Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Secondary Hypertension: Discovering the Underlying Cause | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/1001/p453.html

  Most patients with hypertension have no clear etiology and are classified as having primary hypertension. However, 5% to 10% of these patients may have secondary hypertension, which indicates an underlying and potentially reversible cause. […] Secondary hypertension should be considered in the presence of suggestive symptoms and signs, such as severe or resistant hypertension, age of onset younger than 30 years (especially before puberty), malignant or accelerated hypertension, and an acute rise in blood pressure from previously stable readings. […] Secondary hypertension is a type of hypertension with an underlying and potentially reversible cause. It makes up only a small fraction (5% to 10%) of hypertensive cases. […] Extensive testing for secondary hypertension is not warranted in all patients with hypertension because of cost, low yield, and the potential for false-positive results; however, testing is recommended in patients younger than 30 years.

• #2 Secondary Hypertension – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK544305/

  Hypertension is the major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, and in the contemporary era, more than 30% of the adult population is suffering from hypertension. Secondary hypertension is defined as elevated blood pressure (BP) secondary to an identifiable cause. This activity outlines the etiology of secondary hypertension and discusses the history, physical examination findings, diagnostic tests, and management of secondary hypertension. This activity also highlights the importance of interprofessional teamwork in managing such patients. […] It is important for healthcare professionals treating hypertension, to be aware of clinical clues that could suggest a secondary cause of hypertension. […] The common clinical signs which warrant investigations for a secondary cause of hypertension may include; Resistant hypertension, i.e., persistent blood pressure greater than 140/90 mm Hg despite using optimal doses of at least three anti-hypertensive from different classes, that includes a diuretic.

• #3 Types and Stages of Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)

  https://www.healthline.com/health/types-and-stages-of-hypertension

  If you have secondary hypertension, it means your high blood pressure has an identifiable and potentially reversible cause. […] Only 5% to 10% of cases of hypertension are the secondary type. […] Secondary hypertension is more prevalent in younger people. An estimated 30% of people ages 18 to 40 years old who have hypertension have the secondary type. […] The underlying causes of secondary hypertension include: narrowing of the arteries that supply blood to your kidneys, adrenal gland disease, side effects of certain medications, including birth control pills, diet aids, stimulants, antidepressants, obstructive sleep apnea, hormone abnormalities, thyroid abnormalities, constriction of your aorta. […] People with resistant hypertension may have secondary hypertension with a cause that hasn’t yet been identified, prompting their doctor to search for secondary causes.

• #4 Secondary hypertension – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/secondary-hypertension/symptoms-causes/syc-20350679

  Secondary high blood pressure (secondary hypertension) is high blood pressure that’s caused by another medical condition. […] Proper treatment of secondary hypertension can often control both the high blood pressure and the condition that causes it. Effective treatment reduces the risk of serious complications including heart disease, kidney failure and stroke. […] If you have a condition that can cause secondary hypertension, you may need your blood pressure checked more frequently. Ask your health care provider how often to have your blood pressure checked. […] The greatest risk factor for developing secondary hypertension is having a medical condition that can cause high blood pressure, such as kidney, artery, heart or endocrine system problems. […] Secondary hypertension can worsen the underlying medical condition that’s causing the high blood pressure. Without treatment, secondary hypertension can lead to other health problems, such as: […] Uncontrolled high blood pressure also may affect the ability to think, remember and learn. Trouble with memory or understanding concepts is more common in people who have high blood pressure.

• #5 Secondary hypertension | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/secondary-hypertension?content_id=CON-20155139

  Secondary hypertension differs from the usual type of high blood pressure (primary hypertension or essential hypertension), which is often called simply high blood pressure. […] Proper treatment of secondary hypertension can often control both the high blood pressure and the condition that causes it. Effective treatment reduces the risk of serious complications including heart disease, kidney failure and stroke. […] Treatment for secondary hypertension involves treating the medical condition that’s causing it with medications or surgery. Once the condition is treated, blood pressure might decrease or return to normal. […] Treatment for secondary hypertension can sometimes be complicated. It might take more than one medication combined with lifestyle changes to control high blood pressure. Your health care provider will want to see you more often possibly as often as once a month until your blood pressure is controlled. Your provider may also recommend that you keep track of your blood pressure at home. […] Healthy lifestyle changes are recommended to keep the heart healthy and blood pressure low.

• #6 Secondary hypertension: Causes and treatments f

  https://www.riversideonline.com/en/patients-and-visitors/healthy-you-blog/blog/s/secondary-hypertension

  Did you know that there are two main types of high blood pressure, or hypertension primary and secondary? […] Secondary high blood pressure is caused by either another medical condition or when you use certain medicines. […] Secondary hypertension isn’t typically caused by lifestyle choices, says Ms. Maigi. Instead, it’s usually caused by a medical condition that can’t be prevented. […] Some causes of secondary hypertension are: Obstructive sleep apnea, A side effect of medication, Kidney disease, Adrenal disease, Hyperparathyroidism. […] For secondary hypertension, treatment depends on addressing the cause. Typically, medication is prescribed to treat the condition that caused the hypertension. Some people may also need to take high blood pressure medication until the underlying condition is treated successfully. For many, their high blood pressure can be cured once the medical condition is properly treated.

• #7 Secondary Hypertension: Discovering the Underlying Cause | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/1001/p453.html

  Likely etiologies of secondary hypertension are different in children compared with adults. […] Across all adult ages, renovascular hypertension, renal disease, aldosteronism, and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) represent the most common causes of secondary hypertension. […] Renovascular hypertension is a common, potentially reversible cause of secondary hypertension. […] Patients with RAS should be treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers unless there are contraindications to their use. […] Hypertension can be a major cause of renal failure in older adults, which in turn leads to worsening hypertension. […] Once thought to be rare, primary hyperaldosteronism is now considered one of the more common causes of secondary hypertension. […] OSA is a leading treatable cause of secondary hypertension.

• #8 Secondary Hypertension – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK544305/

  Management of secondary hypertension comprises adequate control of blood pressure with a healthy lifestyle and appropriate antihypertensive drugs and addressing the secondary causes mentioned above. It is recommended to refer these patients to clinicians with expertise, in order to treat the underlying cause of hypertension. […] Identification of hypertension-inducing/provoking drugs is an essential part of management in patients with secondary hypertension. […] The most common renal parenchymal diseases leading to secondary hypertension include diabetic nephropathy, chronic glomerulonephritis, glomerulosclerosis, and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) and all these disorders result in chronic kidney disease (CKD). […] Hypertension is found in more than 2/3 of the patients with CKD and it accelerates its progression to end-stage renal diseases.

• #9 Secondary Hypertension | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/28819

  Secondary hypertension is defined as elevated blood pressure (BP), secondary to an identifiable cause. […] It is important for healthcare professionals treating hypertension, to be aware of clinical clues that could suggest a secondary cause of hypertension. […] The common clinical signs which warrant investigations for a secondary cause of hypertension may include; Resistant hypertension, i.e., persistent blood pressure greater than 140/90 mm Hg despite using optimal doses of at least three anti-hypertensive from different classes, that includes a diuretic. […] The initial screening tests for renal parenchymal diseases include serum creatinine with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), urine detailed report, urinary protein/protein to creatinine ratio, and renal ultrasound. […] Management of secondary hypertension comprises adequate control of blood pressure with a healthy lifestyle and appropriate antihypertensive drugs and addressing the secondary causes mentioned above.

• #10 Secondary Hypertension: Discovering the Underlying Cause | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/1001/p453.html

  Likely etiologies of secondary hypertension are different in children compared with adults. […] Across all adult ages, renovascular hypertension, renal disease, aldosteronism, and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) represent the most common causes of secondary hypertension. […] Renovascular hypertension is a common, potentially reversible cause of secondary hypertension. […] Patients with RAS should be treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers unless there are contraindications to their use. […] Hypertension can be a major cause of renal failure in older adults, which in turn leads to worsening hypertension. […] Once thought to be rare, primary hyperaldosteronism is now considered one of the more common causes of secondary hypertension. […] OSA is a leading treatable cause of secondary hypertension.

• #11 Secondary Hypertension: Discovering the Underlying Cause | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/1001/p453.html

  Likely etiologies of secondary hypertension are different in children compared with adults. […] Across all adult ages, renovascular hypertension, renal disease, aldosteronism, and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) represent the most common causes of secondary hypertension. […] Renovascular hypertension is a common, potentially reversible cause of secondary hypertension. […] Patients with RAS should be treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers unless there are contraindications to their use. […] Hypertension can be a major cause of renal failure in older adults, which in turn leads to worsening hypertension. […] Once thought to be rare, primary hyperaldosteronism is now considered one of the more common causes of secondary hypertension. […] OSA is a leading treatable cause of secondary hypertension.

• #12 Hypertension: Secondary Causes

  https://medicine.georgetown.edu/secondary-hypertension/

  You have about one chance in 10 that your hypertension has a specific cause, termed secondary hypertension. […] Secondary causes of hypertension are generally due to problems with the kidneys or with specific endocrine glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream. […] Occasionally, the narrowed artery can be detected sufficiently early that there is little damage to the kidney. Correction of the narrowed artery can reduce or even cure the high blood pressure. […] An intervention to correct a narrowed artery usually takes the form of an angioplasty and stent. […] Other causes of secondary hypertension relates to glandular (endocrine) abnormalities. […] If you have high blood pressure, you have about one chance in 20 that it is caused by an excessive secretion of aldosterone into your blood. […] A benign adrenal tumor is the cause of high blood pressure in only about five patients in every 100.

• #13 Secondary Hypertension: Discovering the Underlying Cause | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/1001/p453.html

  Likely etiologies of secondary hypertension are different in children compared with adults. […] Across all adult ages, renovascular hypertension, renal disease, aldosteronism, and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) represent the most common causes of secondary hypertension. […] Renovascular hypertension is a common, potentially reversible cause of secondary hypertension. […] Patients with RAS should be treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers unless there are contraindications to their use. […] Hypertension can be a major cause of renal failure in older adults, which in turn leads to worsening hypertension. […] Once thought to be rare, primary hyperaldosteronism is now considered one of the more common causes of secondary hypertension. […] OSA is a leading treatable cause of secondary hypertension.

• #14 Hypertension: Secondary Causes

  https://medicine.georgetown.edu/secondary-hypertension/

  You have about one chance in 10 that your hypertension has a specific cause, termed secondary hypertension. […] Secondary causes of hypertension are generally due to problems with the kidneys or with specific endocrine glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream. […] Occasionally, the narrowed artery can be detected sufficiently early that there is little damage to the kidney. Correction of the narrowed artery can reduce or even cure the high blood pressure. […] An intervention to correct a narrowed artery usually takes the form of an angioplasty and stent. […] Other causes of secondary hypertension relates to glandular (endocrine) abnormalities. […] If you have high blood pressure, you have about one chance in 20 that it is caused by an excessive secretion of aldosterone into your blood. […] A benign adrenal tumor is the cause of high blood pressure in only about five patients in every 100.

• #15 Secondary Hypertension: Discovering the Underlying Cause | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/1001/p453.html

  In the absence of clinical signs to suggest possible secondary hypertension in adults, indications for further evaluation include resistant hypertension and early, late, or rapid onset of high blood pressure. […] Preadolescent children with hypertension should be evaluated for possible secondary causes. […] Young adults thought to have secondary hypertension should be assessed for fibromuscular dysplasia of the renal artery with magnetic resonance angiography or computed tomography angiography. […] The aldosterone-to-renin ratio is the best initial test to determine whether a patient with hypertension should have further evaluation for hyperaldosteronism. […] Patients who are obese and who have signs or symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea and hypertension should be assessed with polysomnography.

• #16 Secondary Hypertension: Discovering the Underlying Cause | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/1001/p453.html

  Pheochromocytoma should be suspected when there are paroxysmal elevations in blood pressure. […] Cushing syndrome has classical features of moon facies, central obesity, proximal muscle weakness, and ecchymosis. […] Coarctation of the aorta is a common cause of secondary hypertension in children, especially males, but may not be detected until adulthood because it is often asymptomatic. […] Hypothyroidism can cause an elevation in diastolic blood pressure, whereas hyperthyroidism can cause an elevation of systolic blood pressure, leading to a widened pulse pressure. […] Several chemotherapeutic agents can cause secondary hypertension and kidney injury. […] Oral contraceptives can raise blood pressure within the normal range but can also cause secondary hypertension.

• #17 Secondary Hypertension: Discovering the Underlying Cause | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/1001/p453.html

  Pheochromocytoma should be suspected when there are paroxysmal elevations in blood pressure. […] Cushing syndrome has classical features of moon facies, central obesity, proximal muscle weakness, and ecchymosis. […] Coarctation of the aorta is a common cause of secondary hypertension in children, especially males, but may not be detected until adulthood because it is often asymptomatic. […] Hypothyroidism can cause an elevation in diastolic blood pressure, whereas hyperthyroidism can cause an elevation of systolic blood pressure, leading to a widened pulse pressure. […] Several chemotherapeutic agents can cause secondary hypertension and kidney injury. […] Oral contraceptives can raise blood pressure within the normal range but can also cause secondary hypertension.

• #18 Secondary Hypertension: Discovering the Underlying Cause | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/1001/p453.html

  Pheochromocytoma should be suspected when there are paroxysmal elevations in blood pressure. […] Cushing syndrome has classical features of moon facies, central obesity, proximal muscle weakness, and ecchymosis. […] Coarctation of the aorta is a common cause of secondary hypertension in children, especially males, but may not be detected until adulthood because it is often asymptomatic. […] Hypothyroidism can cause an elevation in diastolic blood pressure, whereas hyperthyroidism can cause an elevation of systolic blood pressure, leading to a widened pulse pressure. […] Several chemotherapeutic agents can cause secondary hypertension and kidney injury. […] Oral contraceptives can raise blood pressure within the normal range but can also cause secondary hypertension.

• #19 Secondary hypertension: Causes and treatments f

  https://www.riversideonline.com/en/patients-and-visitors/healthy-you-blog/blog/s/secondary-hypertension

  Did you know that there are two main types of high blood pressure, or hypertension primary and secondary? […] Secondary high blood pressure is caused by either another medical condition or when you use certain medicines. […] Secondary hypertension isn’t typically caused by lifestyle choices, says Ms. Maigi. Instead, it’s usually caused by a medical condition that can’t be prevented. […] Some causes of secondary hypertension are: Obstructive sleep apnea, A side effect of medication, Kidney disease, Adrenal disease, Hyperparathyroidism. […] For secondary hypertension, treatment depends on addressing the cause. Typically, medication is prescribed to treat the condition that caused the hypertension. Some people may also need to take high blood pressure medication until the underlying condition is treated successfully. For many, their high blood pressure can be cured once the medical condition is properly treated.

• #20 Secondary Hypertension: Discovering the Underlying Cause | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/1001/p453.html

  Likely etiologies of secondary hypertension are different in children compared with adults. […] Across all adult ages, renovascular hypertension, renal disease, aldosteronism, and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) represent the most common causes of secondary hypertension. […] Renovascular hypertension is a common, potentially reversible cause of secondary hypertension. […] Patients with RAS should be treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers unless there are contraindications to their use. […] Hypertension can be a major cause of renal failure in older adults, which in turn leads to worsening hypertension. […] Once thought to be rare, primary hyperaldosteronism is now considered one of the more common causes of secondary hypertension. […] OSA is a leading treatable cause of secondary hypertension.

• #21 Secondary Hypertension: Discovering the Underlying Cause | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/1001/p453.html

  In the absence of clinical signs to suggest possible secondary hypertension in adults, indications for further evaluation include resistant hypertension and early, late, or rapid onset of high blood pressure. […] Preadolescent children with hypertension should be evaluated for possible secondary causes. […] Young adults thought to have secondary hypertension should be assessed for fibromuscular dysplasia of the renal artery with magnetic resonance angiography or computed tomography angiography. […] The aldosterone-to-renin ratio is the best initial test to determine whether a patient with hypertension should have further evaluation for hyperaldosteronism. […] Patients who are obese and who have signs or symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea and hypertension should be assessed with polysomnography.

• #22 The ABCDEFs of Secondary Hypertension | Time of Care

  https://www.timeofcare.com/the-abcdes-of-secondary-hypertension/

  The causes of secondary HTN can be divided into: […] Endocrine problems: The endocrine hormones exert effects on the blood vessels that raise the blood pressure. […] Not getting enough oxygen may damage the lining of the blood vessel walls, which may make your blood vessels less effective in regulating your blood pressure. In addition, sleep apnea causes part of the nervous system to be overactive and release certain chemicals that increase blood pressure.

• #23 Secondary Hypertension – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK544305/

  Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy is the mainstay of treatment for OSA. […] Secondary hypertension is usually resistant to antihypertensive drugs if the underlying mechanism is not identified and treated appropriately. […] The management of secondary hypertension requires a multidisciplinary approach. Patients with secondary hypertension should be referred to a clinician with expertise, in order to the appropriate treatment of the underlying cause.

• #24 Secondary Hypertension: Discovering the Underlying Cause | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/1001/p453.html

  Pheochromocytoma should be suspected when there are paroxysmal elevations in blood pressure. […] Cushing syndrome has classical features of moon facies, central obesity, proximal muscle weakness, and ecchymosis. […] Coarctation of the aorta is a common cause of secondary hypertension in children, especially males, but may not be detected until adulthood because it is often asymptomatic. […] Hypothyroidism can cause an elevation in diastolic blood pressure, whereas hyperthyroidism can cause an elevation of systolic blood pressure, leading to a widened pulse pressure. […] Several chemotherapeutic agents can cause secondary hypertension and kidney injury. […] Oral contraceptives can raise blood pressure within the normal range but can also cause secondary hypertension.

• #25 High Blood Pressure: Symptoms & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4314-hypertension-high-blood-pressure

  Secondary hypertension has at least one distinct cause that healthcare providers can identify. Common causes of secondary hypertension include certain medications, including immunosuppressants, NSAIDs and oral contraceptives (the pill). […] Healthcare providers recommend treatment based on your blood pressure readings, the causes of your high blood pressure and your underlying conditions. […] Sometimes, providers recommend lifestyle changes along with medications to lower your blood pressure. […] Your provider may couple other medications with these first-line drugs to better manage your blood pressure. […] If you have secondary high blood pressure, your blood pressure will most likely come down after you receive treatment for the medical problem that caused it.

• #26 Nursing Care Plans For Hypertension ~ Lifenurses

  http://www.lifenurses.com/2009/11/nursing-care-plans-for-hypertension.html

  Nursing care plans for Hypertension; hypertension, high blood pressure, is the most common of all health problems in adults and is the leading risk factor for cardiovascular disorders. […] Secondary hypertension or malignant hypertension is the term used to signify high blood pressure from an identified cause. […] Nursing care plans for Hypertension […] Nursing History Family history of high Blood Pressure […] Previous episodes of high Blood Pressure […] Dietary habits and salt intake […] Target organ disease or other disease processes that may place the patient in a high-risk group diabetes, CAD, kidney disease […] Medication that could elevate Blood Pressure: Hormonal contraceptives, steroids NSAIDs Nasal decongestants, appetite suppressants, tricyclic antidepressants […] Common nursing diagnosis found in patient with hypertension

• #27 Secondary Hypertension | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/28819

  Identification of hypertension-inducing/provoking drugs is an essential part of management in patients with secondary hypertension. […] Secondary hypertension is usually resistant to antihypertensive drugs if the underlying mechanism is not identified and treated appropriately. […] The management of secondary hypertension requires a multidisciplinary approach. Patients with secondary hypertension should be referred to a clinician with expertise, in order to the appropriate treatment of the underlying cause.

• #28 Secondary Hypertension: Discovering the Underlying Cause | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/1001/p453.html

  Pheochromocytoma should be suspected when there are paroxysmal elevations in blood pressure. […] Cushing syndrome has classical features of moon facies, central obesity, proximal muscle weakness, and ecchymosis. […] Coarctation of the aorta is a common cause of secondary hypertension in children, especially males, but may not be detected until adulthood because it is often asymptomatic. […] Hypothyroidism can cause an elevation in diastolic blood pressure, whereas hyperthyroidism can cause an elevation of systolic blood pressure, leading to a widened pulse pressure. […] Several chemotherapeutic agents can cause secondary hypertension and kidney injury. […] Oral contraceptives can raise blood pressure within the normal range but can also cause secondary hypertension.

• #29 Secondary Hypertension: Discovering the Underlying Cause | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/1001/p453.html

  In the absence of clinical signs to suggest possible secondary hypertension in adults, indications for further evaluation include resistant hypertension and early, late, or rapid onset of high blood pressure. […] Preadolescent children with hypertension should be evaluated for possible secondary causes. […] Young adults thought to have secondary hypertension should be assessed for fibromuscular dysplasia of the renal artery with magnetic resonance angiography or computed tomography angiography. […] The aldosterone-to-renin ratio is the best initial test to determine whether a patient with hypertension should have further evaluation for hyperaldosteronism. […] Patients who are obese and who have signs or symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea and hypertension should be assessed with polysomnography.

• #30 Secondary Hypertension: Discovering the Underlying Cause | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/1001/p453.html

  Accurate measurement of blood pressure, including the use of a correctly sized and appropriately positioned blood pressure cuff, is the most critical aspect of the diagnosis of hypertension. […] All patients with newly diagnosed hypertension should undergo basic testing, including electrocardiography; urinalysis; fasting blood glucose; measurement of hematocrit, electrolyte, creatinine (or the corresponding estimated glomerular filtration rate), and calcium levels; and a lipid profile. […] It also is important to review the patient’s diet and medication use for other potential causes of elevated blood pressure. […] If these potential contributors to hypertension have been excluded and concern for secondary hypertension remains, the physician can investigate for potential physiologic causes.

• #31 Secondary Hypertension: Discovering the Underlying Cause | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/1001/p453.html

  Most patients with hypertension have no clear etiology and are classified as having primary hypertension. However, 5% to 10% of these patients may have secondary hypertension, which indicates an underlying and potentially reversible cause. […] Secondary hypertension should be considered in the presence of suggestive symptoms and signs, such as severe or resistant hypertension, age of onset younger than 30 years (especially before puberty), malignant or accelerated hypertension, and an acute rise in blood pressure from previously stable readings. […] Secondary hypertension is a type of hypertension with an underlying and potentially reversible cause. It makes up only a small fraction (5% to 10%) of hypertensive cases. […] Extensive testing for secondary hypertension is not warranted in all patients with hypertension because of cost, low yield, and the potential for false-positive results; however, testing is recommended in patients younger than 30 years.

• #32 Secondary Hypertension – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544305/

  Secondary hypertension is defined as elevated blood pressure (BP) secondary to an identifiable cause. […] This activity outlines the etiology of secondary hypertension and discusses the history, physical examination findings, diagnostic tests, and management of secondary hypertension. […] It is important for healthcare professionals treating hypertension, to be aware of clinical clues that could suggest a secondary cause of hypertension. […] The common clinical signs which warrant investigations for a secondary cause of hypertension may include; Resistant hypertension, i.e., persistent blood pressure greater than 140/90 mm Hg despite using optimal doses of at least three anti-hypertensive from different classes, that includes a diuretic. […] Identification of the etiology and pathophysiology of secondary hypertension is essential in selected groups of patients.

• #33 Secondary Hypertension | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/28819

  Secondary hypertension is defined as elevated blood pressure (BP), secondary to an identifiable cause. […] It is important for healthcare professionals treating hypertension, to be aware of clinical clues that could suggest a secondary cause of hypertension. […] The common clinical signs which warrant investigations for a secondary cause of hypertension may include; Resistant hypertension, i.e., persistent blood pressure greater than 140/90 mm Hg despite using optimal doses of at least three anti-hypertensive from different classes, that includes a diuretic. […] The initial screening tests for renal parenchymal diseases include serum creatinine with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), urine detailed report, urinary protein/protein to creatinine ratio, and renal ultrasound. […] Management of secondary hypertension comprises adequate control of blood pressure with a healthy lifestyle and appropriate antihypertensive drugs and addressing the secondary causes mentioned above.

• #34 Secondary Hypertension: Discovering the Underlying Cause | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/1001/p453.html

  Accurate measurement of blood pressure, including the use of a correctly sized and appropriately positioned blood pressure cuff, is the most critical aspect of the diagnosis of hypertension. […] All patients with newly diagnosed hypertension should undergo basic testing, including electrocardiography; urinalysis; fasting blood glucose; measurement of hematocrit, electrolyte, creatinine (or the corresponding estimated glomerular filtration rate), and calcium levels; and a lipid profile. […] It also is important to review the patient’s diet and medication use for other potential causes of elevated blood pressure. […] If these potential contributors to hypertension have been excluded and concern for secondary hypertension remains, the physician can investigate for potential physiologic causes.

• #35 Diagnosing Secondary Hypertension | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2003/0101/p67.html

  Secondary hypertension is elevated blood pressure that results from an underlying, identifiable, often correctable cause. […] Routine urinalysis, complete blood cell count, blood chemistry profile (potassium, sodium, creatinine, fasting glucose, fasting lipid levels), and a 12-lead electrocardiogram are recommended for all patients with hypertension. […] The sixth report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC-VI) defines four goals for the evaluation of the patient with elevated blood pressure: detection and confirmation of hypertension; detection of target organ disease (e.g., renal damage, congestive heart failure); identification of other risk factors for cardiovascular disorders (e.g., diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia); and detection of secondary causes of hypertension. […] A more aggressive evaluation for secondary causes of hypertension should be considered in certain clinical situations.

• #36 Secondary Hypertension: Discovering the Underlying Cause | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/1001/p453.html

  In the absence of clinical signs to suggest possible secondary hypertension in adults, indications for further evaluation include resistant hypertension and early, late, or rapid onset of high blood pressure. […] Preadolescent children with hypertension should be evaluated for possible secondary causes. […] Young adults thought to have secondary hypertension should be assessed for fibromuscular dysplasia of the renal artery with magnetic resonance angiography or computed tomography angiography. […] The aldosterone-to-renin ratio is the best initial test to determine whether a patient with hypertension should have further evaluation for hyperaldosteronism. […] Patients who are obese and who have signs or symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea and hypertension should be assessed with polysomnography.

• #37 Secondary Hypertension | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/28819

  Secondary hypertension is defined as elevated blood pressure (BP), secondary to an identifiable cause. […] It is important for healthcare professionals treating hypertension, to be aware of clinical clues that could suggest a secondary cause of hypertension. […] The common clinical signs which warrant investigations for a secondary cause of hypertension may include; Resistant hypertension, i.e., persistent blood pressure greater than 140/90 mm Hg despite using optimal doses of at least three anti-hypertensive from different classes, that includes a diuretic. […] The initial screening tests for renal parenchymal diseases include serum creatinine with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), urine detailed report, urinary protein/protein to creatinine ratio, and renal ultrasound. […] Management of secondary hypertension comprises adequate control of blood pressure with a healthy lifestyle and appropriate antihypertensive drugs and addressing the secondary causes mentioned above.

• #38 Secondary Hypertension: Diagnosis, Management, and Nursing Intervention-An Updated Review

  https://journals.ekb.eg/article_406004.html

  Recognizing secondary hypertension is crucial as it may lead to targeted therapies, potentially resolving hypertension. […] This review aims to provide an updated overview of secondary hypertension, focusing on its diagnosis, management strategies, and nursing interventions. […] Relevant clinical guidelines and research articles were analyzed to outline the nursing role in managing patients with secondary hypertension. […] Nurses play a vital role in early detection, patient education, and adherence to treatment plans, helping reduce complications associated with secondary hypertension.

• #39 Hypertension: Nursing Care Management and Study Guide

  https://nurseslabs.com/hypertension/

  Learn about the nursing care management of patients with hypertension. […] The goal of nursing management is to help achieve a normal blood pressure through independent and dependent interventions. […] Nursing assessment must involve careful monitoring of the blood pressure at frequent and routinely scheduled intervals. […] If patient is on antihypertensive medications, blood pressure is assessed to determine the effectiveness and detect changes in the blood pressure. […] Based on the assessment data, nursing diagnoses may include the following: Deficient knowledge regarding the relation between the treatment regimen and control of the disease process. […] The major goals for a patient with hypertension are as follows: Understanding of the disease process and its treatment. […] The objective of nursing care focuses on lowering and controlling the blood pressure without adverse effects and without undue cost.

• #40 Hypertension: Nursing Care Management and Study Guide

  https://nurseslabs.com/hypertension/

  Learn about the nursing care management of patients with hypertension. […] The goal of nursing management is to help achieve a normal blood pressure through independent and dependent interventions. […] Nursing assessment must involve careful monitoring of the blood pressure at frequent and routinely scheduled intervals. […] If patient is on antihypertensive medications, blood pressure is assessed to determine the effectiveness and detect changes in the blood pressure. […] Based on the assessment data, nursing diagnoses may include the following: Deficient knowledge regarding the relation between the treatment regimen and control of the disease process. […] The major goals for a patient with hypertension are as follows: Understanding of the disease process and its treatment. […] The objective of nursing care focuses on lowering and controlling the blood pressure without adverse effects and without undue cost.

• #41 Hypertension: Nursing Diagnoses & Care Plans | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/hypertension-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Almost 50% of adults in the United States have hypertension. As a nurse, it is one of the most common comorbidities that require management and treatment. […] Patients cannot change risk factors such as family history or ethnicity, but can change lifestyle behaviors. Nurses can assist patients in recognizing risk factors such as smoking, poor diet choices, and stress and educating on ways to reduce their risks. Controlling blood pressure prevents complications and poor health outcomes. […] Once the nurse identifies nursing diagnoses for hypertension, nursing care plans help prioritize assessments and interventions for both short and long-term goals of care. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Decreased Cardiac Output […] Nursing Diagnosis: Deficient Knowledge […] Nursing Diagnosis: Excess Fluid Volume […] Nursing Diagnosis: Risk for Unstable Blood Pressure […] Nursing Diagnosis: Sedentary Lifestyle

• #42 Hypertension: Nursing Care Management and Study Guide

  https://nurseslabs.com/hypertension/

  Learn about the nursing care management of patients with hypertension. […] The goal of nursing management is to help achieve a normal blood pressure through independent and dependent interventions. […] Nursing assessment must involve careful monitoring of the blood pressure at frequent and routinely scheduled intervals. […] If patient is on antihypertensive medications, blood pressure is assessed to determine the effectiveness and detect changes in the blood pressure. […] Based on the assessment data, nursing diagnoses may include the following: Deficient knowledge regarding the relation between the treatment regimen and control of the disease process. […] The major goals for a patient with hypertension are as follows: Understanding of the disease process and its treatment. […] The objective of nursing care focuses on lowering and controlling the blood pressure without adverse effects and without undue cost.

• #43 Hypertension: Nursing Care Management and Study Guide

  https://nurseslabs.com/hypertension/

  At the end of the treatment regimen, the following are expected to be achieved: Maintain blood pressure at less than 140/90 mmHg with lifestyle modifications, medications, or both. […] Following discharge, the nurse should promote self-care and independence of the patient. […] The nurse can help the patient achieve blood pressure control through education about managing blood pressure.

• #44 Hypertension: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/hypertension/?srsltid=AfmBOorl_bktjpce599wEn1Oh1VNnYONf05dsehq85-dMAKdhPYcIjc5

  Hypertension is considered a standalone heart disease that leads to hypertensive heart disease. […] The cause of secondary hypertension is other pathology and accounts for about 5% of all hypertension diagnoses. […] Nursing assessment (with common findings listed), diagnoses, interventions, expected outcomes, and education for hypertension are listed below. […] Risk for decreased cardiac output related to hypertension, as evidenced by (Phelps, 2021a): Hypertension. […] Deficient knowledge related to modifiable risk factors for hypertension as evidenced by (Phelps, 2021b): Lack of knowledge of disease process. […] Provide a calm, restful atmosphere. […] Monitor vital signs. […] Administer intravenous or oral antihypertensive medications as ordered. […] Explain risk factors for hypertension.

• #45 Hypertension: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/hypertension/?srsltid=AfmBOorl_bktjpce599wEn1Oh1VNnYONf05dsehq85-dMAKdhPYcIjc5

  Reinforce the importance of following treatment regimens and follow up appointments. […] Encourage regular activity through an individualized exercise program. […] Provide a low sodium or no added salt diet. […] Verbalizes understanding of disease process and treatment regimen. […] Understands side effects of medications.

• #46 Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Hypertension (HTN) | Free NURSING.com Courses

  https://nursing.com/lesson/nursing-care-plan-for-hypertension-htn

  Administer BP-lowering agents at the appropriate time. May need to adjust timing to avoid larger drops in BP. […] Assess BP and HR before and after BP lowering meds are administered […] Assess and control pain […] Educate about the disease process, treatment regimen, dietary changes […] false

• #47 Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Hypertension (HTN) | Free NURSING.com Courses

  https://nursing.com/lesson/nursing-care-plan-for-hypertension-htn

  Administer BP-lowering agents at the appropriate time. May need to adjust timing to avoid larger drops in BP. […] Assess BP and HR before and after BP lowering meds are administered […] Assess and control pain […] Educate about the disease process, treatment regimen, dietary changes […] false

• #48 Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Hypertension (HTN) | Free NURSING.com Courses

  https://nursing.com/lesson/nursing-care-plan-for-hypertension-htn

  **HTN frequently presents without symptoms, therefore the listed symptoms are not the typical presentation. If symptoms present, that means the disease process has most likely progressed significantly.** […] **HTN frequently presents without symptoms, therefore the listed symptoms are not the typical presentation. If symptoms present, that means the disease process has most likely progressed significantly.** […] Education is key because you cannot feel HTN. Patients must understand how important compliance is to prevent major events in the future. […] Assess and monitor BP Use the accurate size of blood pressure cuff: Width = 40% arm circumference, Length of bladder = 80% of arm circumference […] Fluid restriction (if clinically appropriate) […] Promote rest, cluster care […] Decrease stress

• #49 Nursing Care Plan and Diagnosis for Hypertension

  https://drkumo.com/nursing-care-plan-and-diagnosis-for-hypertension/

  Nurses must educate patients with hypertension about the importance of following their treatment plan and making lifestyle modifications. Nurses must also monitor patients for side effects of medications and assess their blood pressure regularly to ensure their treatment is effective. […] RPM allows healthcare providers to remotely monitor patients blood pressure, heart rate, and other vital signs. It facilitates early intervention, medication adjustments, and personalized care, which can result in better hypertension management and patient outcomes.

• #50 Nursing Care Plan for Hypertension | Nanda Nursing Care Plans for Hypertension with Diagnosis and Interventions

  https://www.registerednursern.com/nursing-care-plans-for-hypertension-nanda-nursing-care-plans-for-hypertension-with-diagnosis-and-interventions/

  Decreased cardiac output related to increased peripheral vascular resistance secondary to hypertension as evidence by BP 220/115, patient complaining of blurred vision, and headache. […] The nurse will administer and titrate vasodilator medications to meet md parameters for blood pressure. […] The nurse will assess the patients blood pressure every hour until meeting md parameters. […] The nurse will assess the patients headache pain level and blurred vision every 4 hours until absent. […] The nurse will educate the patient on how to consult with his doctor before stopping a medication.

• #51 Hypertension – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/hypertension/

  Secondary hypertension: hypertension caused by an identifiable underlying condition. […] To treat secondary hypertension, the underlying cause needs to be addressed. […] Management of secondary hypertension depends on the suspected cause; involve specialists (e.g., endocrinologist or nephrologist) early. […] Causes of secondary hypertension include renal (e.g., renal artery stenosis, glomerulonephritis), endocrine (e.g., Cushing syndrome, hyperthyroidism, Conn syndrome), coarctation of the aorta, and obstructive sleep apnea. […] Any renal disease can potentially trigger hypertension. […] Potential indications for further workup include resistant hypertension, recurrent flash pulmonary edema, abdominal bruit, and serum creatinine increase within 1 week of starting an ACEI or ARB. […] Patients with CKD or baseline potassium 5.5 mEq/L and those who take potassium supplements or potassium-sparing drugs are at higher risk of hyperkalemia as an adverse effect from pharmacological treatment for hypertension. […] Do not abruptly discontinue beta blockers or alpha-2 agonists. They must be slowly tapered to avoid triggering rebound hypertension. […] Resistant hypertension affects 15% of all individuals treated for hypertension in the US.

• #52 Nursing Care Plan and Diagnosis for Hypertension

  https://drkumo.com/nursing-care-plan-and-diagnosis-for-hypertension/

  Nurses must educate patients with hypertension about the importance of following their treatment plan and making lifestyle modifications. Nurses must also monitor patients for side effects of medications and assess their blood pressure regularly to ensure their treatment is effective. […] RPM allows healthcare providers to remotely monitor patients blood pressure, heart rate, and other vital signs. It facilitates early intervention, medication adjustments, and personalized care, which can result in better hypertension management and patient outcomes.

• #53 Hypertension Nursing Care Plan | Diagnosis, Assessment, Intervention

  https://simplenursing.com/nursing-care-plan-for-hypertension/

  Client presents with hypertensive emergency as evidenced by a systolic reading of > 180 mmHg and diastolic > 120 mmHg. […] It is likely that clients will present with complications like the case in this nursing care plan for hypertension during your practice. […] Client should be initiated on a medication with vasodilatory properties. Examples includes nitrates (nitroglycerin, nitroprusside), non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (nicardipine, amlodipine), and hydralazine. […] Instruct client about the importance of maintaining adequate adherence to medications to reduce the risk of having a CV event. […] Educate the client on lifestyle interventions that reduces his risk of having a CV event including increasing aerobic exercise, minimizing salt intake to < 2 grams daily, and taking antihypertensive medications every day. [...] Suggest getting a home blood pressure cuff to monitor blood pressure changes and prevent future episodes.

• #54 Secondary hypertension | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/secondary-hypertension

  Secondary high blood pressure (secondary hypertension) is high blood pressure that’s caused by another medical condition. […] Proper treatment of secondary hypertension can often control both the high blood pressure and the condition that causes it. Effective treatment reduces the risk of serious complications including heart disease, kidney failure and stroke. […] If you have a condition that can cause secondary hypertension, you may need your blood pressure checked more frequently. Ask your health care provider how often to have your blood pressure checked. […] Treatment for secondary hypertension involves treating the medical condition that’s causing it with medications or surgery. Once the condition is treated, blood pressure might decrease or return to normal. […] Treatment for secondary hypertension can sometimes be complicated. It might take more than one medication combined with lifestyle changes to control high blood pressure. Your health care provider will want to see you more often possibly as often as once a month until your blood pressure is controlled. Your provider may also recommend that you keep track of your blood pressure at home.

• #55 Secondary hypertension | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/secondary-hypertension

  Secondary high blood pressure (secondary hypertension) is high blood pressure that’s caused by another medical condition. […] Proper treatment of secondary hypertension can often control both the high blood pressure and the condition that causes it. Effective treatment reduces the risk of serious complications including heart disease, kidney failure and stroke. […] If you have a condition that can cause secondary hypertension, you may need your blood pressure checked more frequently. Ask your health care provider how often to have your blood pressure checked. […] Treatment for secondary hypertension involves treating the medical condition that’s causing it with medications or surgery. Once the condition is treated, blood pressure might decrease or return to normal. […] Treatment for secondary hypertension can sometimes be complicated. It might take more than one medication combined with lifestyle changes to control high blood pressure. Your health care provider will want to see you more often possibly as often as once a month until your blood pressure is controlled. Your provider may also recommend that you keep track of your blood pressure at home.

• #56 Secondary hypertension: Causes and treatments f

  https://www.riversideonline.com/en/patients-and-visitors/healthy-you-blog/blog/s/secondary-hypertension

  Did you know that there are two main types of high blood pressure, or hypertension primary and secondary? […] Secondary high blood pressure is caused by either another medical condition or when you use certain medicines. […] Secondary hypertension isn’t typically caused by lifestyle choices, says Ms. Maigi. Instead, it’s usually caused by a medical condition that can’t be prevented. […] Some causes of secondary hypertension are: Obstructive sleep apnea, A side effect of medication, Kidney disease, Adrenal disease, Hyperparathyroidism. […] For secondary hypertension, treatment depends on addressing the cause. Typically, medication is prescribed to treat the condition that caused the hypertension. Some people may also need to take high blood pressure medication until the underlying condition is treated successfully. For many, their high blood pressure can be cured once the medical condition is properly treated.

• #57 Secondary Hypertension – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544305/

  Management of secondary hypertension comprises adequate control of blood pressure with a healthy lifestyle and appropriate antihypertensive drugs and addressing the secondary causes mentioned above. […] It is recommended to refer these patients to clinicians with expertise, in order to treat the underlying cause of hypertension. […] Secondary hypertension shares these complications with essential hypertension, however, a few complications are much more common in secondary hypertension. […] The management of secondary hypertension requires a multidisciplinary approach. […] It is essential for the patients to identify the symptoms specific to the secondary causes of hypertension and consult their primary care physician in order to facilitate the early diagnosis and management of the primary cause.

• #58 Secondary hypertension | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/secondary-hypertension

  Secondary high blood pressure (secondary hypertension) is high blood pressure that’s caused by another medical condition. […] Proper treatment of secondary hypertension can often control both the high blood pressure and the condition that causes it. Effective treatment reduces the risk of serious complications including heart disease, kidney failure and stroke. […] If you have a condition that can cause secondary hypertension, you may need your blood pressure checked more frequently. Ask your health care provider how often to have your blood pressure checked. […] Treatment for secondary hypertension involves treating the medical condition that’s causing it with medications or surgery. Once the condition is treated, blood pressure might decrease or return to normal. […] Treatment for secondary hypertension can sometimes be complicated. It might take more than one medication combined with lifestyle changes to control high blood pressure. Your health care provider will want to see you more often possibly as often as once a month until your blood pressure is controlled. Your provider may also recommend that you keep track of your blood pressure at home.

• #59 Hypertension Nursing Care Plan | Diagnosis, Assessment, Intervention

  https://simplenursing.com/nursing-care-plan-for-hypertension/

  Client presents with hypertensive emergency as evidenced by a systolic reading of > 180 mmHg and diastolic > 120 mmHg. […] It is likely that clients will present with complications like the case in this nursing care plan for hypertension during your practice. […] Client should be initiated on a medication with vasodilatory properties. Examples includes nitrates (nitroglycerin, nitroprusside), non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (nicardipine, amlodipine), and hydralazine. […] Instruct client about the importance of maintaining adequate adherence to medications to reduce the risk of having a CV event. […] Educate the client on lifestyle interventions that reduces his risk of having a CV event including increasing aerobic exercise, minimizing salt intake to < 2 grams daily, and taking antihypertensive medications every day. [...] Suggest getting a home blood pressure cuff to monitor blood pressure changes and prevent future episodes.

• #60 Hypertensive emergency & antihypertensive medications – EMCrit Project

  https://emcrit.org/ibcc/htn/

  Control excessive vasoconstriction with a vasodilator. […] Control hypovolemia with volume administration. […] The concept of hypertensive urgency is discussed further below: […] If there is no target organ damage, then the patient doesn’t have a hypertensive emergency. […] The initial goal is to decrease the MAP by ~20% within 1-2 hours. […] If this reduction is tolerated, then decrease the MAP to ~125 mm (~160/110 mm) over the next 2-6 hours. […] The blood pressure may subsequently be gradually decreased further over a period of days, as clinically tolerated.

• #61 Secondary hypertension | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/secondary-hypertension

  Healthy lifestyle changes are recommended to keep the heart healthy and blood pressure low. These include: Eating healthy foods. […] If you’re overweight, losing even 10 pounds (4.5 kilograms) can lower your blood pressure. […] High blood pressure may be discovered during a routine physical. At that point, your primary care provider may order more tests or refer you to a provider who specializes in treating the suspected cause of your high blood pressure.

• #62 Hypertension Nursing Care Plan | Diagnosis, Assessment, Intervention

  https://simplenursing.com/nursing-care-plan-for-hypertension/

  Client presents with hypertensive emergency as evidenced by a systolic reading of > 180 mmHg and diastolic > 120 mmHg. […] It is likely that clients will present with complications like the case in this nursing care plan for hypertension during your practice. […] Client should be initiated on a medication with vasodilatory properties. Examples includes nitrates (nitroglycerin, nitroprusside), non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (nicardipine, amlodipine), and hydralazine. […] Instruct client about the importance of maintaining adequate adherence to medications to reduce the risk of having a CV event. […] Educate the client on lifestyle interventions that reduces his risk of having a CV event including increasing aerobic exercise, minimizing salt intake to < 2 grams daily, and taking antihypertensive medications every day. [...] Suggest getting a home blood pressure cuff to monitor blood pressure changes and prevent future episodes.

• #63 Secondary Hypertension | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/28819

  Identification of hypertension-inducing/provoking drugs is an essential part of management in patients with secondary hypertension. […] Secondary hypertension is usually resistant to antihypertensive drugs if the underlying mechanism is not identified and treated appropriately. […] The management of secondary hypertension requires a multidisciplinary approach. Patients with secondary hypertension should be referred to a clinician with expertise, in order to the appropriate treatment of the underlying cause.

• #64 Secondary Hypertension | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/28819

  Identification of hypertension-inducing/provoking drugs is an essential part of management in patients with secondary hypertension. […] Secondary hypertension is usually resistant to antihypertensive drugs if the underlying mechanism is not identified and treated appropriately. […] The management of secondary hypertension requires a multidisciplinary approach. Patients with secondary hypertension should be referred to a clinician with expertise, in order to the appropriate treatment of the underlying cause.

• #65 Hypertension – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/hypertension/

  Secondary hypertension: hypertension caused by an identifiable underlying condition. […] To treat secondary hypertension, the underlying cause needs to be addressed. […] Management of secondary hypertension depends on the suspected cause; involve specialists (e.g., endocrinologist or nephrologist) early. […] Causes of secondary hypertension include renal (e.g., renal artery stenosis, glomerulonephritis), endocrine (e.g., Cushing syndrome, hyperthyroidism, Conn syndrome), coarctation of the aorta, and obstructive sleep apnea. […] Any renal disease can potentially trigger hypertension. […] Potential indications for further workup include resistant hypertension, recurrent flash pulmonary edema, abdominal bruit, and serum creatinine increase within 1 week of starting an ACEI or ARB. […] Patients with CKD or baseline potassium 5.5 mEq/L and those who take potassium supplements or potassium-sparing drugs are at higher risk of hyperkalemia as an adverse effect from pharmacological treatment for hypertension. […] Do not abruptly discontinue beta blockers or alpha-2 agonists. They must be slowly tapered to avoid triggering rebound hypertension. […] Resistant hypertension affects 15% of all individuals treated for hypertension in the US.

• #66 Hypertension Center | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-clinics/hypertension-center.html

  Secondary hypertension: type of high blood pressure in which an often treatable condition causes the problem, including: Hyperaldosteronism, Chronic kidney disease, Pheochromocytoma, Renovascular disease, Hyperthyroidism, Hyperparathyroidism, Autonomic dysfunction, Coarction of the aorta, Cushing’s disease, Genetic conditions, Renal (kidney) disorders, Sleep-related breathing disorders […] Some individuals have a type of high blood pressure called secondary hypertension, in which an often treatable primary condition causes the problem. […] Our multidisciplinary team knows how to identify these underlying conditions and can help devise a plan to target your hypertension at its source. […] Nursing professionals manage all your care, including appointment coordination, sharing your test results, and providing treatment. They also provide support and education so you and your family fully understand your care plan.

• #67 Secondary hypertension

  https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/s/secondary-hypertension/

  Treatment for secondary hypertension can sometimes be complicated. You may need more than one medication combined with lifestyle changes to control your high blood pressure. Your doctor will want to see you more frequently — possibly as often as once a month — until your blood pressure is controlled. Your doctor may also recommend that you keep track of your blood pressure at home. […] Healthy lifestyle changes are recommended to keep your heart healthy and your blood pressure low. These include: Eating healthy foods. Try the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, which emphasizes fruits, vegetables, whole grains and low-fat dairy foods. […] Your high blood pressure may be discovered during a routine physical. At that point, your primary care doctor may order more tests or refer you to a doctor who specializes in treating whatever the suspected underlying cause of your high blood pressure may be. […] Your doctor is likely to ask you a number of questions. Being ready to answer them may reserve time to go over any points you want to spend more time on.

• #68 Secondary Hypertension: Causes & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21128-secondary-hypertension

  See a provider for a yearly checkup. Your provider will check your blood pressure and let you know if its too high. […] Secondary hypertension has a positive outlook with treatment. Early detection and treatment can lower the risk of damage to your blood vessels and heart from ongoing high blood pressure. […] Having secondary hypertension means theres an identifiable cause behind your raised numbers. Often, thats a medical condition that providers can diagnose and treat.

• #69 Secondary hypertension – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/secondary-hypertension/symptoms-causes/syc-20350679

  Secondary high blood pressure (secondary hypertension) is high blood pressure that’s caused by another medical condition. […] Proper treatment of secondary hypertension can often control both the high blood pressure and the condition that causes it. Effective treatment reduces the risk of serious complications including heart disease, kidney failure and stroke. […] If you have a condition that can cause secondary hypertension, you may need your blood pressure checked more frequently. Ask your health care provider how often to have your blood pressure checked. […] The greatest risk factor for developing secondary hypertension is having a medical condition that can cause high blood pressure, such as kidney, artery, heart or endocrine system problems. […] Secondary hypertension can worsen the underlying medical condition that’s causing the high blood pressure. Without treatment, secondary hypertension can lead to other health problems, such as: […] Uncontrolled high blood pressure also may affect the ability to think, remember and learn. Trouble with memory or understanding concepts is more common in people who have high blood pressure.

• #70 Secondary hypertension | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/secondary-hypertension

  Secondary high blood pressure (secondary hypertension) is high blood pressure that’s caused by another medical condition. […] Proper treatment of secondary hypertension can often control both the high blood pressure and the condition that causes it. Effective treatment reduces the risk of serious complications including heart disease, kidney failure and stroke. […] If you have a condition that can cause secondary hypertension, you may need your blood pressure checked more frequently. Ask your health care provider how often to have your blood pressure checked. […] Treatment for secondary hypertension involves treating the medical condition that’s causing it with medications or surgery. Once the condition is treated, blood pressure might decrease or return to normal. […] Treatment for secondary hypertension can sometimes be complicated. It might take more than one medication combined with lifestyle changes to control high blood pressure. Your health care provider will want to see you more often possibly as often as once a month until your blood pressure is controlled. Your provider may also recommend that you keep track of your blood pressure at home.

• #71 Hypertensive emergency & antihypertensive medications – EMCrit Project

  https://emcrit.org/ibcc/htn/

  Start oral antihypertensives after the patient has stabilized and improved on IV antihypertensives for several hours. […] Whenever possible, try to clearly define the baseline Bp (e.g., obtain multiple Bp readings in both arms before starting antihypertensives). Lack of a definite baseline Bp leads to uncertainty regarding all downstream Bp targets. […] Patients often have a combination of: […] (1) Excessive vasoconstriction, which is driving their hypertension. […] (2) Hypovolemia due to the diuretic effect of hypertension (pressure diuresis). […] When treated with vasodilation, these patients may develop hypotension (due to unmasking of their hypovolemia). Overall this may lead to wide fluctuations in blood pressure, which is difficult to control. Stabilizing these patients requires addressing both problems:

• #72 Secondary hypertension – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/secondary-hypertension/symptoms-causes/syc-20350679

  Secondary high blood pressure (secondary hypertension) is high blood pressure that’s caused by another medical condition. […] Proper treatment of secondary hypertension can often control both the high blood pressure and the condition that causes it. Effective treatment reduces the risk of serious complications including heart disease, kidney failure and stroke. […] If you have a condition that can cause secondary hypertension, you may need your blood pressure checked more frequently. Ask your health care provider how often to have your blood pressure checked. […] The greatest risk factor for developing secondary hypertension is having a medical condition that can cause high blood pressure, such as kidney, artery, heart or endocrine system problems. […] Secondary hypertension can worsen the underlying medical condition that’s causing the high blood pressure. Without treatment, secondary hypertension can lead to other health problems, such as: […] Uncontrolled high blood pressure also may affect the ability to think, remember and learn. Trouble with memory or understanding concepts is more common in people who have high blood pressure.

• #73 Secondary hypertension – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/secondary-hypertension/symptoms-causes/syc-20350679

  Secondary high blood pressure (secondary hypertension) is high blood pressure that’s caused by another medical condition. […] Proper treatment of secondary hypertension can often control both the high blood pressure and the condition that causes it. Effective treatment reduces the risk of serious complications including heart disease, kidney failure and stroke. […] If you have a condition that can cause secondary hypertension, you may need your blood pressure checked more frequently. Ask your health care provider how often to have your blood pressure checked. […] The greatest risk factor for developing secondary hypertension is having a medical condition that can cause high blood pressure, such as kidney, artery, heart or endocrine system problems. […] Secondary hypertension can worsen the underlying medical condition that’s causing the high blood pressure. Without treatment, secondary hypertension can lead to other health problems, such as: […] Uncontrolled high blood pressure also may affect the ability to think, remember and learn. Trouble with memory or understanding concepts is more common in people who have high blood pressure.

• #74 Hypertension: Nursing Care Management and Study Guide

  https://nurseslabs.com/hypertension/

  At the end of the treatment regimen, the following are expected to be achieved: Maintain blood pressure at less than 140/90 mmHg with lifestyle modifications, medications, or both. […] Following discharge, the nurse should promote self-care and independence of the patient. […] The nurse can help the patient achieve blood pressure control through education about managing blood pressure.

• #75 Hypertension: Nursing Care Management and Study Guide

  https://nurseslabs.com/hypertension/

  At the end of the treatment regimen, the following are expected to be achieved: Maintain blood pressure at less than 140/90 mmHg with lifestyle modifications, medications, or both. […] Following discharge, the nurse should promote self-care and independence of the patient. […] The nurse can help the patient achieve blood pressure control through education about managing blood pressure.

• #76 Hypertension: A discussion of the guidelines – Women’s Healthcare

  https://www.npwomenshealthcare.com/hypertension-a-discussion-of-the-guidelines/

  Common causes of secondary hypertension are: renal parenchymal disease, renovascular disease, primary aldosteronism, obstructive sleep apnea, and drug- and alcohol-induced hypertension. […] The ACC/AHA guidelines recommend lifestyle changes and medications that lower blood pressure. […] The healthcare provider can use patient-centered behavioral change strategies that include motivational interviewing and shared decision making to facilitate success in modifying lifestyle behaviors. […] Adherence to treatment for hypertension is critical but can be challenging both in terms of lifestyle changes and medication regimens. […] The healthcare provider should remain up to date on and follow evidence-based guidelines for assessment and treatment of EBP and hypertension.

• #77 Hypertension: A discussion of the guidelines – Women’s Healthcare

  https://www.npwomenshealthcare.com/hypertension-a-discussion-of-the-guidelines/

  Common causes of secondary hypertension are: renal parenchymal disease, renovascular disease, primary aldosteronism, obstructive sleep apnea, and drug- and alcohol-induced hypertension. […] The ACC/AHA guidelines recommend lifestyle changes and medications that lower blood pressure. […] The healthcare provider can use patient-centered behavioral change strategies that include motivational interviewing and shared decision making to facilitate success in modifying lifestyle behaviors. […] Adherence to treatment for hypertension is critical but can be challenging both in terms of lifestyle changes and medication regimens. […] The healthcare provider should remain up to date on and follow evidence-based guidelines for assessment and treatment of EBP and hypertension.

• #78 Nursing Care Plans For Hypertension ~ Lifenurses

  http://www.lifenurses.com/2009/11/nursing-care-plans-for-hypertension.html

  Stress the fact that there may be no correlation between high blood pressure and symptoms; the patient cannot tell by the way he feels whether blood pressure is normal or elevated. […] Educate the patient to be aware of serious adverse effects and report them immediately so that adjustments can be made in individual pharmacotherapy.

• #79 Nursing Care Plans For Hypertension ~ Lifenurses

  http://www.lifenurses.com/2009/11/nursing-care-plans-for-hypertension.html

  Stress the fact that there may be no correlation between high blood pressure and symptoms; the patient cannot tell by the way he feels whether blood pressure is normal or elevated. […] Educate the patient to be aware of serious adverse effects and report them immediately so that adjustments can be made in individual pharmacotherapy.

• #80 Nursing Care Plan for Hypertension in Aged People

  https://www.norms.in/blog/nursing-care-plan-for-hypertension-in-aged-people/

  Regularly check the blood pressure readings, and evaluate the performance of interventions aimed at controlling hypertension. […] Ensuring the health of the elderly requires collaboration with healthcare professionals, routine follow-up visits and preventive measures like smoking cessation and weight management.

• #81 Hypertension: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/hypertension/?srsltid=AfmBOorl_bktjpce599wEn1Oh1VNnYONf05dsehq85-dMAKdhPYcIjc5

  Reinforce the importance of following treatment regimens and follow up appointments. […] Encourage regular activity through an individualized exercise program. […] Provide a low sodium or no added salt diet. […] Verbalizes understanding of disease process and treatment regimen. […] Understands side effects of medications.

• #82 Nursing Care Plan and Diagnosis for Hypertension

  https://heritage-rc.com/resources/nursing-care-plan-for-hypertension

  Nursing diagnosis involves analyzing the data collected during the assessment phase to identify actual or potential problems related to hypertension. […] Developing a comprehensive nursing care plan is essential for effectively managing hypertension in patients. […] The nursing care plan for hypertension focuses on achieving specific goals and objectives to ensure optimal management of the condition. […] Interventions form a crucial component of the nursing care plan for hypertension. […] Regular monitoring and evaluation of the care plan are essential to ensure its effectiveness and make necessary adjustments as needed. […] By implementing a well-designed nursing care plan, healthcare professionals can support patients with hypertension in achieving better blood pressure control, reducing the risk of complications, and improving their overall quality of life.

• #83 Secondary Hypertension: Diagnosis, Management, and Nursing Intervention-An Updated Review

  https://ejchem.journals.ekb.eg/article_406004.html

  Background: Hypertension, a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, affects over 30% of adults worldwide. […] Aim: This review aims to provide an updated overview of secondary hypertension, focusing on its diagnosis, management strategies, and nursing interventions. […] Conclusion: Early identification of secondary hypertension can lead to more effective management, potentially resolving hypertension through targeted treatment. Nurses play a vital role in early detection, patient education, and adherence to treatment plans, helping reduce complications associated with secondary hypertension.

• #84 Nursing Care Plan and Diagnosis for Hypertension

  https://heritage-rc.com/resources/nursing-care-plan-for-hypertension

  Nursing diagnosis involves analyzing the data collected during the assessment phase to identify actual or potential problems related to hypertension. […] Developing a comprehensive nursing care plan is essential for effectively managing hypertension in patients. […] The nursing care plan for hypertension focuses on achieving specific goals and objectives to ensure optimal management of the condition. […] Interventions form a crucial component of the nursing care plan for hypertension. […] Regular monitoring and evaluation of the care plan are essential to ensure its effectiveness and make necessary adjustments as needed. […] By implementing a well-designed nursing care plan, healthcare professionals can support patients with hypertension in achieving better blood pressure control, reducing the risk of complications, and improving their overall quality of life.

Zobacz więcej