typu 2 (co 1-2 lata)10

W przypadku wyników niejednoznacznych lub na granicy zakresu diagnostycznego, pomocne może być powtórzenie badania lub zastosowanie innej metody diagnostycznej46.

Interpretacja wyników

Interpretacja wyników badań powinna uwzględniać nie tylko wartości liczbowe, ale także kontekst kliniczny, w tym wiek pacjenta, obecność innych czynników ryzyka oraz ogólny stan zdrowia33. Wyższe wartości w zakresie przedcukrzycy (np. HbA1c bliżej 6,4%) wiążą się z większym ryzykiem progresji do cukrzycy47.

Należy również pamiętać, że wartości HbA1c mogą być zaburzone przez pewne stany, takie jak niedokrwistość, hemoglobinopatie, czy zaburzenia czynności nerek23. W takich przypadkach bardziej odpowiednie mogą być testy oparte na pomiarze glukozy (FPG lub OGTT)17.

Implikacje kliniczne diagnozy przedcukrzycy

Znaczenie wczesnej interwencji

Diagnoza przedcukrzycy stanowi kluczową możliwość podjęcia wczesnej interwencji, która może zapobiec lub opóźnić rozwój cukrzycy typu 248. Badania wykazały, że wczesne wykrycie w połączeniu ze zmianami stylu życia może zmniejszyć ryzyko progresji przedcukrzycy do cukrzycy nawet o 58%, co jest bardziej skuteczne niż wiele leków5.

Interwencje obejmujące modyfikację stylu życia, takie jak zdrowa dieta, regularna aktywność fizyczna i redukcja masy ciała, mogą skutecznie obniżyć poziom glukozy we krwi i przywrócić prawidłową tolerancję glukozy49. Utrata zaledwie 5-7% masy ciała może zmniejszyć ryzyko rozwoju cukrzycy typu 2 o 16% u osób z przedcukrzycą5051.

Zalecenia terapeutyczne

Po rozpoznaniu przedcukrzycy zaleca się następujące postępowanie52:

  1. Modyfikacja stylu życia: Stanowi podstawę leczenia przedcukrzycy i obejmuje51:
    • Zdrową, zbilansowaną dietę z ograniczeniem kalorii53
    • Regularną aktywność fizyczną (co najmniej 150 minut tygodniowo)40
    • Redukcję masy ciała (u osób z nadwagą lub otyłością)54
    • Zaprzestanie palenia tytoniu55
  2. Leczenie farmakologiczne: W niektórych przypadkach, gdy modyfikacja stylu życia nie jest wystarczająca, lekarz może zalecić leczenie farmakologiczne, najczęściej metforminę52. Metformina jest zalecana szczególnie u osób z przedcukrzycą, które41:
    • Mają BMI ≥ 35 kg/m²35
    • Są w wieku poniżej 60 lat41
    • Mają stężenie glukozy na czczo ≥ 110 mg/dl (6,11 mmol/l)41
    • Mają w wywiadzie cukrzycę ciążową41
  3. Programy prewencji cukrzycy: Strukturyzowane programy prewencji cukrzycy, takie jak Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP), oferują wsparcie w dokonywaniu i podtrzymywaniu zmian stylu życia56. Programy te mogą być prowadzone indywidualnie, w grupach lub online57.
  4. Regularne monitorowanie: Osoby z przedcukrzycą powinny być regularnie monitorowane w kierunku progresji do cukrzycy typu 2 oraz rozwoju innych czynników ryzyka sercowo-naczyniowego6.

W przypadku dzieci z przedcukrzycą, leczenie farmakologiczne zazwyczaj nie jest zalecane, chyba że zmiany stylu życia nie poprawiają poziomów glukozy we krwi. Jeśli konieczne jest leczenie farmakologiczne, metformina jest zwykle zalecanym lekiem11.

Monitorowanie i follow-up

Po rozpoznaniu przedcukrzycy, lekarz powinien regularnie kontrolować poziom glukozy we krwi, zwykle co najmniej raz w roku6. Osoby z przedcukrzycą powinny być badane w kierunku cukrzycy typu 2 co 1-2 lata lub częściej, jeśli wystąpi zmiana masy ciała lub pojawią się objawy cukrzycy, takie jak zwiększone pragnienie, zwiększone oddawanie moczu, zmęczenie lub niewyraźne widzenie11.

Oprócz monitorowania glikemii, ważna jest również ocena innych czynników ryzyka sercowo-naczyniowego, takich jak ciśnienie tętnicze, profil lipidowy oraz funkcja nerek58.

Rokowanie

Przedcukrzyca jest stanem odwracalnym i nie oznacza, że pacjent nieuchronnie rozwinie cukrzycę typu 259. Przy odpowiedniej interwencji, osoby z przedcukrzycą mogą powrócić do prawidłowych poziomów glukozy we krwi50.

Jednak nieleczona przedcukrzyca wiąże się z większym ryzykiem nie tylko rozwoju cukrzycy typu 2, ale także chorób sercowo-naczyniowych i udaru mózgu44. Przedcukrzyca została również powiązana z długotrwałymi uszkodzeniami, w tym serca, naczyń krwionośnych i nerek, nawet jeśli nie nastąpiła progresja do cukrzycy typu 260.

Dlatego diagnoza przedcukrzycy powinna być traktowana jako sygnał ostrzegawczy i szansa na podjęcie działań zapobiegawczych61.

Praktyczne wnioski i zalecenia

Podsumowując, przedcukrzyca stanowi istotny stan kliniczny, który wymaga wczesnej diagnostyki i interwencji w celu zapobieżenia lub opóźnienia rozwoju cukrzycy typu 2 oraz powikłań sercowo-naczyniowych62. Na podstawie przedstawionych informacji można sformułować następujące praktyczne zalecenia:

  • Regularne badania przesiewowe powinny być wykonywane u osób w wieku ≥ 35 lat, a wcześniej u osób z czynnikami ryzyka67
  • Do rozpoznania przedcukrzycy można stosować trzy główne metody diagnostyczne: HbA1c, FPG i OGTT, przy czym kombinacja kilku metod zwiększa dokładność diagnozy25
  • Interpretacja wyników badań powinna uwzględniać nie tylko wartości liczbowe, ale także kontekst kliniczny, w tym wiek pacjenta i obecność innych czynników ryzyka33
  • Interwencje u osób z przedcukrzycą powinny być dostosowane do indywidualnych potrzeb i preferencji pacjenta, z uwzględnieniem jego wieku, stanu zdrowia i gotowości do zmian51
  • Głównym celem leczenia jest modyfikacja stylu życia, obejmująca zdrową dietę, regularną aktywność fizyczną i redukcję masy ciała (jeśli jest to wskazane)52
  • Regularne monitorowanie oraz wsparcie w podtrzymywaniu zmian stylu życia są kluczowe dla długoterminowego powodzenia interwencji6

Skuteczna diagnostyka i leczenie przedcukrzycy wymagają współpracy między lekarzami różnych specjalności, dietetykami, fizjoterapeutami oraz samymi pacjentami57. Tylko takie kompleksowe podejście może zapewnić optymalne wyniki w zapobieganiu cukrzycy typu 2 i jej powikłaniom62.

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  1. 10.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 From Pre-Diabetes to Diabetes: Diagnosis, Treatments and Translational Research
    https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/55/9/546
    Diabetes can be classified into three types, namely type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and gestational diabetes. […] The diagnosis of both pre-diabetes and diabetes is based on glucose criteria; the common modalities used are fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). […] To be diagnosed as diabetic, one’s blood glucose level needs to be equal to or above a certain value. According to the American Diabetes Association (ADA), there are four methods for the diagnosis of diabetes and the same methods are used for the screening of pre-diabetes in patients. […] Many studies, as reported above, have been done on diabetes patients. However, little is known about the pre-diabetic conditions. Pre-diabetes is a term used to describe the buffer period before the onset of type II diabetes, where the blood sugar level is higher than normal but lower than the diagnostic criteria of type II diabetes.
  • #2 Prediabetes – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prediabetes/symptoms-causes/syc-20355278
    Prediabetes means you have a higher than normal blood sugar level. It’s not high enough to be considered type 2 diabetes yet. But without lifestyle changes, adults and children with prediabetes are at high risk to develop type 2 diabetes. […] If your doctor spots these symptoms, they may follow up with a physical exam and a variety of blood tests that measure the levels of glucose, or sugar, in your blood and/or your tolerance to that glucose. Or more recently, a blood test called hemoglobin glycosylated A1C, often simply referred to as A1C. […] The exact cause of prediabetes is unknown. But family history and genetics appear to play an important role. What is clear is that people with prediabetes don’t process sugar (glucose) properly anymore. […] The same factors that increase the odds of getting type 2 diabetes also increase the risk of prediabetes.
  • #3 What is Prediabetes? | Johns Hopkins | Bloomberg School of Public Health
    https://publichealth.jhu.edu/2022/what-is-prediabetes
    The CDC estimates that more than one-third of Americans have prediabetes, a condition characterized by mildly elevated glucose levels, also known as hyperglycemia. However, most individuals who meet the diagnostic criteria for prediabetes, as many as 90%, are unaware of their condition, which puts them at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and stroke. […] Experts believe it could be due to differing definitions of prediabetes diagnostic criteria and/or the fact that an initial prediabetes diagnosis does not need to be confirmed, while clinical guidelines recommend that an initial diabetes diagnosis be confirmed with a second test. […] Diagnosis is vitally important, however, as prediabetes is often reversible with modest weight loss. In fact, only 5% to 10% of people diagnosed with prediabetes go on to develop type 2 diabetes.
  • #4 What doctors wish patients knew about a prediabetes diagnosis | American Medical Association
    https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/diabetes/what-doctors-wish-patients-knew-about-prediabetes-diagnosis
    When it comes to prediabetes, there are no clear symptoms. That means many people may prediabetes and not even know it. […] It is known that about one-third of adults in the U.S. are estimated to have prediabetes, said Dr. Kirley. And we know from studies that only about 15% of people who have prediabetes are aware that they have it. […] Because there are no easy to identify symptoms of prediabetes, that’s why it’s important for people to ask their doctor about it and go for their regular health maintenance when their doctor suggests that they come in, said Dr. Kirley. […] Individuals can determine some of their risks for having prediabetes or even undiagnosed type 2 diabetes by completing the risk test at doihaveprediabetes.org, she said. But to really confirm if you have prediabetes, you need to see your doctor and get a blood test.
  • #5 Essential Tests for Prediabetes Diagnosis – IFitCenter
    https://ifitcenter.com/essential-tests-for-prediabetes-diagnosis/?srsltid=AfmBOopsSyMg-jBbghO5mBsZ1p5mf02X5uHZzTBl0VfaNkEWLkuMTXQT
    Imagine this: 374 million adults worldwide have prediabetes, yet a staggering 90% of them remain completely unaware of their condition. Even more alarming, someone can have prediabetes for up to 10-15 years before receiving a proper diagnosiscritical years when intervention could prevent progression to type 2 diabetes. […] When it comes to prediabetes diagnosis, many assume its straightforwardeither your blood sugar is normal or its not. But the reality is far more nuanced. Different diagnostic tests can yield different results for the same person, and knowing which prediabetes test to request and how to interpret the results can be genuinely confusing. […] Studies show that early detection combined with lifestyle changes can reduce the risk of prediabetes progressing to diabetes by up to 58%more effective than many medications. This window of opportunity is why proper testing matters so much.
  • #6 Prediabetes – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prediabetes/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355284
    The American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommends that diabetes screening for most adults begin at age 35. The ADA advises diabetes screening before age 35 if you’re overweight and have additional risk factors for prediabetes or type 2 diabetes. […] There are several blood tests for prediabetes. […] Below 5.7% is normal. Between 5.7% and 6.4% is diagnosed as prediabetes. 6.5% or higher on two separate tests indicates diabetes. […] A blood sample is taken after you haven’t eaten for at least eight hours or overnight (fast). […] 100 to 125 mg/dL (5.6 to 6.9 mmol/L) is diagnosed as prediabetes. […] This test is less commonly used than the others, except during pregnancy. […] 140 to 199 mg/dL (7.8 to 11.0 mmol/L) is consistent with prediabetes. […] If you have prediabetes, your health care provider will typically check your blood sugar levels at least once a year.
  • #7 Recommendation: Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/screening-for-prediabetes-and-type-2-diabetes
    The USPSTF recommends screening for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes in adults aged 35 to 70 years who have overweight or obesity. […] Clinicians should offer or refer patients with prediabetes to effective preventive interventions. […] The USPSTF has lowered the starting age of screening from 40 to 35 years. […] Screening tests for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes include measurement of fasting plasma glucose or HbA1c level or an oral glucose tolerance test. […] A fasting plasma glucose level of 100 to 125 mg/dL (5.55-6.94 mmol/L), an HbA1c level of 5.7% to 6.4%, or a 2-hour postload glucose level of 140 to 199 mg/dL (7.77-11.04 mmol/L) are consistent with prediabetes. […] Both lifestyle interventions that focus on diet, physical activity, or both and metformin have demonstrated efficacy in preventing or delaying progression to diabetes in persons with prediabetes.
  • #8 Prediabetes diagnosis and treatment options | Norton Healthcare
    https://nortonhealthcare.com/services-and-conditions/endocrinology-diabetes/services/prediabetes/
    Before the test, you will be asked to fast overnight or for at least eight hours to assess how well your body is able to regulate your blood sugar level in the absence of food intake. Elevated fasting blood sugar levels may indicate impaired fasting glucose which is a potential sign of prediabetes or diabetes if the levels are consistently high. […] The American Diabetes Association recommends that diabetes screening for most adults begin at age 35, however, you may screen sooner if you have other risk factors. […] If you’ve been diagnosed with prediabetes or would like to get screened, your primary care provider at Norton Community Medical Associates can help you create a personalized treatment plan.
  • #9 Prediabetes – StatPearls – NCBI BookshelfTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubNCBI Insights BlogTwitterFacebookYoutube
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459332/
    Prediabetes is a precursor before the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Adults with prediabetes often may show no signs or symptoms of diabetes but will have blood sugar levels higher than normal. The normal blood glucose level is between 70 mg/dL to 99 mg/dL. In patients with prediabetes, you can expect to see blood glucose levels elevated between 110 mg/dL to – 125 mg/dL. […] Once diagnosed with prediabetes patients should be checked for progression to type 2 diabetes every one to two years. If screening is negative for prediabetes, repeat screening should be carried out every 3 years as per the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF). […] The following tests can be used to screen for prediabetes: 12 hour Fasting blood glucose levels: Blood glucose levels fall between 100 mg/dL to 125 mg/dL, it is diagnostic of prediabetes.
  • #10 Symptoms, Diagnosis and Monitoring of Diabetes | American Heart Association
    https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/diabetes/symptoms-diagnosis–monitoring-of-diabetes
    Prediabetes has no symptoms. […] If you have prediabetes, you should be checked for diabetes every one to two years after that diagnosis. […] The A1C test can diagnose prediabetes and diabetes. […] An A1C of 5.7% to 6.4% means that you have prediabetes, and you’re at high risk for developing diabetes. […] Prediabetes (also called impaired fasting glucose) […] Blood glucose levels are higher than normal, but not high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes. This condition increases risk for developing Type 2 diabetes, heart disease and stroke. […] Prediabetes […] Blood glucose levels are higher than normal, but not high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes. This condition increases risk for developing Type 2 diabetes, heart disease and stroke.
  • #11 Prediabetes – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prediabetes/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355284
    The ADA recommends prediabetes testing for children who are overweight or obese and who have one or more other risk factors for type 2 diabetes. […] The ranges of blood sugar level considered normal, prediabetes and diabetes are the same for children and adults. […] Children who have prediabetes should be tested annually for type 2 diabetes or more often if the child experiences a change in weight or develops signs or symptoms of diabetes, such as increased thirst, increased urination, fatigue or blurred vision. […] Medication generally isn’t recommended for children with prediabetes unless lifestyle changes aren’t improving blood sugar levels. If medication is needed, metformin is usually the recommended drug.
  • #12 Recommended Tests for Identifying Prediabetes – NIDDK
    https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/professionals/clinical-tools-patient-management/diabetes/game-plan-preventing-type-2-diabetes/prediabetes-screening-how-why/recommended-tests-identifying-prediabetes
    There are three recommended blood testing methods to identify or diagnose prediabetes: A1C, fasting plasma glucose, and 2-hour post 75 g oral glucose challenge. These are the same tests currently recommended to identify undiagnosed type 2 diabetes. […] Any of the following results will confirm a diagnosis of prediabetes: A1C 5.7%6.4% or Fasting plasma glucose 100125 mg/dL (impaired fasting glucose) or 2-hour post 75 g oral glucose challenge 140199 mg/dL (impaired glucose tolerance). […] Important Note: These different test options do not always identify the same patients. […] Prediabetes identifies an intermediate stage in the development of type 2 diabetes. It is important to intervene at this stage to prevent progression.
  • #13 Prediabetes: What Is It, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21498-prediabetes
    Prediabetes happens when you have elevated blood sugar levels, but theyre not high enough to be considered Type 2 diabetes. […] Healthy blood sugar (glucose) levels are 70 to 99 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL). If you have undiagnosed prediabetes, your levels are typically 100 to 125 mg/dL. […] The following tests can check for prediabetes: Fasting plasma glucose test: This tests your blood after you havent had anything to eat or drink except water for at least eight hours beforehand (fasted). […] A1C test: This test provides your average blood glucose level over the past two to three months. […] Your provider would diagnose you with prediabetes if your: Fasting plasma glucose test result is 100 to 125 mg/dL (normal is less than 100; diabetes is 126 or higher). […] A1C result is 5.7% to 6.4% (normal is less than 5.7%; diabetes is 6.5% or higher).
  • #14 Prediabetes diagnosis as an older adult: What does it really mean? – Harvard Health
    https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/prediabetes-diagnosis-as-an-older-adult-what-does-it-really-mean-202106142481
    As our bodies age, the risk of type 2 diabetes increases. […] It is estimated that 25% of adults older than 65 have type 2 diabetes, while half of people over 65 have prediabetes. […] Prediabetes is a phase that often precedes the development of type 2 diabetes. […] Both diabetes and prediabetes are diagnosed based on laboratory test results. […] A value less than 100 mg/dL is considered normal. An intermediate result (impaired fasting glucose) is 100 to 125 mg/dL, and this would indicate prediabetes; a value equal or higher than 126 mg/dL is suggestive of diabetes. […] Diabetes and prediabetes can also be diagnosed by an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). […] A third test to diagnose diabetes and prediabetes is the measurement of glycohemoglobin (A1c) in the blood. […] A repeat test is usually required to confirm a prediabetes or diabetes diagnosis for all of these laboratory tests.
  • #15 Diabetes Diagnosis & Tests | ADA
    https://diabetes.org/about-diabetes/diagnosis
    Diabetes is diagnosed at an A1C of greater than or equal to 6.5% […] Diabetes is diagnosed at fasting blood glucose of greater than or equal to 126 mg/dl […] Diabetes is diagnosed at two-hour blood glucose of greater than or equal to 200 mg/dl […] Diabetes is diagnosed at blood glucose of greater than or equal to 200 mg/dl […] Before people develop type 2 diabetes, they almost always have prediabetes blood glucose levels that are higher than normal but not yet high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes. […] Results indicating prediabetes are: An A1C of 5.7-6.4% […] Fasting blood glucose of 100-125 mg/dL […] An OGTT two-hour blood glucose of 140-199 mg/dL.
  • #16 A1C Test for Diabetes and Prediabetes | Diabetes | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/diabetes-testing/prediabetes-a1c-test.html
    The A1C test is used to diagnose prediabetes and diabetes, and monitor your progress. […] Get an A1C test if you’re over age 45. A1C testing is also recommended if you’re younger, have overweight, and any other risk factor for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. […] If your result shows you have prediabetes: There’s good news. You can take steps right away to reverse prediabetes or to prevent or delay type 2 diabetes. […] The following ranges are used to diagnose prediabetes and diabetes: Prediabetes: 5.7% to 6.4%. […] For most people with diabetes, the A1C goal is 7% or less. Your doctor will determine your specific goal based on your full medical history. Higher A1C levels are linked to health complications, so reaching and maintaining your goal is key to living well with diabetes.
  • #17 Diagnostic criteria for diabetes | Diabetes UK
    https://www.diabetes.org.uk/for-professionals/improving-care/clinical-recommendations-for-professionals/diagnosis-ongoing-management-monitoring/new_diagnostic_criteria_for_diabetes
    Diabetes UK supports the diagnostic criteria published by the WHO in 2006: „definition and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and intermediate hyperglycaemia”. […] Diabetes UK also welcomes the 2011 decision by the WHO to accept the use of HbA1c testing in diagnosing diabetes: „use of glycated haemoglobin in the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus”. […] An HbA1c of 48mmol/mol (6.5%) is recommended as the cut off point for diagnosing diabetes. A value of less than 48mmol/mol (6.5%) does not exclude diabetes diagnosed using glucose tests. […] In patients without symptoms of diabetes the laboratory venous HbA1c should be repeated. If the second sample is 48mmol/mol (6.5%) the person should be treated as at high risk of diabetes and the test should be repeated in 6 months or sooner if symptoms develop. […] These patients may still fulfill WHO glucose criteria for the diagnosis of diabetes.
  • #18
    https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=tj4293
    You may be diagnosed with prediabetes if your blood sugar is above normal but not high enough to be diabetes. You have prediabetes if you meet one of the following criteria: Your fasting blood sugar test results are between 6.1 mmol/L and 6.9 mmol/L. […] Your OGTT result is between 7.8 mmol/L and 11.0 mmol/L (2 hours after you start the test). […] Your hemoglobin A1c result is 6.0% to 6.4%. […] Ask your doctor how often you need to be tested.
  • #19 Prediabetes diagnosis and treatment: A review
    https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v6/i2/296.htm
    Prediabetes is an intermediate state of hyperglycemia with glycemic parameters above normal but below the diabetes threshold. […] While, the diagnostic criteria of prediabetes are not uniform across various international professional organizations, it remains a state of high risk for developing diabetes with yearly conversion rate of 5%-10%. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) has defined prediabetes as a state of intermediate hyperglycemia using two specific parameters, impaired fasting glucose (IFG) defined as fasting plasma glucose (FPG) of 6.1-6.9 mmol/L (110 to 125 mg/dL) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) defined as 2 h plasma glucose of 7.8-11.0 mmol/L (140-200 mg/dL) after ingestion of 75 g of oral glucose load or a combination of the two based on a 2 h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).
  • #20 What is Prediabetes? | Johns Hopkins | Bloomberg School of Public Health
    https://publichealth.jhu.edu/2022/what-is-prediabetes
    However, the World Health Organization defines prediabetes using a narrower fasting glucose range of 110-125 milligrams per deciliter, resulting in a much smaller group with the diagnosis of prediabetes. […] The lack of agreement on a best definition for prediabetes causes confusion for both doctors and patients, Selvin says. Our work shows that different prediabetes definitions dont identify the same people and they have different risk implications. So, which should we use? This type of ambiguity can cause delays in diagnosis and prevent people from getting the care they need to prevent diabetes.
  • #21 Prediabetes: Diagnosis & Treatment | NewYork-Presbyterian
    https://www.nyp.org/primary-care/prediabetes/treatment
    How is Prediabetes Diagnosed? Diagnosis A prediabetes diagnosis can be determined through tests that evaluate your blood sugar levels. Your doctor may have you take one or more of the following blood tests: Hemoglobin A1C test – This test can measure your blood sugar level over the past three months. A normal A1C level is below 5.7%. An A1c level between 5.7% and 6.4% indicates prediabetes, and a level of 6.5% and above is considered diabetes. […] Fasting blood sugar test – To get an accurate read on your blood sugar levels, you’ll be asked to fast for at least eight hours, or overnight, before testing. Results are measured in milligrams of sugar per deciliter: Less than 100 mg/dL is normal, 100 to 125 mg/dL is considered prediabetes, and 126 mg/dL or higher is diagnosed as diabetes. […] Glucose tolerance test – You will fast overnight (eight hours) and then take a blood test. You will then drink a sugary liquid and take two or more additional tests over the next 2 hours at a doctor’s office or lab. After the second test, your results are considered normal if your sugar is less than 140 mg/dL, prediabetes if 140 to 199 mg/dL, and diabetes if 200 mg/dL over higher.
  • #22 Essential Tests for Prediabetes Diagnosis – IFitCenter
    https://ifitcenter.com/essential-tests-for-prediabetes-diagnosis/?srsltid=AfmBOopsSyMg-jBbghO5mBsZ1p5mf02X5uHZzTBl0VfaNkEWLkuMTXQT
    The Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) is considered the gold standard for diagnosing prediabetes because it reveals how your body processes sugar under challenge conditionsidentifying issues that other tests might miss. […] A result between 140-199 mg/dL indicates impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), where your body struggles to process glucose effectively after meals. […] Research shows that the OGTT detects approximately 20.7% more cases of prediabetes than HbA1c alone. […] Prediabetes diagnosis is a crucial step in preventing diabetes progression, and understanding the various testing methods is essential for accurate detection. […] The three primary testsFasting Plasma Glucose (FPG), Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)each measure different aspects of glucose metabolism, with the OGTT detecting approximately 20% more cases than other methods. […] For comprehensive assessment, combining multiple testing approaches increases detection rates by up to 40%.
  • #23 Prediabetes diagnosis and treatment: A review
    https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v6/i2/296.htm
    The American Diabetes Association (ADA), on the other hand has the same cut-off value for IGT (140-200 mg/dL) but has a lower cut-off value for IFG (100-125 mg/dL) and has additional hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) based criteria of a level of 5.7% to 6.4% for the definition of prediabetes. […] Several studies have shown poor correlation between HbA1c and IFG and IGT. […] The usefulness of diagnosis of diabetes or prediabetes on basis of IFG and IGT have been challenged due to inability of these blood glucose cut points to capture pathology related to diabetes and probability of developing diabetes in future. […] Although, HbA1c is believed to represent an average blood sugar level and should ideally represent hyperglycemia more accurately, this may not be entirely true. […] While there are valid concerns about diagnostic criteria of prediabetes, prediabetes remains to have a lower reproducibility (approximately 50%) than diabetes (approximately 70%).
  • #24 Diabetes Diagnosis: Tests and Guidelines
    https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/diagnosis-diabetes
    The following tests are used to diagnose diabetes: A fasting plasma glucose test measures your blood glucose after you have gone at least 8 hours without eating. This test is used to detect diabetes or prediabetes. […] An oral glucose tolerance test measures your blood sugar after you have gone at least 8 hours without eating and 2 hours after you drink a glucose-containing beverage. This test can be used to diagnose diabetes or prediabetes. […] A hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) test can be done without fasting and can be used to diagnose or confirm either prediabetes or diabetes. […] If you get a positive test result, meaning you have diabetes or prediabetes, your doctor will confirm this by repeating the fasting plasma glucose test or the oral glucose tolerance test on a different day. […] A fasting plasma glucose test is most reliable when done in the morning. If your fasting glucose level is 100 to 125 mg/dL, you have a form of prediabetes called impaired fasting glucose (IFG), meaning that you’re more likely to develop type 2 diabetes but don’t have it yet. A level of 126 mg/dL or above, confirmed by repeating the test on another day, means you have diabetes.
  • #25 Diabetes and prediabetes risk | Quest Diagnostics
    https://www.questdiagnostics.com/healthcare-professionals/about-our-tests/diabetes-pre-diabetes/risk
    With our risk panels, youll be able to identify more patients with insulin resistance (IR) or prediabetes who are at risk of developing diabetes. […] Recognizing risk, including hidden risk, earlier means you can do more sooner to stop or delay the progression to diabetes before it becomes more complex to manage. […] Combined glucose and HbA1c testing provides greater accuracy in identifying prediabetes than testing for either marker alone. […] The Diabetes Risk Panel with Score predicts a patients risk of developing diabetes. […] Use the Diabetes Risk Panel with Score to assess a patients risk of developing diabetes and to identify prediabetes. […] Prediabetes is defined by blood glucose levels that are higher than normal but not yet high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes. […] If any of these tests establishes that the body is not regulating energy metabolism normally, prediabetes is present.
  • #26 Prediabetes diagnosis as an older adult: What does it really mean? – Harvard Health
    https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/prediabetes-diagnosis-as-an-older-adult-what-does-it-really-mean-202106142481
    In young and middle-age adults it is extremely important to know if someone has prediabetes, as it not only implies a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes, but it also frequently occurs with conditions such as obesity, high blood pressure, and elevated fats in the blood (like cholesterol and triglycerides), all of which increase the risk for cardiovascular disease. […] The good news is that type 2 diabetes can be prevented, or at least delayed. […] Therefore, lifestyle modifications are usually recommended to all adults who are diagnosed with prediabetes. […] Recent research has provided some interesting information about this issue. […] In fact, fewer than 12% of people in this study progressed from prediabetes to diabetes, no matter what test was used to measure blood sugar levels.
  • #27 What doctors wish patients knew about a prediabetes diagnosis | American Medical Association
    https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/diabetes/what-doctors-wish-patients-knew-about-prediabetes-diagnosis
    After receiving a prediabetes diagnosis, it is normal for patients to experience a wide range of emotions from shock and fear to disbelief. While a prediabetes diagnosis does not automatically mean a patient will develop type 2 diabetes, it is important to take seriously. […] About 88 million U.S. adults have prediabetes, which is the condition where a person’s blood glucose levels are higher than normal, but not yet high enough to qualify for a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes, Dr. Kirley explained, noting that it’s a sign that someone’s body is already not metabolizing glucose normally, but it’s not a full-on diagnosis of diabetes. […] Since prediabetes is not a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes, patients should care because there are things that they can do to prevent full-on developing type 2 diabetes, she said.
  • #28 Prediabetes – StatPearls – NCBI BookshelfTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubNCBI Insights BlogTwitterFacebookYoutube
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459332/
    Approximately 70% of people with prediabetes will go on to be diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. However, this is not inevitable. Prediabetes managed appropriately can prevent diabetes mellitus and lower the risk of cardiovascular disease. […] The single sign of prediabetes is elevated blood glucose on a blood test that is not high enough to be classified as type 2 diabetes mellitus.
  • #29 Essential Tests for Prediabetes Diagnosis – IFitCenter
    https://ifitcenter.com/essential-tests-for-prediabetes-diagnosis/?srsltid=AfmBOopsSyMg-jBbghO5mBsZ1p5mf02X5uHZzTBl0VfaNkEWLkuMTXQT
    Research shows that people with prediabetes have significantly higher progression risks: Impaired Fasting Glucose: 4.3 higher risk of developing diabetes, Impaired Glucose Tolerance: 3.6 higher risk, Combined IFG/IGT: 6.9 higher risk, HbA1c 6.0%: 10.1 higher risk. […] Early detection through appropriate testing enables intervention when its most effective. […] The Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) test is one of the most commonly used methods to test for prediabetes. […] The FPG test specifically measures the amount of glucose circulating in your bloodstream after fasting. […] When your result falls in the prediabetes range (100-125 mg/dL), it indicates your cells are becoming resistant to insulin, causing your liver to release too much glucose despite having adequate insulin present. […] An HbA1c of 5.7-6.4% indicates prediabetes and suggests that your blood glucose levels have been consistently elevated over the past few months.
  • #30 Definition, Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes, Prediabetes and Metabolic Syndrome – Diabetes Canada
    https://www.diabetes.ca/health-care-providers/clinical-practice-guidelines/chapter-3
    The term prediabetes refers to impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance or an A1C of 6.0% to 6.4%, each of which places individuals at increased risk of developing diabetes and its complications. […] Prediabetes is a practical and convenient term referring to impaired fasting glucose (IFG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or a glycated hemoglobin (A1C) of 6.0% to 6.4%, each of which places individuals at high risk of developing diabetes and its complications. […] Prediabetes (defined as a state which places individuals at high risk of developing diabetes and its complications) is diagnosed by any of the following criteria: IFG (FPG 6.1-6.9 mmol/L), IGT (2hPG in a 75 g OGTT 7.8-11.0 mmol/L), A1C 6.0%-6.4%. […] The combination of an FPG of 6.1 to 6.9 mmol/L and an A1C of 6.0% to 6.4% is predictive of 100% progression to type 2 diabetes over a 5-year period.
  • #31 Prediabetes Diagnosis: Helpful or Harmful? | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/1200/p649.html
    A 74-year-old man with hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and a body mass index of 35 kg per m2 presented for a physical examination. His primary care physician ordered a basic metabolic profile. The laboratory report showed that his blood glucose level was 105 mg per dL (5.83 mmol per L), which is high. […] The endocrinologist confirmed the diagnosis of prediabetes and told the patient that he was at high risk of developing diabetes mellitus and its complications unless he gets his glucose levels down. […] Older adults with prediabetes are less likely to progress to diabetes mellitus than younger adults. In a U.S. study of adults 71 to 90 years of age, 73% met at least one diagnostic criterion for prediabetes. After six years, 9% of the group had progressed to diabetes, and 13% were normoglycemic.
  • #32 Prediabetes Diagnosis: Helpful or Harmful? | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/1200/p649.html
    Prediabetes was initially defined as a fasting blood glucose level between 110 and 125 mg per dL (6.11 and 6.94 mmol per L) or an A1C of 6% to 6.4%. In 2010, the ADA lowered these thresholds to between 100 and 125 mg per dL (5.55 to 6.94 mmol per L) or 5.7% to 6.4%. The diagnosis of pre-diabetes has led to increased testing, physician visits, and treatments. […] The ADA and other organizations have estimated prediabetes to diabetes conversion rates of 5% to 10% within one year, 25% within five years, and 70% any time after a prediabetes diagnosis. […] Older adults also have a much lower rate of progression to diabetes. In a 2019 Swedish study of adults older than 70 years who were followed for 12 years after a diagnosis of prediabetes, 13% progressed to diabetes, and 22% became normoglycemic.
  • #33 Prediabetes diagnosis as an older adult: What does it really mean? – Harvard Health
    https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/prediabetes-diagnosis-as-an-older-adult-what-does-it-really-mean-202106142481
    These findings would suggest that having prediabetes as an older adult does not seem to be as important in identifying the risk of progressing to type 2 diabetes as it is in younger adults. […] It’s important to note that the ARIC study didn’t use all the tests for diabetes and prediabetes previously explained; they only used FPG and A1c levels. […] Finally, the study group comprised primarily white adults, so the results may not be entirely applicable to other populations with a much higher risk for type 2 diabetes. […] Whereas it is very likely that having prediabetes as an older adult does not have the same implications as it does in younger adults, following general lifestyle recommendations to eat healthy and engage in regular physical activity seems prudent when possible. […] In the end, it is important to discuss the implications of being diagnosed with prediabetes with your health care providers, and to individualize your treatment.
  • #34 “Prediabetes” Diagnosis Less Useful in Older Patients | Johns Hopkins | Bloomberg School of Public Health
    https://publichealth.jhu.edu/2021/prediabetes-diagnosis-less-useful-in-older-patients
    Doctors instead should focus on healthy lifestyle changes and important disease risk factors such as smoking, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol. […] The results show that older adults with prediabetes, over intervals like the one in the study, are more likely to have lower blood sugar levelsor to die for other reasonsthan to progress to diabetes. […] It appears that in older adults, prediabetes is just not a robust diagnosis, Selvin says. […] Our findings support a focus on lifestyle improvements, including exercise and diet when feasible and safe, for older adults with prediabetes, says Mary Rooney, PhD, a postdoctoral fellow at the Bloomberg School and the papers first author. […] Selvin and her colleagues recommend that for older adults, physicians should focus their screening efforts on risk factors, such as hypertension, that are more useful in predicting illness and mortality in this population.
  • #35 The Prediabetes Debate: Does Diagnosis Do More Harm Than Good?
    https://www.everydayhealth.com/type-2-diabetes/prediabetes-useful-diagnosis-article-revives-debate/
    Experts say there are several drawbacks to diagnosing prediabetes, including overdiagnosis, overtreatment, causing unnecessary anxiety and stress in patients, and the financial burden of tests and treatments. […] Critics of the current definition of prediabetes under ADA guidelines argue that many people with this diagnosis will never develop the disease. […] A review published in 2018 of 103 studies found that while the development of new type 2 diabetes in people with prediabetes generally increased over time, many participants also reverted from prediabetes back to normal blood glucose levels. […] Overmedicating can also be an issue. The ADA recommends metformin for people with prediabetes, particularly if the person has obesity, is over age 60, or has a history of gestational diabetes.
  • #36 What does a prediabetes ‘diagnosis’ mean? | The Seattle Times
    https://www.seattletimes.com/life/wellness/what-does-a-prediabetes-diagnosis-mean/
    In fact, WHO and other non-U.S. medical entities have rejected prediabetes as a diagnosis because its unclear that it routinely leads to diabetes or that existing treatments have much health benefit. […] Some diabetes researchers have even called the dire warnings about prediabetes from U.S. health organizations scaremongering. […] Yes, some people with prediabetes go on to develop Type 2 diabetes, and those with fasting blood glucose or A1c near the top of prediabetes range will likely have the highest risk. […] However, some people, especially those at the lower end of the prediabetes range, will revert to normal blood glucose levels theres concern that for those individuals, aggressive medical treatment could do more harm than good. […] A 2021 study of 3,412 older adults found that, over an average of 6 years, most participants with prediabetes stayed that way or reverted to normal levels.
  • #37 Can prediabetes be reversed? – Mayo Clinic Health System
    https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/speaking-of-health/ive-been-diagnosed-with-prediabetes-what-does-that-mean
    If you’re 35 or older, your fasting blood sugar should be checked yearly during your physical exam. If you’ve had gestational diabetes, it’s crucial to have your blood sugar checked each year since this condition increases your risk of developing prediabetes or type 2 diabetes. […] People often don’t know they have prediabetes because they may not experience any symptoms. […] People with prediabetes may be able to prevent or significantly delay the development of type 2 diabetes through lifestyle changes, including achieving and maintaining a healthy weight. […] Most prediabetes treatment plans do not include medications or routine monitoring of blood sugar. […] Your risk of developing type 2 diabetes is higher if you have prediabetes.
  • #38 How Prediabetes Is Diagnosed
    https://www.verywellhealth.com/prediabetes-diagnosis-6454891
    Prediabetes is characterized by elevated blood sugar levels that are not yet high enough to fulfill a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. […] Even though prediabetes is a common condition, most affected people are unaware they have it because there are often no apparent symptoms. […] This article will review the three blood tests used to detect prediabetes. […] Be sure to visit your healthcare provider to confirm or rule out a diagnosis of prediabetes. […] Screening for prediabetes is also recommended for children who fulfill all of these three criteria: Have entered puberty or are at least 10 years old, Have overweight or obesity, Have at least one other risk factor for type 2 diabetes (e.g., family history of diabetes). […] Based on screening recommendations or symptoms, your healthcare provider can confirm a diagnosis of prediabetes using one of three tests: Hemoglobin A1c, Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).
  • #39 Diabetes – pre-diabetes | Better Health Channel
    https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/diabetes-pre-diabetes
    Pre-diabetes usually has no symptoms and can progress to type 2 diabetes. […] Pre-diabetes is diagnosed by a pathology blood test, organised through your doctor, that checks your blood glucose level. […] An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is the best way to diagnose pre-diabetes. […] If you are diagnosed with pre-diabetes, you will have one or both of: impaired fasting glucose (IFG) when your fasting blood glucose level is higher than optimal, but still below the level needed for a diagnosis of diabetes […] impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) when your blood glucose level 2 hours after an OGTT is higher than optimal, but is still below the level needed for a diagnosis of diabetes. […] In many cases, if enough lifestyle changes are made, type 2 diabetes can be prevented.
  • #40 Prediabetes Diagnosis & Treatment | TPMG Nutrition Services
    https://www.mytpmg.com/blog/prediabetes/
    The only way to determine if you have it is through your yearly physical and lab work. Certain risk factors may increase your risk of prediabetes including weight gain, insulin resistance, a family history of Type 2 diabetes, a sedentary lifestyle, among others. Because prediabetes is often only caught with lab testing, annual physicals are important for early detection. Ask your doctor for a blood sugar test if you think you are at risk. […] If you have prediabetes, you can reverse your condition and keep your blood sugar within normal range by making some lifestyle changes which includes physical activity. Aiming for at least 150 minutes of physical activity per week is recommended. […] Managing prediabetes also includes healthy, well balanced meals with proper portions. Reducing unnecessary snacking, eliminating sweet drinks and not skipping meals will also help.
  • #41 Recommendation: Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/screening-for-prediabetes-and-type-2-diabetes
    The DPP reported that lifestyle intervention was effective in all subgroups, while similar analyses of the DPP and the DPP Outcomes Study suggest that metformin was effective in persons younger than 60 years, in persons with a BMI of 35 or greater, in persons with a fasting plasma glucose level of 110 mg/dL (6.11 mmol/L) or greater, or in persons with a history of gestational diabetes. […] The American Diabetes Association recommends universal screening for prediabetes and diabetes, using a fasting plasma glucose level, 2-hour plasma glucose level during a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test, or HbA1c level, for all adults 45 years or older, regardless of risk factors, and screening adults who have overweight or obesity (BMI 25 or 23 in Asian American persons) with 1 or more risk factors, regardless of age.
  • #42 Diabetes Mellitus: Screening and Diagnosis | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0115/p103.html
    Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common diagnoses made by family physicians. […] Screening patients before signs and symptoms develop leads to earlier diagnosis and treatment, but may not reduce rates of end-organ damage. […] The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends screening for abnormal blood glucose and type 2 diabetes in adults 40 to 70 years of age who are overweight or obese, and repeating testing every three years if results are normal. […] The American Diabetes Association recommends screening for type 2 diabetes annually in patients 45 years and older, or in patients younger than 45 years with major risk factors. […] The diagnosis can be made with a fasting plasma glucose level of 126 mg per dL or greater; an A1C level of 6.5% or greater; a random plasma glucose level of 200 mg per dL or greater; or a 75-g two-hour oral glucose tolerance test with a plasma glucose level of 200 mg per dL or greater.
  • #43 Prediabetes – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prediabetes
    Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) is diagnosed with an oral glucose tolerance test. […] Hemoglobin A1c is a measure of the percent of red blood cells that are glycated, or have a glucose molecule attached. This can be used as an indicator of blood glucose level over a longer period of time and is often used to diagnose prediabetes as well as diabetes. […] Hyperinsulinemia due to insulin resistance may occur in individuals with normal glucose levels and therefore is not diagnosed with usual tests. […] Fasting plasma glucose screening should begin at age 30 and be repeated at least every three years. […] The United States Preventative Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends adults who are overweight/obese and aged 40-70 years old to get screened during visits to their regular physician.
  • #44 Prediabetes: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment
    https://www.health.com/prediabetes-overview-7111993
    When they don’t work, medications can be used to manage prediabetes. […] Prediabetes puts people at increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease and stroke. […] If you are diagnosed with prediabetes, it is recommended to get tested for type 2 diabetes every one to two years. […] Following the prevention methods we shared can delay the onset of type 2 diabetes and even prevent it completely.
  • #44 Prediabetes: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment
    https://www.health.com/prediabetes-overview-7111993
    Blood sugar that is higher than normal, but not quite high enough to be diabetes could be prediabetes. […] Prediabetes is a stage between having a normal metabolic state and diabetes. […] Prediabetes is when glucose is slightly higher than normal, but not high enough to be diabetes. […] Prediabetes is considered a serious health condition. It can put you at risk of developing type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and stroke. […] To diagnose prediabetes, healthcare providers need to test your blood. The two most common tests are the fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test and the A1C test. […] Prediabetes is when blood glucose is between 100 and 125 milligrams per deciliter. […] Prediabetes is from 5.7% to 6.4%. […] Early treatment can help prevent unwanted effects on blood vessels. […] If you have prediabetes, you can follow these same prevention tips to delay type 2 diabetes from starting.
  • #45 How to diagnose prediabetes | American Medical Association
    https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/diabetes/how-diagnose-prediabetes
    Studies have shown that up to 30 percent of people with prediabetes will develop type 2 diabetes within five years. […] Prediabetes is a condition in which blood glucose or hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be classified as type 2 diabetes. […] There are three kinds of tests you can order: HbA1C, fasting plasma glucose or oral glucose tolerance test. […] Patients with a BMI of 25 kg/m2 (23 kg/m2 for Asians) and blood glucose or HbA1C levels in the prediabetes range qualify for an evidence-based diabetes prevention program. […] An effective, evidence-based ways to reduce diabetes risk is to participate in a diabetes prevention program recognized by the CDC. […] Screen patients for prediabetes using the CDC Prediabetes Screening Test or the American Diabetes Association (ADA) Diabetes Risk Test. […] Test for prediabetes using one of three blood tests. […] Act by referring patients with prediabetes to a nearby diabetes prevention program.
  • #46 Diabetes Mellitus: Screening and Diagnosis | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0115/p103.html
    Results should be confirmed with repeat testing on a subsequent day; however, a single random plasma glucose level of 200 mg per dL or greater with typical signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia likely indicates diabetes. […] Diagnostic testing should be performed in individuals with a clinical history indicative of diabetes. […] The diagnosis of diabetes can be made when classic signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia are associated with a single random plasma glucose measurement of 200 mg per dL (11.1 mmol per L) or greater. […] Alternatively, the diagnosis can be made with an A1C level of 6.5% or greater, a fasting plasma glucose level of 126 mg per dL (7.0 mmol per L) or greater, or a two-hour plasma glucose level of 200 mg per dL or greater during an oral glucose tolerance test with 75-g glucose load. […] If testing results do not match the clinical picture or are inconsistent, repeat testing or testing with another modality may be helpful.
  • #47 Prediabetes: Symptoms, Causes, and More
    https://www.healthline.com/health/type-2-diabetes/what-is-prediabetes
    The first step for managing prediabetes is understanding what a prediabetes diagnosis means. Treatment may include lifestyle changes, such as diet, exercise, and medication. […] If you receive a prediabetes diagnosis, it means you have a higher-than-normal blood sugar level. But its not high enough to qualify as a diagnosis of diabetes. […] A doctor will need to order a blood test for an accurate diagnosis. This means drawing a blood sample to send to a lab. […] Results can vary depending on the type of test. You should take the same test twice to confirm the diagnosis, according to the National Institutes of Health (NIH). […] An A1C value of 5.7% to 6.4% is diagnostic for prediabetes. A second A1C test is recommended to confirm the results. The higher the A1C, the higher the risk that your prediabetes will progress to type 2 diabetes.
  • #48 What doctors wish patients knew about a prediabetes diagnosis | American Medical Association
    https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/diabetes/what-doctors-wish-patients-knew-about-prediabetes-diagnosis
    Prediabetes is a little bit of a misleading term because it sort of makes it sound like it’s always the step before diabetes and you’re destined to develop diabetes, said Dr. Kirley. […] However, it’s probably the single most predictive risk factor, she said, emphasizing that it’s the single factor that tells us the most about somebody’s risk of eventually developing type 2 diabetes. […] The good news is that prediabetes is treatable and oftentimes even reversible, said Dr. Kirley, noting there are multiple treatments available to people to reduce their risk of developing type 2 diabetes and to improve their health. […] Those treatments include support to make healthy lifestyle changes through an intensive lifestyle change program like the diabetes prevention program as well as the medication metformin, which can help prevent type 2 diabetes, she said.
  • #49 Diabetes and prediabetes risk | Quest Diagnostics
    https://www.questdiagnostics.com/healthcare-professionals/about-our-tests/diabetes-pre-diabetes/risk
    People with prediabetes have metabolic abnormalities that place them at high risk for diabetes. Therefore, diagnosing prediabetes is a necessary first step to taking preventive actions, notably: Exercise, Weight reduction, Healthy eating. […] Unlike type 2 diabetes, prediabetes can be cured. Its essential, therefore, that patients take steps to control and potentially reverse their prediabetes before it progresses to type 2 diabetes.
  • #50 Prediabetes: Symptoms, Causes, and More
    https://www.healthline.com/health/type-2-diabetes/what-is-prediabetes
    A blood sugar level of 100 to 125 mg/dL indicates prediabetes. […] If your blood sugar level reads 140 to 199 mg/dL after 2 hours, then the test indicates IGT, or prediabetes. […] Treating prediabetes can also be thought of as preventing type 2 diabetes. If a doctor gives you a diagnosis of prediabetes, theyll recommend certain lifestyle changes. […] Prediabetes is reversible. You can prevent or slow the development of prediabetes and diabetes by making lifestyle changes, including keeping up a moderate weight. […] According to one 2017 review, each 2.2 lbs. of weight loss could lower the risk of type 2 diabetes by 16% for people with IGT, or prediabetes. […] If left untreated, prediabetes can cause several health issues, including type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and stroke. […] But its reversible and can be treated by making lifestyle changes.
  • #51 What doctors wish patients knew about a prediabetes diagnosis | American Medical Association
    https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/diabetes/what-doctors-wish-patients-knew-about-prediabetes-diagnosis
    There’s not a one size fits all approach for preventing type 2 diabetes, which is a good thing there are different options available, Dr. Kirley said. […] Some people can be pretty successful with making healthy lifestyle changes on their own, said Dr. Kirley, noting that part of it is trying to lose some weight because trying to lose 5% to 7% of somebody’s body weight has been shown to decrease the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. […] However, most people benefit from the support of a program like an intensive lifestyle change program. […] When it comes to prediabetes, this is not about dramatic extreme lifestyle changes, said Dr. Kirley. […] It’s about learning healthy nutrition principles in general and how to actually put those into practice in real life. […] There are definitely some healthy nutrition principles that really apply to everybody, Dr. Kirley explained.
  • #52 Prediabetes: What Is It, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21498-prediabetes
    The best way to treat and potentially reverse prediabetes is through healthy lifestyle changes. Regularly eating nutritious foods and getting regular exercise can help return your blood sugar to healthy levels and prevent or delay Type 2 diabetes. […] In some cases, your healthcare provider may recommend taking certain oral diabetes medications. This is more likely if lifestyle changes havent helped improve your blood sugar levels and/or you have multiple risk factors for Type 2 diabetes. […] Its important to see your healthcare provider regularly if you have prediabetes or are at increased risk for it.
  • #53 The Prediabetes Debate: Does Diagnosis Do More Harm Than Good?
    https://www.everydayhealth.com/type-2-diabetes/prediabetes-useful-diagnosis-article-revives-debate/
    One benefit of diagnosing people with prediabetes based on ADA criteria is the condition is easier to treat in its early stages. […] The earlier that it is caught, the more likely you will have successful treatment the later a disease is identified the more likely that it will progress to more significant disease. […] A diagnosis of prediabetes is a beautiful opportunity for somebody to assess their health and figure out ways that they can change what they’re doing to ideally reverse prediabetes or to prevent the progression from prediabetes to diabetes. […] Studies have shown that lifestyle interventions with individualized reduced calorie eating plans are highly effective at preventing or delaying type 2 diabetes and improving other factors, such as blood pressure and inflammation, according to the ADAs current Standards of Care in Diabetes.
  • #54 How to Control and Manage Prediabetes | Abbott Newsroom
    https://www.abbott.com/corpnewsroom/diabetes-care/how-to-control-and-manage-prediabetes.html
    A result between 5.7 percent and 6.4 percent indicates prediabetes, while a higher number points to diabetes. […] A result of 140 to 199 milligrams per deciliter means you have prediabetes, while 200 milligrams per deciliter or higher suggests diabetes. […] „The positive aspect of the diagnosis,” says Kulkarni, „is there’s more attention paid to one’s health, lifestyle and overall well-being.” […] It doesn’t take a lot of weight loss to improve your blood sugar. Losing 7 percent of your body weight, which is 14 pounds for a 200-pound person, lowers your risk of type 2 diabetes by 58 percent, according to the ADA. […] The impact of exercise on blood sugar has been shown time and time again in medical studies.
  • #55 Prediabetes: Risk, Diagnosis and Treatment
    https://info.pullmanregional.org/blog/prediabetes-risk-diagnosis-and-treatment
    Individuals with prediabetes have higher blood sugars than normal, but they’re not quite high enough to be considered a diabetes diagnosis. […] Blood sugar analysis is a fairly standard component of blood labs. If a noticeable increase in blood sugar is detected from one year to the next, further testing is conducted. […] There are different ways your doctor can test. One is called a fasting blood sugar test. Another is called A1C or a glucose tolerance test. […] I see A1C being used most commonly, as it gives us a picture of what a person’s blood sugar has been doing, on average, over about three months. […] Prediabetes and type-2 diabetes are both progressive diseases, so its critical to arrest the damage as soon as possible. […] Individuals diagnosed with prediabetes can also halt progression by quitting smoking and keeping their blood pressure and cholesterol in check. […] If you do have a prediabetes diagnosis, I would recommend asking for a referral for a dietitian, urges Haak-Beck.
  • #56
    https://www.healthxchange.sg/diabetes/essential-guide-diabetes/what-is-prediabetes-what-do-when-diagnosed
    What is Prediabetes and What to Do When You’re Diagnosed? Prediabetes […] Healthcare professionals sometimes refer to prediabetes as impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or both, depending on what test was used for detection and diagnosis. […] Before people develop type 2 diabetes, almost all pass through the stage of prediabetes where the blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be considered as frank or overt diabetes, says Dr Goh Su Yen, Head and Senior Consultant, Department of Endocrinology, Singapore General Hospital (SGH), a member of the SingHealth group. […] Importantly, having prediabetes means that you are likely to progress on to diabetes in the near future. You can however take steps to reduce these risks. […] There are no clear symptoms of prediabetes. The only reliable method of diagnosis is by having blood tests done. […] It has been shown unequivocally that structured programmes and intensive lifestyle modification programmes can help people learn proper techniques, establish goals, stay motivated, and can lead to a sustained reduction in the conversion from prediabetes to overt type 2 diabetes.
  • #57 What doctors wish patients knew about a prediabetes diagnosis | American Medical Association
    https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/diabetes/what-doctors-wish-patients-knew-about-prediabetes-diagnosis
    That can be where seeing a registered dietitian for medical nutrition therapy can also be a really helpful support and treatment option for people with prediabetes because then they can get some customized or individualized nutrition guidance from a nutrition expert, she added. […] There are a lot of health benefits associated with physical activity, even beyond losing weight, she added. […] So even if people don’t lose weight, but they become more physically active, there are clear health benefits. […] So many adults have prediabetes and with the widespread availability of the lifestyle change program, people can find the type of support that feels comfortable for them they can get expert advice from a health coach and expert advice from their physician, always, Dr. Kirley said. […] For some people, having medication as an option is important because we know not everybody can commit to an intensive lifestyle change program at any given point in their life, Dr. Kirley said.
  • #58 Prediabetes? What does it mean for your kidneys? | National Kidney Foundation
    https://www.kidney.org/news-stories/prediabetes-what-does-it-mean-your-kidneys
    Most people with kidney disease do not know they have kidney disease. […] Many people who have prediabetes or undiagnosed diabetes have signs of kidney damage (like albuminuria) and/or reduced kidney function (measured by eGFR). […] Diabetes is the number one cause of kidney failure. […] Tests for kidney disease include: a blood test to estimate your glomerular filtration rate (GFR); a urine test to find albumin; and blood pressure measurement. […] High blood pressure is a cause and consequence of chronic kidney disease. […] There are three different tests your doctor can use to determine if you have pre-diabetes: A1C (A-one-C) test is an abbreviation for hemoglobin A1C. […] The blood glucose levels measured after these tests determine whether you have pre-diabetes or diabetes.
  • #59 Prediabetes – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prediabetes
    Over half the people who are diagnosed with prediabetes eventually develop type 2 diabetes and once diagnosed with prediabetes, people experience a range of emotions: distress and fear; denial and downplay of risks; guilt and self-criticism; and self-compassion. […] While prediabetes is a reversible condition, it requires diet change and exercise, which may be more difficult for people diagnosed prediabetes because facing the risk of a chronic condition is associated with negative emotions, which further hinder the self-regulation that is required in reversing a prediabetes diagnosis. […] The American College of Endocrinology (ACE) and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) have developed lifestyle intervention guidelines for preventing the onset of type 2 diabetes. […] Prediabetes is a curable disease state, and people can routinely return to normoglycemia (normal glucose metabolism) with interventions. […] The progression to type 2 diabetes mellitus is not inevitable for those with prediabetes.
  • #60 Prediabetes – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prediabetes/symptoms-causes/syc-20355278
    Prediabetes has been linked with long-term damage, including to your heart, blood vessels and kidneys, even if you haven’t progressed to type 2 diabetes. Prediabetes is also linked to unrecognized (silent) heart attacks. […] Healthy lifestyle choices can help you prevent prediabetes and its progression to type 2 diabetes even if diabetes runs in your family.
  • #61 Diagnosed with Prediabetes? Your Next 5 Steps
    https://www.avancecare.com/diagnosed-with-prediabetes-your-next-5-steps/
    Receiving a diagnosis of prediabetes can be overwhelming, but it’s also an opportunity to take control of your health and prevent the progression to type 2 diabetes. […] Prediabetes occurs when your blood sugar levels are higher than normal but not yet high enough to be classified as type 2 diabetes. […] Without intervention, prediabetes can progress to type 2 diabetes, which is associated with more serious health issues such as heart disease, kidney damage, and vision loss. […] However, prediabetes is not a full-blown diabetes diagnosis, and with early intervention, it can be reversed. […] After a prediabetes diagnosis, it’s essential to work closely with your healthcare provider to monitor your condition and make necessary adjustments. […] In some cases, your doctor may prescribe medication, such as metformin, to help control blood sugar levels.
  • #62 From Pre-Diabetes to Diabetes: Diagnosis, Treatments and Translational Research
    https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/55/9/546
    It has been estimated that the number of pre-diabetic cases will increase to more than 470 million people worldwide, and this is understandably a worrying trend. […] Pre-diabetes is seen as the critical phase, because studies have shown that at this stage, the condition is reversible and could serve as a potential route to combat diabetes. […] To prevent pre-diabetes from developing into T2DM, lifestyle intervention has been found to be very promising. […] The treatment of pre-diabetes has shown significant success in preventing the further progression of diabetes.

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