Nadużywanie sterydów anabolicznych
Etiologia i przyczyny

Nadużywanie sterydów anaboliczno-androgennych (AAS) stanowi poważny problem zdrowia publicznego, obejmujący około 3-4 miliony użytkowników w USA, z których około 30% rozwija zależność. Czynniki ryzyka obejmują dysmorfię mięśniową, niską samoocenę, wcześniejsze zaburzenia psychiczne oraz presję społeczną i kulturową, zwłaszcza w środowiskach sportowych i kulturystycznych. Nadużywanie AAS wiąże się z dawkami 10-100-krotnie przekraczającymi dawki terapeutyczne, stosowanymi w cyklach trwających 6-18 tygodni, często z użyciem schematów takich jak cycling, stacking, pyramiding i plateauing. Uzależnienie ma podłoże neurobiologiczne, obejmujące interakcję z receptorami androgenowymi i wzrost poziomu dopaminy, co prowadzi do mechanizmów uzależnienia i zespołu odstawienia z objawami depresji, zmęczenia, niepokoju i głodu narkotyku. Nadużywanie AAS jest powiązane z licznymi zaburzeniami psychicznymi, w tym agresją, depresją, lękiem, zaburzeniami afektywnymi, a także cechami psychopatycznymi i ryzykiem zachowań przemocowych.

  1. Etiologia Nadużywania Sterydów Anabolicznych
    1. Czynniki psychologiczne
    2. Presja społeczna i kulturowa
    3. Czynniki biologiczne i genetyczne
    4. Czynniki związane z wydajnością sportową
    5. Dostępność i dezinformacja
  2. Wzorce Nadużywania Sterydów Anabolicznych
    1. Cykle i schematy dawkowania
    2. Współwystępowanie z innymi substancjami
    3. Demograficzne wzorce nadużywania
  3. Neurobiologia uzależnienia od sterydów anabolicznych
    1. Wpływ na układ dopaminergiczny
    2. Zmiany strukturalne i funkcjonalne w mózgu
    3. Mechanizmy uzależnienia fizycznego i psychicznego
  4. Psychopatologia a nadużywanie sterydów anabolicznych
    1. Zaburzenia nastroju i agresja
    2. Zaburzenia osobowości i psychopatia
    3. Psychoza i inne zaburzenia psychiczne
  5. Konsekwencje zdrowotne nadużywania sterydów anabolicznych
    1. Wpływ na układ sercowo-naczyniowy
    2. Wpływ na układ hormonalny i rozrodczy
    3. Wpływ na układ wątrobowy i nerkowy
    4. Inne powikłania fizyczne
  6. Znaczenie profilaktyki i leczenia
    1. Strategie prewencyjne
    2. Opcje leczenia i profilaktyka wtórna
    3. Znaczenie wczesnej interwencji
    4. Kolejne rozdziały

Etiologia Nadużywania Sterydów Anabolicznych

Nadużywanie sterydów anabolicznych stało się istotnym problemem zdrowia publicznego, wykraczającym daleko poza świat sportu wyczynowego. Obecnie szacuje się, że około 3-4 miliony Amerykanów używa sterydów anaboliczno-androgennych w celu zwiększenia masy mięśniowej, poprawy wyników sportowych lub ze względów kosmetycznych, takich jak poprawienie wyglądu12. Badania wskazują, że wśród użytkowników tych substancji około 30% rozwija zależność, charakteryzującą się przewlekłym stosowaniem sterydów pomimo negatywnych konsekwencji i niekorzystnego wpływu na funkcjonowanie fizyczne, psychospołeczne lub zawodowe3.

Czynniki psychologiczne

Jednym z głównych czynników psychologicznych prowadzących do nadużywania sterydów anabolicznych jest dysmorfia mięśniowa, określana również jako odwrócona anoreksja lub bigoreksja. Jest to rodzaj zaburzenia dysmorficznego, w którym osoby spostrzegają siebie jako zbyt małe lub niewystarczająco umięśnione, nawet jeśli w rzeczywistości są duże i muskularnie zbudowane45. Badania wykazały, że osoby cierpiące na dysmorfię mięśniową dążą do osiągnięcia jak największych, umięśnionych i wyrzeźbionych mięśni6.

Niska samoocena i problemy z obrazem własnego ciała stanowią również istotne czynniki ryzyka nadużywania sterydów. Wiele osób zaczyna stosować sterydy, ponieważ czują się niepewnie w odniesieniu do swojego wyglądu lub siły fizycznej7. W niektórych przypadkach, osoby używające sterydów anabolicznych mogły doświadczyć w przeszłości nadużycia seksualnego i wykorzystują wzrost masy mięśniowej jako mechanizm obronny, pomagający im czuć się bezpieczniej w postrzeganym jako niebezpieczny świecie8.

Badania wykazały również związek między wcześniej istniejącymi zaburzeniami psychicznymi a nadużywaniem sterydów. Osoby z depresją, zaburzeniami lękowymi lub wcześniejszymi uzależnieniami od substancji mogą być bardziej podatne na nadużywanie sterydów anabolicznych910. Według raportu z 2020 roku, połowa osób z zaburzeniami psychicznymi, takimi jak depresja lub lęk, w pewnym momencie życia doświadczy również uzależnienia i odwrotnie11.

Presja społeczna i kulturowa

Presja społeczna i kulturowa odgrywa znaczącą rolę w inicjacji i podtrzymywaniu nadużywania sterydów anabolicznych. W środowiskach sportowych i związanych z kulturystyką, używanie sterydów może być postrzegane jako norma lub nawet konieczność do osiągnięcia sukcesu12. Wpływ przyjaciół, trenerów lub kultury siłowni może przyczynić się do nadużywania sterydów, gdy osoby te bagatelizują ryzyko lub wręcz promują korzyści ze stosowania sterydów13.

Media społecznościowe wywierają szczególny wpływ na postrzeganie idealnej sylwetki, promując płaski brzuch, niski procent tkanki tłuszczowej i wyraźnie umięśnione ciało14. Ta presja medialna może prowadzić do niezdrowego dążenia do osiągnięcia niemożliwych do zrealizowania standardów fizycznych bez stosowania substancji zwiększających wydajność15.

Badania sugerują również, że nadużywanie sterydów anabolicznych może być związane z syndromem „wygrać za wszelką cenę”, gdzie sportowcy, czasami zachęcani przez trenerów lub rodziców, nadużywają tych leków w celu budowania masy mięśniowej, promowania agresywności i zwiększenia masy ciała16. Ta mentalność może prowadzić do ignorowania potencjalnych szkód zdrowotnych związanych z nadużywaniem sterydów17.

Czynniki biologiczne i genetyczne

Badania sugerują, że czynniki genetyczne mogą odgrywać rolę w podatności na uzależnienie od sterydów anabolicznych. Mężczyźni z uzależnieniem od sterydów częściej dorastali w domach z jednym rodzicem i mieli krewnego pierwszego stopnia z zaburzeniem używania alkoholu lub innych substancji18. Wskazuje to na możliwy komponent genetyczny w rozwoju uzależnienia od sterydów.

Wariacje genetyczne w aktywności enzymatycznej i receptorów androgenowych wpływają na farmakodynamikę sterydów anaboliczno-androgennych, w tym na efekty anaboliczne i toksyczne19. Te różnice genetyczne mogą tłumaczyć, dlaczego niektóre osoby są bardziej podatne na uzależnienie od sterydów lub doświadczają różnych efektów przy podobnych dawkach.

Badania na zwierzętach wykazały, że sterydy anaboliczne powodują rzeczywistą biologiczną zależność. Na przykład badania wykazały, że chomiki będą kontynuować samopodawanie testosteronu nawet do momentu śmierci20. Sugeruje to, że sterydy anaboliczne mogą wywoływać silne mechanizmy uzależnienia biologicznego, podobne do tych obserwowanych przy innych substancjach uzależniających.

Czynniki związane z wydajnością sportową

Jednym z głównych powodów nadużywania sterydów anabolicznych jest chęć poprawy wydajności sportowej. Sterydy anaboliczne zwiększają masę mięśniową, gdy są stosowane w połączeniu z treningiem siłowym21. Mogą również poprawiać siłę, co może zwiększyć wydajność w niektórych rodzajach sportów. Większe korzyści obserwuje się w sportach zależnych od siły (podnoszenie ciężarów, pchnięcie kulą, futbol amerykański) niż w sportach wymagających szybkości, zwinności, elastyczności i/lub wytrzymałości22.

Użytkownicy sterydów anabolicznych zgłaszają również, że ich mięśnie szybciej regenerują się po intensywnym wysiłku i urazach mięśni23, chociaż badania na zwierzętach nie potwierdziły jednoznacznie tego przekonania24. Ta wiara w przyspieszenie regeneracji może być kolejnym czynnikiem motywującym do nadużywania sterydów.

W środowiskach sportowych może również występować presja rówieśnicza do stosowania sterydów anabolicznych z powodu obawy, że normalny trening nie wystarczy do osiągnięcia sukcesu25. Istnieje także przekonanie, że inni sportowcy nadużywają sterydów i uzyskują w ten sposób nieuczciwą przewagę26, co może prowadzić do decyzji o rozpoczęciu stosowania sterydów.

Dostępność i dezinformacja

Łatwa dostępność sterydów anabolicznych znacząco przyczynia się do ich nadużywania. Nielegalne sterydy anaboliczne są tanie i łatwo dostępne za pośrednictwem internetu lub lokalnych dostawców27. Badania wskazują, że prawie połowa osób nadużywających sterydów anabolicznych korzystających z centrów fitness w Niemczech otrzymała swoje sterydy od pracowników służby zdrowia28, co wskazuje na poważny problem w kontroli dystrybucji tych substancji.

Dezinformacja dotycząca bezpieczeństwa i korzyści ze stosowania sterydów anabolicznych również przyczynia się do ich nadużywania. Niektóre osoby wierzą, że przyjmowanie sterydów anabolicznych pomoże im stać się zdrowymi i sprawnymi fizycznie2930. Ta dezinformacja może prowadzić do rozpoczęcia używania sterydów bez pełnego zrozumienia związanych z tym zagrożeń.

Niewystarczająca wiedza o sterydach często prowadzi do rozwoju licznych działań niepożądanych31. Dostęp do informacji o sterydach za pośrednictwem siłowni, źródeł internetowych lub sieci społecznościowych, wraz z dezinformacją o ryzykach i korzyściach, prowadzi do zwiększonego używania i uzależnienia32.

Wzorce Nadużywania Sterydów Anabolicznych

Wzorce nadużywania sterydów anabolicznych różnią się od typowych wzorców nadużywania innych substancji. Osoby nadużywające sterydów często stosują dawki 10-100 razy wyższe niż dawki przepisywane przez lekarzy w celach medycznych333435. Te wysokie dawki znacząco zwiększają ryzyko wystąpienia poważnych działań niepożądanych.

Cykle i schematy dawkowania

Sterydy anaboliczne są najczęściej używane w cyklach trwających od 6 do 18 tygodni36. Większość cykli sterydowych zawiera wiele środków, stosowanych jednocześnie w dawkach znacznie przekraczających dawkę substytucyjną37. Ten wzorzec używania zwiększa ryzyko wystąpienia działań niepożądanych.

Osoby nadużywające sterydów opracowały liczne schematy dawkowania mające na celu zminimalizowanie działań niepożądanych, uniknięcie wykrycia, zwiększenie skuteczności i zapobieganie rozwojowi tolerancji38. Do najczęstszych schematów należą:

  • Cycling (cyklowanie): stosowanie dużej ilości sterydów, a następnie przerwa przed ponownym ich użyciem39
  • Stacking (łączenie): używanie wielu rodzajów sterydów jednocześnie lub stosowanie różnych form podawania (np. jednoczesne stosowanie zastrzyków i suplementów)40
  • Pyramiding (piramidowanie): rozpoczynanie od małych dawek, a następnie przyjmowanie coraz większych, po czym ponowne zmniejszanie dawki41
  • Plateauing (plateau): nagła zmiana na inny steroid, aby zapobiec jego nieskuteczności, a następnie powrót do poprzedniego42

42

Szybkość powrotu endogennej produkcji testosteronu zależy przede wszystkim od rodzaju i dawki sterydów anabolicznych używanych w ostatniej fazie cyklu43. Długotrwałe użytkowanie sterydów może prowadzić do długotrwałego upośledzenia funkcji jąder44.

Współwystępowanie z innymi substancjami

Osoby nadużywające sterydów anabolicznych często przyjmują również inne leki, aby zminimalizować niepożądane efekty sterydów lub zamaskować ich użycie4546. Chociaż sterydy anaboliczne są zdecydowanie najczęściej nadużywanymi lekami, często używa się również różnych innych leków poprawiających wydajność i wygląd47.

Niektóre osoby mogą uzależnić się od alkoholu lub innych narkotyków w próbie samoleczenia niepożądanych efektów sterydów anabolicznych, takich jak bezsenność i agresja48. Badania sugerują również, że nadużywanie sterydów anabolicznych może służyć jako brama do nadużywania opioidów49.

Inną obserwowaną konsekwencją patologicznego działania sterydów anaboliczno-androgennych jest częste występowanie problemów psychologicznych wśród użytkowników i zwiększona tendencja do nadużywania innych substancji50. Ta współzależność uzależnień może komplikować leczenie i prowadzić do poważniejszych problemów zdrowotnych.

Demograficzne wzorce nadużywania

Według Narodowego Instytutu ds. Nadużywania Narkotyków (NIDA), nadużywanie sterydów anabolicznych jest najczęściej obserwowane u mężczyzn uprawiających podnoszenie ciężarów w wieku 20-30 lat5152. Badania wskazują jednak, że osoby w różnym wieku mogą nadużywać tych substancji, w tym nastoletni chłopcy cierpiący na zaburzenie dysmorficzne ciała53.

Interesujące jest to, że większość użytkowników sterydów anaboliczno-androgennych to nie sportowcy ani kulturyści zawodowi, ale osoby używające tych leków głównie ze względów estetycznych54. Badania demograficzne wykazały, że najbardziej typowym użytkownikiem sterydów anabolicznych jest mężczyzna w wieku 20-40 lat zajmujący się podnoszeniem ciężarów, kulturystyką, zawodami strongman lub sztukami walki, głównie kickboxingiem i mieszanymi sztukami walki55.

Chociaż nadużywanie sterydów jest bardziej powszechne wśród mężczyzn, uzależnienie od sterydów anabolicznych może dotknąć również kobiety. Badania wskazują, że 175 000 młodych kobiet co najmniej raz w życiu używało sterydów anabolicznych56, co stanowi znaczącą liczbę, chociaż wciąż mniejszą niż wśród mężczyzn. Badanie globalnego wskaźnika rozpowszechnienia sterydów anabolicznych wykazało, że wskaźnik dla mężczyzn wynosił 6,4%, co było znacznie wyższe w porównaniu do kobiet, dla których wskaźnik wynosił 1,6%57.

Neurobiologia uzależnienia od sterydów anabolicznych

Uzależnienie od sterydów anabolicznych ma złożone podłoże neurobiologiczne. Chociaż sterydy anaboliczne nie powodują euforii ani „haju” jak typowe substancje uzależniające, osoby regularnie nadużywające tych leków są narażone na ryzyko rozwoju poważnego uzależnienia58.

Wpływ na układ dopaminergiczny

Gdy sterydy anaboliczne wchodzą do mózgu, przyłączają się do specyficznych receptorów zwanych receptorami androgenowymi. Powoduje to wzrost poziomu dopaminy, która jest odpowiedzialna za uczucie przyjemności i euforii. Niestety, zwiększone poziomy dopaminy spowodowane przez sterydy anaboliczne mogą prowadzić do uzależnienia i głodu narkotyku59.

Sterydy działają jako środki podnoszące nastrój, co daje efekty podobne do leków przeciwdepresyjnych60. To działanie na układ nagrody mózgu może przyczyniać się do rozwoju uzależnienia od sterydów anabolicznych.

Zmiany strukturalne i funkcjonalne w mózgu

Używanie sterydów anabolicznych może powodować zmiany w strukturze i funkcji mózgu. Na przykład jedno badanie wykazało, że długotrwałe stosowanie sterydów anabolicznych było związane ze zmniejszoną objętością istoty szarej w niektórych obszarach mózgu. Te zmiany w strukturze mózgu mogą tłumaczyć niektóre niekorzystne efekty poznawcze związane ze stosowaniem sterydów anabolicznych61.

Sterydy anaboliczne mogą również wpływać na nastrój i zachowanie. Jedno badanie wykazało, że długotrwali użytkownicy sterydów anabolicznych byli bardziej narażeni na doświadczanie objawów depresji i lęku niż osoby niestosujące tych substancji. Inne badanie wykazało, że stosowanie sterydów anabolicznych było związane ze zwiększoną agresją i wrogością. Te zmiany behawioralne mogą wynikać ze zmian w funkcjonowaniu mózgu spowodowanych przez sterydy anaboliczne62.

Sterydy anaboliczne mogą również wpływać na mózg w sposób podobny do innych narkotyków (np. amfetamin) i czasami poprzez nieznane mechanizmy. Nadużywanie sterydów anabolicznych może prowadzić do zmian w pamięci; problemów z nastrojem, takich jak depresja; zwiększonej agresji/zachowań przemocowych; paranoi; urojeń wielkościowych lub poczucia władzy; zaburzeń osądu dotyczącego relacji osobistych z innymi, w tym partnerami seksualnymi i członkami rodziny; utraty zainteresowania aktywnościami takimi jak szkoła, sport, praca lub spędzanie czasu z przyjaciółmi, które wcześniej sprawiały przyjemność63.

Mechanizmy uzależnienia fizycznego i psychicznego

Uzależnienie od sterydów anabolicznych wynika z połączenia czynników fizycznych i psychologicznych. Fizyczne uzależnienie od sterydów anabolicznych rozwija się, gdy organizm przyzwyczaja się do obecności egzogennych sterydów, a naturalna produkcja testosteronu zostaje zahamowana64. To zaburzenie naturalnej równowagi hormonalnej może prowadzić do zależności fizycznej, gdzie organizm potrzebuje sterydów do funkcjonowania.

Psychologiczne uzależnienie od sterydów anabolicznych może rozwinąć się, gdy osoba zaczyna polegać na sterydach dla swojej samooceny i pewności siebie65. Presja, aby kontynuować używanie sterydów, może prowadzić do uczucia gniewu lub depresji, jeśli dostęp do sterydów zostanie ograniczony, nawet tymczasowo66.

Ludzie, którzy stosują sterydy przez dłuższy czas, zaburzają naturalne równowagi hormonalne w swoim organizmie67. U osób uzależnionych od sterydów anabolicznych, przerwanie ich stosowania może prowadzić do zespołu odstawienia, który obejmuje objawy takie jak zmęczenie, niepokój, utrata apetytu, bezsenność, zmniejszone libido, depresja i głód narkotyku6869.

Psychopatologia a nadużywanie sterydów anabolicznych

Nadużywanie sterydów anabolicznych jest związane z różnorodnymi problemami psychologicznymi i zaburzeniami psychicznymi. Istnieją dowody na związek między nadużywaniem sterydów anabolicznych a zwiększonym ryzykiem problemów ze zdrowiem psychicznym70.

Zaburzenia nastroju i agresja

Długotrwałe używanie sterydów anabolicznych jest związane z trudnościami w rozpoznawaniu emocji innych ludzi, szczególnie strachu. Prowadzi to do zmniejszenia empatii i może tłumaczyć zwiększoną agresję i przemoc71. Zjawisko znane jako „wściekłość sterydowa” (roid rage) charakteryzuje się niekontrolowanymi wybuchami agresji psychotycznej, paranoją i wahaniami nastroju72.

Badania empiryczne na zwierzętach i ludziach wykazały wzrost agresji zarówno u samców, jak i samic narażonych na sterydy anaboliczne, a samoopisywana agresja może być jedynym objawem nadużywania sterydów73. Osoby nadużywające sterydów anabolicznych subiektywnie zgłaszają znacznie więcej walk, agresji słownej i przemocy wobec swoich bliskich w okresach stosowania w porównaniu z okresami niestosowania74.

Zaburzenia afektywne są od dawna uznawane za powikłanie stosowania sterydów anabolicznych75. Istnieją również dowody na to, że depresja może być związana z odstawieniem sterydów76. Jednym z najpoważniejszych objawów odstawienia związanych z zaprzestaniem stosowania sterydów jest depresja, ponieważ czasami może prowadzić do próby samobójczej77.

Zaburzenia osobowości i psychopatia

Badania wykazały związek między nadużywaniem sterydów anabolicznych a cechami psychopatycznymi. Kulturyści z wcześniejszą historią stosowania sterydów anabolicznych wykazywali zwiększone szanse na cechy psychopatyczne, zachowania ryzykowne w sferze seksualnej i związane z używaniem substancji, problemy z gniewem oraz problemy fizyczne w porównaniu do osób bez wcześniejszej historii stosowania sterydów anabolicznych78.

Istnieje rosnąca liczba dowodów na to, że stosowanie sterydów anabolicznych może być związane z psychopatią, w tym bezpośrednim związkiem między sterydami anabolicznymi a psychopatią w próbie irańskiej, a także licznymi doniesieniami o związkach między stosowaniem sterydów anabolicznych a przestępstwami z użyciem przemocy lub „wściekłością sterydową”79.

Zwiększone cechy psychopatyczne u użytkowników sterydów anabolicznych mogą służyć jako podstawowy mechanizm przewidujący zwiększone problemy z gniewem80. Chociaż obecne badania podkreślają związek między stosowaniem sterydów anabolicznych a cechami psychopatycznymi, przyszłe badania powinny podkreślać możliwe wyjaśnienia przyczynowe i próbować wyjaśnić kierunkowość tej relacji81.

Psychoza i inne zaburzenia psychiczne

Sterydy anaboliczne były związane z szeregiem objawów psychiatrycznych, chociaż ograniczona literatura badawcza w tej dziedzinie nie udowadnia jeszcze związku przyczynowego82. Ryzyko rozwinięcia objawów psychotycznych może być związane z wysokimi dawkami testosteronu83.

Zwiększoną częstość występowania chorób psychicznych u osób nadużywających sterydów anabolicznych, w tym paranoidalnej schizofrenii, manii i depresji, zgłoszono w literaturze84. Używanie sterydów anaboliczno-androgennych może również prowadzić do sprzecznych, złożonych zmian behawioralnych i psychiatrycznych85.

Najnowsze doniesienia dotyczące stosowania ponadfizjologicznych dawek sterydów anabolicznych dotyczą znacznego przyspieszenia procesów starzenia się mózgu, dysfunkcji poznawczych i zaburzeń psychospołecznych86. Te zmiany neurodegeneracyjne są szczególnie niepokojące, ponieważ mogą prowadzić do długoterminowych problemów ze zdrowiem psychicznym.

Konsekwencje zdrowotne nadużywania sterydów anabolicznych

Nadużywanie sterydów anabolicznych może prowadzić do poważnych, długotrwałych, a w niektórych przypadkach nieodwracalnych uszkodzeń. Mogą one prowadzić do wczesnych zawałów serca, udarów, guzów wątroby, niewydolności nerek i problemów psychiatrycznych87.

Wpływ na układ sercowo-naczyniowy

Sterydy anaboliczne mogą mieć wielorakie skutki dla układu sercowo-naczyniowego, co może przyczyniać się do ryzyka zawałów serca88. Nadużywanie sterydów powoduje wzrost poziomu trójglicerydów i cholesterolu we krwi, co wiąże się ze spadkiem lipoprotein o wysokiej gęstości (HDL) i wzrostem lipoprotein o niskiej gęstości (LDL)89. Wysoki poziom LDL i niski poziom HDL zwiększają ryzyko miażdżycy, stanu związanego z nagromadzeniem się płytki miażdżycowej wewnątrz tętnic. Z kolei zwiększa to ciśnienie krwi i może zakłócać przepływ krwi90.

Sterydy zwiększają również ryzyko tworzenia się zakrzepów krwi w naczyniach krwionośnych, potencjalnie zakłócając przepływ krwi i uszkadzając mięsień sercowy. Jeśli krew nie może dotrzeć do serca lub mózgu, może to prowadzić do zawału serca lub udaru91.

Ponadto sterydy anaboliczne mogą powodować zmiany strukturalne w sercu, zmniejszając funkcję komór serca i wywołując nieregularne bicie serca, które może zagrażać życiu92. Przewlekłe stosowanie sterydów może wpływać na mięsień sercowy, powodując stan znany jako przerost lewej komory, czyli powiększenie i pogrubienie ścian głównej komory pompującej serca93.

Wpływ na układ hormonalny i rozrodczy

Hipogonadyzm jest cechą charakterystyczną nadużywania sterydów anabolicznych, co może mieć głęboki wpływ na układ rozrodczy94. U mężczyzn nadużywanie sterydów anabolicznych powoduje supresję uwalniania LH i FSH, prowadząc do hamowania produkcji testosteronu, często z towarzyszącym zanikiem jąder i azoospermią95.

Przewlekłe stosowanie sterydów anabolicznych powoduje spadek poziomu hormonu luteinizującego (LH) i hormonu folikulotropowego (FSH), które są niezbędne do generowania plemników96. To może prowadzić do bezpłodności, która może być przyczyną stresu, jeśli para próbuje rozpocząć lub powiększyć rodzinę97.

Wcześniej opisane modyfikacje osi podwzgórze-przysadka-jądra (HPT), wywołane przez stosowanie sterydów anabolicznych, ostatecznie powodują upośledzenie produkcji nasienia i zmniejszenie objętości jąder, ponieważ kanaliki stanowią ponad 90% objętości jąder, a ich pogorszenie powoduje kurczenie się jąder98. W szczególności typ stosowanego sterydu anabolicznego wydaje się odgrywać kluczową rolę99.

Do powszechnych skutków ubocznych stosowania androgenów należą ginekomastia, zmniejszenie jąder, azoospermia i bezpłodność u mężczyzn; oraz zmiany nastroju i agresja (wściekłość sterydowa), zahamowanie wzrostu i wczesne dojrzewanie100.

Wpływ na układ wątrobowy i nerkowy

Sterydy anaboliczne mają negatywny wpływ na wątrobę, zwłaszcza te, które są doustnie przyjmowane jako pochodne 17-alfa-alkilowane101. Większość metabolizmu sterydów anabolicznych zachodzi w wątrobie, która jest przez to narażona na uszkodzenia102.

Długotrwałe nadużywanie sterydów może prowadzić do uszkodzenia wątroby, w tym stanu zapalnego wątroby i guzów wątroby103. Najbardziej poważne nieodwracalne skutki uboczne sterydów anabolicznych są związane z nowotworami złośliwymi – głównie wątroby, prostaty i nerek104.

Jedną z kluczowych funkcji nerek jest działanie jako filtr dla krwi, usuwający nadmiar produktów odpadowych w organizmie105. Kulturyści, którzy używają sterydów anabolicznych, mogą doświadczać zwiększonego obciążenia filtracyjnego nerek, co może prowadzić do uszkodzenia tych narządów106.

Badacze sugerują, że ekstremalne zwiększenie masy mięśniowej powoduje, że nerki zwiększają swoje obciążenie filtracyjne, co prowadzi do szkodliwych poziomów stresu w tych narządach. Przewlekła hiperfiltracja spowodowana dietą o wysokiej zawartości białka może przyspieszyć progresję do glomerulosklerozy. Nadciśnienie układowe, a także ekstremalne epizodyczne podwyższenie ciśnienia krwi typowo doświadczane podczas podnoszenia ciężarów również mogą przyczyniać się do uszkodzenia nerek107.

Inne powikłania fizyczne

Sterydy anaboliczne mogą prowadzić do wielu innych powikłań fizycznych. U młodzieży, nadużywanie sterydów anabolicznych może zahamować ostateczny wzrost, jaki dana osoba mogłaby osiągnąć108. Sterydy anaboliczne przyspieszają wzrost kości, więc jeśli są nadużywane przez młodzież, która nie miała jeszcze skoku wzrostu związanego z dojrzewaniem, leki mogą powodować przedwczesne starzenie się kości i ograniczony wzrost109.

Badania wykazały, że stosowanie sterydów anabolicznych wpływa na zdolność organizmu do radzenia sobie z cukrem i może prowadzić do cukrzycy typu 2110. Stosowanie sterydów anabolicznych stymuluje produkcję czerwonych krwinek i zwiększa poziom hemoglobiny (białka w czerwonych krwinkach, które przenosi tlen) oraz hematokrytu (procentowej zawartości czerwonych krwinek we krwi)111.

Badania wykazały również negatywny wpływ sterydów anabolicznych na funkcję tarczycy112. Stosowanie sterydów anabolicznych może prowadzić do wielu negatywnych konsekwencji zdrowotnych, szczególnie w odniesieniu do zdrowia układu sercowo-naczyniowego i wątroby113.

Znaczenie profilaktyki i leczenia

Ze względu na poważne zagrożenia związane z nadużywaniem sterydów anabolicznych, kluczowe znaczenie ma zapobieganie i wczesna interwencja. Świadomość niebezpieczeństw związanych z nadużywaniem sterydów oraz dostęp do skutecznego leczenia mogą pomóc w zmniejszeniu rozpowszechnienia tego problemu.

Strategie prewencyjne

Główne strategie zapobiegania nadużywaniu sterydów anabolicznych obejmują ograniczenie ich legalnej dystrybucji114. Ważnym czynnikiem w zapobieganiu nadużywaniu sterydów anabolicznych jest podnoszenie świadomości społecznej na temat szkodliwych skutków tych substancji poprzez badania i analizy115.

Edukacja sportowców, trenerów i młodzieży na temat zagrożeń związanych z nadużywaniem sterydów anabolicznych jest kluczowym elementem strategii prewencyjnych. Farmaceuci poproszeni o wygłoszenie prelekcji na temat nadużywania narkotyków dla sportowców lub uczniów w lokalnych szkołach średnich powinni podkreślać kary za nielegalne nadużywanie narkotyków116.

Postawę „wygraj za wszelką cenę” przyjmowaną przez niektórych sportowców należy przekierować i zastąpić osobistym poświęceniem dla sportu; dogłębną znajomością fizycznych wymagań i wymogów sportu; utrzymaniem zdrowego stylu życia; oraz uznaniem satysfakcji płynącej z uczestnictwa117.

Opcje leczenia i profilaktyka wtórna

Leczenie uzależnienia od sterydów anabolicznych często wymaga profesjonalnego leczenia i wsparcia118. Zespół odstawienia sterydów może być trudnym i nieprzyjemnym procesem, z objawami takimi jak depresja, zmęczenie, niepokój i intensywne głody119.

Opcje leczenia zalecane przez Narodowy Instytut ds. Nadużywania Narkotyków w przypadku nadużywania sterydów anabolicznych opierają się bardziej na studiach przypadków i doświadczeniu lekarzy niż na kontrolowanych badaniach120. W większości przypadków, nadużywanie sterydów jest leczone za pomocą kombinacji terapii indywidualnej i grupowej oraz leków121.

Drugim krokiem jest identyfikacja podstawowych przyczyn nadużywania122. Po zajęciu się podstawowymi przyczynami, leczenie uzależnienia koncentruje się na pomocy osobie w rozwijaniu zdrowych mechanizmów radzenia sobie123.

Jeśli użytkownik sterydów anabolicznych chce na stałe zaprzestać używania sterydów, pomocne może być wycofanie się ze środowiska sterydowego, takiego jak siłownia hardcore lub partnerzy treningowi stosujący sterydy124. Ostatecznie, jeśli inne przyczyny hipogonadyzmu zostały zbadane, poziomy testosteronu pozostają jednoznacznie niskie i nie ma chęci posiadania dzieci, można rozpocząć substytucję testosteronu zgodnie z wcześniej ustalonymi porozumieniami125.

Ze względu na to, że zagrożenia związane z nadużywaniem sterydów anabolicznych są tak duże i ponieważ istnieje potencjał do rozwoju u niektórych osób zachowań podobnych do uzależnienia związanych ze stosowaniem sterydów, wysiłki powinny być skoncentrowane na zapobieganiu używaniu w pierwszej kolejności, szczególnie wśród młodych sportowców-studentów126.

Znaczenie wczesnej interwencji

Wczesna interwencja jest kluczowa w zapobieganiu dalszym szkodom spowodowanym przez nadużywanie narkotyków i pomaga osobom skuteczniej wyjść z uzależnienia127. Opóźnienie leczenia uzależnienia od sterydów anabolicznych może mieć poważne konsekwencje. Długotrwałe stosowanie sterydów może prowadzić do uszkodzenia wątroby, niewydolności nerek i bezpłodności128.

Ponadto długotrwałe nadużywanie sterydów anabolicznych zwiększa ryzyko przedawkowania, co może skutkować trudnościami w oddychaniu, przyspieszonym tętnem, niewydolnością nerek, śpiączką, zawałem serca lub udarem129. Opóźnianie leczenia uzależnienia od sterydów anabolicznych może mieć poważne konsekwencje zarówno fizyczne, jak i psychologiczne – zarówno dla dzieci, jak i dorosłych130.

Osoby powinny natychmiast szukać leczenia uzależnienia od sterydów u profesjonalnego dostawcy opieki zdrowotnej, aby zapobiec tym niekorzystnym następstwom131. Badania wykazały również związek między osobami stosującymi sterydy a zwiększonymi problemami ze zdrowiem psychicznym132.

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  1. 09.04.2026
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Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Anabolic Steroid Use Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538174/
    Androgen use has become a major public health concern due to the transition of use of androgens from strictly sports to a much wider spectrum of the population. […] Some people misuse anabolic steroids for various reasons. […] Approximately 3 to 4 million Americans used anabolic-androgenic steroids to increase muscle mass, whether for sports to increase their performance or cosmetic purposes, such as enhancing their appearance. […] People who have misused steroids may be suffering from muscle dysmorphia, which is a behavioral syndrome. […] The prevalence of AAS abuse has steadily increased over the last two decades. […] According to NIDA(2018), anabolic steroid misuse is predominately seen in male weightlifters in their 20s or 30s. […] Among AAS users, about 30% develop dependence, which is characterized by chronic AAS use despite negative consequences and adverse effects on physical, psychosocial, or occupational functioning.
  • #2 Anabolic Steroids: What They Are, Uses, Side Effects & Risks
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/5521-anabolic-steroids
    Anabolic steroid misuse is common. […] Misusing anabolic steroids can be harmful to your health. […] Approximately 3 to 4 million people in the United States use anabolic steroids for nonmedical purposes. […] The main reason people misuse anabolic steroids is to increase lean muscle mass when using them in conjunction with weight training. […] Non-athlete weightlifters (bodybuilders) typically misuse them to improve their appearance. […] Anabolic steroid misuse is often associated with a form of body dysmorphic disorder called muscle dysmorphia. […] Misuse of anabolic steroids can cause a variety of side effects ranging from mild to harmful or even life-threatening. […] Nonprescription doses are often 10 to 100 times higher than the doses healthcare providers prescribe to treat medical conditions. […] This is why the side effects are usually more severe than the side effects of prescribed anabolic steroid use. […] Misuse of anabolic steroids can be harmful to your health.
  • #3 Anabolic Steroid Use Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538174/
    Androgen use has become a major public health concern due to the transition of use of androgens from strictly sports to a much wider spectrum of the population. […] Some people misuse anabolic steroids for various reasons. […] Approximately 3 to 4 million Americans used anabolic-androgenic steroids to increase muscle mass, whether for sports to increase their performance or cosmetic purposes, such as enhancing their appearance. […] People who have misused steroids may be suffering from muscle dysmorphia, which is a behavioral syndrome. […] The prevalence of AAS abuse has steadily increased over the last two decades. […] According to NIDA(2018), anabolic steroid misuse is predominately seen in male weightlifters in their 20s or 30s. […] Among AAS users, about 30% develop dependence, which is characterized by chronic AAS use despite negative consequences and adverse effects on physical, psychosocial, or occupational functioning.
  • #4 Anabolic Steroids and Other Appearance and Performance Enhancing Drugs (APEDs) | National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)
    https://nida.nih.gov/research-topics/anabolic-steroids
    Anabolic steroids increase lean muscle mass when used in conjunction with weight training. The aim, for non-athlete weightlifters, is typically improvement of appearance. Steroid use is often associated with a form of male body dysmorphic disorder called muscle dysmorphia, a preoccupation with the perceived inadequate size of their muscles. […] As a result, some users report taking anabolic steroids to increase confidence and because they feel that they are at a point where they can no longer get bigger through weight training alone. Most users report that anabolic steroids help them achieve their ideal body. […] Increasing muscle mass may also promote strength, which can improve performance in certain types of sports. More benefit is seen for strength-dependent sports (weightlifting, shot-put throwing, football) than for sports that require speed, agility, flexibility, and/or endurance.
  • #5 Anabolic Steroids: What They Are, Uses, Side Effects & Risks
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/5521-anabolic-steroids
    Anabolic steroid misuse is common. […] Misusing anabolic steroids can be harmful to your health. […] Approximately 3 to 4 million people in the United States use anabolic steroids for nonmedical purposes. […] The main reason people misuse anabolic steroids is to increase lean muscle mass when using them in conjunction with weight training. […] Non-athlete weightlifters (bodybuilders) typically misuse them to improve their appearance. […] Anabolic steroid misuse is often associated with a form of body dysmorphic disorder called muscle dysmorphia. […] Misuse of anabolic steroids can cause a variety of side effects ranging from mild to harmful or even life-threatening. […] Nonprescription doses are often 10 to 100 times higher than the doses healthcare providers prescribe to treat medical conditions. […] This is why the side effects are usually more severe than the side effects of prescribed anabolic steroid use. […] Misuse of anabolic steroids can be harmful to your health.
  • #6 Steroid Addiction Treatment – The Phoenix Recovery Center
    https://thephoenixrc.com/addiction-recovery-services/steroid-addiction-treatment/
    Steroid addiction begins with steroid abuse. According to NIDA, most of the people involved in steroid abuse are male, are in their 20s or 30s, and lift weights but are not professional athletes. Users of anabolic steroids frequently exhibit one or more of the following traits: […] Additionally, many people who use anabolic steroids suffer from muscle dysmorphia, where they think they look small, short, or weak even if they are actually big and muscular. A study from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) says that for a male who has muscle dysmorphia, the goal is to get as large, muscular and ripped as possible. […] According to NCBI, many people who are trying to achieve personal fitness or body goals may start out using sports and nutritional supplements but then, over time, turn to alternatives such as erythropoietin, human growth hormone, or anabolic steroids.
  • #7 Steroid Addiction: Signs, Symptoms & Effects | Sanctuary Lodge
    https://www.sanctuarylodge.com/drug-addiction/steroids/
    People with poor self-image or low self-worth may turn to steroids as a means to enhance their physique, believing it will improve their confidence and social acceptance. […] Pre-existing conditions like depression, anxiety or substance abuse disorders can make individuals more susceptible to steroid addiction as they may use these substances as a form of self-medication. […] Peer pressure and the influence of gym culture can also contribute to steroid abuse. Individuals may be encouraged by friends or coaches who downplay the risks or even champion the benefits of steroid use.
  • #8 Side Effects of Anabolic Steroid Abuse
    https://bocarecoverycenter.com/anabolic-steroids/side-effects/
    Anabolic steroids mimic the testosterone the body produces naturally. They typically work to promote the development of male sexual characteristics, but they can also promote protein storage, stimulate bone growth, and encourage muscle growth. […] While some types of anabolic steroids are used to treat medical issues, some bodybuilders and athletes take 100 times the recommended dose of steroids, and they do so without a doctor’s approval or supervision. […] Some people misuse steroids due to body image issues. When they look in the mirror, they see a body that’s too thin, too weak, and too frail. […] Researchers have found that many people who abuse steroids have been sexually assaulted in the past. They are using muscle mass to help them feel safe in a dangerous world. […] People rarely start abusing steroids on a whim. In most cases, deep psychological problems entice people to turn to drugs. Dealing with those issues is a core part of treatment. […] Researchers say people who abuse steroids for long periods face a higher risk of depression and suicidal attempts. The link is so strong that researchers say the more steroids people take, the higher their chances of developing severe depression.
  • #9 Steroid Addiction: Signs, Symptoms & Effects | Sanctuary Lodge
    https://www.sanctuarylodge.com/drug-addiction/steroids/
    People with poor self-image or low self-worth may turn to steroids as a means to enhance their physique, believing it will improve their confidence and social acceptance. […] Pre-existing conditions like depression, anxiety or substance abuse disorders can make individuals more susceptible to steroid addiction as they may use these substances as a form of self-medication. […] Peer pressure and the influence of gym culture can also contribute to steroid abuse. Individuals may be encouraged by friends or coaches who downplay the risks or even champion the benefits of steroid use.
  • #10 Steroid Drug Addiction Treatment & Rehab Center in Illinois
    https://www.gatewayfoundation.org/what-we-treat/drug-abuse-treatment/steroid-addiction/
    Studies have shown a person’s history and personality may play a role in succumbing to substance misuse. […] Several external stressors might influence substance misuse and addiction. […] Men who misuse steroids may experience a form of male dysmorphic disorder called muscle dysmorphia or self-perceived inadequacy of their muscles and physical appearance. […] A 2020 report showed that half of the people with mental health conditions like depression or anxiety will also experience addiction at some point in their life and vice versa. […] Individuals who use steroids might use other drugs to alleviate the harmful effects of steroids. […] The fear of withdrawal is often one of the main reasons people continue to take steroids, falling into an addictive cycle that can be challenging to escape.
  • #11 Steroid Drug Addiction Treatment & Rehab Center in Illinois
    https://www.gatewayfoundation.org/what-we-treat/drug-abuse-treatment/steroid-addiction/
    Studies have shown a person’s history and personality may play a role in succumbing to substance misuse. […] Several external stressors might influence substance misuse and addiction. […] Men who misuse steroids may experience a form of male dysmorphic disorder called muscle dysmorphia or self-perceived inadequacy of their muscles and physical appearance. […] A 2020 report showed that half of the people with mental health conditions like depression or anxiety will also experience addiction at some point in their life and vice versa. […] Individuals who use steroids might use other drugs to alleviate the harmful effects of steroids. […] The fear of withdrawal is often one of the main reasons people continue to take steroids, falling into an addictive cycle that can be challenging to escape.
  • #12 Steroid Addiction: Symptoms, Causes, Risk, and Treatment – Rubicon Recovery Center
    https://rubiconrecoverycenter.com/addiction/steroid/
    The causes of steroid addiction are peer pressure, body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), performance pressure, mental health issues, and accessibility. These factors drive individuals to misuse anabolic steroids, leading to both physical dependence (where the body requires the drug to function) and psychological dependence (where the user feels they cannot cope without it). The main causes of steroid addiction are: […] Peer Pressure: Many individuals begin using steroids due to the influence of those around them. In competitive settings like gyms or sports teams, steroids are often normalized, encouraging their use to fit in or excel. […] Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD): Individuals with BDD obsess over perceived flaws in their physical appearance, often believing they aren’t muscular enough. This disorder drives them to use steroids in an attempt to achieve a more ideal body image.
  • #13 Steroid Addiction: Signs, Symptoms & Effects | Sanctuary Lodge
    https://www.sanctuarylodge.com/drug-addiction/steroids/
    People with poor self-image or low self-worth may turn to steroids as a means to enhance their physique, believing it will improve their confidence and social acceptance. […] Pre-existing conditions like depression, anxiety or substance abuse disorders can make individuals more susceptible to steroid addiction as they may use these substances as a form of self-medication. […] Peer pressure and the influence of gym culture can also contribute to steroid abuse. Individuals may be encouraged by friends or coaches who downplay the risks or even champion the benefits of steroid use.
  • #14 Innovative Reports on the Effects of Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Abuse—How to Lose Your Mind for the Love of Sport
    https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/59/8/1439
    The pressure caused by social media has a particular impact here, in which the ideal figure associated with a flat belly, low percentage of body fat, and a visibly muscular body is widely promoted, or even normalized. […] AAS and SARMs (Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators) have become a serious public health problem. The ease of obtaining and insufficient knowledge about the substances often lead to the development of numerous side effects. […] The primary strategies for preventing the misuse of AAS involve restricting their legal distribution. […] An important factor in preventing the misuse of AAS is to raise public awareness of the harmful effects of these substances through research and analysis, which this paper is also aimed at. […] The latest research describing the effect of AAS on the human body mainly covers the effect on the central nervous system; therefore, we considered it appropriate to devote a separate part of the paper to this topic in order to highlight the importance of this research.
  • #15 Steroid Addiction: Symptoms, Causes, Risk, and Treatment – Rubicon Recovery Center
    https://rubiconrecoverycenter.com/addiction/steroid/
    The causes of steroid addiction are peer pressure, body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), performance pressure, mental health issues, and accessibility. These factors drive individuals to misuse anabolic steroids, leading to both physical dependence (where the body requires the drug to function) and psychological dependence (where the user feels they cannot cope without it). The main causes of steroid addiction are: […] Peer Pressure: Many individuals begin using steroids due to the influence of those around them. In competitive settings like gyms or sports teams, steroids are often normalized, encouraging their use to fit in or excel. […] Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD): Individuals with BDD obsess over perceived flaws in their physical appearance, often believing they aren’t muscular enough. This disorder drives them to use steroids in an attempt to achieve a more ideal body image.
  • #16 Anabolic Steroids and Sports: Winning at any Cost
    https://www.health.ny.gov/publications/1210/
    „Others do so to satisfy a desire for recognition and fame. Unfortunately, that creates some atheletes who are determined to win at any cost. And, they may use that determination to justify the use of anabolic steroids, despite evidence that these drugs can inflict irreversible physical harm and have significant side effects.” […] „Believing that anabolic steroids can improve competitiveness and performance, uninformed or misguided athletes, sometimes encouraged by coaches or parents, abuse these drugs to build lean muscle mass, promote aggressiveness, and increase body weight.” […] „What they don’t know, or choose to ignore, is the damage to the body that abuse of these drugs can cause.” […] „The abuse of anabolic steroids by high school, college and other amateur athletes is a dangerous practice.”
  • #17 Anabolic Steroids and Sports: Winning at any Cost
    https://www.health.ny.gov/publications/1210/
    „Others do so to satisfy a desire for recognition and fame. Unfortunately, that creates some atheletes who are determined to win at any cost. And, they may use that determination to justify the use of anabolic steroids, despite evidence that these drugs can inflict irreversible physical harm and have significant side effects.” […] „Believing that anabolic steroids can improve competitiveness and performance, uninformed or misguided athletes, sometimes encouraged by coaches or parents, abuse these drugs to build lean muscle mass, promote aggressiveness, and increase body weight.” […] „What they don’t know, or choose to ignore, is the damage to the body that abuse of these drugs can cause.” […] „The abuse of anabolic steroids by high school, college and other amateur athletes is a dangerous practice.”
  • #18 Study links steroid abuse to key biological, psychological characteristics — Harvard Gazette
    https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2009/04/study-links-steroid-abuse-to-key-biological-psychological-characteristics/
    However, the study found that men with steroid dependence were more likely to have grown up in a single-parent home and to have a first-degree relative with an alcohol or substance use disorder. […] Further studies on the subject could help identify those who are at risk for developing a steroid dependency, he said.
  • #19 Anabolic Steroid Abuse | 5-Minute Clinical Consult
    https://im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688832/all/Anabolic_Steroid_Abuse?q=Acne
    The misuse of testosterone and closely related compounds (often in supratherapeutic dosages) to increase lean muscle mass and improve athletic performance […] AAS include exogenous testosterone, synthetic androgens, synthetic androgen receptor modulators, androgen precursors, and other androgen stimulators. […] There is no evidence that AAS abuse or dependence develops from the therapeutic use of AAS. […] Genetic variations in enzymatic and androgen receptor activity impacts AAS pharmacodynamics including anabolic and toxic effects.
  • #20 Study links steroid abuse to key biological, psychological characteristics — Harvard Gazette
    https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2009/04/study-links-steroid-abuse-to-key-biological-psychological-characteristics/
    A study by researchers at Harvard-affiliated McLean Hospital sheds new light on anabolic steroid users, augmenting previous research suggesting that users can become dependent on the drugs and showing for the first time that those who do become dependent tend to share certain biological and psychological characteristics. […] The findings could help in understanding who is most likely to become dependent on anabolic steroids as well as aid in efforts to both prevent and treat steroid dependence. […] Pope noted that anabolic steroids do cause actual biological dependence, pointing out that animal studies have shown that hamsters will continue to self-administer testosterone even to the point of death. […] Anabolic steroids clearly do cause an actual biological dependence syndrome, and men who develop dependence on them often have considerable difficulty getting off the drugs, just like people with other forms of drug dependence, Pope said.
  • #21 Anabolic Steroids and Other Appearance and Performance Enhancing Drugs (APEDs) | National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)
    https://nida.nih.gov/research-topics/anabolic-steroids
    Anabolic steroids increase lean muscle mass when used in conjunction with weight training. The aim, for non-athlete weightlifters, is typically improvement of appearance. Steroid use is often associated with a form of male body dysmorphic disorder called muscle dysmorphia, a preoccupation with the perceived inadequate size of their muscles. […] As a result, some users report taking anabolic steroids to increase confidence and because they feel that they are at a point where they can no longer get bigger through weight training alone. Most users report that anabolic steroids help them achieve their ideal body. […] Increasing muscle mass may also promote strength, which can improve performance in certain types of sports. More benefit is seen for strength-dependent sports (weightlifting, shot-put throwing, football) than for sports that require speed, agility, flexibility, and/or endurance.
  • #22 Anabolic Steroids and Other Appearance and Performance Enhancing Drugs (APEDs) | National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)
    https://nida.nih.gov/research-topics/anabolic-steroids
    Anabolic steroids increase lean muscle mass when used in conjunction with weight training. The aim, for non-athlete weightlifters, is typically improvement of appearance. Steroid use is often associated with a form of male body dysmorphic disorder called muscle dysmorphia, a preoccupation with the perceived inadequate size of their muscles. […] As a result, some users report taking anabolic steroids to increase confidence and because they feel that they are at a point where they can no longer get bigger through weight training alone. Most users report that anabolic steroids help them achieve their ideal body. […] Increasing muscle mass may also promote strength, which can improve performance in certain types of sports. More benefit is seen for strength-dependent sports (weightlifting, shot-put throwing, football) than for sports that require speed, agility, flexibility, and/or endurance.
  • #23 Anabolic Steroids and Other Appearance and Performance Enhancing Drugs (APEDs) | National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)
    https://nida.nih.gov/research-topics/anabolic-steroids
    Anabolic steroid users also report that their muscles recover faster from intense strain and muscle injury. […] Research in animals has not conclusively supported this belief, with some showing that anabolic steroids can enhance recovery from certain types of muscle damage, but others finding no benefit in taking anabolic steroids to enhance muscle recovery. […] Anabolic steroids can cause severe, long-lasting, and in some cases, irreversible damage. They can lead to early heart attacks, strokes, liver tumors, kidney failure, and psychiatric problems. In addition, stopping steroid use can cause depression, often leading to resumption of use.
  • #24 Anabolic Steroids and Other Appearance and Performance Enhancing Drugs (APEDs) | National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)
    https://nida.nih.gov/research-topics/anabolic-steroids
    Anabolic steroid users also report that their muscles recover faster from intense strain and muscle injury. […] Research in animals has not conclusively supported this belief, with some showing that anabolic steroids can enhance recovery from certain types of muscle damage, but others finding no benefit in taking anabolic steroids to enhance muscle recovery. […] Anabolic steroids can cause severe, long-lasting, and in some cases, irreversible damage. They can lead to early heart attacks, strokes, liver tumors, kidney failure, and psychiatric problems. In addition, stopping steroid use can cause depression, often leading to resumption of use.
  • #25 Anabolic Steroid Abuse Types, Use Disorder, Pills, Side Effects
    https://www.medicinenet.com/anabolic_steroid_abuse/article.htm
    People abuse steroids for a variety of reasons, but most do it to increase body performance and appearance. […] There may be peer pressure to use anabolic steroids in some sports because of a fear that normal training will not be enough to succeed. […] There is also the perception that other athletes are abusing steroids and gaining an unfair advantage. […] People who use steroids to enhance their appearance by increasing muscle and decreasing fat may suffer from muscle dysmorphia or abnormal perception of their bodies. […] Males may think they are perpetually too small and weak, and females may think themselves fat, even though that perception may not be true. […] The complications of anabolic steroid abuse are a result of excess testosterone affecting almost all the organ systems in the body. […] Some of the effects are reversible and decrease when the drug abuse stops while others are permanent and irreversible. […] According to the National Institute of Drug Abuse, the use of anabolic steroids continues to be a significant problem in the adolescent population.
  • #26 Anabolic Steroid Abuse Types, Use Disorder, Pills, Side Effects
    https://www.medicinenet.com/anabolic_steroid_abuse/article.htm
    People abuse steroids for a variety of reasons, but most do it to increase body performance and appearance. […] There may be peer pressure to use anabolic steroids in some sports because of a fear that normal training will not be enough to succeed. […] There is also the perception that other athletes are abusing steroids and gaining an unfair advantage. […] People who use steroids to enhance their appearance by increasing muscle and decreasing fat may suffer from muscle dysmorphia or abnormal perception of their bodies. […] Males may think they are perpetually too small and weak, and females may think themselves fat, even though that perception may not be true. […] The complications of anabolic steroid abuse are a result of excess testosterone affecting almost all the organ systems in the body. […] Some of the effects are reversible and decrease when the drug abuse stops while others are permanent and irreversible. […] According to the National Institute of Drug Abuse, the use of anabolic steroids continues to be a significant problem in the adolescent population.
  • #27 Anabolic androgenic steroid abuse in young males in: Endocrine Connections Volume 9 Issue 4 (2020)
    https://ec.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/ec/9/4/EC-19-0557.xml
    The population seen in our outpatient clinic is selected on the basis of health problems and may not be representative for all steroid users in the Netherlands. […] The typical user of AAS is male, aged between 20 and 40 and engaged in weight lifting, bodybuilding, strongman competitions or martial arts, primarily kickboxing and mixed martial arts. […] It is not surprising that gaining muscle mass and strength are the most important motives to start AAS. […] Although almost all users also report negative effects, these are mostly expected, mild and transient and do not outweigh the beneficial effects. […] In the Netherlands, as in most other European countries, anabolic steroids, such as testosterone, can only be obtained via a pharmacy with a doctors prescription. […] A cycle of anabolic steroids is not expensive.
  • #28 Anabolic Steroid Use Disorder – MD Searchlight
    https://mdsearchlight.com/medications/anabolic-steroid-use-disorder/
    Over the past twenty years, the misuse of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) has been increasing. Along with this growing trend comes a rise in health problems linked to AAS abuse. […] Misuse of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) has been on the rise for the past two decades. […] This increase has led to a rise in health problems linked to AAS abuse. […] Athletes, males, and weightlifters in their twenties or thirties have been identified as the main groups misusing these substances. […] In high schools, steroid misuse remains an issue. […] Surprisingly, almost half of AAS abusers using fitness centers in Germany received their steroids from healthcare providers. […] Most AAS users aren’t actually athletes or competitive bodybuilders but use the drugs primarily for body aesthetics. […] These users generally self-administer AAS through injections. […] Alarmingly, as many as 13% of users reported unsafe practices like sharing and reusing needles.
  • #29 Anabolic steroid misuse
    https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/anabolic-steroid-misuse/
    Anabolic steroids are prescription-only medicines that are sometimes taken without medical advice to increase muscle mass and improve athletic performance. […] If used in this way, they can cause serious side effects and addiction. […] Anabolic steroids can be used as performance-enhancing drugs that increase muscle mass and decrease fat, as well as causing many undesirable effects. Some people take them regularly to improve their physical performance and build up their bodies. […] However, people of all ages have been known to misuse these drugs, including adolescent boys who suffer from body dysmorphic disorder. […] People who have body dysmorphic disorder may take anabolic steroids because they don’t see themselves as being physically big enough or strong enough. […] Some people believe taking anabolic steroids will help them become fit and healthy. This isn’t true: taking anabolic steroids is a dangerous drug habit.
  • #30 Anabolic steroid misuse
    https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/anabolic-steroid-misuse/
    Anabolic steroids are sometimes taken without medical advice to increase muscle mass and improve athletic performance. […] If anabolic steroids are used in this way, they can cause serious side effects and addiction. […] People may also misuse these drugs for other reasons. For example, some people take them if they have body dysmorphic disorder – a mental health condition where you worry a lot about how you look. […] Other people believe taking anabolic steroids will help them become fit and healthy. […] Taking anabolic steroids is dangerous. […] Anabolic steroids are addictive. […] A person who is addicted to anabolic steroids will want to keep using them despite having unpleasant side effects.
  • #31 Innovative Reports on the Effects of Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Abuse—How to Lose Your Mind for the Love of Sport
    https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/59/8/1439
    The pressure caused by social media has a particular impact here, in which the ideal figure associated with a flat belly, low percentage of body fat, and a visibly muscular body is widely promoted, or even normalized. […] AAS and SARMs (Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators) have become a serious public health problem. The ease of obtaining and insufficient knowledge about the substances often lead to the development of numerous side effects. […] The primary strategies for preventing the misuse of AAS involve restricting their legal distribution. […] An important factor in preventing the misuse of AAS is to raise public awareness of the harmful effects of these substances through research and analysis, which this paper is also aimed at. […] The latest research describing the effect of AAS on the human body mainly covers the effect on the central nervous system; therefore, we considered it appropriate to devote a separate part of the paper to this topic in order to highlight the importance of this research.
  • #32 Steroid Addiction: Signs, Causes, Effects And Treatments – Ethan Crossing
    https://ethancrossingspringfield.com/rehab-blog/steroid-addiction/
    Psychological Factors: Issues like body dysmorphia, where an individual has a distorted perception of their body, or low self-esteem drive people to use steroids as a way to feel better about themselves or gain confidence. […] Social Influence and Cultural Norms: Influence from peers, coaches, or societal standards that glorify muscular physiques encourage steroid use. […] Accessibility and Misinformation: Easy access to steroids through gyms, online sources, or social networks, along with misinformation about the risks and benefits, leads to increased use and addiction. […] Escalating Use: Starting with moderate use and escalating to higher doses as tolerance develops leads to dependence, where more of the drug is needed to achieve the effects or to avoid withdrawal symptoms.
  • #33 SteroidsLock
    https://www.dea.gov/factsheets/steroids
    Anabolic steroids are synthetically produced variants of the naturally occurring male hormone testosterone that are abused in an attempt to promote muscle growth, enhance athletic or other physical performance, and improve physical appearance. […] The doses abused are often 10 to 100 times higher than the approved therapeutic and medical treatment dosages. […] A wide range of adverse effects is associated with the use or abuse of anabolic steroids. These effects depend on several factors including: Age, sex, the anabolic steroid used, amount used, and duration of use. […] In adolescents, anabolic steroid use can stunt the ultimate height that an individual might otherwise achieve. […] In both men and women, anabolic steroid use can cause high cholesterol levels, which may increase the risk of coronary artery disease, strokes, and heart attacks. […] Anabolic steroids are not associated with overdoses. The adverse effects a user would experience develop from the use of steroids over time.
  • #34 Anabolic Steroids: What They Are, Uses, Side Effects & Risks
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/5521-anabolic-steroids
    Anabolic steroid misuse is common. […] Misusing anabolic steroids can be harmful to your health. […] Approximately 3 to 4 million people in the United States use anabolic steroids for nonmedical purposes. […] The main reason people misuse anabolic steroids is to increase lean muscle mass when using them in conjunction with weight training. […] Non-athlete weightlifters (bodybuilders) typically misuse them to improve their appearance. […] Anabolic steroid misuse is often associated with a form of body dysmorphic disorder called muscle dysmorphia. […] Misuse of anabolic steroids can cause a variety of side effects ranging from mild to harmful or even life-threatening. […] Nonprescription doses are often 10 to 100 times higher than the doses healthcare providers prescribe to treat medical conditions. […] This is why the side effects are usually more severe than the side effects of prescribed anabolic steroid use. […] Misuse of anabolic steroids can be harmful to your health.
  • #35 Anabolic Steroid Abuse
    https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/anabolic-steroid-abuse
    Eighteen years ago, the first topic I covered in this column was abuse of anabolic steroids. […] In the ensuing two decades, however, anabolic steroid abuse has grown into a national scandal, to the extent that the National Institute on Drug Abuse has developed a comprehensive Web site aimed at educating consumers about the dangers associated with this pernicious activity. […] The majority of anabolic steroid abuse is related to sports. […] Many people take steroids for purposes unrelated to athletics; as many as one third of high school abusers do so solely to appear more attractive. […] Scientific opinion today indicates that abuse of anabolic steroids increases strength and muscle mass. […] The adverse effects are profound, especially considering that abusers may take 100 or more times the normal therapeutic dose.
  • #36 Anabolic androgenic steroid abuse in young males in: Endocrine Connections Volume 9 Issue 4 (2020)
    https://ec.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/ec/9/4/EC-19-0557.xml
    This review summarizes 10 years experience with male abusers of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS). The typical user of AAS is male, aged between 20 and 40 and lifting weights. Illegal AAS are cheap and easily obtained via internet or local suppliers. AAS are mostly used in cycles with a duration between 6 and 18 weeks. Most AAS cycles contain multiple agents, used simultaneously in a dose vastly exceeding a substitution dose. Short-term clinical and biochemical side effects are well established. Long-term side effects are uncertain, but may include heart failure, mood-and anxiety disorders, hypogonadism and subfertility. […] The interaction between doctor and patient may be hampered for a number of reasons. First, some doctors may feel reluctant to help a patient who has self-inflicted health issues due to the use of banned substances.
  • #37 Anabolic androgenic steroid abuse in young males in: Endocrine Connections Volume 9 Issue 4 (2020)
    https://ec.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/ec/9/4/EC-19-0557.xml
    This review summarizes 10 years experience with male abusers of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS). The typical user of AAS is male, aged between 20 and 40 and lifting weights. Illegal AAS are cheap and easily obtained via internet or local suppliers. AAS are mostly used in cycles with a duration between 6 and 18 weeks. Most AAS cycles contain multiple agents, used simultaneously in a dose vastly exceeding a substitution dose. Short-term clinical and biochemical side effects are well established. Long-term side effects are uncertain, but may include heart failure, mood-and anxiety disorders, hypogonadism and subfertility. […] The interaction between doctor and patient may be hampered for a number of reasons. First, some doctors may feel reluctant to help a patient who has self-inflicted health issues due to the use of banned substances.
  • #38 Anabolic Steroid Abuse
    https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/anabolic-steroid-abuse
    Abusers have developed numerous dosage schemes to minimize adverse effects, avoid detection, enhance efficacy, and prevent the development of tolerance. […] Pharmacists asked to give talks on drug abuse to athletes or students at local high schools should stress the penalties of illegal drug abuse.
  • #39 Anabolic Steroids: Uses, Side Effects, and Alternatives
    https://www.healthline.com/health/anabolic-steroids
    Many people who use anabolic steroids recreationally take much more than is typically used for medical conditions. This is especially true if the steroids are in a supplement or injection that contains high concentrations. […] The way theyre misused can make them dangerous too: cycling: using a large amount of steroids and then stopping for a while before using them again […] stacking: use multiple types of steroids at once, or using different delivery forms (like injections and supplements together) […] pyramiding: starting with small doses and then taking more and more, followed by reducing the amount again […] plateauing: changing to another steroid suddenly to keep the steroid from become ineffective and then switching back. […] Some people can become used to the feeling of strength or endurance that steroids give them and become dangerously addicted.
  • #40 Anabolic Steroids: Uses, Side Effects, and Alternatives
    https://www.healthline.com/health/anabolic-steroids
    Many people who use anabolic steroids recreationally take much more than is typically used for medical conditions. This is especially true if the steroids are in a supplement or injection that contains high concentrations. […] The way theyre misused can make them dangerous too: cycling: using a large amount of steroids and then stopping for a while before using them again […] stacking: use multiple types of steroids at once, or using different delivery forms (like injections and supplements together) […] pyramiding: starting with small doses and then taking more and more, followed by reducing the amount again […] plateauing: changing to another steroid suddenly to keep the steroid from become ineffective and then switching back. […] Some people can become used to the feeling of strength or endurance that steroids give them and become dangerously addicted.
  • #41 Anabolic Steroids: Uses, Side Effects, and Alternatives
    https://www.healthline.com/health/anabolic-steroids
    Many people who use anabolic steroids recreationally take much more than is typically used for medical conditions. This is especially true if the steroids are in a supplement or injection that contains high concentrations. […] The way theyre misused can make them dangerous too: cycling: using a large amount of steroids and then stopping for a while before using them again […] stacking: use multiple types of steroids at once, or using different delivery forms (like injections and supplements together) […] pyramiding: starting with small doses and then taking more and more, followed by reducing the amount again […] plateauing: changing to another steroid suddenly to keep the steroid from become ineffective and then switching back. […] Some people can become used to the feeling of strength or endurance that steroids give them and become dangerously addicted.
  • #42 Anabolic Steroids: Uses, Side Effects, and Alternatives
    https://www.healthline.com/health/anabolic-steroids
    Many people who use anabolic steroids recreationally take much more than is typically used for medical conditions. This is especially true if the steroids are in a supplement or injection that contains high concentrations. […] The way theyre misused can make them dangerous too: cycling: using a large amount of steroids and then stopping for a while before using them again […] stacking: use multiple types of steroids at once, or using different delivery forms (like injections and supplements together) […] pyramiding: starting with small doses and then taking more and more, followed by reducing the amount again […] plateauing: changing to another steroid suddenly to keep the steroid from become ineffective and then switching back. […] Some people can become used to the feeling of strength or endurance that steroids give them and become dangerously addicted.
  • #43 Anabolic androgenic steroid abuse in young males in: Endocrine Connections Volume 9 Issue 4 (2020)
    https://ec.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/ec/9/4/EC-19-0557.xml
    The speed of recovery of endogenous testosterone production depends primarily on the type and dose of the anabolic steroids used in the last phase of the cycle. […] Although anabolic steroids are by far the most abused drugs, a variety of other performance and image-enhancing drugs are commonly used. […] All users of anabolic steroids, assuming a significant exposure, have side effects, although the majority of these side effects is mild and transient and some go unnoticed by the abuser. […] Several reports indicate that anabolic steroid abuse is associated with cardiac disease, ranging from diastolic dysfunction, overt heart failure to sudden cardiac death. […] It has been shown that users of anabolic steroids are more prone to a hazardous lifestyle. […] Some studies indicate that AAS abuse may have detrimental effects that persist long after AAS abuse has ended or may even be permanent.
  • #44 Steroid abuse by men leads to long-lasting impaired testicular function | ScienceDaily
    https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/03/210309091308.htm
    Illegal use of anabolic steroids not only has dangerous side effects during use but also can harm of men’s testicular function years after they stop abusing steroids, according to a new study. […] „It is still debated whether illicit use of anabolic steroids causes long-lasting testosterone deficiency,” said Jon J. Rasmussen, M.D., Ph.D., the study’s principal investigator and a scientist at Rigshospitalet in Copenhagen, Denmark. […] „Our results suggest a long-lasting impaired gonadal capacity in previous anabolic steroid users,” Rasmussen said. […] their findings indicate that prior steroid users may have an increased risk of hypogonadism later in life.
  • #45 Anabolic steroid use disorder – Symptoms, Causes, Images, and Treatment Options
    https://www.epocrates.com/online/diseases/987/anabolic-steroid-use-disorder
    Anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS; also known as anabolic steroid) use is the illicit use of testosterone derivatives to improve athletic performance and/or to increase lean body mass and muscle size. […] Users take other drugs to minimize the unwanted effects of AASs, or to mask their use. […] Focus of treatment is supporting AAS discontinuation and managing complications associated with chronic AAS use. […] Cardiac complications are the major cause of sudden and premature death. […] The aetiology and trajectory of anabolic-androgenic steroid use initiation: a systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research.
  • #46 Anabolic steroid use disorder – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US
    https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/987
    Anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS; also known as anabolic steroid) use is the illicit use of testosterone derivatives to improve athletic performance and/or to increase lean body mass and muscle size. […] Users take other drugs to minimize the unwanted effects of AASs, or to mask their use. […] Focus of treatment is supporting AAS discontinuation and managing complications associated with chronic AAS use. […] Cardiac complications are the major cause of sudden and premature death. […] Anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) use refers to the use of testosterone (or its derivatives, or other drugs that increase endogenous testosterone production) for nonmedical purposes to enhance athletic performance, or to create a more muscular physical appearance. […] AASs are used at doses 10 to 100 times higher than those required to treat medical conditions. […] Risk factors include male sex, participation in competitive sports or bodybuilding, and history of muscle dysmorphia or other body image disorder.
  • #47 Anabolic androgenic steroid abuse in young males in: Endocrine Connections Volume 9 Issue 4 (2020)
    https://ec.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/ec/9/4/EC-19-0557.xml
    The speed of recovery of endogenous testosterone production depends primarily on the type and dose of the anabolic steroids used in the last phase of the cycle. […] Although anabolic steroids are by far the most abused drugs, a variety of other performance and image-enhancing drugs are commonly used. […] All users of anabolic steroids, assuming a significant exposure, have side effects, although the majority of these side effects is mild and transient and some go unnoticed by the abuser. […] Several reports indicate that anabolic steroid abuse is associated with cardiac disease, ranging from diastolic dysfunction, overt heart failure to sudden cardiac death. […] It has been shown that users of anabolic steroids are more prone to a hazardous lifestyle. […] Some studies indicate that AAS abuse may have detrimental effects that persist long after AAS abuse has ended or may even be permanent.
  • #48 Anabolic Steroid Addiction And Abuse
    https://www.addictioncenter.com/stimulants/steroids/
    People who take steroids for a prolonged period of time disrupt natural hormonal balances in their bodies. […] Steroids act as mood elevators, which results in effects similar to antidepressants. […] Some people become addicted to alcohol or other drugs in an attempt to self-medicate unwanted side effects of anabolic steroids, like insomnia and aggression. […] Many people dont realize steroids can fuel addiction.
  • #49 Anabolic androgenic steroids: what the psychiatrist needs to know | Advances in Psychiatric Treatment | Cambridge Core
    https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/advances-in-psychiatric-treatment/article/anabolic-androgenic-steroids-what-the-psychiatrist-needs-to-know/38A5531F66EE651A75DFB4EB5FB8962F
    Affective disorders have long been recognised as a complication of anabolic steroid use. […] There is also evidence that depression can be associated with withdrawing from steroids. […] Reports of physical dependence on anabolic steroids first appeared in the 1980s, usually in young male weightlifters, who reported an inability to stop taking them. […] Symptoms of steroid withdrawal include mood disorders (with suicidal depression as the most life-threatening complication), apathy, feelings of anxiety, difficulty in concentrating, insomnia, anorexia, decreased libido, fatigue, headache, and muscle and joint pain. […] It has been suggested that anabolic steroid use may serve as a gateway to opioid misuse. […] Anabolic steroid use has increased in prevalence in many high-income countries over the past decade, and it can lead to aggression, depression, mania and psychosis, in addition to a range of physical complications.
  • #50 Innovative Reports on the Effects of Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Abuse—How to Lose Your Mind for the Love of Sport
    https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/59/8/1439
    The latest reports on the use of over-physiological doses of AAS relate to the significant acceleration of brain aging processes, cognitive dysfunction, and psychosocial disorders. […] Another observed consequence of the pathological effect of AAS is the frequent occurrence of psychological problems among users and the increased tendency to abuse other substances. […] The above-presented literature review underlines how little we know about the pathophysiological processes and effects of AAS on the neurodegenerative processes and the overall effects that they have on the nervous system.
  • #51 Anabolic Steroid Use Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538174/
    Androgen use has become a major public health concern due to the transition of use of androgens from strictly sports to a much wider spectrum of the population. […] Some people misuse anabolic steroids for various reasons. […] Approximately 3 to 4 million Americans used anabolic-androgenic steroids to increase muscle mass, whether for sports to increase their performance or cosmetic purposes, such as enhancing their appearance. […] People who have misused steroids may be suffering from muscle dysmorphia, which is a behavioral syndrome. […] The prevalence of AAS abuse has steadily increased over the last two decades. […] According to NIDA(2018), anabolic steroid misuse is predominately seen in male weightlifters in their 20s or 30s. […] Among AAS users, about 30% develop dependence, which is characterized by chronic AAS use despite negative consequences and adverse effects on physical, psychosocial, or occupational functioning.
  • #52 Anabolic Steroids: What They Are, Uses, Side Effects & Risks
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/5521-anabolic-steroids
    Anabolic steroid misuse is common. […] Misusing anabolic steroids can be harmful to your health. […] Approximately 3 to 4 million people in the United States use anabolic steroids for nonmedical purposes. […] The main reason people misuse anabolic steroids is to increase lean muscle mass when using them in conjunction with weight training. […] Non-athlete weightlifters (bodybuilders) typically misuse them to improve their appearance. […] Anabolic steroid misuse is often associated with a form of body dysmorphic disorder called muscle dysmorphia. […] Misuse of anabolic steroids can cause a variety of side effects ranging from mild to harmful or even life-threatening. […] Nonprescription doses are often 10 to 100 times higher than the doses healthcare providers prescribe to treat medical conditions. […] This is why the side effects are usually more severe than the side effects of prescribed anabolic steroid use. […] Misuse of anabolic steroids can be harmful to your health.
  • #53 Anabolic steroid misuse
    https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/anabolic-steroid-misuse/
    Anabolic steroids are prescription-only medicines that are sometimes taken without medical advice to increase muscle mass and improve athletic performance. […] If used in this way, they can cause serious side effects and addiction. […] Anabolic steroids can be used as performance-enhancing drugs that increase muscle mass and decrease fat, as well as causing many undesirable effects. Some people take them regularly to improve their physical performance and build up their bodies. […] However, people of all ages have been known to misuse these drugs, including adolescent boys who suffer from body dysmorphic disorder. […] People who have body dysmorphic disorder may take anabolic steroids because they don’t see themselves as being physically big enough or strong enough. […] Some people believe taking anabolic steroids will help them become fit and healthy. This isn’t true: taking anabolic steroids is a dangerous drug habit.
  • #54 Anabolic Steroid Use Disorder – MD Searchlight
    https://mdsearchlight.com/medications/anabolic-steroid-use-disorder/
    Over the past twenty years, the misuse of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) has been increasing. Along with this growing trend comes a rise in health problems linked to AAS abuse. […] Misuse of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) has been on the rise for the past two decades. […] This increase has led to a rise in health problems linked to AAS abuse. […] Athletes, males, and weightlifters in their twenties or thirties have been identified as the main groups misusing these substances. […] In high schools, steroid misuse remains an issue. […] Surprisingly, almost half of AAS abusers using fitness centers in Germany received their steroids from healthcare providers. […] Most AAS users aren’t actually athletes or competitive bodybuilders but use the drugs primarily for body aesthetics. […] These users generally self-administer AAS through injections. […] Alarmingly, as many as 13% of users reported unsafe practices like sharing and reusing needles.
  • #55 Anabolic androgenic steroid abuse in young males in: Endocrine Connections Volume 9 Issue 4 (2020)
    https://ec.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/ec/9/4/EC-19-0557.xml
    The population seen in our outpatient clinic is selected on the basis of health problems and may not be representative for all steroid users in the Netherlands. […] The typical user of AAS is male, aged between 20 and 40 and engaged in weight lifting, bodybuilding, strongman competitions or martial arts, primarily kickboxing and mixed martial arts. […] It is not surprising that gaining muscle mass and strength are the most important motives to start AAS. […] Although almost all users also report negative effects, these are mostly expected, mild and transient and do not outweigh the beneficial effects. […] In the Netherlands, as in most other European countries, anabolic steroids, such as testosterone, can only be obtained via a pharmacy with a doctors prescription. […] A cycle of anabolic steroids is not expensive.
  • #56 Anabolic Steroid Addiction: Signs, Symptoms & Treatments
    https://healthyliferecovery.com/understanding-anabolic-steroid-addiction/
    Anabolic steroid addiction is an unhealthy dependence on the use of anabolic steroids, which can lead to physical, psychological, and social problems. Anabolic steroids are synthetic hormones derived from testosterone that are commonly used by athletes and bodybuilders to increase muscle mass, reduce body fat, and enhance physical performance. […] When anabolic steroids are used recreationally or in higher doses than prescribed or recommended by medical professionals they can quickly become addictive due to their strong effect on the brain’s reward system. Specifically, anabolic steroids trigger the release of dopamine and other neurotransmitters that cause feelings of euphoria and pleasure, which can cause a person to crave higher and higher quantities. […] Anabolic steroid addiction is more common among men, but women can still be affected. Furthermore, anabolic steroid abuse is increasingly common among young people, with 375,000 young men and 175,000 young women having used anabolic steroids at least once in their lives.
  • #57 Anabolic Steroid Addiction , Abuse Symptoms, Side Effects, Treatment
    https://balancerehabclinic.com/anabolic-steroid-addiction/
    Steroid Addiction has taken over many parts of the world and the trend is on the rise. […] This reflects that steroid use is not restricted to males only and that females too abuse these drugs albeit to a lesser degree as compared to males. […] Research that estimated the global lifetime prevalence rate of anabolic steroids revealed that the prevalence rate was 3.3%. […] It also mentioned that the prevalence rate for males was 6.4% which was significantly higher as compared to females which had a prevalence rate of 1.6%.
  • #58 Anabolic Steroid Addiction And Abuse
    https://www.addictioncenter.com/stimulants/steroids/
    People abuse steroids to look more fit, build muscle faster, and take their athletic performance further. […] Even though steroids dont chemically produce euphoria or a high like a typical addictive substance, those who regularly abuse these drugs are at risk of developing a severe addiction. […] Anabolic steroids are addictive due to two primary factors. The first is a behavior of many individuals with substance use disorders (SUDs), the compulsive need to seek out and use anabolic steroids. […] Individuals with a history of SUDs are at a higher risk of abusing anabolic steroids. […] People taking steroids may also develop a tolerance to the drugs and experience withdrawal symptoms such as low sex drive, loss of appetite, mood swings, fatigue, insomnia, and depression when they stop taking them.
  • #59 Addictive Nature of Anabolic Steroids: Key Impacts | Findlay Recovery Center
    https://findlayrecoverycenter.com/how-addictive-are-anabolic-steroids-impacts-to-your-brain-body/
    When Anabolic Steroids enter the brain, they attach to specific receptors called androgen receptors. This causes an increase in dopamine levels, which is responsible for feelings of pleasure and euphoria. Unfortunately, the increased dopamine levels caused by Anabolic Steroids can lead to addiction and cravings for the drug. […] Anabolic Steroid use can also cause changes in brain structure and function. For example, one study showed that long-term Anabolic Steroid use was associated with reduced grey matter volume in certain areas of the brain. These changes in brain structure may account for some of the adverse cognitive effects associated with Anabolic Steroid use. […] Anabolic Steroids can also impact mood and behavior. For example, one study showed that long-term Anabolic Steroid users were more likely to experience symptoms of depression and anxiety than non-users. Another study showed that Anabolic Steroid use was linked to increased aggression and hostility. These behavioral changes may be due to the changes in brain function caused by Anabolic Steroids.
  • #60 Anabolic Steroid Addiction And Abuse
    https://www.addictioncenter.com/stimulants/steroids/
    People who take steroids for a prolonged period of time disrupt natural hormonal balances in their bodies. […] Steroids act as mood elevators, which results in effects similar to antidepressants. […] Some people become addicted to alcohol or other drugs in an attempt to self-medicate unwanted side effects of anabolic steroids, like insomnia and aggression. […] Many people dont realize steroids can fuel addiction.
  • #61 Addictive Nature of Anabolic Steroids: Key Impacts | Findlay Recovery Center
    https://findlayrecoverycenter.com/how-addictive-are-anabolic-steroids-impacts-to-your-brain-body/
    When Anabolic Steroids enter the brain, they attach to specific receptors called androgen receptors. This causes an increase in dopamine levels, which is responsible for feelings of pleasure and euphoria. Unfortunately, the increased dopamine levels caused by Anabolic Steroids can lead to addiction and cravings for the drug. […] Anabolic Steroid use can also cause changes in brain structure and function. For example, one study showed that long-term Anabolic Steroid use was associated with reduced grey matter volume in certain areas of the brain. These changes in brain structure may account for some of the adverse cognitive effects associated with Anabolic Steroid use. […] Anabolic Steroids can also impact mood and behavior. For example, one study showed that long-term Anabolic Steroid users were more likely to experience symptoms of depression and anxiety than non-users. Another study showed that Anabolic Steroid use was linked to increased aggression and hostility. These behavioral changes may be due to the changes in brain function caused by Anabolic Steroids.
  • #62 Addictive Nature of Anabolic Steroids: Key Impacts | Findlay Recovery Center
    https://findlayrecoverycenter.com/how-addictive-are-anabolic-steroids-impacts-to-your-brain-body/
    When Anabolic Steroids enter the brain, they attach to specific receptors called androgen receptors. This causes an increase in dopamine levels, which is responsible for feelings of pleasure and euphoria. Unfortunately, the increased dopamine levels caused by Anabolic Steroids can lead to addiction and cravings for the drug. […] Anabolic Steroid use can also cause changes in brain structure and function. For example, one study showed that long-term Anabolic Steroid use was associated with reduced grey matter volume in certain areas of the brain. These changes in brain structure may account for some of the adverse cognitive effects associated with Anabolic Steroid use. […] Anabolic Steroids can also impact mood and behavior. For example, one study showed that long-term Anabolic Steroid users were more likely to experience symptoms of depression and anxiety than non-users. Another study showed that Anabolic Steroid use was linked to increased aggression and hostility. These behavioral changes may be due to the changes in brain function caused by Anabolic Steroids.
  • #63 Addictive Nature of Anabolic Steroids: Key Impacts | Findlay Recovery Center
    https://findlayrecoverycenter.com/how-addictive-are-anabolic-steroids-impacts-to-your-brain-body/
    Anabolic steroids can also impact your brain in ways similar to how other drugs affect the brain (e.g., amphetamines) and sometimes through unknown mechanisms. Anabolic steroid abuse may lead to changes in memory; mood problems such as depression; increased aggression/ violent behavior; paranoia; delusions of grandeur or power; impaired judgment about personal relationships with others, including sexual partners and family members; loss of interest in activities like school, sports, work or spending time with friends that were once enjoyed previously. Additionally, some people who use anabolic steroids may develop a form of social anxiety called performance anxiety. They become increasingly anxious and self-conscious about interacting with others in a social setting (especially if people are watching them).
  • #64 Steroid Addiction: Symptoms, Causes, Risk, and Treatment – Rubicon Recovery Center
    https://rubiconrecoverycenter.com/addiction/steroid/
    The causes of steroid addiction are peer pressure, body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), performance pressure, mental health issues, and accessibility. These factors drive individuals to misuse anabolic steroids, leading to both physical dependence (where the body requires the drug to function) and psychological dependence (where the user feels they cannot cope without it). The main causes of steroid addiction are: […] Peer Pressure: Many individuals begin using steroids due to the influence of those around them. In competitive settings like gyms or sports teams, steroids are often normalized, encouraging their use to fit in or excel. […] Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD): Individuals with BDD obsess over perceived flaws in their physical appearance, often believing they aren’t muscular enough. This disorder drives them to use steroids in an attempt to achieve a more ideal body image.
  • #65 Anabolic steroids | Better Health Channel
    https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/steroids
    Anabolic steroids do not cause physical dependence. However, if a person relies on them for their self-esteem and confidence, then giving up can be extremely difficult. The pressure to keep using steroids may result in feelings of anger or depression if their access to steroids is denied, even temporarily.
  • #66 Anabolic steroids | Better Health Channel
    https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/steroids
    Anabolic steroids do not cause physical dependence. However, if a person relies on them for their self-esteem and confidence, then giving up can be extremely difficult. The pressure to keep using steroids may result in feelings of anger or depression if their access to steroids is denied, even temporarily.
  • #67 Anabolic Steroid Addiction And Abuse
    https://www.addictioncenter.com/stimulants/steroids/
    People who take steroids for a prolonged period of time disrupt natural hormonal balances in their bodies. […] Steroids act as mood elevators, which results in effects similar to antidepressants. […] Some people become addicted to alcohol or other drugs in an attempt to self-medicate unwanted side effects of anabolic steroids, like insomnia and aggression. […] Many people dont realize steroids can fuel addiction.
  • #68 Anabolic Steroid Addiction And Abuse
    https://www.addictioncenter.com/stimulants/steroids/
    People abuse steroids to look more fit, build muscle faster, and take their athletic performance further. […] Even though steroids dont chemically produce euphoria or a high like a typical addictive substance, those who regularly abuse these drugs are at risk of developing a severe addiction. […] Anabolic steroids are addictive due to two primary factors. The first is a behavior of many individuals with substance use disorders (SUDs), the compulsive need to seek out and use anabolic steroids. […] Individuals with a history of SUDs are at a higher risk of abusing anabolic steroids. […] People taking steroids may also develop a tolerance to the drugs and experience withdrawal symptoms such as low sex drive, loss of appetite, mood swings, fatigue, insomnia, and depression when they stop taking them.
  • #69 Anabolic Steroids: Mental Health Effects, Use, and Misuse
    https://www.verywellmind.com/steroids-abuse-faq-69354
    Many people who misuse steroids spend large amounts of time and money to obtain the drugs they use. […] One of the most serious withdrawal symptoms associated with stopping steroid use is depression because it can sometimes lead to a suicide attempt. […] The negative effects linked to anabolic steroid misuse can range from those that are mildly annoying to those that can be life-threatening. […] Most of the effects of using anabolic steroids are reversible when the person stops using the drugs, but some can be permanent. […] The prevalence of life-threatening effects of steroid misuse seems to be very low from case studies, but serious adverse effects may be underreported and underrecognized because they sometimes do not appear until years later. […] Treatment options recommended by the National Institute on Drug Abuse for anabolic steroid misuse are based more on case studies and physician experience rather than controlled studies. […] Because the dangers of anabolic steroid misuse are so great and because there does exist a potential for some people to develop addictive-like behavior related to steroid use, efforts should be concentrated on preventing the use in the first place, especially among young student-athletes.
  • #70 Steroids – Alcohol and Drug Foundation
    https://adf.org.au/drug-facts/steroids/
    Research demonstrates a relationship between people who use anabolic steroids and increased mental health issues. Anabolic steroid users are more likely than non-users to report anxiety, and some users have been known to develop hypomania, manic or psychotic symptoms during exposure to anabolic steroids. Many users have also reported major depressive symptoms and sleep disorders particularly during periods of abstinence after intense use. […] Anabolic steroids do not cause physical dependence, but people can find themselves relying on them to build confidence and self-esteem. This reliance can make it difficult to stop using them in the longer term. Fear of losing muscle size or definition can lead to internal pressure to continue use. […] The following symptoms may be experienced after completing an anabolic steroid cycle: extreme tiredness, weight loss due to decreased appetite, decreased strength, depression. It can take up to four months to restore the body’s natural testosterone levels (if taking high doses for an extended period of time).
  • #71 Anabolic Steroids: Effects, Risks, and Long-Term Impact
    https://recovered.org/stimulants/anabolic-steroids
    Steroid use can be addictive and approximately 30% of all steroid users are considered to be dependent. Steroid addiction is associated with withdrawal symptoms and continuing use despite negative consequences, such as increased aggression or decreased libido. […] Steroid abuse is profoundly harmful and increases the risk of premature death from a number of causes. Physical fitness is usually associated with a lower risk of death, for example from cardiovascular disease. Gym-going steroid users, who may be assumed to be protected by their fitness levels, had three times the normal levels of mortality from any cause. […] Some of the most worrying consequences of steroid use are the effects it has on behavior and mental health. […] Long-term steroid use is associated with difficulty recognizing other people’s emotions, especially fear. This leads to reductions in empathy and may account for some of the increased aggression and violence.
  • #72 Anabolic steroids | Better Health Channel
    https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/steroids
    Anabolic steroids are often referred to as a performance and image enhancing drug. Their use includes increasing sporting performance and outcomes. […] People who misuse anabolic steroids may include athletes, bodybuilders and people who feel they need to look muscular to feel good about themselves. […] The misuse of anabolic steroids can cause long-term side effects. These can include cardiovascular complications, liver disease, reproductive organ damage and severe mood swings. […] Anabolic steroids are also misused. People who illegally use anabolic steroids often do so to increase lean muscle mass, reduce fat and speed up recovery from injury. […] Anabolic steroids can produce many unpleasant and often permanent side effects, including: damage to the gonads (testicles or ovaries), liver disease, malfunctions of the kidneys, liver or heart, 'roid rage’, which is characterised by uncontrollable outbursts of psychotic aggression, paranoia and mood swings, including deep depression.
  • #73 Anabolic androgenic steroids: what the psychiatrist needs to know | Advances in Psychiatric Treatment | Cambridge Core
    https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/advances-in-psychiatric-treatment/article/anabolic-androgenic-steroids-what-the-psychiatrist-needs-to-know/38A5531F66EE651A75DFB4EB5FB8962F
    Anabolic steroids have been associated with a range of psychiatric symptoms, although the limited research literature in this area does not yet prove a causal link. […] Empirical studies in both animals and humans have shown an increase in aggression in both males and females exposed to anabolic steroids, and self-reported aggression may be the only sign of steroid misuse. […] Misusers of anabolic steroids subjectively report significantly more fights, verbal aggression and violence towards their significant others during periods of use compared with periods of non-use. […] The risk of developing psychotic symptoms may be related to high-dose testosterone. […] Self-report questionnaires and informant histories have been used to retrospectively assess the personality type of anabolic steroid misusers before their first use.
  • #74 Anabolic androgenic steroids: what the psychiatrist needs to know | Advances in Psychiatric Treatment | Cambridge Core
    https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/advances-in-psychiatric-treatment/article/anabolic-androgenic-steroids-what-the-psychiatrist-needs-to-know/38A5531F66EE651A75DFB4EB5FB8962F
    Anabolic steroids have been associated with a range of psychiatric symptoms, although the limited research literature in this area does not yet prove a causal link. […] Empirical studies in both animals and humans have shown an increase in aggression in both males and females exposed to anabolic steroids, and self-reported aggression may be the only sign of steroid misuse. […] Misusers of anabolic steroids subjectively report significantly more fights, verbal aggression and violence towards their significant others during periods of use compared with periods of non-use. […] The risk of developing psychotic symptoms may be related to high-dose testosterone. […] Self-report questionnaires and informant histories have been used to retrospectively assess the personality type of anabolic steroid misusers before their first use.
  • #75 Anabolic androgenic steroids: what the psychiatrist needs to know | Advances in Psychiatric Treatment | Cambridge Core
    https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/advances-in-psychiatric-treatment/article/anabolic-androgenic-steroids-what-the-psychiatrist-needs-to-know/38A5531F66EE651A75DFB4EB5FB8962F
    Affective disorders have long been recognised as a complication of anabolic steroid use. […] There is also evidence that depression can be associated with withdrawing from steroids. […] Reports of physical dependence on anabolic steroids first appeared in the 1980s, usually in young male weightlifters, who reported an inability to stop taking them. […] Symptoms of steroid withdrawal include mood disorders (with suicidal depression as the most life-threatening complication), apathy, feelings of anxiety, difficulty in concentrating, insomnia, anorexia, decreased libido, fatigue, headache, and muscle and joint pain. […] It has been suggested that anabolic steroid use may serve as a gateway to opioid misuse. […] Anabolic steroid use has increased in prevalence in many high-income countries over the past decade, and it can lead to aggression, depression, mania and psychosis, in addition to a range of physical complications.
  • #76 Anabolic androgenic steroids: what the psychiatrist needs to know | Advances in Psychiatric Treatment | Cambridge Core
    https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/advances-in-psychiatric-treatment/article/anabolic-androgenic-steroids-what-the-psychiatrist-needs-to-know/38A5531F66EE651A75DFB4EB5FB8962F
    Affective disorders have long been recognised as a complication of anabolic steroid use. […] There is also evidence that depression can be associated with withdrawing from steroids. […] Reports of physical dependence on anabolic steroids first appeared in the 1980s, usually in young male weightlifters, who reported an inability to stop taking them. […] Symptoms of steroid withdrawal include mood disorders (with suicidal depression as the most life-threatening complication), apathy, feelings of anxiety, difficulty in concentrating, insomnia, anorexia, decreased libido, fatigue, headache, and muscle and joint pain. […] It has been suggested that anabolic steroid use may serve as a gateway to opioid misuse. […] Anabolic steroid use has increased in prevalence in many high-income countries over the past decade, and it can lead to aggression, depression, mania and psychosis, in addition to a range of physical complications.
  • #77 Anabolic Steroids: Mental Health Effects, Use, and Misuse
    https://www.verywellmind.com/steroids-abuse-faq-69354
    Many people who misuse steroids spend large amounts of time and money to obtain the drugs they use. […] One of the most serious withdrawal symptoms associated with stopping steroid use is depression because it can sometimes lead to a suicide attempt. […] The negative effects linked to anabolic steroid misuse can range from those that are mildly annoying to those that can be life-threatening. […] Most of the effects of using anabolic steroids are reversible when the person stops using the drugs, but some can be permanent. […] The prevalence of life-threatening effects of steroid misuse seems to be very low from case studies, but serious adverse effects may be underreported and underrecognized because they sometimes do not appear until years later. […] Treatment options recommended by the National Institute on Drug Abuse for anabolic steroid misuse are based more on case studies and physician experience rather than controlled studies. […] Because the dangers of anabolic steroid misuse are so great and because there does exist a potential for some people to develop addictive-like behavior related to steroid use, efforts should be concentrated on preventing the use in the first place, especially among young student-athletes.
  • #78 Anabolic–androgenic steroid use is associated with psychopathy, risk-taking, anger, and physical problems | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-13048-w
    Previous research has uncovered medical and psychological effects of anabolicandrogenic steroid (AAS) use, but the specific relationship between AAS use and risk-taking behaviors as well as between AAS use and psychopathic tendencies remains understudied. […] Bodybuilders with a prior history of AAS use exhibited heightened odds of psychopathic traits, sexual and substance use risk-taking behaviors, anger problems, and physical problems compared to those with no prior history of AAS use. […] Future research should focus on ascertaining causality, specifically whether psychopathy is a risk associated with or a result of AAS use. […] One area that remains understudied among AAS users is psychopathy, a personality disorder characterized by shallow emotional affect, lack of empathy, and antisocial behavior.
  • #79 Anabolic–androgenic steroid use is associated with psychopathy, risk-taking, anger, and physical problems | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-13048-w
    There is growing evidence that AAS use may be associated with psychopathy, including a direct association between AAS and psychopathy in an Iranian sample as well as numerous reports of associations between AAS use and violent crime or roid rage. […] We therefore argue that psychopathic traits among AAS users are worth exploring. […] We hypothesized that AAS users would display heightened odds of psychopathic traits, substance use risk-taking behaviors, sexual risk-taking behaviors, anger problems, emotional stability problems, cognitive problems, depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, impulsivity symptoms, and physical problems. […] Our results on risk-taking, anger problems, and physical problems are consistent with prior AAS research as well as with existing frameworks of AAS use as a risk behavior.
  • #80 Anabolic–androgenic steroid use is associated with psychopathy, risk-taking, anger, and physical problems | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-13048-w
    Increased psychopathic traits in AAS users may serve as the underlying mechanism to predict increased anger problems. […] Although the present study highlights the relationship between AAS use and psychopathic traits, future research should emphasize possible causal explanations and try to elucidate the directionality of this relationship.
  • #81 Anabolic–androgenic steroid use is associated with psychopathy, risk-taking, anger, and physical problems | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-13048-w
    Increased psychopathic traits in AAS users may serve as the underlying mechanism to predict increased anger problems. […] Although the present study highlights the relationship between AAS use and psychopathic traits, future research should emphasize possible causal explanations and try to elucidate the directionality of this relationship.
  • #82 Anabolic androgenic steroids: what the psychiatrist needs to know | Advances in Psychiatric Treatment | Cambridge Core
    https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/advances-in-psychiatric-treatment/article/anabolic-androgenic-steroids-what-the-psychiatrist-needs-to-know/38A5531F66EE651A75DFB4EB5FB8962F
    Anabolic steroids have been associated with a range of psychiatric symptoms, although the limited research literature in this area does not yet prove a causal link. […] Empirical studies in both animals and humans have shown an increase in aggression in both males and females exposed to anabolic steroids, and self-reported aggression may be the only sign of steroid misuse. […] Misusers of anabolic steroids subjectively report significantly more fights, verbal aggression and violence towards their significant others during periods of use compared with periods of non-use. […] The risk of developing psychotic symptoms may be related to high-dose testosterone. […] Self-report questionnaires and informant histories have been used to retrospectively assess the personality type of anabolic steroid misusers before their first use.
  • #83 Anabolic androgenic steroids: what the psychiatrist needs to know | Advances in Psychiatric Treatment | Cambridge Core
    https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/advances-in-psychiatric-treatment/article/anabolic-androgenic-steroids-what-the-psychiatrist-needs-to-know/38A5531F66EE651A75DFB4EB5FB8962F
    Anabolic steroids have been associated with a range of psychiatric symptoms, although the limited research literature in this area does not yet prove a causal link. […] Empirical studies in both animals and humans have shown an increase in aggression in both males and females exposed to anabolic steroids, and self-reported aggression may be the only sign of steroid misuse. […] Misusers of anabolic steroids subjectively report significantly more fights, verbal aggression and violence towards their significant others during periods of use compared with periods of non-use. […] The risk of developing psychotic symptoms may be related to high-dose testosterone. […] Self-report questionnaires and informant histories have been used to retrospectively assess the personality type of anabolic steroid misusers before their first use.
  • #84 The actions and side effects of Anabolic Steroids in sport and social abuse | Basic and Clinical Andrology | Full Text
    https://bacandrology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1007/BF03035203
    Anabolic steroids (AS) derived from testosterone have both anabolic (muscle and strength enhancing) and androgenic (primary and secondary sexual) effects. […] Abuse of AS causes an increase in blood triglyceride and cholesterol levels and this is associated with a decline in High Density Lipoproteins (HDLs) and an increase in the Low Density (LDL) type. […] The most serious irreversible anabolic steroid side effects are associated with carcinomas-mainly of the liver, prostate and kidney. […] In males, anabolic steroid abuse causes suppression of LH and FSH release leading to inhibition of testosterone production often accompanied by testicular atrophy, and azoospermia. […] AS abuse leads to contradictory, complex, behavioural, and psychiatric changes. Increased frequency of mental illness, in anabolic steroid abusers including paranoid schizophrenia, mania and depression has been reported. […] Physical and psychological dependency occur amongst some anabolic steroid abusers and severe psychiatric disorders can appear upon withdrawal, leading in a few cases to criminality and even suicide.
  • #85 The actions and side effects of Anabolic Steroids in sport and social abuse | Basic and Clinical Andrology | Full Text
    https://bacandrology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1007/BF03035203
    Anabolic steroids (AS) derived from testosterone have both anabolic (muscle and strength enhancing) and androgenic (primary and secondary sexual) effects. […] Abuse of AS causes an increase in blood triglyceride and cholesterol levels and this is associated with a decline in High Density Lipoproteins (HDLs) and an increase in the Low Density (LDL) type. […] The most serious irreversible anabolic steroid side effects are associated with carcinomas-mainly of the liver, prostate and kidney. […] In males, anabolic steroid abuse causes suppression of LH and FSH release leading to inhibition of testosterone production often accompanied by testicular atrophy, and azoospermia. […] AS abuse leads to contradictory, complex, behavioural, and psychiatric changes. Increased frequency of mental illness, in anabolic steroid abusers including paranoid schizophrenia, mania and depression has been reported. […] Physical and psychological dependency occur amongst some anabolic steroid abusers and severe psychiatric disorders can appear upon withdrawal, leading in a few cases to criminality and even suicide.
  • #86 Innovative Reports on the Effects of Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Abuse—How to Lose Your Mind for the Love of Sport
    https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/59/8/1439
    The latest reports on the use of over-physiological doses of AAS relate to the significant acceleration of brain aging processes, cognitive dysfunction, and psychosocial disorders. […] Another observed consequence of the pathological effect of AAS is the frequent occurrence of psychological problems among users and the increased tendency to abuse other substances. […] The above-presented literature review underlines how little we know about the pathophysiological processes and effects of AAS on the neurodegenerative processes and the overall effects that they have on the nervous system.
  • #87 Anabolic Steroids and Other Appearance and Performance Enhancing Drugs (APEDs) | National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)
    https://nida.nih.gov/research-topics/anabolic-steroids
    Anabolic steroid users also report that their muscles recover faster from intense strain and muscle injury. […] Research in animals has not conclusively supported this belief, with some showing that anabolic steroids can enhance recovery from certain types of muscle damage, but others finding no benefit in taking anabolic steroids to enhance muscle recovery. […] Anabolic steroids can cause severe, long-lasting, and in some cases, irreversible damage. They can lead to early heart attacks, strokes, liver tumors, kidney failure, and psychiatric problems. In addition, stopping steroid use can cause depression, often leading to resumption of use.
  • #88 Do steroids cause heart attacks? Effect on cardiac health
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/do-steroids-cause-heart-attacks
    Anabolic steroids can increase the risk of heart attacks and other cardiovascular complications when a person misuses them. This includes using them to build muscle for sports. […] Yes, misusing anabolic steroids can lead to heart attacks. […] When a person misuses them, they can affect heart health and may cause early heart attacks. […] AASs can have multiple effects on the cardiovascular system, which may contribute to the risk of heart attacks. […] High LDL and low HDL levels increase the risk of atherosclerosis, a condition involving a buildup of plaque inside arteries. In turn, this increases blood pressure and can disrupt blood flow. […] Steroids also increase the risk of blood clots forming in blood vessels, potentially disrupting blood flow and damaging the heart muscle. If blood cannot reach the heart or brain, it can lead to a heart attack or stroke.
  • #89 The actions and side effects of Anabolic Steroids in sport and social abuse | Basic and Clinical Andrology | Full Text
    https://bacandrology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1007/BF03035203
    Anabolic steroids (AS) derived from testosterone have both anabolic (muscle and strength enhancing) and androgenic (primary and secondary sexual) effects. […] Abuse of AS causes an increase in blood triglyceride and cholesterol levels and this is associated with a decline in High Density Lipoproteins (HDLs) and an increase in the Low Density (LDL) type. […] The most serious irreversible anabolic steroid side effects are associated with carcinomas-mainly of the liver, prostate and kidney. […] In males, anabolic steroid abuse causes suppression of LH and FSH release leading to inhibition of testosterone production often accompanied by testicular atrophy, and azoospermia. […] AS abuse leads to contradictory, complex, behavioural, and psychiatric changes. Increased frequency of mental illness, in anabolic steroid abusers including paranoid schizophrenia, mania and depression has been reported. […] Physical and psychological dependency occur amongst some anabolic steroid abusers and severe psychiatric disorders can appear upon withdrawal, leading in a few cases to criminality and even suicide.
  • #90 Do steroids cause heart attacks? Effect on cardiac health
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/do-steroids-cause-heart-attacks
    Anabolic steroids can increase the risk of heart attacks and other cardiovascular complications when a person misuses them. This includes using them to build muscle for sports. […] Yes, misusing anabolic steroids can lead to heart attacks. […] When a person misuses them, they can affect heart health and may cause early heart attacks. […] AASs can have multiple effects on the cardiovascular system, which may contribute to the risk of heart attacks. […] High LDL and low HDL levels increase the risk of atherosclerosis, a condition involving a buildup of plaque inside arteries. In turn, this increases blood pressure and can disrupt blood flow. […] Steroids also increase the risk of blood clots forming in blood vessels, potentially disrupting blood flow and damaging the heart muscle. If blood cannot reach the heart or brain, it can lead to a heart attack or stroke.
  • #91 Do steroids cause heart attacks? Effect on cardiac health
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/do-steroids-cause-heart-attacks
    Anabolic steroids can increase the risk of heart attacks and other cardiovascular complications when a person misuses them. This includes using them to build muscle for sports. […] Yes, misusing anabolic steroids can lead to heart attacks. […] When a person misuses them, they can affect heart health and may cause early heart attacks. […] AASs can have multiple effects on the cardiovascular system, which may contribute to the risk of heart attacks. […] High LDL and low HDL levels increase the risk of atherosclerosis, a condition involving a buildup of plaque inside arteries. In turn, this increases blood pressure and can disrupt blood flow. […] Steroids also increase the risk of blood clots forming in blood vessels, potentially disrupting blood flow and damaging the heart muscle. If blood cannot reach the heart or brain, it can lead to a heart attack or stroke.
  • #92 Do steroids cause heart attacks? Effect on cardiac health
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/do-steroids-cause-heart-attacks
    Additionally, anabolic steroids may cause structural changes in the heart, decreasing the function of the hearts ventricles and inducing an irregular heartbeat, which could become life threatening. […] Health experts do not fully understand the link between anabolic steroids and heart attacks. However, research suggests these substances have detrimental effects on cardiovascular health. In time, the misuse of anabolic steroids may cause heart attacks.
  • #93 7 ways anabolic steroids affect your health | healthily
    https://www.healthily.co.uk/blog/anabolic-steroids-blood-test
    In addition to the more noticeable effects associated with steroid use, there are other potential consequences that may not be so obvious but can pose a serious health risk. […] There have been many studies on the impacts of anabolic steroids on the cardiovascular system in athletes and bodybuilders. […] Chronic steroid use can affect heart muscle causing a condition known as left ventricular hypertrophy which is an enlargement and thickening of the walls of the heart’s main pumping chamber. […] Most metabolism of anabolic steroids occurs in the liver which is therefore prone to damage. […] One of the kidneys many crucial functions is acting as a filter for the blood, removing excess waste products in the body. […] Chronic anabolic steroid use causes a decrease in luteinising hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) which are needed for sperm generation.
  • #94 Anabolic Steroid Use Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538174/
    Hypogonadism is a hallmark of AAS abuse, which may have profound effects on the reproductive system. […] The common side effects of androgens include gynecomastia, shrinking of testicles, azoospermia, and infertility in men; and mood changes and aggression (roid rage), stunted height, and early puberty. […] Like with any substance with addictive potential, abrupt cessation of the AAS use leads to withdrawal symptoms including anxiety and depression. […] Many studies show an association between the nonmedical use of androgens and increases in risky and criminal behavior among the androgen intake abusers.
  • #95 The actions and side effects of Anabolic Steroids in sport and social abuse | Basic and Clinical Andrology | Full Text
    https://bacandrology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1007/BF03035203
    Anabolic steroids (AS) derived from testosterone have both anabolic (muscle and strength enhancing) and androgenic (primary and secondary sexual) effects. […] Abuse of AS causes an increase in blood triglyceride and cholesterol levels and this is associated with a decline in High Density Lipoproteins (HDLs) and an increase in the Low Density (LDL) type. […] The most serious irreversible anabolic steroid side effects are associated with carcinomas-mainly of the liver, prostate and kidney. […] In males, anabolic steroid abuse causes suppression of LH and FSH release leading to inhibition of testosterone production often accompanied by testicular atrophy, and azoospermia. […] AS abuse leads to contradictory, complex, behavioural, and psychiatric changes. Increased frequency of mental illness, in anabolic steroid abusers including paranoid schizophrenia, mania and depression has been reported. […] Physical and psychological dependency occur amongst some anabolic steroid abusers and severe psychiatric disorders can appear upon withdrawal, leading in a few cases to criminality and even suicide.
  • #96 7 ways anabolic steroids affect your health | healthily
    https://www.healthily.co.uk/blog/anabolic-steroids-blood-test
    In addition to the more noticeable effects associated with steroid use, there are other potential consequences that may not be so obvious but can pose a serious health risk. […] There have been many studies on the impacts of anabolic steroids on the cardiovascular system in athletes and bodybuilders. […] Chronic steroid use can affect heart muscle causing a condition known as left ventricular hypertrophy which is an enlargement and thickening of the walls of the heart’s main pumping chamber. […] Most metabolism of anabolic steroids occurs in the liver which is therefore prone to damage. […] One of the kidneys many crucial functions is acting as a filter for the blood, removing excess waste products in the body. […] Chronic anabolic steroid use causes a decrease in luteinising hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) which are needed for sperm generation.
  • #97 What to do if you think your partner is using anabolic steroids
    https://healthymale.org.au/partners-guides/steroid-abuse
    Some people believe steroid abuse to be part of a healthy lifestyle. […] Withdrawing from steroids can be tough because it takes the body weeks to months to get back to making its own testosterone. […] Steroid abuse causes male infertility, which can be distressing if youre trying to start or grow your family. […] Many men who abuse steroids decide to stop when they want to recover their fertility. […] Steroid abuse is illegal, so users may feel ashamed and keep their behaviour secret, which has the potential to cause stress and strain on your relationship.
  • #98 :: WJMH :: World Journal of Men’s Health
    https://wjmh.org/DOIx.php?id=10.5534/wjmh.210021
    The previously described modifications of the HPT axis, induced by the use of AAS, eventually cause a sperm production impairment and a testis volume reduction, since tubules account for more than 90% of the testis volume and their deterioration induces shrinkages of the testes. […] In particular, the type of AAS used seems to play a crucial role. […] In fact, nandrolone metabolites can be detected in the urine of the abusers after more than a year in some men. […] In conclusion, illicit use of supraphysiological doses of androgens for non-medical purposes, including increasing muscular performances, is associated with several androgen-dependent consequences, such as acne, gynecomastia and baldness. […] In addition, due to the well-known negative feedback on the HPT axis it is associated with a fall in gonadotrophin levels and to a reduction in testis size and sperm production. […] Sexual dysfunctions, often observed upon doping with androgens, is most probably related to the unfavorable effect of AAS on blood pressure and lipid profile recorded in clinical studies and most probably related to the concomitant abuse of other substances or to an unhealthy lifestyle.
  • #99 :: WJMH :: World Journal of Men’s Health
    https://wjmh.org/DOIx.php?id=10.5534/wjmh.210021
    The previously described modifications of the HPT axis, induced by the use of AAS, eventually cause a sperm production impairment and a testis volume reduction, since tubules account for more than 90% of the testis volume and their deterioration induces shrinkages of the testes. […] In particular, the type of AAS used seems to play a crucial role. […] In fact, nandrolone metabolites can be detected in the urine of the abusers after more than a year in some men. […] In conclusion, illicit use of supraphysiological doses of androgens for non-medical purposes, including increasing muscular performances, is associated with several androgen-dependent consequences, such as acne, gynecomastia and baldness. […] In addition, due to the well-known negative feedback on the HPT axis it is associated with a fall in gonadotrophin levels and to a reduction in testis size and sperm production. […] Sexual dysfunctions, often observed upon doping with androgens, is most probably related to the unfavorable effect of AAS on blood pressure and lipid profile recorded in clinical studies and most probably related to the concomitant abuse of other substances or to an unhealthy lifestyle.
  • #100 Anabolic Steroid Use Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538174/
    Hypogonadism is a hallmark of AAS abuse, which may have profound effects on the reproductive system. […] The common side effects of androgens include gynecomastia, shrinking of testicles, azoospermia, and infertility in men; and mood changes and aggression (roid rage), stunted height, and early puberty. […] Like with any substance with addictive potential, abrupt cessation of the AAS use leads to withdrawal symptoms including anxiety and depression. […] Many studies show an association between the nonmedical use of androgens and increases in risky and criminal behavior among the androgen intake abusers.
  • #101 Anabolic Steroid Abuse
    https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/anabolic-steroid-abuse
    Until the anabolic steroid involved in the case report is fully exonerated, safety considerations mandate that it must be included as a possible causal agent. […] Anabolic steroids reverse this favorable cardioprotective profile, lowering the HDL cholesterol by as much as 70% and raising the LDL cholesterol by up to 100%. […] Anabolic steroids have adverse effects on the liver, especially those that are orally ingested 17-alpha-alkylated derivatives. […] Administration of supratherapeutic doses of anabolic steroids can cause reversible or irreversible changes in the reproductive system. […] Exogenous anabolic steroid administration in illicit and supratherapeutic doses has often been linked to unacceptable aggressive behavior (the well-known „roid rage”) and changes in mood. […] When supratherapeutic doses of anabolic steroids are administered, excess steroids are converted to estrogens.
  • #102 7 ways anabolic steroids affect your health | healthily
    https://www.healthily.co.uk/blog/anabolic-steroids-blood-test
    In addition to the more noticeable effects associated with steroid use, there are other potential consequences that may not be so obvious but can pose a serious health risk. […] There have been many studies on the impacts of anabolic steroids on the cardiovascular system in athletes and bodybuilders. […] Chronic steroid use can affect heart muscle causing a condition known as left ventricular hypertrophy which is an enlargement and thickening of the walls of the heart’s main pumping chamber. […] Most metabolism of anabolic steroids occurs in the liver which is therefore prone to damage. […] One of the kidneys many crucial functions is acting as a filter for the blood, removing excess waste products in the body. […] Chronic anabolic steroid use causes a decrease in luteinising hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) which are needed for sperm generation.
  • #103 Steroid Addiction | Causes, Symptoms and Diagnosis
    https://www.uk-rehab.com/prescription-drug-addiction/stimulants/steroid/
    Long-term steroid abuse can disrupt natural hormone production, leading to conditions like hypogonadism and infertility. […] Oral anabolic steroids can be particularly harmful to the liver, potentially causing conditions like hepatitis or liver tumours. […] Steroid abuse can increase the risk of heart disease, including heart attacks and strokes, by negatively affecting cholesterol levels and causing hypertension. […] Mood swings and aggression: Commonly referred to as roid rage, this involves aggressive behaviour, irritability and rapid mood swings. […] Upon withdrawal from steroids, users may experience severe depression, sometimes leading to suicidal ideation. […] If there are underlying mental health conditions like depression or anxiety, these should be managed alongside the steroid addiction.
  • #104 The actions and side effects of Anabolic Steroids in sport and social abuse | Basic and Clinical Andrology | Full Text
    https://bacandrology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1007/BF03035203
    Anabolic steroids (AS) derived from testosterone have both anabolic (muscle and strength enhancing) and androgenic (primary and secondary sexual) effects. […] Abuse of AS causes an increase in blood triglyceride and cholesterol levels and this is associated with a decline in High Density Lipoproteins (HDLs) and an increase in the Low Density (LDL) type. […] The most serious irreversible anabolic steroid side effects are associated with carcinomas-mainly of the liver, prostate and kidney. […] In males, anabolic steroid abuse causes suppression of LH and FSH release leading to inhibition of testosterone production often accompanied by testicular atrophy, and azoospermia. […] AS abuse leads to contradictory, complex, behavioural, and psychiatric changes. Increased frequency of mental illness, in anabolic steroid abusers including paranoid schizophrenia, mania and depression has been reported. […] Physical and psychological dependency occur amongst some anabolic steroid abusers and severe psychiatric disorders can appear upon withdrawal, leading in a few cases to criminality and even suicide.
  • #105 7 ways anabolic steroids affect your health | healthily
    https://www.healthily.co.uk/blog/anabolic-steroids-blood-test
    In addition to the more noticeable effects associated with steroid use, there are other potential consequences that may not be so obvious but can pose a serious health risk. […] There have been many studies on the impacts of anabolic steroids on the cardiovascular system in athletes and bodybuilders. […] Chronic steroid use can affect heart muscle causing a condition known as left ventricular hypertrophy which is an enlargement and thickening of the walls of the heart’s main pumping chamber. […] Most metabolism of anabolic steroids occurs in the liver which is therefore prone to damage. […] One of the kidneys many crucial functions is acting as a filter for the blood, removing excess waste products in the body. […] Chronic anabolic steroid use causes a decrease in luteinising hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) which are needed for sperm generation.
  • #106 Weightlifters Bulking Up With Anabolic Steroids Also Do Serious Harm To Kidneys | Columbia University Irving Medical Center
    https://www.cuimc.columbia.edu/news/weightlifters-bulking-anabolic-steroids-also-do-serious-harm-kidneys
    Anabolic steroids may help athletes gain muscle mass and strength, but this bulking up comes at the risk of serious kidney damage, according to research published in the Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. […] Anabolic steroid abuse is prevalent among both amateur and professional athletes. […] The investigators studied a group of 10 bodybuilders who took anabolic steroids for years. […] The researchers propose that extreme increases in muscle mass drive the kidneys to increase their filtration load, placing harmful levels of stress on these organs. […] Chronic hyperfiltration from a high-protein diet may accelerate progression to glomerulosclerosis. […] Systemic hypertension as well as the extreme episodic elevations in blood pressure typically experienced during heavy weight lifting also may contribute to kidney injury. […] Therefore, more sensitive tests to measure renal function and urinary protein are needed to detect the early stages of kidney disease in this population.
  • #107 Weightlifters Bulking Up With Anabolic Steroids Also Do Serious Harm To Kidneys | Columbia University Irving Medical Center
    https://www.cuimc.columbia.edu/news/weightlifters-bulking-anabolic-steroids-also-do-serious-harm-kidneys
    Anabolic steroids may help athletes gain muscle mass and strength, but this bulking up comes at the risk of serious kidney damage, according to research published in the Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. […] Anabolic steroid abuse is prevalent among both amateur and professional athletes. […] The investigators studied a group of 10 bodybuilders who took anabolic steroids for years. […] The researchers propose that extreme increases in muscle mass drive the kidneys to increase their filtration load, placing harmful levels of stress on these organs. […] Chronic hyperfiltration from a high-protein diet may accelerate progression to glomerulosclerosis. […] Systemic hypertension as well as the extreme episodic elevations in blood pressure typically experienced during heavy weight lifting also may contribute to kidney injury. […] Therefore, more sensitive tests to measure renal function and urinary protein are needed to detect the early stages of kidney disease in this population.
  • #108 SteroidsLock
    https://www.dea.gov/factsheets/steroids
    Anabolic steroids are synthetically produced variants of the naturally occurring male hormone testosterone that are abused in an attempt to promote muscle growth, enhance athletic or other physical performance, and improve physical appearance. […] The doses abused are often 10 to 100 times higher than the approved therapeutic and medical treatment dosages. […] A wide range of adverse effects is associated with the use or abuse of anabolic steroids. These effects depend on several factors including: Age, sex, the anabolic steroid used, amount used, and duration of use. […] In adolescents, anabolic steroid use can stunt the ultimate height that an individual might otherwise achieve. […] In both men and women, anabolic steroid use can cause high cholesterol levels, which may increase the risk of coronary artery disease, strokes, and heart attacks. […] Anabolic steroids are not associated with overdoses. The adverse effects a user would experience develop from the use of steroids over time.
  • #109 Anabolic steroid misuse
    https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/anabolic-steroid-misuse/
    Anabolic steroids accelerate bone growth, so if they’re misused by adolescents who haven’t yet had the growth spurt associated with puberty, the drugs can cause premature ageing of the bones and restricted growth. […] Anabolic steroids are addictive. This means you can crave the drug, require more to get the same effect, and have withdrawal symptoms if you suddenly stop taking it. […] A person who is addicted to anabolic steroids will want to keep using them despite experiencing unpleasant physical side effects.
  • #110 7 ways anabolic steroids affect your health | healthily
    https://www.healthily.co.uk/blog/anabolic-steroids-blood-test
    Studies have shown that anabolic steroid use affects the body’s ability to handle sugar and can lead to type 2 diabetes. […] Anabolic steroid use increases stimulates the production of red blood cells and also increases the levels of haemoglobin (the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen) and haematocrit (the percentage of red blood cells in the blood). […] Studies have shown negative effects of anabolic steroids on thyroid function. […] The use of anabolic steroids can lead to a number of negative health consequences most notably with cardiovascular and liver health.
  • #111 7 ways anabolic steroids affect your health | healthily
    https://www.healthily.co.uk/blog/anabolic-steroids-blood-test
    Studies have shown that anabolic steroid use affects the body’s ability to handle sugar and can lead to type 2 diabetes. […] Anabolic steroid use increases stimulates the production of red blood cells and also increases the levels of haemoglobin (the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen) and haematocrit (the percentage of red blood cells in the blood). […] Studies have shown negative effects of anabolic steroids on thyroid function. […] The use of anabolic steroids can lead to a number of negative health consequences most notably with cardiovascular and liver health.
  • #112 7 ways anabolic steroids affect your health | healthily
    https://www.healthily.co.uk/blog/anabolic-steroids-blood-test
    Studies have shown that anabolic steroid use affects the body’s ability to handle sugar and can lead to type 2 diabetes. […] Anabolic steroid use increases stimulates the production of red blood cells and also increases the levels of haemoglobin (the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen) and haematocrit (the percentage of red blood cells in the blood). […] Studies have shown negative effects of anabolic steroids on thyroid function. […] The use of anabolic steroids can lead to a number of negative health consequences most notably with cardiovascular and liver health.
  • #113 7 ways anabolic steroids affect your health | healthily
    https://www.healthily.co.uk/blog/anabolic-steroids-blood-test
    Studies have shown that anabolic steroid use affects the body’s ability to handle sugar and can lead to type 2 diabetes. […] Anabolic steroid use increases stimulates the production of red blood cells and also increases the levels of haemoglobin (the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen) and haematocrit (the percentage of red blood cells in the blood). […] Studies have shown negative effects of anabolic steroids on thyroid function. […] The use of anabolic steroids can lead to a number of negative health consequences most notably with cardiovascular and liver health.
  • #114 Innovative Reports on the Effects of Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Abuse—How to Lose Your Mind for the Love of Sport
    https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/59/8/1439
    The pressure caused by social media has a particular impact here, in which the ideal figure associated with a flat belly, low percentage of body fat, and a visibly muscular body is widely promoted, or even normalized. […] AAS and SARMs (Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators) have become a serious public health problem. The ease of obtaining and insufficient knowledge about the substances often lead to the development of numerous side effects. […] The primary strategies for preventing the misuse of AAS involve restricting their legal distribution. […] An important factor in preventing the misuse of AAS is to raise public awareness of the harmful effects of these substances through research and analysis, which this paper is also aimed at. […] The latest research describing the effect of AAS on the human body mainly covers the effect on the central nervous system; therefore, we considered it appropriate to devote a separate part of the paper to this topic in order to highlight the importance of this research.
  • #115 Innovative Reports on the Effects of Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Abuse—How to Lose Your Mind for the Love of Sport
    https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/59/8/1439
    The pressure caused by social media has a particular impact here, in which the ideal figure associated with a flat belly, low percentage of body fat, and a visibly muscular body is widely promoted, or even normalized. […] AAS and SARMs (Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators) have become a serious public health problem. The ease of obtaining and insufficient knowledge about the substances often lead to the development of numerous side effects. […] The primary strategies for preventing the misuse of AAS involve restricting their legal distribution. […] An important factor in preventing the misuse of AAS is to raise public awareness of the harmful effects of these substances through research and analysis, which this paper is also aimed at. […] The latest research describing the effect of AAS on the human body mainly covers the effect on the central nervous system; therefore, we considered it appropriate to devote a separate part of the paper to this topic in order to highlight the importance of this research.
  • #116 Anabolic Steroid Abuse
    https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/anabolic-steroid-abuse
    Abusers have developed numerous dosage schemes to minimize adverse effects, avoid detection, enhance efficacy, and prevent the development of tolerance. […] Pharmacists asked to give talks on drug abuse to athletes or students at local high schools should stress the penalties of illegal drug abuse.
  • #117 Anabolic Steroids and Sports: Winning at any Cost
    https://www.health.ny.gov/publications/1210/
    „The 'win at any cost’ attitude embraced by some athletes must be redirected and replaced by personal dedication to the sport; a thorough knowledge of the sport’s physical demands and requirements; maintenance of a healthy lifestyle; and, an appreciation of the satisfaction that comes from participation.”
  • #118 Steroid Addiction | New Choices Treatment Center
    https://newchoicestc.com/blog/steroid-addiction/
    Steroid addiction is characterized by the compulsive use of anabolic steroids, often driven by a distorted perception of body image and a relentless pursuit of physical enhancement. […] This dependency can lead to a range of physical and psychological effects that can have severe and long-lasting consequences. […] It is crucial to recognize that steroid addiction is a serious condition that requires professional intervention and support. […] The physical and psychological effects of steroid abuse can be severe and long-lasting, impacting every aspect of an individual’s life. […] Overcoming steroid addiction often requires professional treatment and support. […] Steroid withdrawal can be a challenging and uncomfortable process, with symptoms such as depression, fatigue, restlessness, and intense cravings.
  • #119 Steroid Addiction | New Choices Treatment Center
    https://newchoicestc.com/blog/steroid-addiction/
    Steroid addiction is characterized by the compulsive use of anabolic steroids, often driven by a distorted perception of body image and a relentless pursuit of physical enhancement. […] This dependency can lead to a range of physical and psychological effects that can have severe and long-lasting consequences. […] It is crucial to recognize that steroid addiction is a serious condition that requires professional intervention and support. […] The physical and psychological effects of steroid abuse can be severe and long-lasting, impacting every aspect of an individual’s life. […] Overcoming steroid addiction often requires professional treatment and support. […] Steroid withdrawal can be a challenging and uncomfortable process, with symptoms such as depression, fatigue, restlessness, and intense cravings.
  • #120 Anabolic Steroids: Mental Health Effects, Use, and Misuse
    https://www.verywellmind.com/steroids-abuse-faq-69354
    Many people who misuse steroids spend large amounts of time and money to obtain the drugs they use. […] One of the most serious withdrawal symptoms associated with stopping steroid use is depression because it can sometimes lead to a suicide attempt. […] The negative effects linked to anabolic steroid misuse can range from those that are mildly annoying to those that can be life-threatening. […] Most of the effects of using anabolic steroids are reversible when the person stops using the drugs, but some can be permanent. […] The prevalence of life-threatening effects of steroid misuse seems to be very low from case studies, but serious adverse effects may be underreported and underrecognized because they sometimes do not appear until years later. […] Treatment options recommended by the National Institute on Drug Abuse for anabolic steroid misuse are based more on case studies and physician experience rather than controlled studies. […] Because the dangers of anabolic steroid misuse are so great and because there does exist a potential for some people to develop addictive-like behavior related to steroid use, efforts should be concentrated on preventing the use in the first place, especially among young student-athletes.
  • #121 The Dangers of Mixing Alcohol With Steroids | Zinnia Health
    https://zinniahealth.com/substance-use/steroids/with-alcohol
    Like alcohol use disorder, long-term use of steroids can lead to dependence. […] This can lead to withdrawal symptoms when someone stops taking steroids, such as fatigue, depression, and loss of muscle mass. […] It’s essential to be aware that steroid use can lead to addiction and should be approached with caution. […] Steroid abuse is a serious problem that can lead to a wide variety of health problems. […] In most cases, steroid abuse is treated with a combination of individual and group therapy and medication. […] The second step is to identify the underlying reasons for the abuse. […] Once the underlying causes have been addressed, addiction treatment focuses on helping the individual develop healthy coping mechanisms.
  • #122 The Dangers of Mixing Alcohol With Steroids | Zinnia Health
    https://zinniahealth.com/substance-use/steroids/with-alcohol
    Like alcohol use disorder, long-term use of steroids can lead to dependence. […] This can lead to withdrawal symptoms when someone stops taking steroids, such as fatigue, depression, and loss of muscle mass. […] It’s essential to be aware that steroid use can lead to addiction and should be approached with caution. […] Steroid abuse is a serious problem that can lead to a wide variety of health problems. […] In most cases, steroid abuse is treated with a combination of individual and group therapy and medication. […] The second step is to identify the underlying reasons for the abuse. […] Once the underlying causes have been addressed, addiction treatment focuses on helping the individual develop healthy coping mechanisms.
  • #123 The Dangers of Mixing Alcohol With Steroids | Zinnia Health
    https://zinniahealth.com/substance-use/steroids/with-alcohol
    Like alcohol use disorder, long-term use of steroids can lead to dependence. […] This can lead to withdrawal symptoms when someone stops taking steroids, such as fatigue, depression, and loss of muscle mass. […] It’s essential to be aware that steroid use can lead to addiction and should be approached with caution. […] Steroid abuse is a serious problem that can lead to a wide variety of health problems. […] In most cases, steroid abuse is treated with a combination of individual and group therapy and medication. […] The second step is to identify the underlying reasons for the abuse. […] Once the underlying causes have been addressed, addiction treatment focuses on helping the individual develop healthy coping mechanisms.
  • #124 Anabolic androgenic steroid abuse in young males in: Endocrine Connections Volume 9 Issue 4 (2020)
    https://ec.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/ec/9/4/EC-19-0557.xml
    Treating (past) steroid abusers can be complicated for several reasons. […] Managing health problems in active users asks for a strategy of harm reduction. […] A considerable number of (former) AAS abusers seeking help have mental problems. […] Based on this information, we try to discriminate between high-risk and low-risk abusers. […] If an AAS user wants to stop using steroids permanently, it may be helpful to withdraw from the steroid environment, such as the hard-core gym or the steroid using training partners. […] Eventually, if other causes of hypogonadism have been explored, testosterone levels remain unequivocally low and there is no desire to have children, testosterone substitution can be started under the same agreements as stated previously.
  • #125 Anabolic androgenic steroid abuse in young males in: Endocrine Connections Volume 9 Issue 4 (2020)
    https://ec.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/ec/9/4/EC-19-0557.xml
    Treating (past) steroid abusers can be complicated for several reasons. […] Managing health problems in active users asks for a strategy of harm reduction. […] A considerable number of (former) AAS abusers seeking help have mental problems. […] Based on this information, we try to discriminate between high-risk and low-risk abusers. […] If an AAS user wants to stop using steroids permanently, it may be helpful to withdraw from the steroid environment, such as the hard-core gym or the steroid using training partners. […] Eventually, if other causes of hypogonadism have been explored, testosterone levels remain unequivocally low and there is no desire to have children, testosterone substitution can be started under the same agreements as stated previously.
  • #126 Anabolic Steroids: Mental Health Effects, Use, and Misuse
    https://www.verywellmind.com/steroids-abuse-faq-69354
    Many people who misuse steroids spend large amounts of time and money to obtain the drugs they use. […] One of the most serious withdrawal symptoms associated with stopping steroid use is depression because it can sometimes lead to a suicide attempt. […] The negative effects linked to anabolic steroid misuse can range from those that are mildly annoying to those that can be life-threatening. […] Most of the effects of using anabolic steroids are reversible when the person stops using the drugs, but some can be permanent. […] The prevalence of life-threatening effects of steroid misuse seems to be very low from case studies, but serious adverse effects may be underreported and underrecognized because they sometimes do not appear until years later. […] Treatment options recommended by the National Institute on Drug Abuse for anabolic steroid misuse are based more on case studies and physician experience rather than controlled studies. […] Because the dangers of anabolic steroid misuse are so great and because there does exist a potential for some people to develop addictive-like behavior related to steroid use, efforts should be concentrated on preventing the use in the first place, especially among young student-athletes.
  • #127 Anabolic Steroid Addiction: Signs, Symptoms & Treatments
    https://healthyliferecovery.com/understanding-anabolic-steroid-addiction/
    Long-term steroid abuse can lead to cardiovascular problems, testicular atrophy, hormone imbalances and mental health issues such as aggression and depression, which may require professional treatment. […] Delaying treatment for anabolic steroid addiction can have serious consequences. Long-term use of steroids can lead to liver damage, kidney failure, and infertility. […] Furthermore, long-term abuse of anabolic steroids increases the risk of overdose, which may result in difficulty in breathing, rapid heart rate, kidney failure, coma, heart attack, or stroke. […] It is clear that delaying treatment for anabolic steroid addiction can have serious consequences both physically and psychologically – for children as well as adults. Early intervention is key in order to prevent further damage from being done by drug abuse and help individuals recover more effectively from their addiction.
  • #128 Anabolic Steroid Addiction: Signs, Symptoms & Treatments
    https://healthyliferecovery.com/understanding-anabolic-steroid-addiction/
    Long-term steroid abuse can lead to cardiovascular problems, testicular atrophy, hormone imbalances and mental health issues such as aggression and depression, which may require professional treatment. […] Delaying treatment for anabolic steroid addiction can have serious consequences. Long-term use of steroids can lead to liver damage, kidney failure, and infertility. […] Furthermore, long-term abuse of anabolic steroids increases the risk of overdose, which may result in difficulty in breathing, rapid heart rate, kidney failure, coma, heart attack, or stroke. […] It is clear that delaying treatment for anabolic steroid addiction can have serious consequences both physically and psychologically – for children as well as adults. Early intervention is key in order to prevent further damage from being done by drug abuse and help individuals recover more effectively from their addiction.
  • #129 Anabolic Steroid Addiction: Signs, Symptoms & Treatments
    https://healthyliferecovery.com/understanding-anabolic-steroid-addiction/
    Long-term steroid abuse can lead to cardiovascular problems, testicular atrophy, hormone imbalances and mental health issues such as aggression and depression, which may require professional treatment. […] Delaying treatment for anabolic steroid addiction can have serious consequences. Long-term use of steroids can lead to liver damage, kidney failure, and infertility. […] Furthermore, long-term abuse of anabolic steroids increases the risk of overdose, which may result in difficulty in breathing, rapid heart rate, kidney failure, coma, heart attack, or stroke. […] It is clear that delaying treatment for anabolic steroid addiction can have serious consequences both physically and psychologically – for children as well as adults. Early intervention is key in order to prevent further damage from being done by drug abuse and help individuals recover more effectively from their addiction.
  • #130 Anabolic Steroid Addiction: Signs, Symptoms & Treatments
    https://healthyliferecovery.com/understanding-anabolic-steroid-addiction/
    Long-term steroid abuse can lead to cardiovascular problems, testicular atrophy, hormone imbalances and mental health issues such as aggression and depression, which may require professional treatment. […] Delaying treatment for anabolic steroid addiction can have serious consequences. Long-term use of steroids can lead to liver damage, kidney failure, and infertility. […] Furthermore, long-term abuse of anabolic steroids increases the risk of overdose, which may result in difficulty in breathing, rapid heart rate, kidney failure, coma, heart attack, or stroke. […] It is clear that delaying treatment for anabolic steroid addiction can have serious consequences both physically and psychologically – for children as well as adults. Early intervention is key in order to prevent further damage from being done by drug abuse and help individuals recover more effectively from their addiction.
  • #131 Steroid Drug Addiction Treatment & Rehab Center in Illinois
    https://www.gatewayfoundation.org/what-we-treat/drug-abuse-treatment/steroid-addiction/
    Research also demonstrates a link between those who use steroids and increased mental health issues. […] Chronic steroid misuse can create changes in the brain that may impact the production and supply of chemicals in the brain called neurotransmitters. […] Prolonged use of anabolic steroids has also been linked to several health problems, including high blood pressure, changes in cholesterol, heart problems, liver disease, stroke, kidney damage, and tendon or ligament damage. […] Individuals should seek immediate treatment for steroid addiction with a professional health care provider to prevent these outcomes.
  • #132 Steroid Drug Addiction Treatment & Rehab Center in Illinois
    https://www.gatewayfoundation.org/what-we-treat/drug-abuse-treatment/steroid-addiction/
    Research also demonstrates a link between those who use steroids and increased mental health issues. […] Chronic steroid misuse can create changes in the brain that may impact the production and supply of chemicals in the brain called neurotransmitters. […] Prolonged use of anabolic steroids has also been linked to several health problems, including high blood pressure, changes in cholesterol, heart problems, liver disease, stroke, kidney damage, and tendon or ligament damage. […] Individuals should seek immediate treatment for steroid addiction with a professional health care provider to prevent these outcomes.

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