Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) | Mental Health America

  https://www.mhanational.org/conditions/borderline-personality-disorder

  Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a disorder of emotion regulation, with 5.9% of the population displaying a characteristic at some point in their life (lifetime prevalence) and accounting for 20% of the psychiatric inpatient population. […] BPD can affect anyone, but it is often diagnosed in late adolescence and early adulthood. The prevalence of BPD in the general population of adolescents is around 3%. The clinical prevalence of BPD ranges from 11% of adolescents consulting at an outpatient clinic to 78% in suicidal adolescents visiting emergency departments. Up to 10% of individuals with BPD will die by suicide. […] Many symptoms of borderline personality disorder are similar to those found in other disorders, such as anxiety disorder, schizophrenia, and other personality disorders. Some of the most common signs or symptoms of BPD include: Intense mood swings, quick changes in values or interests, and impulsivity or recklessness; A distorted self-image or sense of self, making it difficult to find a clear sense of purpose and direction; Excessive self-criticism, including struggling to remember their own positive qualities; A pattern of intense and unstable relationships with family, friends, and loved ones; Impulsive and often dangerous behaviors, such as spending large amounts of money, unsafe sex practices, substance abuse, reckless driving, and binge eating; Self-harming behaviors, such as cutting, burning, skin-picking, scratching, punching or hitting, biting, pinching, or bone-breaking; Feelings of emptiness, intense sadness, or loneliness; Frequent, prolonged, or intense anger that can contribute to feelings of shame, regret, or self-loathing; Feelings of dissociation, such as feeling disconnected from oneself, observing oneself from outside one’s body, or feelings of unreality.

• #2 What is Borderline Personality Disorder? BPD Symptoms, Treatments, CausesFooterLogo

  https://www.additudemag.com/what-is-borderline-personality-disorder-bpd-symptoms/?srsltid=AfmBOorCwMDskDDI9QqhjMqiCutlX_68dIO84b-73xESGdgHrGfKFLNK

  Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is characterized by instability in self-image, relationships, and emotions. […] BPD is estimated to be the third most prevalent personality disorder, affecting about 1.6% of the global population. Up to 20% of inpatient psychiatric patients have BPD, suggesting that people with BPD are more likely to require intensive mental health care. […] Though symptoms may manifest in different ways, people with BPD experience at least five of the following: Efforts to avoid abandonment. People with BPD fear losing relationships, and they may make seemingly excessive attempts to keep people close. Unstable and intense relationships. People with BPD may become quickly infatuated with someone only to devalue them after a (real or perceived) slight. Unstable self-image. People with BPD struggle to sustain a sense of self. Impulsivity. In at least two areas, such as driving or substance use, people with BPD act in ways that are potentially self-damaging. Suicidality or self-harm. People with BPD may display suicidal behavior, gestures, or threats. They may also self-harm. The risk for suicide among people with BPD is 40 times higher than it is among the general population. Reactive mood. BPD causes unstable emotions, leading sufferers to intense, usually brief, emotional episodes in responses incongruent with their situations. Chronic feelings of emptiness. Inappropriate anger. People with BPD may experience disproportionate anger, leading to difficulty controlling their temper. Stress-related symptoms. Stress can cause people with BPD to experience paranoid ideation or severe dissociative symptoms.

• #3 Borderline Personality Disorder – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

  https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/borderline-personality-disorder

  Other signs or symptoms may include: Efforts to avoid real or perceived abandonment, such as plunging headfirst into relationships or ending them just as quickly. A pattern of intense and unstable relationships with family, friends, and loved ones. A distorted and unstable self-image or sense of self. Impulsive and often dangerous behaviors, such as spending sprees, unsafe sex, substance abuse, reckless driving, and binge eating. […] Not everyone with borderline personality disorder may experience all of these symptoms. The severity, frequency, and duration of symptoms depend on the person and their illness. […] People with borderline personality disorder have a significantly higher rate of self-harming and suicidal behavior than the general population. […] Borderline personality disorder is usually diagnosed in late adolescence or early adulthood. Occasionally, a person younger than age 18 may be diagnosed with borderline personality disorder if symptoms are significant and last at least a year.

• #4 Development and course of BPD – Borderline in the ACT

  https://www.borderlineintheact.org.au/living-with-bpd/development-and-course-of-bpd/

  According to the DSM-5, BPD can be diagnosed as early as at 12 years old if symptoms persist for at least one year. However, most diagnoses are made during late adolescence or early adulthood. The most common course of BPD is one of chronic instability in early adulthood, with episodes of serious affective and impulsive reactions leading to repeated use of emergency services at every crisis prior to BPD diagnosis. […] Almost 40% of people with BPD had been previously misdiagnosed with bipolar disorder. A proper diagnosis is necessary for appropriate treatment as without awareness of the BPD population in young people, it is unlikely for sufficient services to be available for early intervention and thus prevention of crystallisation of behaviours that can have severe consequences on functioning.

• #5 Borderline Personality Disorder: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/913575-overview

  Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is characterized by marked instability in functioning, affect, mood, interpersonal relationships, and, at times, reality testing. BPD is associated with significant morbidity due to common comorbid conditions, including dysthymia, major depression, psychoactive substance abuse, and psychotic disorders. Approximately 70-75% of patients with BPD have a history of at least one deliberate act of self-harm, and the mean estimated rate of completed suicides is 9%. […] Features that typically begin in adolescence or young adulthood in patients with BPD include the following: Disturbances in experiencing oneself as unique, poor boundaries between self and others, and poor emotion regulation. An inability to soothe themselves adequately, resulting in excess emotional reactions to stresses and frustrations; maladaptive attempts at self-soothing, suicide threats, self-harm, and angry behavior. An unstable sense of self with poor ability for self-direction and impaired ability to pursue meaningful short-term goals with satisfaction. Marked instability in functioning, affect, mood, interpersonal relationships, and, at times, reality testing. Disturbances in empathy and intimacy. A pattern of impulsivity, risk taking, and poor self-image.

• #6 Borderline Personality Disorder in the DSM-5: Criteria for Diagnosis

  https://www.verywellmind.com/borderline-personality-disorder-diagnosis-425174

  Borderline personality disorder (aka BPD) is a serious mental health condition, but it’s also one of the most misunderstood. […] The DSM-5 describes BPD as a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotion, as well as marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by five (or more) of the following symptoms. […] The nine criteria for BPD are: Chronic feelings of emptiness, Emotional instability in reaction to day-to-day events (e.g., intense episodic sadness, irritability, or anxiety usually lasting a few hours and only rarely more than a few days), Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment, Identity disturbance with markedly or persistently unstable self-image or sense of self, Impulsive behavior in at least two areas that are potentially self-damaging (e.g., spending, sex, substance abuse, reckless driving, binge eating), Inappropriate, intense anger or difficulty controlling anger (e.g., frequent displays of temper, constant anger, recurrent physical fights), A pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships characterized by extremes between idealization and devaluation (also known as „splitting”), Recurrent suicidal behavior, gestures, threats, or self-harming behavior, Transient, stress-related paranoid ideation or severe dissociative symptoms.

• #7 Borderline personality disorder – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/borderline-personality-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20370237

  Borderline personality disorder usually begins by early adulthood. The condition is most serious in young adulthood. Mood swings, anger and impulsiveness often get better with age. But the main issues of self-image and fear of being abandoned, as well as relationship issues, go on. […] Symptoms may include: A strong fear of abandonment. This includes going to extreme measures so you’re not separated or rejected, even if these fears are made up. A pattern of unstable, intense relationships, such as believing someone is perfect one moment and then suddenly believing the person doesn’t care enough or is cruel. Quick changes in how you see yourself. This includes shifting goals and values, as well as seeing yourself as bad or as if you don’t exist. Periods of stress-related paranoia and loss of contact with reality. These periods can last from a few minutes to a few hours. Impulsive and risky behavior, such as gambling, dangerous driving, unsafe sex, spending sprees, binge eating, drug misuse, or sabotaging success by suddenly quitting a good job or ending a positive relationship. Threats of suicide or self-injury, often in response to fears of separation or rejection. Wide mood swings that last from a few hours to a few days. These mood swings can include periods of being very happy, irritable or anxious, or feeling shame. Ongoing feelings of emptiness. Inappropriate, strong anger, such as losing your temper often, being sarcastic or bitter, or physically fighting. […] Borderline personality disorder can damage many areas of your life. It can negatively affect close relationships, jobs, school, social activities and how you see yourself.

• #8 Symptoms – Borderline personality disorder – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/borderline-personality-disorder/symptoms/

  Borderline personality disorder (BPD) can cause a wide range of symptoms, which can be broadly grouped into 4 main areas. […] Each of these areas is described in more detail below. […] If you have BPD, you may experience a range of often intense negative emotions, such as: rage, sorrow, shame, panic, terror, long-term feelings of emptiness and loneliness. […] You may have severe mood swings over a short space of time. […] It’s common for people with BPD to feel suicidal with despair, and then feel reasonably positive a few hours later. […] Different types of thoughts can affect people with BPD, including: upsetting thoughts such as thinking you’re a terrible person or feeling you do not exist. […] These types of beliefs may be psychotic and a sign you’re becoming more unwell. […] If you have BPD, there are 2 main types of impulses you may find extremely difficult to control: an impulse to self-harm such as cutting your arms with razors or burning your skin with cigarettes; in severe cases, especially if you also feel intensely sad and depressed, this impulse can lead to feeling suicidal and attempting suicide.

• #9 Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD): Symptoms and Causes

  https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-borderline-personality-disorder-bpd-425487

  Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a serious psychological condition characterized by unstable moods and emotions, relationships, and behavior. During a BPD episode, a person may act impulsively, engage in risky behaviors, switch moods quickly, have higher levels of anger, appear numb, or experience paranoia. […] Symptoms of borderline personality often appear and can create significant problems in the following areas: […] BPD is associated with a tendency to engage in risky and impulsive behaviors, such as going on shopping sprees, excessive drug or alcohol use, engaging in promiscuous or risky sex, or binge eating. They’re also more prone to engage in self-harming behaviors, such as cutting or burning and attempting suicide. […] Emotional instability is a key feature of BPD. Individuals feel like they’re on an emotional roller coaster with quick mood shifts (i.e., going from feeling okay to feeling extremely down or blue within a few minutes). Mood changes can last from minutes to days and are often intense. Anger, anxiety, and overwhelming emptiness are common as well.

• #10 Borderline Personality Disorder: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9762-borderline-personality-disorder-bpd

  Unstable, intense relationships: People with BPD find it challenging to keep healthy personal relationships because they tend to change their views of others abruptly and dramatically. […] Unstable self-image or sense of self: People with BPD often have a distorted or unclear self-image and often feel guilty or ashamed and see themselves as bad. […] Rapid mood changes: People with BPD may experience sudden changes in how they feel about others, themselves and the world around them. […] Impulsive and dangerous behavior: Episodes of reckless driving, fighting, gambling, substance use, binge eating and/or unsafe sexual activity are common among people with BPD. […] Repeated self-harm or suicidal behavior: People with BPD may cut, burn or injure themselves (self-harm) or threaten to do so.

• #11 Borderline Personality Disorder: BPD Symptoms, Signs, Help

  https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/personality-disorders/borderline-personality-disorder

  Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a mental health condition that impacts how you think, feel, behave, and identify with other peopleeven yourself. If you have BPD, you probably feel like youre on a rollercoaster, not just because of your unstable emotions or relationships, but also the wavering sense of who you are. Your self-image, goals, and even your likes and dislikes may change frequently in ways that feel confusing and unclear. […] People with BPD tend to be extremely sensitive. Some describe it as like having an exposed nerve ending. Small things can trigger intense reactions. And once upset, you have trouble calming down. Its easy to understand how this emotional volatility and inability to self-soothe leads to relationship turmoil and impulsiveeven recklessbehavior. […] When you have BPD, you’ll likely go through periods of calm broken up by episodes when your symptoms flare-up. A trigger such as criticism, rejection, or overwhelming stress could result in an episode of intense mood swings, depression, impulsive behavior, self-harming, dissociation, or splitting, where you view things as either all good or all bad, with no middle ground. These episodes usually last from a few hours to a few days, but can last longer, depending on the trigger and the severity of your symptoms.

• #12 Borderline Personality Disorder – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

  https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/borderline-personality-disorder

  Borderline personality disorder is a mental illness that severely impacts a persons ability to regulate their emotions. This loss of emotional control can increase impulsivity, affect how a person feels about themselves, and negatively impact their relationships with others. Effective treatments are available to manage the symptoms of borderline personality disorder. […] People with borderline personality disorder may experience intense mood swings and feel uncertainty about how they see themselves. Their feelings for others can change quickly, and swing from extreme closeness to extreme dislike. These changing feelings can lead to unstable relationships and emotional pain. […] People with borderline personality disorder also tend to view things in extremes, such as all good or all bad. Their interests and values can change quickly, and they may act impulsively or recklessly.

• #13 Borderline Personality Disorder

  https://healthlibrary.gradyhealth.org/RelatedItems/134,235

  Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a mental illness. It may also be called emotionally unstable personality disorder. People with BPD have unstable moods and can act recklessly. They also have a hard time managing their emotions consistently. If you have BPD, you may have problems with daily tasks, obligations, and life events. You may have trouble keeping jobs and relationships. And you may use food, alcohol, or other substances to cope. […] The symptoms of BPD often start during the teen years. Symptoms can be a bit different for each person. But people with BPD will have at least five of these symptoms over time: A pattern of severe mood changes over hours or days, Extreme anger and problems controlling anger, Strong, up-and-down relationships with family and friends that can go quickly from very close to anger and hatred, Extreme fear of and reactions to abandonment, and extreme behaviors to avoid abandonment, A rapidly changing sense of self that can cause sudden changes in goals, values, or behaviors, Feeling disconnected from themselves, their body, or reality, or having paranoid thoughts, Ongoing feelings of emptiness, Self-destructive behaviors such as substance abuse, binge eating, unsafe sex with multiple partners, unsafe driving, or reckless spending, Suicide attempts or self-harming behavior such as cutting, hair pulling, or burning. […] Symptoms tend to be chronic and lifelong. But they can be managed with correct treatment and support.

• #14 Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) | Mental Health America

  https://www.mhanational.org/conditions/borderline-personality-disorder

  Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a disorder of emotion regulation, with 5.9% of the population displaying a characteristic at some point in their life (lifetime prevalence) and accounting for 20% of the psychiatric inpatient population. […] BPD can affect anyone, but it is often diagnosed in late adolescence and early adulthood. The prevalence of BPD in the general population of adolescents is around 3%. The clinical prevalence of BPD ranges from 11% of adolescents consulting at an outpatient clinic to 78% in suicidal adolescents visiting emergency departments. Up to 10% of individuals with BPD will die by suicide. […] Many symptoms of borderline personality disorder are similar to those found in other disorders, such as anxiety disorder, schizophrenia, and other personality disorders. Some of the most common signs or symptoms of BPD include: Intense mood swings, quick changes in values or interests, and impulsivity or recklessness; A distorted self-image or sense of self, making it difficult to find a clear sense of purpose and direction; Excessive self-criticism, including struggling to remember their own positive qualities; A pattern of intense and unstable relationships with family, friends, and loved ones; Impulsive and often dangerous behaviors, such as spending large amounts of money, unsafe sex practices, substance abuse, reckless driving, and binge eating; Self-harming behaviors, such as cutting, burning, skin-picking, scratching, punching or hitting, biting, pinching, or bone-breaking; Feelings of emptiness, intense sadness, or loneliness; Frequent, prolonged, or intense anger that can contribute to feelings of shame, regret, or self-loathing; Feelings of dissociation, such as feeling disconnected from oneself, observing oneself from outside one’s body, or feelings of unreality.

• #15 Symptoms – Borderline personality disorder – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/borderline-personality-disorder/symptoms/

  If you have BPD, you may feel that other people abandon you when you most need them, or that they get too close and smother you. […] Many people with BPD seem to be stuck with a very rigid „black-white” view of relationships. […] For many people with BPD, emotional relationships (including relationships with professional carers) involve „go away/please don’t go” states of mind, which is confusing for them and their partners.

• #16

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/borderline-personality-disorder/

  You may feel that other people abandon you when you most need them. […] You may have difficulty trusting people. This is sometimes accompanied by an irrational fear of other people’s intentions. […] When people fear abandonment, it can lead to feelings of intense anxiety and anger. […] You may seem to be stuck with a very rigid view of relationships. Either a relationship is perfect and that person is wonderful. Or the relationship is doomed and that person is terrible. People with BPD often view their relationships with others in black-and-white terms.

• #17 Helping Someone with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)

  https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/personality-disorders/helping-someone-with-borderline-personality-disorder

  People with borderline personality disorder (BPD) tend to have major difficulties with relationships, especially with those closest to them. Their wild mood swings, angry outbursts, chronic abandonment fears, and impulsive and irrational behaviors can leave loved ones feeling helpless, abused, and off balance. […] In fact, patients with the most support and stability at home tend to show improvements sooner than those whose relationships are more chaotic and insecure. […] The partner with BPD swings from adoring you to devaluing you in the blink of an eye. They may criticize you, your friends, your family. If black-and-white thinking or splitting occurs, they see you as either all good or all bad, with no middle ground. […] A BPD relationship cycle outlines the stages some couples experience when one of them has untreated borderline personality disorder.

• #18 What are 6 Stages of BPD Relationship Cycle –

  https://compassionbehavioralhealth.com/borderline-personality-disorder-relationship-cycle/

  Emotional Instability: Individuals may experience intense emotions that can shift rapidly, leading to feelings of emptiness or despair. This emotional volatility can make it challenging to maintain a stable mood, often resulting in feelings of frustration and confusion. […] Fear of Abandonment: A pervasive fear of being abandoned or rejected can lead to frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined separation. This fear can manifest in clingy behaviors or, conversely, in self-sabotaging actions that push others away. […] Impulsive Behaviors: Engaging in impulsive actions such as substance abuse, reckless driving, or risky sexual behavior can be common. These behaviors often serve as coping mechanisms for overwhelming emotions, albeit with potentially harmful consequences. […] Relationships can be particularly tumultuous for those with BPD. The fear of abandonment often leads to unstable relationships characterized by intense highs and lows. Individuals may find themselves caught in a cycle of idealizing their partners, only to later feel disillusioned and critical of them. This can create a push-pull dynamic that is exhausting for both parties involved.

• #19 Borderline personality disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borderline_personality_disorder

  The DSM-5 identifies transient paranoia, exacerbated by stress, as a symptom of BPD. Research has identified the presence of both hallucinations and delusions in individuals with BPD who do not possess an alternate diagnosis that would better explain these symptoms. […] The clinical diagnosis of BPD can be made through a psychiatric assessment conducted by a mental health professional, ideally a psychiatrist or psychologist. […] The psychological evaluation for BPD typically explores the onset and intensity of symptoms and their impact on the individual’s quality of life. […] With treatment, the majority of people with BPD can find relief from distressing symptoms and achieve remission, defined as a consistent relief from symptoms for at least two years. Remission rates are about 50 to 70% over the course of five years.

• #20 Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/personality-disorders/borderline-personality-disorder-bpd

  Dissociative episodes, paranoid thoughts, and sometimes psychotic-like symptoms (eg, hallucinations, ideas of reference) may be triggered by extreme stress, usually fear of abandonment, whether real or imagined. […] This persistent pattern is shown by 5 of the following: Desperate efforts to avoid abandonment (actual or imagined), unstable, intense relationships that alternate between idealizing and devaluing the other person, an unstable self-image or sense of self, impulsivity in 2 areas that could harm themselves (eg, unsafe sex, binge eating, reckless driving), repeated suicidal behavior and/or gestures or threats or self-mutilation, rapid changes in mood, lasting usually only a few hours and rarely more than a few days, persistent feelings of emptiness, inappropriately intense anger or problems controlling anger, temporary paranoid thoughts or severe dissociative symptoms triggered by stress. […] Many disorders in the differential diagnosis of borderline personality disorder coexist with it.

• #21 The Lifetime Course of Borderline Personality Disorder

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4500179/

  Borderline personality disorder (BPD) has historically been seen as a lifelong, highly disabling disorder. […] BPD can be accurately identified in adolescence, and the course of the disorder, in adolescence and adulthood, is generally similar, with reductions in symptoms over time. […] Patients with BPD do suffer intensely, but their prognosis is often better than expected and the outcomes are further improved with appropriate treatment. […] Symptoms of BPD usually start prior to adulthood and the diagnosis can be made reliably. […] While BPD in childhood is a relatively understudied topic, there is growing evidence that BPD can be reliably and validly diagnosed in adolescence. […] In general, the course of BPD during adolescence is not very stable. […] However, a large longitudinal community study of adolescents with 2- and 8-year follow-up found that BPD symptoms tended to persist, even when formal diagnostic criteria were no longer met.

• #22 Hi Samuel – Borderline Personality Disorder Demystified – course of the disorder

  https://www.bpddemystified.com/what-is-bpd/course-of-the-disorder/

  Age of Onset: The full spectrum of symptoms of borderline disorder appears most commonly in the teenage years and in early adulthood. This enables early treatment of the disorder during a critical period of development. […] Progression of Symptoms: After their onset, the symptoms of borderline disorder initially increase in number, frequency and severity, especially if untreated. Symptoms often occur episodically on a background of otherwise relatively normal behavior. […] As time passes, some symptoms may become less severe in intensity, such as impulsivity and general social functioning. Other symptoms of borderline disorder often remain fairly stable over time, including impaired emotional control, self injurious and suicidal behaviors and poor tolerance of separations from important others.

• #23 The Lifetime Course of Borderline Personality Disorder

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4500179/

  The course of BPD in adults has been a focus of research during the past 2 decades, with several longitudinal studies providing insights into its course. […] Both studies found that most patients with BPD improve with time. […] The MSAD has found similar results extended out to 16 years using a slightly different definition of remission and found that by 16 years, 99% of patients have at least a 2-year period of remission and 78% have a remission lasting 8 years. […] When the course of individual symptoms of BPD are examined, studies have generally demonstrated an overall decrease in all symptoms, but with symptoms relating to impulsivity and behavioural manifestations of BPD remitting at a quicker rate than internal, primarily affective experiences. […] Despite early reductions in symptoms of self-harm and suicidality, the risk of completed suicide remains.

• #24 Development and course of BPD – Borderline in the ACT

  https://www.borderlineintheact.org.au/living-with-bpd/development-and-course-of-bpd/

  Studies found that most patients with BPD improve with time. After 2 years, 1/4 of patients experience a remission (less than 2 symptoms for a period of 2 months or longer) of BPD diagnosis. After 10 years, 91% achieved remission of at least 2 months and 85% achieving remission for 12 months or longer. Therefore, the course of BPD is generally positive. […] When considering the course of individual BPD symptoms, studies mostly demonstrate overall reduction in all symptoms, especially symptoms relating to impulsivity and behavioural manifestations of BPD remitting quicker than emotional affective experiences. Although there is early reduction in self-harm and suicidal behaviour, the risk of completed suicide remains at 10% when patients are in their 30s and after multiple failed treatments. The overall rate of mortality in BPD is higher than the general population.

• #25 Borderline personality disorder: Symptoms and treatment | Rogers Behavioral Health

  https://rogersbh.org/blog/borderline-personality-disorder-symptoms-and-treatment/

  People with borderline personality disorder (BPD) experience difficulty in three areas: mood, identity, and relationships. They struggle with a lot of negative emotions, and they have a hard time recovering from them. As a result, they have dramatic relationships, which they find frustrating, unrewarding, or challenging. They also feel a lot of self-loathing and are chronically frustrated and discouraged, and oftentimes, they withdraw. […] Signs of BPD can look different for each person, but common symptoms include: Fear of abandonment, Unstable relationships, which may alternate between very close and very disengaged, Frequent changes in identity, Impulsive behavior, like spending, substance use, or reckless driving, Suicidal behavior or repeated self-harm, Frequent, intense changes in mood, Feelings of emptiness, Intense, difficult-to-control anger. […] BPD is often misunderstood, but the prognosis is good. There are effective treatments, and its important to help people find the right treatment for them.

• #26 Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) and Its Symptoms

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/borderline-personality-disorder-5101291

  BPD can be severe, and even life-threatening. People with BPD are at an increased risk of suicide, and nearly 10% will take their own lives. This can be prevented with diagnosis, treatment, and lifelong support. […] Symptoms of BPD can wax and wane over time, and many people will have periods of remission and relapse. However, research suggests that BPD may get better not worse as a person gets older. Older people with BPD are less likely to report suicidal or self-harm behavior and tend to have more stable relationships than younger people with the condition.

• #27 Free Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) Test | Talkspace

  https://www.talkspace.com/assessments/borderline-personality-disorder-test

  Borderline personality disorder is a mental health condition characterized by self-esteem issues, difficulty managing emotions, and a tendency to view scenarios in the extreme. Common symptoms of BPD can include, but are not limited to: Difficulty maintaining interpersonal relationships, Thoughts of self-harm, Paranoia, Impulsive behavior, Fear of abandonment, Extreme and intense anger, Jealousy, Suicidal behavior. […] Emotional instability is a key symptom of BPD. It can be difficult for people with BPD to manage their intense emotions, leading to mood swings, outbursts, and BPD rage. People with BPD typically experience triggers that lead to a BPD episode. While triggers are unique to each individual, common examples of BPD triggers include the following: Feeling rejected or abandoned in a relationship, Traumatic memories, especially from adult or childhood trauma, Criticism through disapproval or negative feedback, Intrapersonal conflicts through arguments or disagreements.

• #28 Borderline Personality Disorder Treatment | Ohio State Medical Center

  https://wexnermedical.osu.edu/mental-behavioral/personality-disorders/borderline-personality-disorder

  Remember that for these symptoms to be related to borderline personality disorder, they’re pervasive throughout different situations in your life and longstanding. […] Symptoms of the condition can worsen when someone experiences one of these occurrences: Loss of a relationship or job, real or perceived abandonment, rejection of any kind, resurfacing of traumatic memories. […] If BPD is left untreated, it can lead to a variety of complications, so it’s important to seek treatment from a mental health professional. Some possible complications include: Loss of job, relationships filled with conflict or abuse, legal issues, not finishing an education, sexual health issues or unplanned pregnancies, self-harm, such as cutting, suicide attempts or death by suicide.

• #29 What Are the Symptoms of Borderline Personality Disorder?

  https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/symptoms-borderline-personality-disorder

  Borderline personality disorder can affect all your personal relationships, including those with your friends, family members, and romantic partners. […] Your fears of abandonment might lead you to do things such as constantly phoning or texting people, even in the middle of the night, physically clinging to people, or threatening to hurt yourself if someone leaves. […] The biggest triggers for people with BPD are often relationship troubles. Feeling rejected, criticized, or abandoned can trigger symptoms. […] When some people with BPD are very stressed, they might get more paranoid and lose touch with reality. […] Borderline personality disorder and bipolar disorder are both mental health conditions and share some symptoms most notably a tendency to shift between big emotional highs and lows.

• #30 Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD): Symptoms and Causes

  https://leafcare.co.uk/blog/borderline-personality-disorder-bpd-symptoms-and-causes/

  People with BPD often experience intense episodes that can significantly impact their daily lives in a negative way. […] The key characteristics of a BPD episode include: Emotional instability is one of the primary signs which can bring intense negative emotions and mood swings. […] Suicidal behavior and thoughts as a response to an intense fear of abandonment and emotional pain. […] Impulsive behaviour and dissociation are reflected in binge eating, substance abuse, reckless driving, and feelings of detachment from ones thoughts, emotions or physical body. […] Paranoid thoughts and loss of reality can lead to the desperate need to fill an internal void from a sense of purposelessness. […] BPD identification involves a comprehensive assessment by a mental health professional, considering the duration and impact of these symptoms on daily life.

• #31 Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/personality-disorders/borderline-personality-disorder-bpd

  Patients with this disorder have difficulty controlling their anger and often become inappropriate and intensely angry. […] Patients with borderline personality disorder may also abruptly and dramatically change their self-image, shown by suddenly changing their goals, values, opinions, careers, or friends. […] The changes in mood (eg, intense dysphoria, irritability, anxiety) usually last only a few hours and rarely last more than a few days; they may reflect extreme sensitivity to interpersonal stresses. […] Patients with borderline personality disorder often sabotage themselves when they are about to reach a goal. […] Impulsivity leading to self-harm is common. […] Suicidal behaviors, gestures, and threats and self-mutilation (eg, cutting, burning) are very common. […] These self-destructive acts are usually triggered by rejection by, possible abandonment by, or disappointment in a caregiver or lover.

• #32 Helping Someone with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)

  https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/personality-disorders/helping-someone-with-borderline-personality-disorder

  While there’s limited research on the BPD relationship cycle, many clinical experts recognize the patterns of behavior occurring in some (but not all) romantic relationships when one partner has BPD. Each phase can feature dramatic highs and lows and wild swings between love and hate. […] Your partner may suddenly announce that they want to break up or simply ghost you and leave. To you, it may seem that it’s all coming out of nowhere. […] If the relationship doesn’t end and they don’t seek treatment, the cycle will often restart again.

• #33 What are 6 Stages of BPD Relationship Cycle –

  https://compassionbehavioralhealth.com/borderline-personality-disorder-relationship-cycle/

  If the person experiencing borderline personality disorder symptoms feels insecure about a relationship, they may attempt to distance themselves from the other person. They could continually ask for reassurances that you wish to maintain your friendship or romantic partnership with them. […] If the person living with borderline personality disorder does end a relationship with the other person, they may experience periods of volatile and negative self-thoughts. This could potentially lead to life-threatening actions like self-harm and suicidal actions. Conversely, they may make future attempts to try to restart the relationship and attempt to connect once again.

• #34 The Lifetime Course of Borderline Personality Disorder

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4500179/

  Comorbid psychiatric disorders are extremely common in patients with BPD. […] Understanding the course of BPD can have a significant impact on the clinical management of patients with the disorder. […] Although the course of BPD is generally positive, some patients do experience relapses over time. […] Recovery was also associated with both marriage and being a parent, although often at an older age than nonrecovered patients. […] As functional recovery is so difficult for patients with BPD to attain and maintain, this becomes an important long-term goal for intervention. […] Research on the longitudinal course of BPD has progressed dramatically during the past 2 decades. […] Despite this, there are several areas in which further progress is desired. […] The lives of patients with BPD has improved significantly with specialized treatments, and further refining these treatments for a younger population may lead to greater changes in the long-term course of BPD.

• #35 Borderline Personality Disorder – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

  https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/borderline-personality-disorder

  Borderline personality disorder often occurs with other mental illnesses, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). These co-occurring disorders can make it harder to diagnose and treat borderline personality disorder, especially if symptoms of other illnesses overlap with symptoms of the disorder. […] Psychotherapy, sometimes called talk therapy, is the first-line treatment for people with borderline personality disorder. Most psychotherapy occurs with a licensed, trained mental health professional in one-on-one sessions or with other individuals in group settings. […] Two examples of psychotherapies used to treat borderline personality disorder are: Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT): This treatment was developed specifically for individuals with borderline personality disorder. DBT uses concepts of mindfulness or awareness of ones present situation and emotional state. DBT also teaches skills to help people control intense emotions, reduce self-destructive behaviors, and improve relationships.

• #36 Quick Guide to Borderline Personality – Teens and Young Adults – Child Mind Institute

  https://childmind.org/guide/quick-guide-borderline-personality-teens-young-adults/

  A mental health professional must diagnose BPD. To be diagnosed with BPD, a person must have at least five of the symptoms listed above by the time they’re a young adult. […] The best therapy for BPD is dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT). DBT teaches patients skills to manage their emotions and stop harming themselves. Long-term studies show that DBT works well for BPD. […] It is common for people with BPD to have other mental health disorders at the same time. Disorders that often show up with BPD include depression, bipolar disorder, substance use disorder and eating disorders. People with BPD are also at risk of suicide.

• #37 Development and course of BPD – Borderline in the ACT

  https://www.borderlineintheact.org.au/living-with-bpd/development-and-course-of-bpd/

  Comorbidity of other mental disorders is extremely common in individuals displaying BPD traits, in particular mood disorders, substance use disorders, anxiety disorders and eating disorders. Even after 6-year follow-up, over 60% of BPD patients met criteria for a mood disorder and similarly for anxiety disorder. Having BPD diagnosis is also linked to longer recovery time for other mental disorders and medical problems. […] Achieving recovery from BPD is defined as remission from symptoms combined with good, full-time occupational or educational functioning and at least one stable and supportive relationship with a friend or partner. Predictors of recovery include not being hospitalised, higher IQ, prior good occupational functioning, high extraversion, high agreeableness and absence of avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders. Other factors that are linked to effective treatment are both marriage and being a parent at an older age than non-recovered individuals with BPD.

• #38 Borderline Personality Disorder: Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/borderline-personality-disorder

  If your symptoms are severe, your doctor may recommend that you temporarily stay in a hospital for treatment. […] BPD may raise your risk of developing other conditions, such as depression, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, bipolar disorder, substance abuse. […] Your BPD symptoms can also increase your risk of work issues, relationship issues, being in an abusive relationship, self-injury, suicidal ideation. […] Living with BPD doesn’t mean you can’t live a full, happy life surrounded by loved ones. In fact, many treatments can help you and your family successfully manage the condition. […] You also may find that, with proper treatment, your symptoms may become less severe.

• #39 Why Does Borderline Personality Disorder Hurt So Much?

  https://clearviewtreatment.com/resources/blog/why-does-borderline-personality-disorder-hurt-so-much/

  They may also be consumed with an intense fear of abandonment, but at the same time, may engage in impulsive behaviors and have mood swings that push others away. […] When they’re not feeling overwhelming pain, sadness, or anger, they may feel a sense of emptiness. […] According to a National Institutes of Health study, there are also some physical symptoms of BPD. […] This disorder can lead to negative physical health outcomes, including an increased risk for chronic diseases like diabetes, heart disease, arthritis, and obesity. […] Relationships are an ongoing challenge and frequently a source of pain for someone with BPD because they’re eager for connection but they’re also terrified of having others abandon them. […] Black-and-white thinking, another hallmark of borderline personality disorder, can quickly strain any relationship.

• #40 Borderline Personality Disorder: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9762-borderline-personality-disorder-bpd

  Persistent feelings of emptiness: Many people with BPD feel sad, bored, unfulfilled or empty. […] Anger management issues: People with BPD have difficulty controlling their anger and often become intensely angry. […] Temporary paranoid thoughts: Dissociative episodes, paranoid thoughts and sometimes hallucinations may be triggered by extreme stress, usually fear of abandonment. These symptoms are temporary and usually not severe enough to be considered a separate disorder. […] Most of the time, BPD symptoms gradually decrease with age. Some peoples symptoms disappear in their 40s. With the right treatment, many people with BPD learn to manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life. […] Without treatment or when treatment fails people with borderline personality disorder have an increased risk of the following: […] The risk of suicide in people with BPD is 40 times that of the general population. About 8% to 10% of people with BPD die by suicide.

• #41 The 4 Types of Borderline Personality Disorder – My Psychiatrist

  https://mypsychiatrist.com/blog/the-4-types-of-borderline-personality-disorder/

  There are four widely accepted types of borderline personality disorder (BPD): discouraged, impulsive, petulant, and self-destructive BPD. You can suffer more than one kind of BPD simultaneously or at different stages in your life. Similarly, it is also possible for your condition not to fit any of these types of BPD. […] Most people with mental health problems often face challenges with emotion regulation, have relationship problems, and engage in impulsive behavior. These categories of borderline personality disorder can overlap significantly, but some symptoms, such as anger and aggressiveness, might vary considerably. […] Common signs and symptoms of discouraged borderline personality disorder include but are not limited to: Neediness, Clinginess, Anger, Emotional mood swings, Codependency.

• #42 The 4 Types of Borderline Personality Disorder – My Psychiatrist

  https://mypsychiatrist.com/blog/the-4-types-of-borderline-personality-disorder/

  Impulsive behavior is one of the primary symptoms of borderline personality disorder. People with BPD tend to act in impulsive and dangerous ways. More often than not, they behave this way without regard for other people or possible consequences. […] People with petulant BPD can also be very manipulative. They often feel dissatisfied in their relationships. As a result, it is easier for them to result to substance abuse and other dangerous behaviors. […] People with self-destructive BPD battle with self-hatred and often feel bitter about it. Symptoms of self-destructive borderline personality disorder are similar to those of other categories. […] Additional symptoms that help set it apart include: A decrease in the desire to sleep, An increase in energy, Feelings of euphoria. […] While having any combination of these factors may result in the onset of borderline personality disorder symptoms, this is not always the case for everyone. Conversely, some people may lack these risk factors and still end up developing BPD.

• #43 What is Quiet Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)? – Alter Behavioral Health

  https://alterbehavioralhealth.com/blog/what-is-quiet-borderline-personality-disorder-bpd/

  Quiet borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a lesser known sect of the mental health condition that is characterized by unstable moods, behaviors, and relationships. The “quiet” aspect comes from how individuals exhibit these symptoms. Spotting quiet borderline personality disorder may be harder and treating it is complex. […] Individuals with a diagnosis may have impulsive behaviors, experience intense anger, and have frequent mood swings that are drastic and affect how they interact with others. Due to this, they may have a harder time maintaining relationships that are stable due to their emotional and behavioral state. […] Quiet borderline personality disorder differs, because individuals typically internalize their struggles and imbalance. Common ways this is done include self-blame, self-isolation, and even self-harm. Instead of having external mood swings, they keep their shift in mood internal. Individuals with a quiet BPD diagnosis are more likely to suppress their feelings, making it harder for loved ones and clinicians to notice that there is something going on.

• #44 What is Quiet Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)? – Alter Behavioral Health

  https://alterbehavioralhealth.com/blog/what-is-quiet-borderline-personality-disorder-bpd/

  Common symptoms of quiet borderline personality disorder include: Emotional Suppression: Those with quiet BPD tend to bottle up their emotions, keeping their inner turmoil hidden from the outside world. They may experience deep anger or sadness but prefer to internalize these feelings instead of expressing them outwardly. […] Fear of Abandonment: This fear can be so intense that individuals might shy away from close relationships entirely, trying to avoid the pain of rejection. They may be reluctant to form meaningful bonds, always fearing the heartbreak of being left behind. […] Unstable Self-image: People with quiet BPD often grapple with a changing sense of self. One day they might feel capable and self-assured, while the next, they may see themselves as inadequate or unworthy. […] Impulsive Behaviors: While not as outwardly visible as in typical BPD, those with quiet BPD might engage in impulsive behaviors, often aimed at themselves. These actions can include anything from reckless driving to binge eating or self-harm.

• #45 What is Quiet Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)? – Alter Behavioral Health

  https://alterbehavioralhealth.com/blog/what-is-quiet-borderline-personality-disorder-bpd/

  Chronic Feelings of Emptiness: This symptom often appears as a deep sense of isolation or loneliness, even when surrounded by others. People with quiet BPD might feel disconnected or detached, struggling to find meaning or fulfillment in life. […] Dissociation: When stressed, individuals with quiet BPD may experience dissociation, feeling as though they are detached from themselves or their surroundings. They might describe it as watching their life unfold from a distance, like viewing a movie. […] Quiet borderline personality disorder is identified based on criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). To receive a diagnosis, a person must meet at least five of the following nine symptoms: Making frantic attempts to avoid real or imagined abandonment.

• #46 Borderline Personality Disorder: BPD Symptoms, Signs, Help

  https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/personality-disorders/borderline-personality-disorder

  Studies have indicated that you have an elevated risk of developing borderline personality disorder if you have a family history of BPD, especially in close family, such as your parents or siblings. […] Most mental health professionals believe that borderline personality disorder is caused by a combination of inherited or internal biological factors and external environmental factors. Symptoms usually first appear in the teen years and tend to be more severe in young adulthood. […] When BPD is successfully treated, the other disorders often improve, too. But the reverse isn’t always true. For example, you may successfully treat symptoms of depression and still struggle with BPD. […] In the past, many mental health professionals found it difficult to treat borderline personality disorder (BPD), so they came to the conclusion that there was little to be done. But we now know that BPD is treatable. In fact, the long-term prognosis for BPD is better than those for depression and bipolar disorder. However, it requires a specialized approach. The bottom line is that most people with BPD can and do get betterand they do so fairly rapidly with the right treatments and support.

• #47 Hi Samuel – Borderline Personality Disorder Demystified – course of the disorder

  https://www.bpddemystified.com/what-is-bpd/course-of-the-disorder/

  Severity of Symptoms: The number and severity of symptoms of borderline disorder vary considerably from one individual to another. You may have the minimum of five of the nine criteria required for the diagnosis of the disorder, at mild to severe severity. Or, you may have eight or even nine of the criteria, also varying in levels of intensity. […] Prognosis: The general prognosis, or expected outcome, for people with borderline disorder is now considerably more positive than previously believed. Recent studies report that up to 88% of people with the disorder experience significant improvement over time with appropriate treatment. […] The degree of improvement depends on a number of specific factors, most importantly, effective treatment.

• #48 Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD): Symptoms and Causes

  https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-borderline-personality-disorder-bpd-425487

  Research has shown that with good, consistent treatment, BPD symptoms can be reduced significantly. Some people who were once diagnosed with borderline personality no longer meet the criteria for the disorder with treatment and time. […] For reasons that are unclear, the symptoms of BPD tend to decrease during middle age, with many people starting to see improvements around age 40.

• #49 What is Borderline Personality Disorder? BPD Symptoms, Treatments, CausesFooterLogo

  https://www.additudemag.com/what-is-borderline-personality-disorder-bpd-symptoms/?srsltid=AfmBOorCwMDskDDI9QqhjMqiCutlX_68dIO84b-73xESGdgHrGfKFLNK

  ADHD commonly co-occurs with BPD, with 10% to 27% of people with ADHD meeting criteria for a BPD diagnosis. Studies suggest that BPD is less common in people with inattentive ADHD. At the same time, people with ADHD, especially women, are sometimes misdiagnosed with BPD. […] New research suggests there may be a link between childhood ADHD and the development of BPD later in life. Severity of pediatric ADHD symptoms is correlated with severity of BPD symptoms in adulthood, according to a 2022 study from Scandinavia that found childhood impulsivity to be the strongest predictor of BPD. […] Though once considered untreatable, BPD now has a range of effective treatments. Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), a type of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), was initially developed in the 1980s by Seattle psychologist Marsha Linehan, Ph.D., specifically to treat BPD. A study published in Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotional Dysregulation found that three-quarters of patients no longer met the symptom criteria for BPD after undergoing DBT treatment.

• #50 Borderline Personality Disorder: Symptoms, Treatments, Causes | Psychlinks Forum — Archive Only (2004-2022)

  https://forum.psychlinks.ca/threads/borderline-personality-disorder-symptoms-treatments-causes.31487/

  Though symptoms are used to diagnose BPD, the following associated features may help clinicians support a diagnosis. These can include: Self-sabotage, especially just before the completion of a goal. Psychotic symptoms, such as hallucinations, in times of stress. A history of abuse, especially childhood abuse. Reliance on pets and inanimate objects due to unstable relationships with people. Increased risk for depression. […] Severity of pediatric ADHD symptoms is correlated with severity of BPD symptoms in adulthood, according to a 2022 study from Scandinavia that found childhood impulsivity to be the strongest predictor of BPD. […] Though once considered untreatable, BPD now has a range of effective treatments. Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), a type of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), was initially developed in the 1980s by Seattle psychologist Marsha Linehan, Ph.D., specifically to treat BPD. A study published in Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotional Dysregulation found that three-quarters of patients no longer met the symptom criteria for BPD after undergoing DBT treatment. In addition to DBT, mentalization-based treatment (MBT), schema-focused therapy (SFT), transference focused therapy (TFP), and systems training for emotional predictability and problem solving (STEPPS) have been established as evidence-based treatments for BPD. In addition to psychotherapy, medication may be prescribed to treat specific symptoms. Antipsychotic medications, mood stabilizers, and antidepressants are commonly used in people with BPD, though there is doubt about the effectiveness of antidepressants outside of major depressive episodes.

• #51 Borderline Personality Disorder – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

  https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/borderline-personality-disorder

  Because the benefits of prescription medication for borderline personality disorder are unclear, medications arent typically used as the primary way to treat the illness. However, in some cases, a psychiatrist may recommend medications to treat specific symptoms or co-occurring mental disorders such as mood swings or depression. […] Having a relative or loved one with the disorder can be stressful, and family members or caregivers may unintentionally act in ways that can worsen their loved ones symptoms. […] Although more research is needed to determine how well family therapy helps with borderline personality disorder, studies on other mental disorders show that including family members can help support a persons treatment. Families and caregivers also can benefit from therapy.

• #52 Borderline Personality Disorder: Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/borderline-personality-disorder

  You may experience all, some, or only a few of the signs and symptoms if you’re living with BPD. Certain events or people may trigger some of the symptoms. […] Many of the symptoms of BPD can overlap with other mental health conditions, such as PTSD or depression. It’s important to talk with a mental health professional if you or someone you care about seems to be dealing with new or worsening mental health issues. […] Diagnosing BPD can be challenging because it can often occur along with other mental health conditions, such as anxiety or depression. […] Your mental health professional may recommend one or more treatments for BPD, including psychotherapy, medication, or hospitalization. […] Psychotherapy is typically the main treatment for BPD. […] Medication doesn’t cure BPD, but it can relieve symptoms.

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