Patologiczny hazard
Rokowania, prognozy i postęp choroby

Patologiczny hazard jest przewlekłym zaburzeniem o charakterze uzależnienia behawioralnego, które wykazuje tendencję do pogłębiania się bez odpowiedniego leczenia, a nawroty są powszechne nawet po terapii. Rokowanie zależy od wielu czynników, w tym obecności zaburzeń emocjonalnych, poziomu edukacji, umiejętności psychorelacyjnych oraz wsparcia społecznego i poczucia przynależności. Badania wskazują, że członkostwo i długość uczestnictwa w grupach wsparcia, takich jak Anonimowi Hazardziści (GA), korelują z redukcją pragnienia hazardu i poprawą jakości życia, przy czym wsparcie społeczne i poczucie przynależności odgrywają różne role w procesie zdrowienia. Pragnienie hazardu oraz poznawcze aspekty związane z hazardem są istotnymi predyktorami nawrotu, co podkreśla konieczność stosowania technik terapeutycznych ukierunkowanych na te mechanizmy. Ponadto, patologiczny hazard charakteryzuje się upośledzeniem kontroli ukierunkowanej na cel i nieelastycznym uczeniem się, co ma implikacje dla projektowania interwencji poprawiających funkcjonowanie wykonawcze i kontrolę poznawczą.

Patologiczny hazard – Rokowanie (ocena przewidywanego wyniku)

Patologiczny hazard, podobnie jak uzależnienie od alkoholu czy narkotyków, jest długotrwałym zaburzeniem, które ma tendencję do pogłębiania się bez odpowiedniego leczenia. Nawet w przypadku podjęcia terapii, powrót do hazardu (nawrót) jest zjawiskiem powszechnym. Jednakże osoby z patologicznym hazardem mogą osiągnąć bardzo dobre wyniki przy zastosowaniu właściwego leczenia.1 Rokowanie w zaburzeniu hazardowym zależy od kilku czynników, a uzyskanie odpowiedniego leczenia może pomóc zapobiec wielu problemom związanym z tym zaburzeniem. Istotna jest także wczesna interwencja przy pierwszych oznakach patologicznego hazardu, która może zapobiec pogorszeniu się zaburzenia.2

Czynniki prognostyczne w patologicznym hazardzie

Badania wskazują na szereg czynników prognostycznych w patologicznym hazardzie, które wpływają na wynik leczenia i przebieg zaburzenia. Do najważniejszych należą:34

  • Bycie aktualnym problemowym hazardzistą jest najlepszym predyktorem przyszłego problemowego hazardu5
  • Obecność zaburzeń emocjonalnych lub związanych z używaniem substancji wiąże się z gorszymi wynikami leczenia6
  • Niższy poziom edukacji i mniej adaptacyjne umiejętności psychorelacyjne zwiększają ryzyko rozwinięcia patologicznego hazardu7
  • Poziom wsparcia społecznego i poczucie przynależności wpływają na efektywność leczenia8

Hodgins i Peden przeprowadzili badanie, w którym ponownie przepytali 40 pacjentów z patologicznym hazardem po średnio 40 miesiącach. Większość próbowała zaprzestać lub ograniczyć hazard, ale ponad 80% pozostało problemowymi hazardzistami.9 Wynik ten podkreśla chroniczny charakter zaburzenia i trudności w osiągnięciu trwałej remisji.

Rola wsparcia społecznego i poczucia przynależności w procesie zdrowienia

Badania wskazują na istotną rolę zarówno wsparcia społecznego, jak i poczucia przynależności w procesie zdrowienia z uzależnienia od hazardu. Członkostwo w grupach wzajemnej pomocy, takich jak Anonimowi Hazardziści (GA), oraz długość tego członkostwa są znacząco związane z powrotem do zdrowia, wskazując, że bycie członkiem GA i dłuższe członkostwo wiążą się z mniejszymi pragnieniami hazardu i wyższą jakością życia.10

Analiza regresji wykazała, że chociaż istnieje znacząca korelacja między wsparciem społecznym a poczuciem przynależności, odgrywają one różne role w procesie zdrowienia z uzależnienia od hazardu:11

  • Wsparcie społeczne samo w sobie przewidywało wyższą jakość życia, ale nie redukcję pragnienia hazardu12
  • Poczucie przynależności (wraz z byciem członkiem GA) przewidywało redukcję pragnienia hazardu, ale nie wzrost jakości życia13

Te ustalenia mają istotne implikacje dla opracowywania skutecznych strategii leczenia patologicznego hazardu w przyszłości i wskazują, że podejścia terapeutyczne nie powinny polegać wyłącznie na sieciach wsparcia społecznego, ale aktywnie kultywować poczucie przynależności.14

Predyktory nawrotu w patologicznym hazardzie

Zidentyfikowanie czynników predykcyjnych nawrotu jest kluczowe dla skutecznej profilaktyki i leczenia patologicznego hazardu. Badania wykorzystujące uogólnione modele regresji o mieszanych efektach wykazały, że pragnienie związane z hazardem było znacząco związane z nawrotem problemowego hazardu, mierzonego zarówno za pomocą skali VGS (OR 1,29; 95% CI 1,12-1,49), jak i zachowań hazardowych (OR 1,16; 95% CI 1,06-1,27).15

Dodatkowo, gdy status nawrotu, remisji lub kontynuowania hazardu był określany przy użyciu wyników w skali VGS, okazało się, że pragnienie hazardu i poznawcze aspekty związane z hazardem były istotnymi predyktorami nawrotu. Te ustalenia wskazują, że zapobieganie nawrotom powinno obejmować techniki ukierunkowane na pragnienie hazardu i procesy poznawcze z podobnym priorytetem jak wywoływanie początkowej zmiany zachowania.16

Zaburzenia procesu decyzyjnego i ich wpływ na rokowanie

Zachowania kompulsywne (np. uzależnienie) można postrzegać jako zaburzony proces decyzyjny, w którym nieelastyczne reakcje automatycznie wywoływane przez bodźce (nawyk) przejmują kontrolę nad podejmowaniem decyzji ze szkodą dla bardziej elastycznego (ukierunkowanego na cel) systemu uczenia się zachowań.17 Patologiczny hazard, będący formą uzależnienia bez zakłócającego wpływu neurotoksycznych efektów narkotyków, wykazuje upośledzenie kontroli ukierunkowanej na cel.18

Badania pokazują, że problemowi hazardziści (PG) wykazują osłabione uczenie się oparte na modelu, szczególnie po nienagrodzonych wynikach.19 Te ustalenia rzucają światło na potencjalnie ważne mechanizmy zaangażowane w nieelastyczne zachowania występujące u osób z zaburzeniem hazardowym.20

W porównaniu ze zdrowymi kontrolami (HC), pacjenci z OCD wykazywali niższy współczynnik uczenia się dla wyników gorszych niż oczekiwane, co było związane z osłabionym kodowaniem negatywnych błędów przewidywania nagrody w grzbietowo-przyśrodkowej korze przedczołowej i grzbietowym prążkowiu. Natomiast pacjenci z patologicznym hazardem wykazywali wyższe i niższe współczynniki uczenia się odpowiednio dla wyników lepszych i gorszych niż oczekiwane, którym towarzyszyło wyższe kodowanie pozytywnych błędów przewidywania nagrody w przedniej części wyspy niż u HC.21 Te ustalenia wyjaśniają obliczenia neuronalne związane z uczeniem się poprzez nagrody, które są zmienione w OCD i patologicznym hazardzie, dostarczając potencjalnego wyjaśnienia behawioralnej nieelastyczności w tych zaburzeniach psychicznych.22

Wpływ interwencji terapeutycznych na rokowanie

Odpowiednie interwencje terapeutyczne mogą znacząco poprawić rokowanie w patologicznym hazardzie. Badania wykazały, że interwencje mające na celu poprawę funkcjonowania wykonawczego mogą pozytywnie wpłynąć na kontrolę opartą na modelu, ponieważ zarówno uczenie się oparte na modelu, jak i kontrola poznawcza wiążą się z przezwyciężaniem nawykowych, stymulowanych przez bodźce działań.23

Osoby z patologicznym hazardem, które angażowały się w niedawne (tj. z ostatniego roku) nielegalne zachowania związane z hazardem, doświadczały poważniejszych objawów hazardu niż uczestnicy, którzy nie zgłaszali nielegalnych zachowań.24 Zaburzenie hazardowe u patologicznych hazardzistów zgłaszających nielegalne zachowania zmniejszało się wraz z leczeniem w tempie podobnym do tempa tych, którzy zaprzeczali niedawnym nielegalnym zachowaniom związanym z hazardem. Jednakże poziom nasilenia zaburzenia hazardowego w trakcie leczenia i w okresie obserwacji pozostawał podwyższony u osób przyznających się do nielegalnych zachowań w porównaniu z tymi, które zaprzeczały nielegalnym zachowaniom.25

Wskazuje to, że patologiczni hazardziści, którzy angażują się w nielegalne zachowania związane z hazardem, mogą skorzystać z leczenia o dłuższym czasie trwania lub większej intensywności.26 Potrzebne są dalsze badania, aby ocenić adekwatność obecnych metod leczenia oraz rolę nielegalnych zachowań związanych z hazardem w nasileniu zaburzenia hazardowego, niepowodzeniu leczenia i nawrocie.27

Wyzwania w ocenie wyników leczenia patologicznego hazardu

Jednym z istotnych wyzwań w ocenie skuteczności leczenia i rokowania w patologicznym hazardzie jest brak jednolitych kryteriów pomiaru wyników leczenia. Wyniki leczenia zaburzeń hazardowych są słabo zdefiniowane i mierzone niekonsekwentnie w różnych badaniach. W szczególności sama koncepcja powrotu do zdrowia rzadko jest operacjonalizowana, a wyniki odnoszą się zmiennie do abstynencji, kontrolowanego hazardu lub szerszych skutków psychospołecznych lub innych.28

Brak koncepcyjnej jasności i konsensusu co do kryteriów operacyjnych w definiowaniu i mierzeniu powrotu do zdrowia osłabia zdolność do określenia, które interwencje terapeutyczne osiągają optymalne wyniki. Ustalenie jednolitych kryteriów operacyjnych ułatwiłoby znaczące porównania między badaniami, które umożliwiłyby badaczom określenie względnej skuteczności metod leczenia.29

Konceptualizacja zdrowienia w patologicznym hazardzie

Powrót do zdrowia, w ujęciu współczesnym, odnosi się szeroko do poprawy wykraczającej poza docelowe objawy problemowe do istotnych obszarów funkcjonalnych i domen jakości życia.30 Jednak kryteria operacyjne do pomiaru powrotu do zdrowia w leczeniu patologicznego hazardu rzadko są określane. W nielicznych badaniach, które definiowały tę konstrukcję operacyjnie, konkretne kryteria różniły się znacząco, chociaż prawie zawsze dotyczyły powstrzymywania się lub braku kryteriów diagnostycznych dla zaburzenia hazardowego.31

Niepowodzenie w uwzględnieniu szerszych wyników psychospołecznych w definicjach wskazuje, że badacze, choć uznają ich wartość jako miar uzupełniających, nie postrzegają takich wskaźników jako integralnych dla powrotu do zdrowia.32 To sugeruje wielowymiarową konceptualizację powrotu do zdrowia, która jest zgodna ze współczesnym modelem zdrowia zorientowanym na powrót do zdrowia.33

Modele predykcyjne w ocenie ryzyka i monitorowaniu patologicznego hazardu

Opracowanie modeli predykcyjnych może pomóc w identyfikacji osób zagrożonych rozwojem lub utrzymaniem patologicznego hazardu. W jednym z badań opracowano algorytm do przesiewowego badania problematycznych hazardzistów online, z wyłączeniem hazardzistów kasyn online, który mógłby umożliwić wprowadzenie środków zapobiegawczych dla najbardziej wrażliwych hazardzistów.34

Wartości AUROC trzech modeli klasyfikacji binarnej (tj. gdy każdy próg PGSI jest rozważany oddzielnie) wahały się od 0,72 do 0,82 w zależności od progu PGSI. Ostateczny model dla zbioru danych ARJEL poprawnie zidentyfikował 71% hazardzistów bez problemu, 18% hazardzistów niskiego ryzyka, 7% hazardzistów umiarkowanego ryzyka i 75% hazardzistów problemowych.35

AUROC dla wykrywania hazardzistów problemowych wynosił 0,76 (CI: [0,59,0,93]), 0,75 (CI: [0,64,0,85]) dla hazardzistów umiarkowanego ryzyka i 0,63 (CI: [0,59,0,68]) dla hazardzistów niskiego ryzyka.36 Opracowanie modelu przesiewowego do wykrywania hazardzistów problemowych na podstawie danych z monitorowania behawioralnego mogłoby być wykorzystane do dwóch celów, z których pierwszym jest sama identyfikacja.37

Ryzyko samobójcze w patologicznym hazardzie

Osoby z zaburzeniem hazardowym są narażone na zwiększone ryzyko samobójstwa. Zaburzenie hazardowe wykazało najwyższe ryzyko samobójstwa spośród wszystkich innych zaburzeń związanych z używaniem substancji lub uzależnień. Badania pokazują, że około połowa hazardzistów będzie myśleć o samobójstwie, a jeden na pięciu hazardzistów podejmie próbę samobójczą.38

W porównaniu z populacją ogólną, osoby z zaburzeniem hazardowym mają zwiększone ryzyko samobójstwa. Jedno z badań przeprowadzonych wśród osób poszukujących leczenia wykazało, że 32% miało myśli samobójcze, a 17% podjęło próbę samobójczą co najmniej raz.39

Nielegalne zachowania związane z hazardem wydają się być związane z podwyższonym ryzykiem myśli samobójczych, problemów finansowych, używania alkoholu i narkotyków oraz leczenia zdrowia psychicznego.40 Te dane podkreślają znaczenie wczesnej interwencji i odpowiedniego leczenia w zapobieganiu poważnym konsekwencjom patologicznego hazardu.

Wpływ pandemii COVID-19 na rokowanie w patologicznym hazardzie

Badania wskazują na związek między zmianą zaangażowania w hazard online podczas COVID-19 a zwiększonymi problemami ze zdrowiem psychicznym, w tym stresem wynikającym z nudy oraz wyższymi poziomami depresji i lęku.41 Te czynniki mogą negatywnie wpływać na rokowanie w patologicznym hazardzie i zwiększać ryzyko nawrotu u osób, które wcześniej kontrolowały swoje zachowania hazardowe.

Wnioski i implikacje kliniczne

Niestety, mniej niż 10% osób z zaburzeniem hazardowym szuka profesjonalnego leczenia. Wielu próbuje rozwiązać problem samodzielnie.42 Osoby z patologicznym hazardem mogą mieć okresy, w których objawy ustępują. Hazard może nie wydawać się problematyczny w okresach pomiędzy epizodami bardziej nasilonych objawów.43

Zaburzenie hazardowe, forma uzależnienia bez zakłócającego wpływu neurotoksycznych efektów narkotyków, wykazało upośledzoną kontrolę ukierunkowaną na cel, co ma istotne implikacje dla projektowania skutecznych interwencji.44 Wyniki badań powinny znaleźć zastosowanie w opracowywaniu skutecznych interwencji dla osób z zaburzeniami hazardowymi.45

Zwiększenie częstości występowania i rozpowszechnienia uzależnień behawioralnych oraz znaczenie wczesnego rozpoczęcia problemu zaburzenia hazardowego, z jego poważnymi konsekwencjami, czynią koniecznym lepsze zrozumienie tych problemów w celu opracowania i dostosowania programów zapobiegania i leczenia do specyficznych potrzeb w zależności od płci i wieku.46

Wyniki badań wskazują również, że terapia z profesjonalistą zdrowia psychicznego może pomóc w opanowaniu tego zaburzenia.47 Implikacje te sugerują, że podejścia do leczenia uzależnienia od hazardu nie powinny polegać wyłącznie na sieciach wsparcia społecznego, ale powinny aktywnie kultywować poczucie przynależności.48

Ogólnie rzecz biorąc, ustalenia te podkreślają znaczenie uwzględnienia czynników społecznych i relacyjnych, zwłaszcza poczucia przynależności, w projektowaniu skutecznych interwencji i systemów wsparcia dla osób z problemami hazardowymi.49

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  1. 10.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Compulsive Gambling – UF Health
    https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/compulsive-gambling
    Like alcohol or drug addiction, pathological gambling is a long-term disorder that tends to get worse without treatment. Even with treatment, it’s common to start gambling again (relapse). However, people with pathological gambling can do very well with the right treatment. […] Getting the right treatment can help prevent many of these problems. […] Intervention at the earliest signs of pathological gambling may prevent the disorder from getting worse.
  • #2 Compulsive Gambling – UF Health
    https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/compulsive-gambling
    Like alcohol or drug addiction, pathological gambling is a long-term disorder that tends to get worse without treatment. Even with treatment, it’s common to start gambling again (relapse). However, people with pathological gambling can do very well with the right treatment. […] Getting the right treatment can help prevent many of these problems. […] Intervention at the earliest signs of pathological gambling may prevent the disorder from getting worse.
  • #3 Risk Factors for Gambling Disorder: A Systematic Review
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9994414/
    Gambling disorder is a common and problematic behavioral disorder associated with depression, substance abuse, domestic violence, bankruptcy, and high suicide rates. […] A revised study acknowledges as risk factors for developing/maintaining a gambling disorder being a single young male, or married for less than 5 years, living alone, having a poor education, and struggling financially. […] For example, Hodgins and Peden (2005) re-interviewed 40 PG patients after an average of 40 months. Most tried to stop or reduce gambling, but more than 80% remained problem gamblers. The presence of emotional or substance use disorders was associated with poorer outcomes. […] They found that being a current problem gambler was the best predictor of future problem gambling. […] Significant risk factors for gaming disorder include risk for alcohol use, poor mental health, young age (26 years), low formal education, growing up with a single parent, parents with addiction problems, and being working class.
  • #4 Gambling Disorder (Gambling Addiction): What It Is & Symptoms
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17881-gambling-disorder-gambling-addiction
    The prognosis (outlook) for gambling disorder depends on a few factors, like: […] Unfortunately, less than 10% of people with gambling disorder seek professional treatment. Many try to fix it themselves. Know that therapy with a mental health professional can help manage the condition. […] In comparison with the general population, people with gambling disorder have an increased risk for suicide. One study of people who sought treatment reported that 32% had suicidal ideation and 17% had attempted suicide at least once.
  • #5 Risk Factors for Gambling Disorder: A Systematic Review
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9994414/
    Gambling disorder is a common and problematic behavioral disorder associated with depression, substance abuse, domestic violence, bankruptcy, and high suicide rates. […] A revised study acknowledges as risk factors for developing/maintaining a gambling disorder being a single young male, or married for less than 5 years, living alone, having a poor education, and struggling financially. […] For example, Hodgins and Peden (2005) re-interviewed 40 PG patients after an average of 40 months. Most tried to stop or reduce gambling, but more than 80% remained problem gamblers. The presence of emotional or substance use disorders was associated with poorer outcomes. […] They found that being a current problem gambler was the best predictor of future problem gambling. […] Significant risk factors for gaming disorder include risk for alcohol use, poor mental health, young age (26 years), low formal education, growing up with a single parent, parents with addiction problems, and being working class.
  • #6 Risk Factors for Gambling Disorder: A Systematic Review
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9994414/
    Gambling disorder is a common and problematic behavioral disorder associated with depression, substance abuse, domestic violence, bankruptcy, and high suicide rates. […] A revised study acknowledges as risk factors for developing/maintaining a gambling disorder being a single young male, or married for less than 5 years, living alone, having a poor education, and struggling financially. […] For example, Hodgins and Peden (2005) re-interviewed 40 PG patients after an average of 40 months. Most tried to stop or reduce gambling, but more than 80% remained problem gamblers. The presence of emotional or substance use disorders was associated with poorer outcomes. […] They found that being a current problem gambler was the best predictor of future problem gambling. […] Significant risk factors for gaming disorder include risk for alcohol use, poor mental health, young age (26 years), low formal education, growing up with a single parent, parents with addiction problems, and being working class.
  • #7 Risk Factors for Gambling Disorder: A Systematic Review
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9994414/
    The risk of developing pathological gambling was higher for men with less education and less adaptive psychorelational skills. […] The studies indicate a link between change in online gambling involvement during COVID-19 and increased mental health problems, including stress from boredom, and higher levels of depression and anxiety. […] The increase in the incidence and prevalence of behavioral addictions and the relevance of the early onset of the problem of gambling disorder, with its serious consequences, make it necessary to better understand these problems to develop and adapt prevention and treatment programs to the specific needs of according to sex and age.
  • #8
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10899-023-10225-y
    Research indicates a role for both social support and belonging in addiction recovery, however little is known about the role of these constructs in the recovery from problem gambling, and whether they relate to the effectiveness of mutual aid groups such as Gamblers Anonymous. […] Membership to GA, and length of membership were significantly associated with gambling recovery indicating that being a member of GA and longer membership was associated with lower gambling urges and higher quality of life. […] A regression analysis showed that although there was a significant correlation between social support and belongingness, they played different roles in gambling addiction recovery. Social support alone predicted higher quality of life, but not a reduction in gambling urges; belonging (along with being a member of GA) predicted a reduction in gambling urges, but not an increase in quality of life.
  • #9 Risk Factors for Gambling Disorder: A Systematic Review
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9994414/
    Gambling disorder is a common and problematic behavioral disorder associated with depression, substance abuse, domestic violence, bankruptcy, and high suicide rates. […] A revised study acknowledges as risk factors for developing/maintaining a gambling disorder being a single young male, or married for less than 5 years, living alone, having a poor education, and struggling financially. […] For example, Hodgins and Peden (2005) re-interviewed 40 PG patients after an average of 40 months. Most tried to stop or reduce gambling, but more than 80% remained problem gamblers. The presence of emotional or substance use disorders was associated with poorer outcomes. […] They found that being a current problem gambler was the best predictor of future problem gambling. […] Significant risk factors for gaming disorder include risk for alcohol use, poor mental health, young age (26 years), low formal education, growing up with a single parent, parents with addiction problems, and being working class.
  • #10
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10899-023-10225-y
    Research indicates a role for both social support and belonging in addiction recovery, however little is known about the role of these constructs in the recovery from problem gambling, and whether they relate to the effectiveness of mutual aid groups such as Gamblers Anonymous. […] Membership to GA, and length of membership were significantly associated with gambling recovery indicating that being a member of GA and longer membership was associated with lower gambling urges and higher quality of life. […] A regression analysis showed that although there was a significant correlation between social support and belongingness, they played different roles in gambling addiction recovery. Social support alone predicted higher quality of life, but not a reduction in gambling urges; belonging (along with being a member of GA) predicted a reduction in gambling urges, but not an increase in quality of life.
  • #11
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10899-023-10225-y
    These findings have implications for the development of treatment for problem gamblers in the future. […] The results of this study first showed that, whilst there was significant overlap between social support and belongingness, they were still two discrete constructs. Therefore, whilst previous research has at times used the constructs interchangeably the results from the present study indicate that they are distinct. This is further illustrated by their differential impact on addiction recovery. […] In terms of gambling urges, the results showed that lower gambling urges were predicted by higher feelings of belonging, and being a member of GA. […] In contrast, quality of life was predicted by higher social support. […] These results support previous research by demonstrating that feelings of belonging, and feelings of social support, both contribute to gambling addiction recovery.
  • #12
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10899-023-10225-y
    These findings have implications for the development of treatment for problem gamblers in the future. […] The results of this study first showed that, whilst there was significant overlap between social support and belongingness, they were still two discrete constructs. Therefore, whilst previous research has at times used the constructs interchangeably the results from the present study indicate that they are distinct. This is further illustrated by their differential impact on addiction recovery. […] In terms of gambling urges, the results showed that lower gambling urges were predicted by higher feelings of belonging, and being a member of GA. […] In contrast, quality of life was predicted by higher social support. […] These results support previous research by demonstrating that feelings of belonging, and feelings of social support, both contribute to gambling addiction recovery.
  • #13
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10899-023-10225-y
    These findings have implications for the development of treatment for problem gamblers in the future. […] The results of this study first showed that, whilst there was significant overlap between social support and belongingness, they were still two discrete constructs. Therefore, whilst previous research has at times used the constructs interchangeably the results from the present study indicate that they are distinct. This is further illustrated by their differential impact on addiction recovery. […] In terms of gambling urges, the results showed that lower gambling urges were predicted by higher feelings of belonging, and being a member of GA. […] In contrast, quality of life was predicted by higher social support. […] These results support previous research by demonstrating that feelings of belonging, and feelings of social support, both contribute to gambling addiction recovery.
  • #14
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10899-023-10225-y
    The implications also suggest that treatment approaches for gambling addiction should not solely rely on social support networks but should actively cultivate a sense of belonging. […] Overall, these findings highlight the importance of addressing social and relational factors, particularly the sense of belonging, in designing effective interventions and support systems for individuals with gambling problems.
  • #15 (PDF) Predictors of Relapse in Problem Gambling: A Prospective Cohort Study
    https://www.academia.edu/81198751/Predictors_of_Relapse_in_Problem_Gambling_A_Prospective_Cohort_Study
    To explore the variation of predictors of relapse in treatment and support seeking gamblers. […] Using generalised mixed-effects regression models we found gambling related urge was significantly associated with relapse in problem gambling as measured by VGS (OR 1.29; 95 % CI 1.12-1.49) and gambling behaviours (OR 1.16; 95 % CI 1.06-1.27). […] When the outcome status of relapse, remission, or continuing to gamble at each time point was determined with scores on the VGS we found that gambling urge and gambling related cognitions were significant predictors of relapse. […] These findings indicate that relapse prevention should include techniques targeting urge and cognitions with similar priority to producing initial behaviour change.
  • #16 (PDF) Predictors of Relapse in Problem Gambling: A Prospective Cohort Study
    https://www.academia.edu/81198751/Predictors_of_Relapse_in_Problem_Gambling_A_Prospective_Cohort_Study
    To explore the variation of predictors of relapse in treatment and support seeking gamblers. […] Using generalised mixed-effects regression models we found gambling related urge was significantly associated with relapse in problem gambling as measured by VGS (OR 1.29; 95 % CI 1.12-1.49) and gambling behaviours (OR 1.16; 95 % CI 1.06-1.27). […] When the outcome status of relapse, remission, or continuing to gamble at each time point was determined with scores on the VGS we found that gambling urge and gambling related cognitions were significant predictors of relapse. […] These findings indicate that relapse prevention should include techniques targeting urge and cognitions with similar priority to producing initial behaviour change.
  • #17 Reduced model-based decision-making in gambling disorder | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-56161-z
    Compulsive behaviors (e.g., addiction) can be viewed as an aberrant decision process where inflexible reactions automatically evoked by stimuli (habit) take control over decision making to the detriment of a more flexible (goal-oriented) behavioral learning system. […] Gambling disorder, a form of addiction without the confound of neurotoxic effects of drugs, showed impaired goal-directed control but the way in which problem gamblers (PG) orchestrate model-based and model-free strategies has not been evaluated. […] PG showed impaired model-based learning, particularly after unrewarded outcomes. […] These findings demonstrate specific reinforcement learning and decision-making deficits in behavioral addiction that advances our understanding and may be important dimensions for designing effective interventions.
  • #18 Reduced model-based decision-making in gambling disorder | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-56161-z
    Compulsive behaviors (e.g., addiction) can be viewed as an aberrant decision process where inflexible reactions automatically evoked by stimuli (habit) take control over decision making to the detriment of a more flexible (goal-oriented) behavioral learning system. […] Gambling disorder, a form of addiction without the confound of neurotoxic effects of drugs, showed impaired goal-directed control but the way in which problem gamblers (PG) orchestrate model-based and model-free strategies has not been evaluated. […] PG showed impaired model-based learning, particularly after unrewarded outcomes. […] These findings demonstrate specific reinforcement learning and decision-making deficits in behavioral addiction that advances our understanding and may be important dimensions for designing effective interventions.
  • #19 Reduced model-based decision-making in gambling disorder | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-56161-z
    Compulsive behaviors (e.g., addiction) can be viewed as an aberrant decision process where inflexible reactions automatically evoked by stimuli (habit) take control over decision making to the detriment of a more flexible (goal-oriented) behavioral learning system. […] Gambling disorder, a form of addiction without the confound of neurotoxic effects of drugs, showed impaired goal-directed control but the way in which problem gamblers (PG) orchestrate model-based and model-free strategies has not been evaluated. […] PG showed impaired model-based learning, particularly after unrewarded outcomes. […] These findings demonstrate specific reinforcement learning and decision-making deficits in behavioral addiction that advances our understanding and may be important dimensions for designing effective interventions.
  • #20 Reduced model-based decision-making in gambling disorder | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-56161-z
    The present study aimed at contributing to the understanding of impaired reinforced learning mechanism in behavioral addiction. […] This finding shed light on potentially important mechanisms involved in inflexible behaviors found in individuals with GD, which are now considered in detail. […] Attenuated MB learning signature based on choices was found in PG, with less consideration for transition types, thus leading to fewer rewards. […] Our findings hold some useful clinical implications. […] Because MB RL and cognitive control both involve overcoming habitual, stimulus-driven actions, interventions aimed to improve executive functioning may positively impact on MB contribution. […] To summarize, we found deficits in learning and decision making in problem gamblers. It is characterized by a reduced MB action control after a negative outcome.
  • #21 Individuals with problem gambling and obsessive-compulsive disorder learn through distinct reinforcement mechanisms | PLOS Biology
    https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3002031
    Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and pathological gambling (PG) are accompanied by deficits in behavioural flexibility. […] Compared with healthy controls (HC), OCD patients exhibited a lower learning rate for worse-than-expected outcomes, which was associated with the attenuated encoding of negative reward prediction errors in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and the dorsal striatum. […] PG patients showed higher and lower learning rates for better- and worse-than-expected outcomes, respectively, accompanied by higher encoding of positive reward prediction errors in the anterior insula than HC. […] These findings elucidate the neural computations of reward-learning that are altered in OCD and PG, providing a potential account of behavioural inflexibility in those mental disorders.
  • #22 Individuals with problem gambling and obsessive-compulsive disorder learn through distinct reinforcement mechanisms | PLOS Biology
    https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3002031
    In this study, we hypothesised that neural computations underlying RL are altered in OCD and PG. […] Our findings are consistent with the possibility that asymmetric sensitivity to better- and worse-than-expected outcomes in reward-learning regulates, at least in part, abnormal compulsive behaviours in these disorders.
  • #23 Reduced model-based decision-making in gambling disorder | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-56161-z
    The present study aimed at contributing to the understanding of impaired reinforced learning mechanism in behavioral addiction. […] This finding shed light on potentially important mechanisms involved in inflexible behaviors found in individuals with GD, which are now considered in detail. […] Attenuated MB learning signature based on choices was found in PG, with less consideration for transition types, thus leading to fewer rewards. […] Our findings hold some useful clinical implications. […] Because MB RL and cognitive control both involve overcoming habitual, stimulus-driven actions, interventions aimed to improve executive functioning may positively impact on MB contribution. […] To summarize, we found deficits in learning and decision making in problem gamblers. It is characterized by a reduced MB action control after a negative outcome.
  • #24 Clinical Features and Treatment Prognosis of Pathological Gamblers With and Without RecentGambling‐Related Illegal Behavior | Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law
    https://jaapl.org/content/35/3/294
    We also examined whether participants with and without a history of gamblingrelated illegal behavior receive differential benefits from gambling treatment. […] Such a finding may suggest the need for more intensive treatment approaches for gamblers who engage in illegal behavior to support gambling. […] Gamblingrelated illegal behavior tends to occur mostly in individuals with severe PG and less frequently in individuals with milder forms of the disorder. […] Gamblingrelated illegal behavior appears to be associated with elevated risk of suicidal ideation, financial problems, alcohol and drug use, and mental health treatment. […] Pathological gamblers with gamblingrelated illegal behavior experienced more severe gambling symptoms than did participants who did not report illegal behavior.
  • #25 Clinical Features and Treatment Prognosis of Pathological Gamblers With and Without RecentGambling‐Related Illegal Behavior | Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law
    https://jaapl.org/content/35/3/294
    The gambling disorder of pathological gamblers reporting illegal behavior declined with treatment at a rate similar to that of those who denied recent gamblingrelated illegal behavior; however, the level of severity of gambling disorder throughout treatment and the followup period remained elevated in those admitting to compared with those denying illegal behavior. […] Thus, pathological gamblers who engage in gamblingrelated illegal behavior may benefit from treatments of greater duration or intensity. […] More research is needed to address the adequacy of current treatments and the role of gamblingrelated illegal behavior in gambling severity, treatment failure, and relapse.
  • #26 Clinical Features and Treatment Prognosis of Pathological Gamblers With and Without RecentGambling‐Related Illegal Behavior | Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law
    https://jaapl.org/content/35/3/294
    The gambling disorder of pathological gamblers reporting illegal behavior declined with treatment at a rate similar to that of those who denied recent gamblingrelated illegal behavior; however, the level of severity of gambling disorder throughout treatment and the followup period remained elevated in those admitting to compared with those denying illegal behavior. […] Thus, pathological gamblers who engage in gamblingrelated illegal behavior may benefit from treatments of greater duration or intensity. […] More research is needed to address the adequacy of current treatments and the role of gamblingrelated illegal behavior in gambling severity, treatment failure, and relapse.
  • #27 Clinical Features and Treatment Prognosis of Pathological Gamblers With and Without RecentGambling‐Related Illegal Behavior | Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law
    https://jaapl.org/content/35/3/294
    The gambling disorder of pathological gamblers reporting illegal behavior declined with treatment at a rate similar to that of those who denied recent gamblingrelated illegal behavior; however, the level of severity of gambling disorder throughout treatment and the followup period remained elevated in those admitting to compared with those denying illegal behavior. […] Thus, pathological gamblers who engage in gamblingrelated illegal behavior may benefit from treatments of greater duration or intensity. […] More research is needed to address the adequacy of current treatments and the role of gamblingrelated illegal behavior in gambling severity, treatment failure, and relapse.
  • #28 Measuring treatment outcomes in gambling disorders: a systematic review
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5836978/
    Treatment outcomes for gambling disorders are defined poorly and measured inconsistently across studies. In particular, the concept of recovery itself is rarely operationalized, with outcomes referring variably to abstinence, controlled gambling or broader psychosocial or other impacts. Lack of conceptual clarity and consensus on operational criteria in defining and measuring recovery compromises the capacity to determine which treatment interventions achieve optimal outcomes. Establishing uniform operational criteria would facilitate meaningful crossstudy evaluations that enable researchers to determine the relative efficacy of treatments. […] Recovery, in a contemporary sense, refers broadly to improvements extending beyond target problem symptoms to pertinent functional areas and quality of life domains.
  • #29 Measuring treatment outcomes in gambling disorders: a systematic review
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5836978/
    Treatment outcomes for gambling disorders are defined poorly and measured inconsistently across studies. In particular, the concept of recovery itself is rarely operationalized, with outcomes referring variably to abstinence, controlled gambling or broader psychosocial or other impacts. Lack of conceptual clarity and consensus on operational criteria in defining and measuring recovery compromises the capacity to determine which treatment interventions achieve optimal outcomes. Establishing uniform operational criteria would facilitate meaningful crossstudy evaluations that enable researchers to determine the relative efficacy of treatments. […] Recovery, in a contemporary sense, refers broadly to improvements extending beyond target problem symptoms to pertinent functional areas and quality of life domains.
  • #30 Measuring treatment outcomes in gambling disorders: a systematic review
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5836978/
    Treatment outcomes for gambling disorders are defined poorly and measured inconsistently across studies. In particular, the concept of recovery itself is rarely operationalized, with outcomes referring variably to abstinence, controlled gambling or broader psychosocial or other impacts. Lack of conceptual clarity and consensus on operational criteria in defining and measuring recovery compromises the capacity to determine which treatment interventions achieve optimal outcomes. Establishing uniform operational criteria would facilitate meaningful crossstudy evaluations that enable researchers to determine the relative efficacy of treatments. […] Recovery, in a contemporary sense, refers broadly to improvements extending beyond target problem symptoms to pertinent functional areas and quality of life domains.
  • #31 Measuring treatment outcomes in gambling disorders: a systematic review
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5836978/
    The degree to which gambling treatment studies have adhered to reporting standards advanced by the Banff Consensus is unclear. Additionally, there is no indication of the impact of early conceptualizations of recovery on determining relevant metrics of treatment success. The purpose of this paper was to detail how recovery is portrayed currently in the gambling field by extracting and mapping the range of outcome variables used to evaluate treatment efficacy. Identifying outcome variables that are commonly utilized provides one indication of their relative importance to recovery, as perceived by researchers. […] Operational criteria for measuring recovery in treatment, however, were rarely specified. In the few studies that defined this construct operationally, specific criteria differed significantly, although almost always related to abstaining or the absence of diagnostic criteria for a gambling disorder. Failure to incorporate broader psychosocial outcomes into definitions indicates that researchers, while recognizing their value as supplementary measures, do not perceive such indices as integral to recovery.
  • #32 Measuring treatment outcomes in gambling disorders: a systematic review
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5836978/
    The degree to which gambling treatment studies have adhered to reporting standards advanced by the Banff Consensus is unclear. Additionally, there is no indication of the impact of early conceptualizations of recovery on determining relevant metrics of treatment success. The purpose of this paper was to detail how recovery is portrayed currently in the gambling field by extracting and mapping the range of outcome variables used to evaluate treatment efficacy. Identifying outcome variables that are commonly utilized provides one indication of their relative importance to recovery, as perceived by researchers. […] Operational criteria for measuring recovery in treatment, however, were rarely specified. In the few studies that defined this construct operationally, specific criteria differed significantly, although almost always related to abstaining or the absence of diagnostic criteria for a gambling disorder. Failure to incorporate broader psychosocial outcomes into definitions indicates that researchers, while recognizing their value as supplementary measures, do not perceive such indices as integral to recovery.
  • #33 Measuring treatment outcomes in gambling disorders: a systematic review
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5836978/
    This suggests a multidimensional conceptualization of recovery that is consistent with the contemporary recoveryorientated health model. The findings, however, revealed substantial diversity of measurement approaches, rendering it difficult to conduct crossstudy comparisons and impeding the refinement of effective treatments for gambling disorders. Researchers of future treatment studies must consider carefully the selection of appropriate outcome variables and measurement strategies in the early developmental stages of their research design.
  • #34 Development and validation of a prediction model for online gambling problems based on players’ account data in: Journal of Behavioral Addictions Volume 11 Issue 3 (2022)
    https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2006/11/3/article-p874.xml
    Gambling disorder is characterized by problematic gambling behavior that causes significant problems and distress. This study aimed to develop and validate a predictive model for screening online problem gamblers based on players’ account data. […] We developed an algorithm for screening online problem gamblers, excluding online casino gamblers, that could enable the setting of prevention measures for the most vulnerable gamblers. […] The AUROCs of the three binary classification models (i.e., when each PGSI threshold is considered separately) ranged from 0.72 to 0.82 according to the PGSI threshold. […] The final model for the ARJEL dataset correctly identified 71% of non-problem gamblers, 18% of low-risk gamblers, 7% of moderate-risk gamblers, and 75% of problem gamblers. […] The AUROC for the detection of problem gamblers was 0.76 (CI: [0.59,0.93]), 0.75 (CI: [0.64,0.85]) for moderate-risk gamblers and 0.63 (CI: [0.59,0.68]) for low-risk gamblers.
  • #35 Development and validation of a prediction model for online gambling problems based on players’ account data in: Journal of Behavioral Addictions Volume 11 Issue 3 (2022)
    https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2006/11/3/article-p874.xml
    Gambling disorder is characterized by problematic gambling behavior that causes significant problems and distress. This study aimed to develop and validate a predictive model for screening online problem gamblers based on players’ account data. […] We developed an algorithm for screening online problem gamblers, excluding online casino gamblers, that could enable the setting of prevention measures for the most vulnerable gamblers. […] The AUROCs of the three binary classification models (i.e., when each PGSI threshold is considered separately) ranged from 0.72 to 0.82 according to the PGSI threshold. […] The final model for the ARJEL dataset correctly identified 71% of non-problem gamblers, 18% of low-risk gamblers, 7% of moderate-risk gamblers, and 75% of problem gamblers. […] The AUROC for the detection of problem gamblers was 0.76 (CI: [0.59,0.93]), 0.75 (CI: [0.64,0.85]) for moderate-risk gamblers and 0.63 (CI: [0.59,0.68]) for low-risk gamblers.
  • #36 Development and validation of a prediction model for online gambling problems based on players’ account data in: Journal of Behavioral Addictions Volume 11 Issue 3 (2022)
    https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2006/11/3/article-p874.xml
    Gambling disorder is characterized by problematic gambling behavior that causes significant problems and distress. This study aimed to develop and validate a predictive model for screening online problem gamblers based on players’ account data. […] We developed an algorithm for screening online problem gamblers, excluding online casino gamblers, that could enable the setting of prevention measures for the most vulnerable gamblers. […] The AUROCs of the three binary classification models (i.e., when each PGSI threshold is considered separately) ranged from 0.72 to 0.82 according to the PGSI threshold. […] The final model for the ARJEL dataset correctly identified 71% of non-problem gamblers, 18% of low-risk gamblers, 7% of moderate-risk gamblers, and 75% of problem gamblers. […] The AUROC for the detection of problem gamblers was 0.76 (CI: [0.59,0.93]), 0.75 (CI: [0.64,0.85]) for moderate-risk gamblers and 0.63 (CI: [0.59,0.68]) for low-risk gamblers.
  • #37 Development and validation of a prediction model for online gambling problems based on players’ account data in: Journal of Behavioral Addictions Volume 11 Issue 3 (2022)
    https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2006/11/3/article-p874.xml
    The development of a screening model to detect problem gamblers based on behavioral tracking data could be used for two purposes. The first is the identification itself. […] In conclusion, we have developed and internally validated two prediction models for screening problem gamblers based on players’ account data.
  • #38 Psychiatry.org – What is Gambling Disorder?
    https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/gambling-disorder/what-is-gambling-disorder
    Gambling disorder is identified by a pattern of repeated and ongoing betting and wagering that continues despite creating multiple problems in several areas of an individuals life. […] People with gambling disorder can have periods where symptoms subside. The gambling may not seem a problematic during periods that are between those of more severe symptoms. […] Problem gamblers are at increased risk of suicide. Gambling disorder has been shown to carry the highest suicide risk out of any other substance use or addictive disorder. Studies show that roughly one in two gamblers will think about suicide and one in five gamblers will attempt suicide.
  • #39 Gambling Disorder (Gambling Addiction): What It Is & Symptoms
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17881-gambling-disorder-gambling-addiction
    The prognosis (outlook) for gambling disorder depends on a few factors, like: […] Unfortunately, less than 10% of people with gambling disorder seek professional treatment. Many try to fix it themselves. Know that therapy with a mental health professional can help manage the condition. […] In comparison with the general population, people with gambling disorder have an increased risk for suicide. One study of people who sought treatment reported that 32% had suicidal ideation and 17% had attempted suicide at least once.
  • #40 Clinical Features and Treatment Prognosis of Pathological Gamblers With and Without RecentGambling‐Related Illegal Behavior | Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law
    https://jaapl.org/content/35/3/294
    We also examined whether participants with and without a history of gamblingrelated illegal behavior receive differential benefits from gambling treatment. […] Such a finding may suggest the need for more intensive treatment approaches for gamblers who engage in illegal behavior to support gambling. […] Gamblingrelated illegal behavior tends to occur mostly in individuals with severe PG and less frequently in individuals with milder forms of the disorder. […] Gamblingrelated illegal behavior appears to be associated with elevated risk of suicidal ideation, financial problems, alcohol and drug use, and mental health treatment. […] Pathological gamblers with gamblingrelated illegal behavior experienced more severe gambling symptoms than did participants who did not report illegal behavior.
  • #41 Risk Factors for Gambling Disorder: A Systematic Review
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9994414/
    The risk of developing pathological gambling was higher for men with less education and less adaptive psychorelational skills. […] The studies indicate a link between change in online gambling involvement during COVID-19 and increased mental health problems, including stress from boredom, and higher levels of depression and anxiety. […] The increase in the incidence and prevalence of behavioral addictions and the relevance of the early onset of the problem of gambling disorder, with its serious consequences, make it necessary to better understand these problems to develop and adapt prevention and treatment programs to the specific needs of according to sex and age.
  • #42 Gambling Disorder (Gambling Addiction): What It Is & Symptoms
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17881-gambling-disorder-gambling-addiction
    The prognosis (outlook) for gambling disorder depends on a few factors, like: […] Unfortunately, less than 10% of people with gambling disorder seek professional treatment. Many try to fix it themselves. Know that therapy with a mental health professional can help manage the condition. […] In comparison with the general population, people with gambling disorder have an increased risk for suicide. One study of people who sought treatment reported that 32% had suicidal ideation and 17% had attempted suicide at least once.
  • #43 Psychiatry.org – What is Gambling Disorder?
    https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/gambling-disorder/what-is-gambling-disorder
    Gambling disorder is identified by a pattern of repeated and ongoing betting and wagering that continues despite creating multiple problems in several areas of an individuals life. […] People with gambling disorder can have periods where symptoms subside. The gambling may not seem a problematic during periods that are between those of more severe symptoms. […] Problem gamblers are at increased risk of suicide. Gambling disorder has been shown to carry the highest suicide risk out of any other substance use or addictive disorder. Studies show that roughly one in two gamblers will think about suicide and one in five gamblers will attempt suicide.
  • #44 Reduced model-based decision-making in gambling disorder | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-56161-z
    Compulsive behaviors (e.g., addiction) can be viewed as an aberrant decision process where inflexible reactions automatically evoked by stimuli (habit) take control over decision making to the detriment of a more flexible (goal-oriented) behavioral learning system. […] Gambling disorder, a form of addiction without the confound of neurotoxic effects of drugs, showed impaired goal-directed control but the way in which problem gamblers (PG) orchestrate model-based and model-free strategies has not been evaluated. […] PG showed impaired model-based learning, particularly after unrewarded outcomes. […] These findings demonstrate specific reinforcement learning and decision-making deficits in behavioral addiction that advances our understanding and may be important dimensions for designing effective interventions.
  • #45
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10899-023-10225-y
    These findings have implications for the development of treatment for problem gamblers in the future. […] The results of this study first showed that, whilst there was significant overlap between social support and belongingness, they were still two discrete constructs. Therefore, whilst previous research has at times used the constructs interchangeably the results from the present study indicate that they are distinct. This is further illustrated by their differential impact on addiction recovery. […] In terms of gambling urges, the results showed that lower gambling urges were predicted by higher feelings of belonging, and being a member of GA. […] In contrast, quality of life was predicted by higher social support. […] These results support previous research by demonstrating that feelings of belonging, and feelings of social support, both contribute to gambling addiction recovery.
  • #46 Risk Factors for Gambling Disorder: A Systematic Review
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9994414/
    The risk of developing pathological gambling was higher for men with less education and less adaptive psychorelational skills. […] The studies indicate a link between change in online gambling involvement during COVID-19 and increased mental health problems, including stress from boredom, and higher levels of depression and anxiety. […] The increase in the incidence and prevalence of behavioral addictions and the relevance of the early onset of the problem of gambling disorder, with its serious consequences, make it necessary to better understand these problems to develop and adapt prevention and treatment programs to the specific needs of according to sex and age.
  • #47 Gambling Disorder (Gambling Addiction): What It Is & Symptoms
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17881-gambling-disorder-gambling-addiction
    The prognosis (outlook) for gambling disorder depends on a few factors, like: […] Unfortunately, less than 10% of people with gambling disorder seek professional treatment. Many try to fix it themselves. Know that therapy with a mental health professional can help manage the condition. […] In comparison with the general population, people with gambling disorder have an increased risk for suicide. One study of people who sought treatment reported that 32% had suicidal ideation and 17% had attempted suicide at least once.
  • #48
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10899-023-10225-y
    The implications also suggest that treatment approaches for gambling addiction should not solely rely on social support networks but should actively cultivate a sense of belonging. […] Overall, these findings highlight the importance of addressing social and relational factors, particularly the sense of belonging, in designing effective interventions and support systems for individuals with gambling problems.
  • #49
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10899-023-10225-y
    The implications also suggest that treatment approaches for gambling addiction should not solely rely on social support networks but should actively cultivate a sense of belonging. […] Overall, these findings highlight the importance of addressing social and relational factors, particularly the sense of belonging, in designing effective interventions and support systems for individuals with gambling problems.