Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Atrial Fibrillation: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/151066-overview

  AF is the most frequently encountered cardiac arrhythmia. It affects more than 2.7 to 6.1 million persons in the United States which is expected to rise to 12.1 million in 2030. AF is strongly age-dependent, affecting 4% of individuals older than 60 years and 8% of persons older than 80 years. Approximately 25% of individuals aged 40 years and older will develop AF during their lifetime. The prevalence of AF is 0.1% in persons younger than 55 years, 3.8% in persons 60 years or older, and 10% in persons 80 years or older. With the projected increase in the elderly population in the United States, the prevalence of AF is expected to more than double by the year 2050. AF is uncommon in childhood except after cardiac surgery. The incidence of AF is significantly higher in men than in women in all age groups, although this effect may be mediated through the difference in average height between men and women. AF appears to be more common in White individuals (30%-40% overall lifetime risk) than in Black persons (20% overall lifetime risk) and Chinese persons (about 15% overall lifetime risk), with Black individuals having less than half the age-adjusted risk of developing AF. In 10-15% of cases of AF, the disease occurs in the absence of comorbidities. However, AF is often associated with other cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension; heart failure; diabetes-related heart disease; ischemic heart disease; and valvular, dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive, and congenital cardiomyopathies. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study suggests reduced kidney function and presence of albuminuria are strongly associated with AF. The rate of ischemic stroke in patients with nonrheumatic AF averages 5% a year, which is somewhere between 2 and 7 times the rate of stroke in patients without AF. The risk of stroke is not due solely to AF; it increases substantially in the presence of other cardiovascular diseases. The prevalence of stroke in patients younger than 60 years is less than 0.5%; however, in those older than 70 years, the prevalence doubles with each decade. The attributable risk of stroke from AF is estimated to be 1.5% for those aged 50-59 years, and it approaches 30% for those aged 80-89 years. Women are at a higher risk of stroke due to AF than men and some have suggested this may be due to undertreatment with warfarin. However, one study of patients 65 years or older with recently diagnosed AF found warfarin use played no part in the increased risk of stroke among female patients.

• #2 Epidemiology of atrial fibrillation: European perspective | CLEP

  https://www.dovepress.com/epidemiology-of-atrial-fibrillation-european-perspective-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CLEP

  In the last 20 years, atrial fibrillation (AF) has become one of the most important public health problems and a significant cause of increasing health care costs in western countries. The prevalence of AF is increasing due to our greater ability to treat chronic cardiac and noncardiac diseases, and the improved ability to suspect and diagnose AF. At the present time, the prevalence of AF (2%) is double that reported in the last decade. The prevalence of AF varies with age and sex. AF is present in 0.12%0.16% of those younger than 49 years, in 3.7%4.2% of those aged 6070 years, and in 10%17% of those aged 80 years or older. In addition, it occurs more frequently in males, with a male to female ratio of 1.2:1. The incidence of AF ranges between 0.21 and 0.41 per 1,000 person/years. […] Given that the prevalence of AF continues to increase, it is crucial to have an updated picture of the epidemiological, clinical, and social impact of AF to plan appropriate interventions and adequately allocate human and economic resources.

• #3 Atrial fibrillation: epidemiology, screening and digital health

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10866942/

  The 2020 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines on AF management recommend opportunistic screening for AF in persons aged 65 years and in hypertensive patients and should be considered in patients with sleep apnea. Systematic screening for AF should be considered in individuals aged 75 years, or at high risk of stroke. […] The prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF) continues to increase globally, justifying the term 21st century cardiovascular disease epidemic. […] Timely detection and treatment of AF holds the potential to curtail AF-associated complications. […] Digital health solutions have emerged as promising tools for early AF detection and initiation of prompt management. […] Countries should invest in existing cost-effective public health programs and clinical interventions to increase equal access to digital devices to facilitate AF screening and management.

• #4 Atrial fibrillation: epidemiology, screening and digital health

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10866942/

  The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 study demonstrated that more than 59 million individuals lived with AF in 2019. The prevalence has risen markedly since 2010 when the number was 33.5 million. However, the true prevalence of AF is higher because many individuals have undiagnosed AF until they develop symptoms or present with an ischemic stroke. […] Considering all the above AF related complications, efforts have been made to reduce the healthcare burden by use of screening focused on high risk populations, or targeted at community based screening programmes. Importantly, while early AF diagnosis is intended to detect AF among individuals with AF-related symptoms, screening invites individuals without AF-related symptoms to undergo testing. A recent meta-analysis of 4 RCTs indicated that AF screening was associated with a reduction in stroke as compared with no screening.

• #5 Epidemiology and modifiable risk factors for atrial fibrillation | Nature Reviews Cardiology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41569-022-00820-8

  The global prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF) has increased substantially over the past three decades and is currently approximately 60 million cases. […] Incident AF and its clinical consequences are largely the result of risk factors that can be modified by lifestyle changes. […] We begin by summarizing the epidemiology of AF, focusing on non-modifiable and modifiable risk factors, as well as targets and strategies for the primary prevention of AF. […] Furthermore, we evaluate the role of modifiable risk factors in the secondary prevention of AF as well as the potential effects of risk factor interventions on the frequency and severity of subsequent AF episodes. […] The global prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF) is approximately 60 million cases and contributes to 8 million disability-adjusted life years.

• #6 Atrial Fibrillation: Epidemiology and Demographics | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-31386-3_1

  In the clinical setting, atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most commonly presented arrhythmia of clinical significance. It is estimated that it affects 46.1 million people globally. Up to a half-million hospitalizations annually in the USA have AF as their primary diagnosis, and AF is estimated to contribute to 100,000 deaths per year in the USA. AF has a significant impact on health-care costs, with the major cost drivers being hospitalizations, stroke, and loss of productivity. […] The real prevalence of AF could be underrepresented due to the fact that in up to 25% of cases, AF occurs in the absence of symptoms, potentially underestimating the real prevalence of the disease. Monitoring techniques to detect asymptomatic, or subclinical AF, also have an impact on prevalence. AF is associated with significant morbidity. As the population age increases, so does the prevalence. Gender also had an impact on prevalence, with AF occurring more frequently in males than females, but despite a greater prevalence in men, women represent the bulk of patients with AF due to their longer survival. The impact of race is less clear.

• #7 Atrial Fibrillation: Epidemiology and Demographics | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-31386-3_1

  In the clinical setting, atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most commonly presented arrhythmia of clinical significance. It is estimated that it affects 46.1 million people globally. Up to a half-million hospitalizations annually in the USA have AF as their primary diagnosis, and AF is estimated to contribute to 100,000 deaths per year in the USA. AF has a significant impact on health-care costs, with the major cost drivers being hospitalizations, stroke, and loss of productivity. […] The real prevalence of AF could be underrepresented due to the fact that in up to 25% of cases, AF occurs in the absence of symptoms, potentially underestimating the real prevalence of the disease. Monitoring techniques to detect asymptomatic, or subclinical AF, also have an impact on prevalence. AF is associated with significant morbidity. As the population age increases, so does the prevalence. Gender also had an impact on prevalence, with AF occurring more frequently in males than females, but despite a greater prevalence in men, women represent the bulk of patients with AF due to their longer survival. The impact of race is less clear.

• #8 2. Epidemiology

  https://ccs.ca/guideline/2020-atrial-fibrillation/chapter-2-epidemiology/

  AF is the most common sustained arrhythmia encountered in clinical practice. Current evidence suggests that the prevalence of AF is 1%-2% in the general population, and increases significantly with age (1.0% up to 50 years of age, to 4% at 65 years, and 12% of those 80 years of age or older). […] Although the incidence has been relatively stable over time (approximately 28 per 1000 person-years), the overall prevalence of AF is increasing because of changing population demographics (eg, from 41 cases per 1000 in 1993 to 85 cases per 1000 in 2007). […] However, the true prevalence of AF is likely to be substantially higher than 1-2%, as these historical estimates were derived from populations with AF diagnosed using ECG, and did not routinely account for patients with paroxysmal AF (which is estimated to be approximately two-thirds of the AF population) or patients with silent AF.

• #9 Epidemiology of atrial fibrillation: European perspective | CLEP

  https://www.dovepress.com/epidemiology-of-atrial-fibrillation-european-perspective-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CLEP

  The most recent studies have confirmed this perception and shown that the prevalence of AF in the general adult population of Europe is more than double that reported just one decade earlier, ranging from 1.9% in Italy, Iceland, and England to 2.3% in Germany and 2.9% in Sweden. […] In Europe, the most recent studies performed in the global population over the last decade report an incidence of AF ranging from 0.23 per 1,000 person/years in Iceland to 0.41 in Germany and 0.9 in Scotland, respectively. […] At the present time, among residents aged 1520 years or over in Europe, the prevalence of AF can be estimated at 2%, together with an incidence ranging between 0.23 and 0.41 per 1,000 person/years. […] Therefore, within 15 years, the number of the European citizens with AF will be 1417 million and the number of new AF cases will be 120,000215,000 per year (estimated incidence 0.230.41 per 1,000 person/years).

• #10 Epidemiology of atrial fibrillation: European perspective | CLEP

  https://www.dovepress.com/epidemiology-of-atrial-fibrillation-european-perspective-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CLEP

  In the last 20 years, atrial fibrillation (AF) has become one of the most important public health problems and a significant cause of increasing health care costs in western countries. The prevalence of AF is increasing due to our greater ability to treat chronic cardiac and noncardiac diseases, and the improved ability to suspect and diagnose AF. At the present time, the prevalence of AF (2%) is double that reported in the last decade. The prevalence of AF varies with age and sex. AF is present in 0.12%0.16% of those younger than 49 years, in 3.7%4.2% of those aged 6070 years, and in 10%17% of those aged 80 years or older. In addition, it occurs more frequently in males, with a male to female ratio of 1.2:1. The incidence of AF ranges between 0.21 and 0.41 per 1,000 person/years. […] Given that the prevalence of AF continues to increase, it is crucial to have an updated picture of the epidemiological, clinical, and social impact of AF to plan appropriate interventions and adequately allocate human and economic resources.

• #11 Epidemiology and Economic Burden of Atrial Fibrillation | USC Journal

  https://www.uscjournal.com/articles/epidemiology-and-economic-burden-atrial-fibrillation?language_content_entity=en

  Large-scale population-based studies estimated an overall prevalence of 0.9% in the US, which increased steadily to 35% in people older than 65 years, and to 10% or higher in people over 80 years of age. […] The incidence of AF follows a similar pattern and also appears to be on the rise. […] Projected data from population-based studies, such as the Anticoagulation and Risk Factors In Atrial Fibrillation (ATRIA) study in California and analysis from the Mayo Clinic in the Midwest, suggest that the number of adults with AF may reach 5.6-12.1 million by 2050. […] AF is a significant marker of future morbidity with major consequences for the healthcare delivery system. […] All large-scale studies have shown increased risk of all-cause mortality and death from cardiovascular causes, ranging from 1.3- to 1.8-fold for men and 1.9- to 2.8-fold for women.

• #12 Epidemiology of atrial fibrillation: European perspective | CLEP

  https://www.dovepress.com/epidemiology-of-atrial-fibrillation-european-perspective-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CLEP

  In the last 20 years, atrial fibrillation (AF) has become one of the most important public health problems and a significant cause of increasing health care costs in western countries. The prevalence of AF is increasing due to our greater ability to treat chronic cardiac and noncardiac diseases, and the improved ability to suspect and diagnose AF. At the present time, the prevalence of AF (2%) is double that reported in the last decade. The prevalence of AF varies with age and sex. AF is present in 0.12%0.16% of those younger than 49 years, in 3.7%4.2% of those aged 6070 years, and in 10%17% of those aged 80 years or older. In addition, it occurs more frequently in males, with a male to female ratio of 1.2:1. The incidence of AF ranges between 0.21 and 0.41 per 1,000 person/years. […] Given that the prevalence of AF continues to increase, it is crucial to have an updated picture of the epidemiological, clinical, and social impact of AF to plan appropriate interventions and adequately allocate human and economic resources.

• #13 Atrial Fibrillation: Epidemiology and Demographics | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-31386-3_1

  In the clinical setting, atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most commonly presented arrhythmia of clinical significance. It is estimated that it affects 46.1 million people globally. Up to a half-million hospitalizations annually in the USA have AF as their primary diagnosis, and AF is estimated to contribute to 100,000 deaths per year in the USA. AF has a significant impact on health-care costs, with the major cost drivers being hospitalizations, stroke, and loss of productivity. […] The real prevalence of AF could be underrepresented due to the fact that in up to 25% of cases, AF occurs in the absence of symptoms, potentially underestimating the real prevalence of the disease. Monitoring techniques to detect asymptomatic, or subclinical AF, also have an impact on prevalence. AF is associated with significant morbidity. As the population age increases, so does the prevalence. Gender also had an impact on prevalence, with AF occurring more frequently in males than females, but despite a greater prevalence in men, women represent the bulk of patients with AF due to their longer survival. The impact of race is less clear.

• #14 208. Atrial Fibrillation: Epidemiology, Health Equity, & The Double Paradox with Dr. Larry Jackson

  https://www.cardionerds.com/208-atrial-fibrillation-epidemiology-health-equity-the-double-paradox-with-dr-larry-jackson/

  Atrial fibrillation may reach pandemic proportions in the next 2-3 decades. […] Most atrial fibrillation epidemiology studies suggest that the non-Hispanic Black population has a lower incidence/prevalence of atrial fibrillation, despite a higher risk factor burden (Afib paradox). […] Underrepresented populations are less likely than White patients to receive optimal guideline-based management of atrial fibrillation. […] Gender-based differences in atrial fibrillation epidemiology, management, and outcomes also exist. […] The current global prevalence of atrial fibrillation is unclear. It is estimated that over the next 30 years, the prevalence of atrial fibrillation may reach pandemic proportions, with potentially 100-180 million people worldwide suffering from this condition. […] Many of the above factors have been determined by studying predominantly White populations.

• #15 208. Atrial Fibrillation: Epidemiology, Health Equity, & The Double Paradox with Dr. Larry Jackson

  https://www.cardionerds.com/208-atrial-fibrillation-epidemiology-health-equity-the-double-paradox-with-dr-larry-jackson/

  The atrial fibrillation paradox is a double paradox, as Dr. Jackson explains: despite a higher risk factor burden, non-Hispanic Blacks have a lower incidence/prevalence of atrial fibrillation. At the same time, non-Hispanic blacks have worse outcomes compared to the white population. […] Large epidemiological registries have traditionally included very small proportions of underrepresented groups. A more diverse enrollment in clinical trials is essential. […] Underrepresented groups have worse outcomes compared to the White population: higher risk of stroke, heart failure, and mortality. […] Differences in the management of atrial fibrillation among racial/ethnic/gender groups contribute to these worse outcomes, e.g., lower rates of stroke prevention therapies and rhythm control strategies.

• #16 Epidemiology of atrial fibrillation: European perspective | CLEP

  https://www.dovepress.com/epidemiology-of-atrial-fibrillation-european-perspective-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CLEP

  The most recent studies have confirmed this perception and shown that the prevalence of AF in the general adult population of Europe is more than double that reported just one decade earlier, ranging from 1.9% in Italy, Iceland, and England to 2.3% in Germany and 2.9% in Sweden. […] In Europe, the most recent studies performed in the global population over the last decade report an incidence of AF ranging from 0.23 per 1,000 person/years in Iceland to 0.41 in Germany and 0.9 in Scotland, respectively. […] At the present time, among residents aged 1520 years or over in Europe, the prevalence of AF can be estimated at 2%, together with an incidence ranging between 0.23 and 0.41 per 1,000 person/years. […] Therefore, within 15 years, the number of the European citizens with AF will be 1417 million and the number of new AF cases will be 120,000215,000 per year (estimated incidence 0.230.41 per 1,000 person/years).

• #17 2. Epidemiology

  https://ccs.ca/guideline/2020-atrial-fibrillation/chapter-2-epidemiology/

  AF is the most common sustained arrhythmia encountered in clinical practice. Current evidence suggests that the prevalence of AF is 1%-2% in the general population, and increases significantly with age (1.0% up to 50 years of age, to 4% at 65 years, and 12% of those 80 years of age or older). […] Although the incidence has been relatively stable over time (approximately 28 per 1000 person-years), the overall prevalence of AF is increasing because of changing population demographics (eg, from 41 cases per 1000 in 1993 to 85 cases per 1000 in 2007). […] However, the true prevalence of AF is likely to be substantially higher than 1-2%, as these historical estimates were derived from populations with AF diagnosed using ECG, and did not routinely account for patients with paroxysmal AF (which is estimated to be approximately two-thirds of the AF population) or patients with silent AF.

• #18 Atrial fibrillation fact sheet in Korea 2024 (part 1): epidemiology of atrial fibrillation in Korea | International Journal of Arrhythmia | Full Text

  https://arrhythmia.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s42444-024-00119-4

  The prevalence of AF exhibited slight regional variation, with Jeonbuk reporting the highest prevalence at 3.5% in 2022 and Sejong City reporting the lowest at 1.6%. […] The incidence of AF increased from 184 per 100,000 person-years in 2013 to 275 per 100,000 person-years in 2022, reflecting a 1.5-fold increase over the 10 years. […] The characteristics of patients with prevalent AF are becoming increasingly high-risk due to advancing age and more comorbidities. […] The annual event rates for ischemic stroke and major bleeding declined for the decade. In contrast, those for all-cause mortality, HF admission, and MI increased. […] Our principal findings in this large nationwide cohort study of a Korean population are as follows: (1) between 2013 and 2022, the prevalence of AF in Korean adults aged 20 years doubled from 1.1 to 2.2%; (2) the number of newly diagnosed patients with AF per year also increased steadily, with the incidence rising from 184 to 275 per 100,000 person-years, particularly among older populations; (3) over this period, the mean age of patients with AF increased from 67.7 to 70.3 years, and the prevalence of comorbidities and the CHA2DS2-VASc score rose significantly, indicating a higher stroke risk; and (4) compared with patients without AF, AF was associated with an increased risk of mortality, ischemic stroke, major bleeding, MI, and HF admission. […] The prevalence and incidence of AF have steadily increased between 2013 and 2022, with the increase being more pronounced in older patients.

• #19 Epidemiology and Economic Burden of Atrial Fibrillation | USC Journal

  https://www.uscjournal.com/articles/epidemiology-and-economic-burden-atrial-fibrillation?language_content_entity=en

  Large-scale population-based studies estimated an overall prevalence of 0.9% in the US, which increased steadily to 35% in people older than 65 years, and to 10% or higher in people over 80 years of age. […] The incidence of AF follows a similar pattern and also appears to be on the rise. […] Projected data from population-based studies, such as the Anticoagulation and Risk Factors In Atrial Fibrillation (ATRIA) study in California and analysis from the Mayo Clinic in the Midwest, suggest that the number of adults with AF may reach 5.6-12.1 million by 2050. […] AF is a significant marker of future morbidity with major consequences for the healthcare delivery system. […] All large-scale studies have shown increased risk of all-cause mortality and death from cardiovascular causes, ranging from 1.3- to 1.8-fold for men and 1.9- to 2.8-fold for women.

• #20 Epidemiology and modifiable risk factors for atrial fibrillation | Nature Reviews Cardiology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41569-022-00820-8

  The lifetime risk of AF is approximately 33%, with estimates modified by patient-level factors such as age, sex, race and burden of clinical risk factors. […] Modifiable risk factors, including hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus and physical inactivity, increase the lifetime risk of AF, independent of genetic risk. […] Evidence is accumulating that risk factor interventions reduce incident AF and have a central role in the secondary prevention of AF episodes. […] Future research should focus on risk factor management for the primary and secondary prevention of AF and major policy changes to reduce the global burden of AF.

• #21 Atrial fibrillation: epidemiology, screening and digital health – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38362546/

  Atrial fibrillation (AF) is highly prevalent with a lifetime risk of about 1 in 3-5 individuals after the age of 45 years. Between 2010 and 2019, the global prevalence of AF has risen markedly from 33.5 million to 59 million individuals living with AF. […] International AF management guidelines recommend opportunistic and systematic screening for AF, but additional data are needed. Digital approaches and pathways have been proposed for early detection and for the transition to early AF management. […] In this review, we present an overview of the present data on epidemiology, screening techniques, and the contribution of digital health solutions to the integrated management of AF.

• #22 Epidemiology and modifiable risk factors for atrial fibrillation | Nature Reviews Cardiology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41569-022-00820-8

  The lifetime risk of AF is approximately 33%, with estimates modified by patient-level factors such as age, sex, race and burden of clinical risk factors. […] Modifiable risk factors, including hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus and physical inactivity, increase the lifetime risk of AF, independent of genetic risk. […] Evidence is accumulating that risk factor interventions reduce incident AF and have a central role in the secondary prevention of AF episodes. […] Future research should focus on risk factor management for the primary and secondary prevention of AF and major policy changes to reduce the global burden of AF.

• #23 Atrial Fibrillation: Epidemiology and Demographics | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-31386-3_1

  AF has been associated with cardiovascular disease, in particular with hypertension, coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, and valvular disease; it can also occur after cardiac surgery and in the presence of myocarditis or pericarditis. Venous thromboembolic disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, obesity, diabetes, and renal disease have also been described as risk factors. Certain medications can cause or contribute to AF development. However, the absence of an accepted biologic mechanism and the susceptibility of case-control studies to unmeasured confounders make us cautious about the strength of this association. […] AF has been classified as paroxysmal, persistent, permanent, or lone. Lone atrial fibrillation refers to the presence of AF with no underlying structural heart disease; it can be present in as much as 45% of patients with paroxysmal AF. […] Worldwide epidemiology of atrial fibrillation: a global burden of disease 2010 study.

• #24 Stroke in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: Epidemiology, Screening, and Prognosis

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/1/30

  The largest population-wide attributable risk factor for AF is hypertension, which can lead to left atrium (LA) and left ventricular (LV) structural remodeling and engages in prothrombotic changes. […] The overall risk for stroke in AF is five-fold; however, the risk is not homogenous, but depends on the presence of specific stroke risk factors. […] The most common risk scale for AF-related stroke is CHA2DS2-VASc, which summarizes the common stroke risk factors: congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ≥ 75 years, diabetes mellitus, stroke, vascular disease, age 65–74 years, and sex category (female). […] AF is a known risk factor for HT in acute IS patients. […] In many patients, IS may be the first symptom of undetected AF, with a high mortality if IS and AF occur concurrently.

• #25 Epidemiology, prevention, and treatment of new-onset atrial fibrillation in critically ill: a systematic review | Journal of Intensive Care | Full Text

  https://jintensivecare.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40560-015-0085-4

  Compared with the amount of knowledge for cardiac diseases, however, information on AF occurring in general critically ill populations is limited. […] Severity of illness (APACHE II, SAPS II, SIRS, shock), organ failures, and sepsis were all reported as risk factors of AF in multiple studies. […] Walkey et al. presented increased risks of stroke associated with new-onset AF in septic shock patients. […] As for AF prevention, we excluded two RCTs because of focusing on patients after lung resection, although they were conducted in the ICU. […] In this systematic review, we found that new-onset AF occurred in 5%15% of general non-cardiac critically ill patients. Patients with new-onset AF had poor outcomes compared with those without AF.

• #26 Obesity and Atrial Fibrillation: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology and Novel Therapeutic Opportunities | AER Journal

  https://www.aerjournal.com/articles/obesity-and-atrial-fibrillation-epidemiology-pathophysiology-and-novel-therapeutic?language_content_entity=en

  Early associations between AF and obesity were observed in patients undergoing cardiac surgery, with high BMI being reported in numerous studies as a major risk factor for post-operative AF. Various studies including the Framingham Heart Study and a meta-analysis has indicated that a rise in BMI parallels a marked increase in AF risk. The Womens Health Study found that for every 1 kg/m2 increase in BMI, there was a 4.7% increase in risk of developing AF. In a cohort of 47,589 patients prospectively followed up for a mean of 5.7 years in the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health Study, BMI independently correlated with increased AF risk regardless of gender. In a recently published cohort of 67,238 patients derived from a database of healthcare claims in the US, obesity was associated with new onset AF independent of age, diabetes, hypertension and gender.

• #27 Atrial fibrillation in Sub-Saharan Africa: epidemiology, unmet needs, | IJGM

  https://www.dovepress.com/atrial-fibrillation-in-sub-saharan-africa-epidemiology-unmet-needs-and-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IJGM

  Thus, similar to other regions of the world, most patients with AF in Africa are at moderate-to-high risk of stroke. […] The CHA2DS2VASc point scoring system is a modification of CHADS2, which includes a larger number of risk factors and has a broader score range. […] The CHA2DS2VASc scoring system has not been validated in the native African population, its utility in this setting currently remains uncertain and may be limited pending its validation. […] Rheumatic heart disease associated with valvular AF is much more common in Africa than in North America or Europe. […] As a consequence of the higher prevalence of rheumatic heart disease, AF may affect people in Africa at a younger age than in the US or Europe. […] The vitamin K antagonists (VKAs), including warfarin, are well-studied, having been used for many years, and low-cost generic versions are readily available.

• #28 Global epidemiology of atrial fibrillation | Nature Reviews Cardiology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nrcardio.2014.118

  Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a worldwide epidemic affecting approximately 33 million people, and its rising prevalence is expected to account for increasing clinical and public health costs […] Australia, Europe, and the USA have the highest reported prevalence of AF (1% in the adult population), but the prevalence of AF in low-income and middle-income countries is probably underestimated […] The dearth of data on the prevalence, lifetime risk, prognosis, prevention, treatment, and economic implications of AF in many regions around the world remains to be addressed […] Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a major public health burden worldwide, and its prevalence is set to increase owing to widespread population ageing, especially in rapidly developing countries such as Brazil, China, India, and Indonesia

• #29 Epidemiology of atrial fibrillation in northeast China: a cross-sectional study, 2017–2019 | Heart

  https://heart.bmj.com/content/106/8/590

  Objective To evaluate the epidemiology of atrial fibrillation (AF) in northeast China. […] The overall AF prevalence was 1.1%; it increased steeply with age. AF was more prevalent in men than in women (1.5% vs 0.9%, p0.001); however, the difference between urban and rural areas was not significant (1.3% vs 1.1%, p=0.228). […] The burden of AF in northeast China was substantial. Underuse of OAC therapy and uncontrolled comorbidities will likely contribute to the cardiovascular outcomes of patients with AF in the coming decades. Long-term management strategies for AF and related risk factors are required in northeast China.

• #30 Atrial fibrillation in Sub-Saharan Africa: epidemiology, unmet needs, | IJGM

  https://www.dovepress.com/atrial-fibrillation-in-sub-saharan-africa-epidemiology-unmet-needs-and-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IJGM

  The largest relative increase in cardiovascular disease burden between 1990 and 2010 in Sub-Saharan Africa was in AF. […] It is estimated that by 2050, the prevalence of AF in Africa will be greater than in any other region of the world. […] The impact of AF on patients in Africa is not well characterized. […] The leading cardiovascular cause of death and disability in 2010 in Sub-Saharan Africa was stroke. […] Even in developed regions where high-quality health care is readily accessible, patients with AF are undertreated with anticoagulant therapy; similarly, data indicate that patients with AF in Africa receive suboptimal antithrombotic treatment to reduce their risk of stroke. […] The incidence of NVAF in Africa is likely to increase as rates of hypertension, diabetes, and other risk factors increase and the population ages.

• #31 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – High Burden of Unrecognized Atrial Fibrillation in Rural India: An Innovative Community-Based Cross-Sectional Screening Program

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2016/2/e159/

  Atrial fibrillation, the worlds most common arrhythmia, is a leading risk factor for stroke, a disease striking nearly 1.6 million Indians annually. […] The objective of this study is to screen people for atrial fibrillation in rural western India using a US Food and Drug Administration-approved single-lead electrocardiography device, Alivecor. […] Twelve participants screened positive for atrial fibrillation yielding a sample prevalence of 5.1% (95% CI 2.7-8.7). […] Our study suggests a prevalence of atrial fibrillation in this Indian region (5.1%) that is markedly higher than has been previously reported in India and similar to the prevalence estimates reported in studies of persons from North America and Europe. […] Current understanding of the global epidemiology of atrial fibrillation is dependent on robust surveillance systems and high quality community-based studies, but there remains a paucity of such investigations outside of North America and Europe, particularly in countries with less developed health systems.

• #32 About Atrial Fibrillation | Heart Disease | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/heart-disease/about/atrial-fibrillation.html

  Atrial fibrillation, often called AFib or AF, is the most common type of treated heart arrhythmia. […] It is estimated that 12.1 million people in the US will have AFib in S12. […] In 2021, AFib was mentioned on 232,030 death certificates and was the underlying cause of death in 28,037 of those deaths. […] The risk for AFib increases with age. […] More than 454,000 hospitalizations with AFib as the primary diagnosis happen each year in the US. […] The condition contributes to about 158,000 deaths each year. […] The death rate from AFib as the primary or a contributing cause of death has been rising for more than two decades.

• #33 About Atrial Fibrillation | Heart Disease | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/heart-disease/about/atrial-fibrillation.html

  Atrial fibrillation, often called AFib or AF, is the most common type of treated heart arrhythmia. […] It is estimated that 12.1 million people in the US will have AFib in S12. […] In 2021, AFib was mentioned on 232,030 death certificates and was the underlying cause of death in 28,037 of those deaths. […] The risk for AFib increases with age. […] More than 454,000 hospitalizations with AFib as the primary diagnosis happen each year in the US. […] The condition contributes to about 158,000 deaths each year. […] The death rate from AFib as the primary or a contributing cause of death has been rising for more than two decades.

• #34 2. Epidemiology

  https://ccs.ca/guideline/2020-atrial-fibrillation/chapter-2-epidemiology/

  When factoring in patients with paroxysmal and silent AF, the prevalence of AF increases from 500,000 to nearly 1 million Canadians. […] AF is independently associated with a 1.5- to 4-fold increased risk of mortality, which is predominantly due to increased risk of thromboembolic events and ventricular dysfunction. […] Nonanticoagulated patients with AF have a 3- to 5-fold increased risk of stroke, which are generally more severe (greater resource utilization, long-term disability, and mortality) and more recurrent than strokes unrelated to AF. […] The economic burden of AF care is substantial. A significant proportion of AF health care expenses are attributed to the direct costs associated with hospitalization and the provision of acute care. […] In Canada, AF resulted in 8815 same-day procedures, 76,964 ED visits, and 64,214 acute care admissions (25,892 with AF as the principal diagnosis and 38,222 with AF as a comorbid diagnosis) in the 2007-2008 fiscal year.

• #35 2. Epidemiology

  https://ccs.ca/guideline/2020-atrial-fibrillation/chapter-2-epidemiology/

  The annual direct cost of AF care adjusted to 2020 Canadian dollars (CAD$) was $956 million: $66 million for ED visits with AF as the principal diagnosis and $20 million with comorbid AF; $204 million for hospitalization with AF as the principal diagnosis and $634 million with comorbid AF; and $32 million for AF-related day procedures. […] It is important to recognize that the cost of care is not uniform across the spectrum of AF. Specifically, the annual inpatient and outpatient direct costs are more than twice as high for patients with primary AF compared with patients with secondary AF.

• #36 Epidemiology and Economic Burden of Atrial Fibrillation | USC Journal

  https://www.uscjournal.com/articles/epidemiology-and-economic-burden-atrial-fibrillation?language_content_entity=en

  Thromboembolic stroke is the most serious and debilitating of all complications, the risk of which is increased three to five times in patients with non-valvular AF. […] AF imposes a substantial cost burden on the healthcare system due to its increased morbidity- and mortality-associated therapeutic interventions. […] A good estimate of the involved costs was provided by a large UK-based survey that revealed that the direct cost of managing AF increased from 0.6-1.2% of the total National Health Service (NHS) budget in 1995 to 0.9-2.4% by 2000. […] Recent studies comparing the effectiveness of rate control versus rhythm control strategies were consistent in their results that rate control is at least as effective as rhythm control in relatively asymptomatic patients over 65 years of age. […] As a result of increasing age and improved survival rates in those with coronary artery disease, heart failure, and hypertension, an increase in the prevalence of AF is likely to be exponential and sustained in the foreseeable future.

• #37 2. Epidemiology

  https://ccs.ca/guideline/2020-atrial-fibrillation/chapter-2-epidemiology/

  When factoring in patients with paroxysmal and silent AF, the prevalence of AF increases from 500,000 to nearly 1 million Canadians. […] AF is independently associated with a 1.5- to 4-fold increased risk of mortality, which is predominantly due to increased risk of thromboembolic events and ventricular dysfunction. […] Nonanticoagulated patients with AF have a 3- to 5-fold increased risk of stroke, which are generally more severe (greater resource utilization, long-term disability, and mortality) and more recurrent than strokes unrelated to AF. […] The economic burden of AF care is substantial. A significant proportion of AF health care expenses are attributed to the direct costs associated with hospitalization and the provision of acute care. […] In Canada, AF resulted in 8815 same-day procedures, 76,964 ED visits, and 64,214 acute care admissions (25,892 with AF as the principal diagnosis and 38,222 with AF as a comorbid diagnosis) in the 2007-2008 fiscal year.

• #38 Epidemiology and Economic Burden of Atrial Fibrillation | USC Journal

  https://www.uscjournal.com/articles/epidemiology-and-economic-burden-atrial-fibrillation?language_content_entity=en

  Large-scale population-based studies estimated an overall prevalence of 0.9% in the US, which increased steadily to 35% in people older than 65 years, and to 10% or higher in people over 80 years of age. […] The incidence of AF follows a similar pattern and also appears to be on the rise. […] Projected data from population-based studies, such as the Anticoagulation and Risk Factors In Atrial Fibrillation (ATRIA) study in California and analysis from the Mayo Clinic in the Midwest, suggest that the number of adults with AF may reach 5.6-12.1 million by 2050. […] AF is a significant marker of future morbidity with major consequences for the healthcare delivery system. […] All large-scale studies have shown increased risk of all-cause mortality and death from cardiovascular causes, ranging from 1.3- to 1.8-fold for men and 1.9- to 2.8-fold for women.

• #39 Epidemiology and Economic Burden of Atrial Fibrillation | USC Journal

  https://www.uscjournal.com/articles/epidemiology-and-economic-burden-atrial-fibrillation?language_content_entity=en

  Thromboembolic stroke is the most serious and debilitating of all complications, the risk of which is increased three to five times in patients with non-valvular AF. […] AF imposes a substantial cost burden on the healthcare system due to its increased morbidity- and mortality-associated therapeutic interventions. […] A good estimate of the involved costs was provided by a large UK-based survey that revealed that the direct cost of managing AF increased from 0.6-1.2% of the total National Health Service (NHS) budget in 1995 to 0.9-2.4% by 2000. […] Recent studies comparing the effectiveness of rate control versus rhythm control strategies were consistent in their results that rate control is at least as effective as rhythm control in relatively asymptomatic patients over 65 years of age. […] As a result of increasing age and improved survival rates in those with coronary artery disease, heart failure, and hypertension, an increase in the prevalence of AF is likely to be exponential and sustained in the foreseeable future.

• #40 2. Epidemiology

  https://ccs.ca/guideline/2020-atrial-fibrillation/chapter-2-epidemiology/

  When factoring in patients with paroxysmal and silent AF, the prevalence of AF increases from 500,000 to nearly 1 million Canadians. […] AF is independently associated with a 1.5- to 4-fold increased risk of mortality, which is predominantly due to increased risk of thromboembolic events and ventricular dysfunction. […] Nonanticoagulated patients with AF have a 3- to 5-fold increased risk of stroke, which are generally more severe (greater resource utilization, long-term disability, and mortality) and more recurrent than strokes unrelated to AF. […] The economic burden of AF care is substantial. A significant proportion of AF health care expenses are attributed to the direct costs associated with hospitalization and the provision of acute care. […] In Canada, AF resulted in 8815 same-day procedures, 76,964 ED visits, and 64,214 acute care admissions (25,892 with AF as the principal diagnosis and 38,222 with AF as a comorbid diagnosis) in the 2007-2008 fiscal year.

• #41 Epidemiology and Management of New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation

  https://www.ajmc.com/view/apr04-1781ps050-s057

  AF is associated with significant mortality and morbidity because it increases the risk of stroke and thromboembolism. The overall risk for thromboembolic events in patients with nonrheumatic AF increases 5-fold. For those 65 years of age, there is a 5% to 7% yearly risk for the disorder. The attributable risk of AF-related stroke increases with age, from 1.5% in people 50 to 59 years to 23.5% in those 80 to 89 years. […] AF remains the most common cardiac disorder in the United States, and during the next several decades its incidence will likely increase. It occurs more frequently in the elderly and more often in men than women. The onset of the disorder is associated with a host of contributing factors: cardiac conditions (coronary heart and valvular disease, heart failure), thyroid disorders, cardiac surgery, hypertension, and heavy alcohol consumption. AF may require emergent treatment and long-term management to prevent recurrence.

• #42 Atrial fibrillation: epidemiology, screening and digital health

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10866942/

  The 2020 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines on AF management recommend opportunistic screening for AF in persons aged 65 years and in hypertensive patients and should be considered in patients with sleep apnea. Systematic screening for AF should be considered in individuals aged 75 years, or at high risk of stroke. […] The prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF) continues to increase globally, justifying the term 21st century cardiovascular disease epidemic. […] Timely detection and treatment of AF holds the potential to curtail AF-associated complications. […] Digital health solutions have emerged as promising tools for early AF detection and initiation of prompt management. […] Countries should invest in existing cost-effective public health programs and clinical interventions to increase equal access to digital devices to facilitate AF screening and management.

• #43 Atrial fibrillation: epidemiology, screening and digital health

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10866942/

  Atrial fibrillation (AF) is highly prevalent with a lifetime risk of about 1 in 35 individuals after the age of 45 years. Between 2010 and 2019, the global prevalence of AF has risen markedly from 33.5 million to 59 million individuals living with AF. Early detection of AF and implementation of appropriate treatment could reduce the frequency of complications associated with AF. International AF management guidelines recommend opportunistic and systematic screening for AF, but additional data are needed. Digital approaches and pathways have been proposed for early detection and for the transition to early AF management. Mobile health (mHealth) devices provide an opportunity for digital screening and should be part of novel models of care delivery based on integrated AF care pathways. For a broad implementation of mHealth-based, integrated care for patients with chronic diseases as AF, further high quality evidence is necessary.

• #44 Atrial fibrillation: epidemiology, screening and digital health

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10866942/

  The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 study demonstrated that more than 59 million individuals lived with AF in 2019. The prevalence has risen markedly since 2010 when the number was 33.5 million. However, the true prevalence of AF is higher because many individuals have undiagnosed AF until they develop symptoms or present with an ischemic stroke. […] Considering all the above AF related complications, efforts have been made to reduce the healthcare burden by use of screening focused on high risk populations, or targeted at community based screening programmes. Importantly, while early AF diagnosis is intended to detect AF among individuals with AF-related symptoms, screening invites individuals without AF-related symptoms to undergo testing. A recent meta-analysis of 4 RCTs indicated that AF screening was associated with a reduction in stroke as compared with no screening.

• #45 Atrial fibrillation: epidemiology, screening and digital health

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10866942/

  The 2020 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines on AF management recommend opportunistic screening for AF in persons aged 65 years and in hypertensive patients and should be considered in patients with sleep apnea. Systematic screening for AF should be considered in individuals aged 75 years, or at high risk of stroke. […] The prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF) continues to increase globally, justifying the term 21st century cardiovascular disease epidemic. […] Timely detection and treatment of AF holds the potential to curtail AF-associated complications. […] Digital health solutions have emerged as promising tools for early AF detection and initiation of prompt management. […] Countries should invest in existing cost-effective public health programs and clinical interventions to increase equal access to digital devices to facilitate AF screening and management.

• #46 Apple Health – Apple

  https://www.apple.com/health/

  Take an ECG anytime, anywhere. With Apple Watch you can check for signs of atrial fibrillation, or AFib an irregular heart rhythm by using the ECG app to generate a single-lead electrocardiogram. […] AFib affects tens of millions of people around the world. […] Its estimated that AFib affects over 50 million adults worldwide, with a substantial increase in risk for those 65 years and older. […] If left untreated, its one of the leading conditions that can result in a stroke. […] Trace your AFib history. If youve been diagnosed with atrial fibrillation, AFib History on Apple Watch can estimate how frequently your heart is in AFib.

• #47 Atrial fibrillation: epidemiology, screening and digital health

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10866942/

  Atrial fibrillation (AF) is highly prevalent with a lifetime risk of about 1 in 35 individuals after the age of 45 years. Between 2010 and 2019, the global prevalence of AF has risen markedly from 33.5 million to 59 million individuals living with AF. Early detection of AF and implementation of appropriate treatment could reduce the frequency of complications associated with AF. International AF management guidelines recommend opportunistic and systematic screening for AF, but additional data are needed. Digital approaches and pathways have been proposed for early detection and for the transition to early AF management. Mobile health (mHealth) devices provide an opportunity for digital screening and should be part of novel models of care delivery based on integrated AF care pathways. For a broad implementation of mHealth-based, integrated care for patients with chronic diseases as AF, further high quality evidence is necessary.

• #48 Epidemiology and Economic Burden of Atrial Fibrillation | USC Journal

  https://www.uscjournal.com/articles/epidemiology-and-economic-burden-atrial-fibrillation?language_content_entity=en

  Thromboembolic stroke is the most serious and debilitating of all complications, the risk of which is increased three to five times in patients with non-valvular AF. […] AF imposes a substantial cost burden on the healthcare system due to its increased morbidity- and mortality-associated therapeutic interventions. […] A good estimate of the involved costs was provided by a large UK-based survey that revealed that the direct cost of managing AF increased from 0.6-1.2% of the total National Health Service (NHS) budget in 1995 to 0.9-2.4% by 2000. […] Recent studies comparing the effectiveness of rate control versus rhythm control strategies were consistent in their results that rate control is at least as effective as rhythm control in relatively asymptomatic patients over 65 years of age. […] As a result of increasing age and improved survival rates in those with coronary artery disease, heart failure, and hypertension, an increase in the prevalence of AF is likely to be exponential and sustained in the foreseeable future.

• #49 About Atrial Fibrillation | Heart Disease | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/heart-disease/about/atrial-fibrillation.html

  Atrial fibrillation, often called AFib or AF, is the most common type of treated heart arrhythmia. […] It is estimated that 12.1 million people in the US will have AFib in S12. […] In 2021, AFib was mentioned on 232,030 death certificates and was the underlying cause of death in 28,037 of those deaths. […] The risk for AFib increases with age. […] More than 454,000 hospitalizations with AFib as the primary diagnosis happen each year in the US. […] The condition contributes to about 158,000 deaths each year. […] The death rate from AFib as the primary or a contributing cause of death has been rising for more than two decades.

• #50 Obesity and Atrial Fibrillation: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology and Novel Therapeutic Opportunities | AER Journal

  https://www.aerjournal.com/articles/obesity-and-atrial-fibrillation-epidemiology-pathophysiology-and-novel-therapeutic?language_content_entity=en

  Worldwide obesity has reached pandemic proportions with more than 1.9 billion adults classed as overweight in 2016, of which 650 million were obese. Since it is a major modifiable risk factor for so many cardiovascular diseases, it is no surprise there has been an exponential increase in cases of AF coinciding with the rise in obesity. While there were an estimated 8.8 million cases of AF in 2010 in Europe alone, by 2060, this is estimated to rise to 17.9 million. Moreover, obesity is now the second biggest attributable risk factor for AF after hypertension. Together with overweight, it accounted for 17.9% of all AF cases in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. While AF risk appears to follow a linear pattern with increase in BMI, the pathophysiological basis of the obesity-AF relationship is complex and multifactorial. Indeed, various epidemiological studies have demonstrated an apparent paradox with regard to outcomes in AF patients; overweight and mildly obese patients with AF appear to have an overall better prognosis in terms of all-cause mortality compared with lean patients with AF.

• #51 Atrial fibrillation fact sheet in Korea 2024 (part 1): epidemiology of atrial fibrillation in Korea | International Journal of Arrhythmia | Full Text

  https://arrhythmia.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s42444-024-00119-4

  This study aimed to analyze and present updated trends in atrial fibrillation (AF) epidemiology within the Korean population, providing a foundation for planning and implementing appropriate management and treatment strategies for patients with AF. […] AF prevalence in Korean adults aged 20 years doubled (1.1 to 2.2%) between 2013 and 2022, with significant increases observed across various sex and age groups. Similarly, the number of newly diagnosed patients with AF per year increased steadily, with the incidence rising from 184 to 275 per 100,000 person-years, particularly among older populations. […] AF prevalence and incidence have steadily increased between 2013 and 2022, with a more pronounced increase in older patients. Patients with AF are increasingly becoming a high-risk population and are at increased risk of clinical adverse outcomes compared to non-AF patients. Therefore, a sustained national effort to improve AF awareness and comprehensive care quality for patients with AF is required.

• #52 Atrial fibrillation: epidemiology, screening and digital health

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10866942/

  The 2020 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines on AF management recommend opportunistic screening for AF in persons aged 65 years and in hypertensive patients and should be considered in patients with sleep apnea. Systematic screening for AF should be considered in individuals aged 75 years, or at high risk of stroke. […] The prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF) continues to increase globally, justifying the term 21st century cardiovascular disease epidemic. […] Timely detection and treatment of AF holds the potential to curtail AF-associated complications. […] Digital health solutions have emerged as promising tools for early AF detection and initiation of prompt management. […] Countries should invest in existing cost-effective public health programs and clinical interventions to increase equal access to digital devices to facilitate AF screening and management.

• #53 Epidemiology and modifiable risk factors for atrial fibrillation | Nature Reviews Cardiology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41569-022-00820-8

  The lifetime risk of AF is approximately 33%, with estimates modified by patient-level factors such as age, sex, race and burden of clinical risk factors. […] Modifiable risk factors, including hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus and physical inactivity, increase the lifetime risk of AF, independent of genetic risk. […] Evidence is accumulating that risk factor interventions reduce incident AF and have a central role in the secondary prevention of AF episodes. […] Future research should focus on risk factor management for the primary and secondary prevention of AF and major policy changes to reduce the global burden of AF.

• #54 Atrial fibrillation: epidemiology, screening and digital health

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10866942/

  Atrial fibrillation (AF) is highly prevalent with a lifetime risk of about 1 in 35 individuals after the age of 45 years. Between 2010 and 2019, the global prevalence of AF has risen markedly from 33.5 million to 59 million individuals living with AF. Early detection of AF and implementation of appropriate treatment could reduce the frequency of complications associated with AF. International AF management guidelines recommend opportunistic and systematic screening for AF, but additional data are needed. Digital approaches and pathways have been proposed for early detection and for the transition to early AF management. Mobile health (mHealth) devices provide an opportunity for digital screening and should be part of novel models of care delivery based on integrated AF care pathways. For a broad implementation of mHealth-based, integrated care for patients with chronic diseases as AF, further high quality evidence is necessary.

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