Łuszczyca
Etiologia i przyczyny

Łuszczyca jest przewlekłą chorobą zapalną skóry, charakteryzującą się przyspieszoną proliferacją keratynocytów i powstawaniem czerwonych, łuszczących się blaszek. Patogeneza opiera się na nieprawidłowej aktywacji limfocytów T (Th1, Th17, Tc1, Tc17) i uwalnianiu cytokin prozapalnych, takich jak IL-1, TNF-α, IL-23 i IL-17, które stymulują proliferację keratynocytów i zaburzają cykl odnowy naskórka, skracając go z 28-30 dni do 3-7 dni. Genetyczne podłoże choroby jest istotne, z głównym locus PSORS1 na chromosomie 6p21 oraz allelem HLA-C*06:02, który koreluje z wczesnym początkiem i postacią grudkową. Czynniki środowiskowe, takie jak infekcje paciorkowcowe, urazy skóry (zjawisko Koebnera), stres, leki (np. lit, beta-blokery, NLPZ), warunki klimatyczne, alkohol, tytoń, zmiany hormonalne i otyłość, odgrywają kluczową rolę w wyzwalaniu i zaostrzaniu objawów.

Etiologia łuszczycy

Łuszczyca (psoriasis) jest przewlekłą chorobą zapalną skóry, charakteryzującą się przyspieszoną proliferacją keratynocytów, która prowadzi do powstawania charakterystycznych zmian skórnych w postaci czerwonych, łuszczących się blaszek. Dokładna przyczyna łuszczycy nie jest w pełni poznana, jednak aktualne badania wskazują na złożoną interakcję między czynnikami genetycznymi, immunologicznymi i środowiskowymi.12

Zaburzenia immunologiczne jako podstawa patogenezy łuszczycy

Łuszczyca jest klasyfikowana jako choroba autoimmunologiczna, w której nieprawidłowa odpowiedź immunologiczna prowadzi do przewlekłego stanu zapalnego skóry. Kluczową rolę w patogenezie łuszczycy odgrywają komórki T, które nieprawidłowo atakują zdrowe komórki skóry.12 W wyniku tego procesu dochodzi do nadmiernej aktywacji układu immunologicznego, co prowadzi do uwalniania cytokin prozapalnych, takich jak IL-1, TNF-α, IL-23 i IL-17.1 Te mediatory zapalne stymulują nadmierną proliferację keratynocytów, przyspieszając cykl odnowy komórek skóry.

W normalnych warunkach pełny cykl odnowy komórek naskórka trwa około 28-30 dni. Jednak u pacjentów z łuszczycą proces ten skraca się do zaledwie 3-4 dni.12 Ta przyspieszona proliferacja komórek skóry powoduje, że nie są one w stanie prawidłowo dojrzeć i złuszczać się, co prowadzi do gromadzenia się niedojrzałych komórek na powierzchni skóry, tworząc charakterystyczne łuszczące się blaszki.1

Podłoże genetyczne łuszczycy

Genetyczne podłoże łuszczycy odgrywa istotną rolę w rozwoju choroby. Badania wykazały, że łuszczyca często występuje rodzinnie, co wskazuje na znaczący komponent dziedziczny.12 Około 30-40% pacjentów z łuszczycą ma krewnego pierwszego stopnia z tą chorobą.1 Ryzyko rozwoju łuszczycy jest znacznie wyższe u osób, których rodzice chorują na łuszczycę, a w przypadku bliźniąt jednojajowych zgodność występowania choroby wynosi około 70%.1

Badania genomowe zidentyfikowały liczne loci genetyczne związane z podatnością na łuszczycę. Głównym determinantem genetycznym jest PSORS1 (Psoriasis Susceptibility 1), zlokalizowany na chromosomie 6p21, który odpowiada za około 35-50% dziedzicznej skłonności do łuszczycy.1 Istotną rolę odgrywają także geny kodujące białka układu zgodności tkankowej HLA, szczególnie HLA-C*06:02 (dawniej znany jako HLA-Cw6), który jest silnie skorelowany z wczesnym początkiem łuszczycy oraz łuszczycą grudkową.12

Inne zidentyfikowane geny związane z łuszczycą obejmują IL12B (kodujący podjednostkę beta interleukiny-12) oraz IL23R (kodujący receptor interleukiny-23), które są zaangażowane w różnicowanie limfocytów T i regulację odpowiedzi immunologicznej.12 Dodatkowo badania wskazują na rolę genów związanych z barierą naskórkową oraz regulacją stanu zapalnego w patogenezie łuszczycy.

Czynniki środowiskowe i triggery łuszczycy

Chociaż predyspozycja genetyczna stanowi ważny element w rozwoju łuszczycy, to ekspozycja na określone czynniki środowiskowe (tzw. triggery) jest często niezbędna do wystąpienia pierwszych objawów choroby lub zaostrzenia istniejących zmian skórnych.12 Zidentyfikowano szereg czynników, które mogą wywołać lub nasilić objawy łuszczycy:

  • Infekcje – szczególnie infekcje paciorkowcowe (Streptococcus) gardła lub migdałków mogą wywołać lub zaostrzyć łuszczycę, zwłaszcza postać grudkową u dzieci i młodych dorosłych.12 Infekcje wirusowe, w tym HIV, również mogą wpływać na przebieg choroby.1
  • Urazy skóryzjawisko Koebnera, czyli pojawianie się zmian łuszczycowych w miejscu urazu skóry (skaleczenia, zadrapania, ukąszenia owadów, oparzenia słoneczne, zabiegi chirurgiczne), jest często obserwowane u pacjentów z łuszczycą.12
  • Stres – zarówno fizyczny, jak i psychiczny, jest jednym z najczęstszych czynników wyzwalających lub zaostrzających łuszczycę.12
  • Leki – niektóre leki mogą wywoływać lub zaostrzać łuszczycę, w tym: lit (stosowany w leczeniu zaburzeń dwubiegunowych), beta-blokery (leki na nadciśnienie), leki przeciwmalaryczne, niesteroidowe leki przeciwzapalne (NLPZ), inhibitory konwertazy angiotensyny (ACE), terbinafina oraz glikokortykosteroidy (szczególnie po ich nagłym odstawieniu).123
  • Warunki klimatyczne – zimne i suche powietrze często pogarsza objawy łuszczycy, podczas gdy ekspozycja na umiarkowane dawki promieniowania słonecznego może przynieść poprawę.12
  • Alkohol i tytoń – nadmierne spożycie alkoholu oraz palenie tytoniu są związane z większym ryzykiem rozwoju łuszczycy oraz cięższym przebiegiem choroby.123
  • Zmiany hormonalne – wahania poziomu hormonów, szczególnie u kobiet podczas dojrzewania, ciąży i menopauzy, mogą wpływać na przebieg łuszczycy.12
  • Otyłość – zwiększona masa ciała wiąże się z większym ryzykiem rozwoju łuszczycy oraz jej cięższym przebiegiem, prawdopodobnie poprzez nasilenie stanu zapalnego związanego z tkanką tłuszczową.12

Współistniejące choroby autoimmunologiczne i metaboliczne

Łuszczyca często współistnieje z innymi chorobami, co może wskazywać na wspólne mechanizmy patogenetyczne. Szczególnie istotne jest współwystępowanie łuszczycowego zapalenia stawów, które rozwija się u około 10-30% pacjentów z łuszczycą.12 Chorzy na łuszczycę mają również zwiększone ryzyko rozwoju innych chorób autoimmunologicznych, takich jak reumatoidalne zapalenie stawów czy autoimmunologiczne zapalenie tarczycy.1

Ponadto u pacjentów z łuszczycą zaobserwowano zwiększoną częstość występowania zespołu metabolicznego, w tym otyłości, cukrzycy typu 2, nadciśnienia tętniczego i dyslipidemii.12 Istnieje również związek między łuszczycą a zwiększonym ryzykiem chorób sercowo-naczyniowych, co może być związane z przewlekłym stanem zapalnym obecnym w obu grupach schorzeń.1

Mechanizmy patofizjologiczne w łuszczycy

Patogeneza łuszczycy jest złożonym procesem, w którym kluczową rolę odgrywają interakcje między komórkami układu immunologicznego, keratynocytami oraz cytokinami prozapalnymi.12

Rola limfocytów T i cytokin w patogenezie łuszczycy

W warunkach fizjologicznych układ immunologiczny chroni organizm przed patogenami. Jednakże u osób z łuszczycą dochodzi do nieprawidłowej aktywacji limfocytów T, które rozpoznają własne antygeny jako obce i atakują zdrowe komórki skóry.12 W procesie tym uczestniczą zarówno limfocyty T pomocnicze (Th1, Th17), jak i cytotoksyczne (Tc1, Tc17).

Aktywowane limfocyty T uwalniają szereg cytokin prozapalnych, w tym interferon-γ, TNF-α, IL-17, IL-22 i IL-23, które odgrywają kluczową rolę w patogenezie łuszczycy.1 Cytokiny te stymulują keratynocyty do przyspieszonej proliferacji oraz indukują produkcję innych mediatorów zapalnych, tworząc błędne koło podtrzymujące przewlekły stan zapalny skóry.

Szczególnie istotną rolę w patogenezie łuszczycy odgrywa oś IL-23/IL-17. IL-23 jest wytwarzana przez komórki dendrytyczne i makrofagi i stymuluje różnicowanie limfocytów T w kierunku komórek Th17, które z kolei produkują IL-17. IL-17 działa na keratynocyty, stymulując ich proliferację i produkcję chemokinin, które przyciągają do skóry kolejne komórki zapalne, w tym neutrofile.12

Zaburzenia proliferacji i różnicowania keratynocytów

Pod wpływem mediatorów zapalnych dochodzi do znacznego przyspieszenia cyklu komórkowego keratynocytów. W warunkach fizjologicznych całkowity cykl odnowy naskórka trwa około 28-30 dni. U pacjentów z łuszczycą czas ten skraca się do 3-7 dni.12

W wyniku przyspieszonej proliferacji keratynocytów, komórki skóry nie mają wystarczająco dużo czasu na prawidłowe dojrzewanie i różnicowanie. Prowadzi to do nieprawidłowej keratynizacji i zaburzeń struktury bariery naskórkowej. Niedojrzałe keratynocyty gromadzą się na powierzchni skóry, tworząc charakterystyczne łuszczące się blaszki.12

Dodatkowo, w łuszczycy dochodzi do zmian w mikrounaczynieniu skóry. Czynniki angiogenne, takie jak czynnik wzrostu śródbłonka naczyniowego (VEGF), stymulują powstawanie nieprawidłowych, krętych naczyń krwionośnych w obrębie brodawek skórnych, co przyczynia się do charakterystycznego rumienia zmian łuszczycowych.1

Czynniki ryzyka łuszczycy

Zidentyfikowano szereg czynników, które zwiększają ryzyko rozwoju łuszczycy lub mogą przyczyniać się do jej cięższego przebiegu.12

Czynniki genetyczne i rodzinne

Najważniejszym czynnikiem ryzyka łuszczycy jest dodatni wywiad rodzinny. Osoby, których rodzice lub rodzeństwo chorują na łuszczycę, mają znacznie większe ryzyko rozwoju choroby w porównaniu do populacji ogólnej.12 Ryzyko to wzrasta, gdy oboje rodzice chorują na łuszczycę – w takim przypadku prawdopodobieństwo zachorowania dziecka wynosi około 50%.1

Badania bliźniąt potwierdzają genetyczne podłoże łuszczycy. U bliźniąt jednojajowych zgodność występowania choroby wynosi około 70%, podczas gdy u bliźniąt dwujajowych tylko około 20%.1 Należy jednak podkreślić, że sama predyspozycja genetyczna nie jest wystarczająca do rozwoju choroby – konieczna jest również ekspozycja na odpowiednie czynniki środowiskowe.

Wiek, płeć i różnice etniczne

Łuszczyca może wystąpić w każdym wieku, jednak najczęściej rozwija się w dwóch okresach życia: między 20. a 30. rokiem życia oraz między 50. a 60. rokiem życia.1 Wczesny początek choroby (przed 40. rokiem życia) często wiąże się z cięższym przebiegiem i silniejszym komponentem genetycznym.

Częstość występowania łuszczycy jest zbliżona u obu płci, choć niektóre badania sugerują niewielką przewagę u mężczyzn. Istnieją również różnice etniczne w epidemiologii łuszczycy – choroba występuje częściej u osób rasy kaukaskiej i rzadziej u osób pochodzenia azjatyckiego czy afrykańskiego.1 Ponadto, częstość występowania łuszczycy wzrasta wraz z odległością od równika, co może wskazywać na wpływ klimatu i ekspozycji na promieniowanie słoneczne.1

Czynniki stylu życia

Określone zachowania i styl życia mogą zwiększać ryzyko rozwoju łuszczycy lub zaostrzać jej przebieg:12

  • Palenie tytoniu – badania epidemiologiczne wykazały, że palacze mają prawie dwukrotnie większe ryzyko rozwoju łuszczycy w porównaniu do osób niepalących. Nikotyna wpływa na receptory nikotynowe w limfocytach T, co może zakłócać funkcje immunologiczne.12
  • Nadmierne spożycie alkoholu – regularne spożywanie dużych ilości alkoholu zwiększa ryzyko łuszczycy oraz może prowadzić do oporności na leczenie.12
  • Otyłość – zwiększony indeks masy ciała (BMI) jest związany z wyższym ryzykiem łuszczycy oraz jej cięższym przebiegiem. Tkanka tłuszczowa produkuje cytokiny prozapalne, które mogą nasilać stan zapalny.12
  • Dieta – choć nie zidentyfikowano konkretnej diety łuszczycowej, badania sugerują, że niektóre składniki odżywcze, jak tauryna i cholina, mogą nasilać objawy łuszczycy.1 U niektórych pacjentów obserwuje się również poprawę po wprowadzeniu diety bezglutenowej, szczególnie u osób z współistniejącą celiakią.1
  • Niedobory witamin – niektóre badania wskazują na możliwy związek między niedoborem witaminy D a łuszczycą, co częściowo wyjaśniałoby sezonowość objawów choroby.12

Czynniki immunologiczne i infekcyjne

Zaburzenia immunologiczne oraz infekcje odgrywają znaczącą rolę w patogenezie łuszczycy:12

  • Infekcje paciorkowcowe – zakażenia Streptococcus, szczególnie gardła i migdałków, są silnie związane z rozwojem łuszczycy grudkowej, zwłaszcza u dzieci i młodych dorosłych.12
  • Zakażenie HIV – u osób zakażonych HIV łuszczyca często ma cięższy przebieg, co może być związane z dysregulacją układu immunologicznego.12
  • Kolonizacja skóry i jelit – badania sugerują, że kolonizacja skóry lub przewodu pokarmowego przez Staphylococcus aureus, Malassezia spp. oraz Candida albicans może wpływać na przebieg łuszczycy.12
  • Dysbioza jelitowa – zaburzenia mikrobioty jelitowej mogą prowadzić do zwiększonej przepuszczalności jelit i systemowego stanu zapalnego, co może przyczyniać się do rozwoju lub zaostrzenia łuszczycy.1
  • Inne choroby autoimmunologiczne – współistnienie innych chorób autoimmunologicznych zwiększa ryzyko rozwoju łuszczycy, co wskazuje na wspólne mechanizmy patogenetyczne.12

Złożoność etiologii łuszczycy

Łuszczyca jest chorobą o złożonej etiologii, w której wzajemnie oddziałują na siebie czynniki genetyczne, immunologiczne i środowiskowe.12 Predyspozycja genetyczna stanowi podłoże dla rozwoju choroby, jednak do ujawnienia się objawów klinicznych konieczna jest ekspozycja na odpowiednie czynniki środowiskowe, które mogą wyzwalać nieprawidłową odpowiedź immunologiczną.

Badania nad etiologią łuszczycy są kontynuowane, a lepsze zrozumienie mechanizmów patogenetycznych choroby przyczynia się do opracowania coraz skuteczniejszych metod terapeutycznych. Szczególnie obiecujące są badania nad terapiami biologicznymi ukierunkowanymi na specyficzne cytokiny prozapalne, takie jak TNF-α, IL-17 czy IL-23, które odgrywają kluczową rolę w patogenezie łuszczycy.12

Poznanie czynników wyzwalających łuszczycę u konkretnego pacjenta może pomóc w opracowaniu indywidualnego planu leczenia i profilaktyki zaostrzeń choroby. Unikanie zidentyfikowanych czynników ryzyka, takich jak stres, infekcje, urazy skóry czy określone leki, a także modyfikacja stylu życia poprzez utrzymanie prawidłowej masy ciała, unikanie palenia tytoniu i nadmiernego spożycia alkoholu, mogą znacząco wpłynąć na przebieg choroby i jakość życia pacjentów z łuszczycą.12

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  1. 10.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Psoriasis Types, Symptoms & Causes | NIAMS
    https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/psoriasis
    Psoriasis is a chronic (long-lasting) disease in which the immune system becomes overactive, causing skin cells to multiply too quickly. […] Scientists do not fully understand what causes psoriasis, but they know that it involves a mix of genetics and environmental factors. […] Psoriasis is an immune-mediated disease, which means that your body’s immune system starts overacting and causing problems. If you have psoriasis, immune cells become active and produce molecules that set off the rapid production of skin cells. This is why skin in people with the disease is inflamed and scaly. […] Scientists do not fully understand what triggers the faulty immune cell activation, but they know that it involves a combination of genetics and environmental factors. Many people with psoriasis have a family history of the disease, and researchers have pinpointed some of the genes that may contribute to its development. Many of them play a role in the function of the immune system. […] Some external factors that may increase the chances of developing psoriasis include: Infections, especially streptococcal and HIV infections. […] Certain medicines, such as drugs for treating heart disease, malaria, or mental health problems. […] Smoking. […] Obesity.
  • #1 Psoriasis: What It Is, Symptoms, Causes, Types & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6866-psoriasis
    Psoriasis causes patches of red, scaly skin. It happens because your body has an overactive immune system. […] An over-reactive immune system that creates inflammation in your skin causes psoriasis. […] If you have psoriasis, your immune system is supposed to destroy foreign invaders, like bacteria, to keep you healthy and prevent you from getting sick. Instead, your immune system can mistake healthy cells for foreign invaders. As a result, your immune system creates inflammation or swelling, which you see on the surface of your skin as skin plaques. […] Psoriasis runs in families. There may be a genetic component to psoriasis because biological parents may pass the condition down to their children. […] An outbreak of psoriasis, or a flare up, causes symptoms of psoriasis as a result of contact with a trigger, which could be an irritant or an allergen. Psoriasis outbreaks differ from person to person. Common triggers for psoriasis flare ups include: Emotional stress, An infection (streptococcal infection), A skin injury like cuts, scrapes or surgery, Certain medications, such as lithium and beta-blockers, Changes in body temperature due to the weather.
  • #1 Psoriasis: Symptoms, Treatment, Images and More – DermNet
    https://dermnetnz.org/topics/psoriasis
    Psoriasis is multifactorial. It is classified as an immune-mediated genetic skin disease. […] Genome-wide association studies report that the histocompatibility complex HLA-C*06:02 (previously known as HLA-Cw6) is associated with early-onset psoriasis and guttate psoriasis. This major histocompatibility complex is not associated with psoriatic arthritis, nail psoriasis, or late-onset psoriasis. […] Immune factors and inflammatory cytokines (messenger proteins) such as IL1 and TNF, IL-23, and IL-17 are responsible for the clinical features of psoriasis. These have therefore become targets for biological drugs and have led to success in drug management.
  • #1 Psoriasis: Types, Causes, Symptoms, & Treatment
    https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/psoriasis/understanding-psoriasis-basics
    Psoriasis Causes […] No one knows the exact cause of psoriasis, but experts believe its a combination of things. Something sets off your immune system, which causes inflammation. That triggers new skin cells to form too quickly. Normally, skin cells are replaced every 10-30 days. With psoriasis, new cells grow every 3-4 days. The buildup of old cells being replaced by new ones creates the scales. […] Psoriasis tends to run in families, but it may skip generations. For instance, a grandfather and their grandson may be affected, but not the child’s mother. […] Psoriasis is not contagious, meaning it can’t be spread by touching a person who has it. Because it has something to do with the immune system, it is an internal disease even though it appears on the outside of your body.
  • #1 Psoriasis: Causes, Triggers, Treatment, and More
    https://www.healthline.com/health/psoriasis
    The sped-up skin cell production causes new skin cells to develop too quickly. They are pushed to the skin’s surface, where they pile up. […] This results in the plaques that are most commonly associated with psoriasis. The attacks on the skin cells also cause red, inflamed areas of skin to develop.
  • #1 Psoriasis: Causes
    https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/psoriasis/what/causes
    Psoriasis runs in families: If a parent, grandparent, brother, or sister has psoriasis, you have a higher risk of getting it. […] While we know that psoriasis isn’t contagious, scientists are still trying to determine exactly how psoriasis develops. […] Scientists have learned that a person’s immune system and genes play a role in causing psoriasis. […] When a person has psoriasis, something goes wrong in the immune system, so T-cells also attack the body’s skin cells. […] We know that psoriasis runs in families. Scientists have found that people who have certain genes are more likely to get psoriasis. […] It’s also possible to have genes that increase the risk of getting psoriasis and never develop psoriasis. It’s this discovery that led scientists to believe that the person must be exposed to a trigger before psoriasis appears.
  • #1 Psoriasis | Causes and Treatment – Scalp or skin plaques
    https://www.skymd.com/conditions/psoriasis
    Psoriasis is an autoimmune skin condition where the immune system attacks healthy skin cells, but it also stimulates the growth of skin cells. […] Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory, hyperproliferative skin disease. […] As psoriasis is caused by immunological disturbances, it is not contagious. […] Both genetic and environmental factors are important. […] A child who has one parent with psoriasis has a one in four chance of developing the disease. […] If one identical (monozygotic) twin has psoriasis, there is a seventy percent chance that the other will also be affected; however, only a twenty percent chance exists in the non-identical (dizygotic) twins. […] There is now significant research work showing that psoriasis is also associated with other important comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes, depression, obesity, cardiovascular disease, and reduced quality of life.
  • #1 Psoriasis – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psoriasis
    Psoriasis is generally thought to be a genetic disease that is triggered by environmental factors. […] The cause of psoriasis is not fully understood. Genetics, seasonal changes, skin damage, climate, immunocompromised state, specific infections, and the use of some medications have been connected with different types of psoriasis. […] Around one-third of people with psoriasis report a family history of the disease, and researchers have identified genetic loci associated with the condition. […] Psoriasis has a strong hereditary component, and many genes are associated with it, but how those genes work together is unclear. […] Classic genome-wide linkage analysis has identified nine loci on different chromosomes associated with psoriasis. […] The major determinant is PSORS1, which probably accounts for 35-50% of psoriasis heritability.
  • #1 Psoriasis – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psoriasis
    Two major immune system genes under investigation are interleukin-12 subunit beta (IL12B) on chromosome 5q, which expresses interleukin-12B; and IL23R on chromosome 1p, which expresses the interleukin-23 receptor and is involved in T cell differentiation. […] Conditions reported as worsening the disease include chronic infections, stress, and changes in season and climate. […] The rate of psoriasis in human immunodeficiency virus-positive (HIV) individuals is comparable to that of HIV-negative individuals, but psoriasis tends to be more severe in people infected with HIV. […] Psoriasis has been described as occurring after strep throat, and may be worsened by skin or gut colonization with Staphylococcus aureus, Malassezia spp., and Candida albicans. […] Drug-induced psoriasis may occur with beta blockers, lithium, antimalarial medications, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, terbinafine, calcium channel blockers, captopril, glyburide, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, interleukins, interferons, lipid-lowering medications, and paradoxically TNF inhibitors such as infliximab or adalimumab.
  • #1
    https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/psoriasis/causes/
    Psoriasis occurs when skin cells are replaced more quickly than usual. It’s not known exactly why this happens, but research suggests it’s caused by a problem with the immune system. […] It’s not known what exactly causes this problem with the immune system, although certain genes and environmental triggers may play a role. […] Psoriasis runs in families, so you may be more likely to get psoriasis if you have a close relative with the condition, but the exact role genetics plays in psoriasis is unclear. […] Research has shown that many different genes are linked to the development of psoriasis, and it’s likely that different combinations of genes may make people more vulnerable to the condition. […] Many people’s psoriasis symptoms start or get worse because of a certain event, called a trigger. Knowing your triggers may help you avoid a flare-up.
  • #1
    https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/psoriasis/causes/
    Common psoriasis triggers include: an injury to your skin, such as a cut, scrape, insect bite or sunburn this is called the Koebner response, drinking excessive amounts of alcohol, smoking, stress, hormonal changes, particularly in women for example, during puberty and the menopause, certain medicines such as lithium, some antimalarial medicines, anti-inflammatory medicines including ibuprofen, and ACE inhibitors (used to treat high blood pressure), throat infections in some people, usually children and young adults, a form of psoriasis called guttate psoriasis develops after a streptococcal throat infection, but most people who have streptococcal throat infections don’t develop psoriasis, other immune disorders, such as HIV, which cause psoriasis to flare up or appear for the first time.
  • #1 Psoriasis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1943419-overview
    Psoriasis involves hyperproliferation of the keratinocytes in the epidermis, with an increase in the epidermal cell turnover rate. The cause of the loss of control of keratinocyte turnover is unknown. However, environmental, genetic, and immunologic factors appear to play a role. […] Many factors besides stress have also been observed to trigger exacerbations, including cold, trauma, infections (eg, streptococcal, staphylococcal, human immunodeficiency virus), alcohol, and drugs (eg, iodides, steroid withdrawal, aspirin, lithium, beta-blockers, botulinum A, antimalarials). One study showed an increased incidence of psoriasis in patients with chronic gingivitis. Satisfactory treatment of the gingivitis led to improved control of the psoriasis but did not influence longterm incidence, highlighting the multifactorial and genetic influences of this disease.
  • #1 Psoriasis Causes: Risk Factors, Genetics, and More
    https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-causes-psoriasis-1069499
    Genetics is believed to play a central role in the development of psoriasis. While the exact link has yet to be established, scientists have identified at least 80 genetic mutations that increase a person’s risk of the disease. […] According to a 2015 review in Current Dermatology Report, a child with two parents with psoriasis has at least a 50/50 chance of developing the disease. Although genetics may increase your risk of psoriasis, it is possible to have a mutation and never get the condition. […] In order for the disease to develop, scientists believe that an environmental or medical trigger is needed to activate the disease. […] A 2017 study from Poland suggests that obesity is a significant risk factor for psoriasis. It is known that the excessive accumulation of adipose (fat-storing) cells stimulates the production of inflammatory cytokines. This response is closely linked to increases in a person’s body mass index (BMI).
  • #1 About Psoriasis
    https://www.psoriasis.org/about-psoriasis/
    Psoriasis is an immune-mediated disease (a disease with an unclear cause that is characterized by inflammation caused by dysfunction of the immune system) that causes inflammation in the body. […] The cause of psoriasis is not fully understood. It is believed to be caused by genetics, the immune system, and the environment. […] While scientists do not know what exactly causes psoriasis, we do know that the immune system and genetics play major roles in its development. […] Psoriasis plaques occur because the overactive immune system speeds up skin cell growth. Normal skin cells completely grow and shed (fall off) in a month. With psoriasis, skin cells do this in only three or four days. Instead of shedding, the skin cells pile up on the surface of the skin. […] One in three people with psoriasis may also develop psoriatic arthritis. […] A psoriasis flare-up can be caused by various triggers such as stress, certain medications, smoking, alcohol, weather, and diet.
  • #1 Psoriasis Causes: Risk Factors, Genetics, and More
    https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-causes-psoriasis-1069499
    Several hormones play a role in psoriasis. For example, cortisol (the stress hormone) and the inflammatory-inducing hormones released by fat cells can cause and trigger the condition. […] People with psoriasis often have other autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune thyroiditis, and psoriatic arthritis. […] Certain medications can trigger psoriasis symptoms or make existing symptoms worse. […] Excessive alcohol use is associated with a higher risk of psoriasis and more severe flare-ups. […] People with psoriasis have a higher risk of developing celiac disease. Celiac disease is an autoimmune condition in which gluten (a protein in wheat, rye, and barley) triggers an immune attack in the small intestine. Studies suggest that both conditions may share common genetic and inflammatory pathways. […] There are many psoriasis causes. Numerous genetic mutations have a potential role in causing the condition. The known genetic mutations must typically interact with various lifestyle, environmental, and health factors before activating an immune response leading to psoriasis.
  • #1 Psoriasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448194/
    Psoriasis has a prevalence ranging from 0.2% to 4.8%. The exact etiology is unknown, but it is considered to be an autoimmune disease mediated by T lymphocytes. There is an association of HLA antigens seen in many psoriatic patients, particularly in various racial and ethnic groups. Familial occurrence suggests its genetic predisposition. Injury in the form of mechanical, chemical, and radiational trauma induces lesions of psoriasis. Certain drugs like chloroquine, lithium, beta-blockers, steroids, and NSAIDs can worsen psoriasis. Generally, summer improves psoriasis while winter aggravates it. Apart from the above factors infections, psychological stress, alcohol, smoking, obesity, and hypocalcemia are other triggering factors for psoriasis. […] Psoriasis is a chronic condition that is known to have a negative impact on the quality of life in patients as well as a family members. Psoriasis is a lifelong illness marked by relapses and remissions. About 10% of patients develop severe deforming arthritis. Remissions are experienced in 10-60% of patients. Over the course of the disease, psoriasis has been associated with depression, suicide, alcoholism, smoking, substance abuse, metabolic syndrome, and a variety of skin cancers. In addition, patients with psoriasis tend to have major medical comorbidities like kidney disease, heart disease, and joint problems. Several studies have noted a link between psoriasis and adverse cardiac events.
  • #1 Psoriasis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1943419-overview
    Patients with psoriasis have a genetic predisposition for the disease. The gene locus is determined. The triggering event may be unknown in most cases, but it is likely immunologic. The first lesion commonly appears after an upper respiratory tract infection. […] Evidence suggests that psoriasis is an autoimmune disease. Studies show high levels of dermal and circulating TNF-. Treatment with TNF- inhibitors is often successful. Psoriatic lesions are associated with increased activity of T cells in the underlying skin. […] Psoriasis is related to excess T-cell activity. Experimental models can be induced by stimulation with streptococcal superantigen, which cross-reacts with dermal collagen. This small peptide has been shown to cause increased activity among T cells in patients with psoriasis but not in control groups. Some of the newer drugs used to treat severe psoriasis directly modify the function of lymphocytes.
  • #1 Chronic Plaque Psoriasis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
    https://dermnetnz.org/topics/chronic-plaque-psoriasis
    Chronic plaque psoriasis is the most common form of psoriasis, accounting for more than 80% of cases. […] Genetic, environmental, and behavioural factors contribute to psoriasis development, with genetics being the largest risk factor. […] Multiple genetic alleles and susceptibility loci that confer risks have been identified, including (but not limited to): HLA-Cw6, HLA-DQ*02:01, CCHCR1, CYP1A1, PSORS1-9. […] The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) Cw6 allele is associated with early onset and severe unstable disease. […] In susceptible individuals, environmental and behavioural factors such as infections (including streptococcal infections and HIV), smoking, medications (eg, lithium, antimalarials, beta-blockers, terbinafine), skin trauma, and stress can exacerbate psoriasis. […] Studies have found that psoriasis is more prevalent in Caucasians and in countries at higher latitudes. […] The pathogenesis of psoriasis is due to excessive activation of the innate and adaptive immune system. […] The interaction between T lymphocytes, dendritic cells, neutrophils, and cytokines such as interleukin (IL) 23, IL-17 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) initiate and perpetuate inflammation.
  • #1 Psoriasis Causes and Treatment
    https://www.everydayhealth.com/psoriasis/guide/causes/
    Researchers continue to investigate why some people develop plaque psoriasis, an autoimmune disease that results in the overproduction of skin cells. […] The best explanation: Psoriasis is due to a certain mix of genes in combination with environmental triggers, some of which are still unknown. […] Family history can definitely predispose a person to developing psoriasis, but other factors also come into play. […] Genetics seems to play a large role people with psoriasis often have a family history of psoriasis or psoriatic arthritis. […] While individuals can have their first psoriasis symptoms at any age, there are two peaks: between 20 and 30 and between 50 and 60, according to research. […] Psoriasis can arise from a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors.
  • #1 What Is Psoriasis? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
    https://www.everydayhealth.com/psoriasis/guide/
    Cold, dry weather can exacerbate psoriasis symptoms by sapping even more moisture from the skin. […] Anything that injures the skin, including excessively dry skin, can cause a psoriasis flare. […] Puncturing the skin during a vaccination may cause a psoriasis flare, but it’s important that you don’t skip a needed shot. […] Beta-blockers to treat high blood pressure and lithium for a mental disorder can trigger psoriasis or make it worse. […] Colds and other infections, especially strep throat, activate the immune system and can cause psoriasis to flare. […] There’s some evidence that smoking can make psoriasis worse. According to a prior study, smokers have almost double the risk of developing psoriasis compared with people who’ve never smoked. […] Studies haven’t shown any beneficial effects of taking nutritional supplements for psoriasis, but avoiding certain foods may reduce inflammation and help with psoriasis. Additionally, people with psoriasis have an increased risk for celiac disease, and some have found that eating a gluten-free diet can help reduce their psoriasis symptoms. However, there’s no conclusive evidence to show whether it’s helpful for all people with psoriasis. […] There are a number of ways that alcohol intake can affect psoriasis. Alcohol consumption is generally higher on average among people with psoriasis, but for some people, drinking alcohol can trigger or worsen flare-ups.
  • #1 12 Psoriasis Triggers to Avoid: Foods, Alcohol, Stress, and More
    https://www.healthline.com/health/psoriasis/triggers-to-avoid
    Theres no definitive diet for psoriasis, and food triggers can vary from person to person. It may take a fair amount of trial and error to determine what foods, if any, impact your symptoms. […] The amino acid taurine and the nutrient choline may trigger psoriasis. Psoriatic lesions also contain elevated amounts of both nutrients, according to 2016 research. […] Research on alcohol and psoriasis is somewhat limited. However, existing studies suggest that alcohol acts as a trigger for many people, particularly those who are female. […] A cold, dry climate can also worsen symptoms of psoriasis. In this bitter and cold weather, moisture is stripped from the skin. Heating units make matters worse. […] Stress and psoriasis often go hand in hand. The condition itself can be a source of stress, and stress is a big trigger for psoriasis outbreaks.
  • #1 Psoriasis: Symptoms, types, and treatments
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/52457
    Psoriasis is an autoimmune condition that affects the immune system. […] In psoriasis, this autoimmune activity leads to the excessive growth of skin cells, which build up and form plaques. […] Common triggers of psoriasis include: stress and anxiety, skin injuries such as scratches, sunburn, and bug bites, cold, dry weather, infections, hormonal changes. […] Experts are unsure exactly what causes psoriasis. The condition can run in families, so a person with a close relative with psoriasis is more likely to develop it. However, not everyone with an affected relative develops psoriasis. Experts believe that exposure to certain triggers may be necessary for it to develop. […] Psoriasis is an autoimmune condition that occurs when T-cells in the immune system mistakenly attack skin cells. This causes the body to grow new skin cells too often, resulting in the thickened skin characteristic of psoriasis. […] Studies show possible connections between vitamin deficiencies and psoriasis. […] Common factors that trigger psoriasis symptoms include: stress and anxiety, skin injuries, prolonged sun exposure, cold, dry weather, infections, hormonal changes.
  • #1 Causes and Triggers
    https://www.psoriasis.org/causes/
    While scientists do not know what exactly causes psoriasis, we do know the immune system, and genetics play key roles. […] A triggering event may cause a change in the immune system, resulting in the onset of psoriasis symptoms. […] Anything that can affect the immune system can trigger psoriasis. […] There is a connection between streptococcus infection (strep throat) and guttate psoriasis, as it often triggers the first onset of guttate psoriasis in children.
  • #1 The Key Factors that Cause Psoriasis – Coast Dermatology Medical Associates
    https://coastdermatology.com/2021/08/02/the-key-factors-that-cause-psoriasis/
    Certain drugs like antimalarials, aspirin, beta-blockers can aggravate psoriasis. […] When the bacterial ecosystem in your gut is dysregulated, “leakiness” in the gut can be observed. This triggers inflammation through the entire body and causes the development of psoriasis. […] Infections such as COVID 19 can trigger psoriasis through systemic inflammation. The most common infectious trigger of psoriasis is strep throat. […] Smoking is said to flare up psoriasis by over 60%. The nicotinic receptors in the T cells of the immune system regulate cell activity. The nicotine present in cigarettes can interfere with the functions of the receptors.
  • #2 Psoriasis – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/psoriasis-and-scaling-diseases/psoriasis
    Psoriasis is an inflammatory disease that manifests most commonly as well-circumscribed, erythematous papules and plaques covered with silvery scales. Multiple factors contribute, including genetics. Common triggers include trauma, infection, and certain medications. […] The cause of psoriasis is unclear but involves immune stimulation of epidermal keratinocytes; T cells seem to play a central role. Family history is common, and certain genes and human leukocyte antigens (Cw6, B13, B17) are associated with psoriasis. Genomewide linkage analysis has identified numerous psoriasis susceptibility loci; the PSORS1 locus on chromosome 6p21 plays the greatest role in determining a patient’s susceptibility of developing psoriasis. An environmental trigger is thought to evoke an inflammatory response and subsequent hyperproliferation of keratinocytes.
  • #2 Psoriasis: Causes, Triggers, Treatment, and More
    https://www.healthline.com/health/psoriasis
    Psoriasis is the result of a sped-up skin production process. […] Doctors are unclear as to what causes psoriasis. However, thanks to decades of research, they have a general idea of two key factors: genetics and the immune system. […] Psoriasis is an autoimmune condition. Autoimmune conditions are the result of your body attacking itself. In the case of psoriasis, white blood cells known as T cells mistakenly attack your skin cells. […] Some people inherit genes that make them more likely to develop psoriasis. If you have an immediate family member with the skin condition, you are at an increased risk of developing psoriasis, according to research published in 2019. […] Psoriasis is caused, at least in part, by the immune system mistakenly attacking healthy skin cells. If you’re sick maybe you have an infection your immune system can mistakenly build an immune response against itself in addition to the necessary defense against the infection.
  • #2 About Psoriasis
    https://www.psoriasis.org/about-psoriasis/
    Psoriasis is an immune-mediated disease (a disease with an unclear cause that is characterized by inflammation caused by dysfunction of the immune system) that causes inflammation in the body. […] The cause of psoriasis is not fully understood. It is believed to be caused by genetics, the immune system, and the environment. […] While scientists do not know what exactly causes psoriasis, we do know that the immune system and genetics play major roles in its development. […] Psoriasis plaques occur because the overactive immune system speeds up skin cell growth. Normal skin cells completely grow and shed (fall off) in a month. With psoriasis, skin cells do this in only three or four days. Instead of shedding, the skin cells pile up on the surface of the skin. […] One in three people with psoriasis may also develop psoriatic arthritis. […] A psoriasis flare-up can be caused by various triggers such as stress, certain medications, smoking, alcohol, weather, and diet.
  • #2 Psoriasis – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psoriasis
    Psoriasis is generally thought to be a genetic disease that is triggered by environmental factors. […] The cause of psoriasis is not fully understood. Genetics, seasonal changes, skin damage, climate, immunocompromised state, specific infections, and the use of some medications have been connected with different types of psoriasis. […] Around one-third of people with psoriasis report a family history of the disease, and researchers have identified genetic loci associated with the condition. […] Psoriasis has a strong hereditary component, and many genes are associated with it, but how those genes work together is unclear. […] Classic genome-wide linkage analysis has identified nine loci on different chromosomes associated with psoriasis. […] The major determinant is PSORS1, which probably accounts for 35-50% of psoriasis heritability.
  • #2 Chronic Plaque Psoriasis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
    https://dermnetnz.org/topics/chronic-plaque-psoriasis
    Chronic plaque psoriasis is the most common form of psoriasis, accounting for more than 80% of cases. […] Genetic, environmental, and behavioural factors contribute to psoriasis development, with genetics being the largest risk factor. […] Multiple genetic alleles and susceptibility loci that confer risks have been identified, including (but not limited to): HLA-Cw6, HLA-DQ*02:01, CCHCR1, CYP1A1, PSORS1-9. […] The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) Cw6 allele is associated with early onset and severe unstable disease. […] In susceptible individuals, environmental and behavioural factors such as infections (including streptococcal infections and HIV), smoking, medications (eg, lithium, antimalarials, beta-blockers, terbinafine), skin trauma, and stress can exacerbate psoriasis. […] Studies have found that psoriasis is more prevalent in Caucasians and in countries at higher latitudes. […] The pathogenesis of psoriasis is due to excessive activation of the innate and adaptive immune system. […] The interaction between T lymphocytes, dendritic cells, neutrophils, and cytokines such as interleukin (IL) 23, IL-17 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) initiate and perpetuate inflammation.
  • #2 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
    https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-causes-Psoriasis.aspx
    The exact cause of psoriasis is not well understood, but it is generally accepted that several factors may contribute to an individuals susceptibility to the condition and trigger symptoms. […] An abnormality in the immune system is thought to be the primary reason for the symptoms of psoriasis. […] The cause of this effect is thought to be a result of a combination of genetic susceptibility and environmental triggers. […] These findings suggest a genetic link to the pathogenesis of psoriasis, and genetic loci associated with the condition have been identified. […] Gene mutations that notably affect the immune system, such as IL12B and IL23R, are also being investigated for their role in causing psoriasis. […] Certain triggers for psoriasis are known to induce or worsen symptoms of the condition following exposure.
  • #2 Psoriasis: Causes
    https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/psoriasis/what/causes
    Psoriasis runs in families: If a parent, grandparent, brother, or sister has psoriasis, you have a higher risk of getting it. […] While we know that psoriasis isn’t contagious, scientists are still trying to determine exactly how psoriasis develops. […] Scientists have learned that a person’s immune system and genes play a role in causing psoriasis. […] When a person has psoriasis, something goes wrong in the immune system, so T-cells also attack the body’s skin cells. […] We know that psoriasis runs in families. Scientists have found that people who have certain genes are more likely to get psoriasis. […] It’s also possible to have genes that increase the risk of getting psoriasis and never develop psoriasis. It’s this discovery that led scientists to believe that the person must be exposed to a trigger before psoriasis appears.
  • #2 Guttate Psoriasis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatments
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22812-guttate-psoriasis
    Guttate psoriasis is usually connected to infections caused by Group A Streptococcus, which commonly causes strep throat and related illnesses. […] Two main factors have been associated with guttate psoriasis: Genetics. Psoriasis is strongly connected to at least two genes but may be connected to others. Having family members especially parents with chronic psoriasis makes it more likely a person will develop chronic psoriasis as well. […] People with HIV, autoimmune disorders (like rheumatoid arthritis) or whose immune systems are suppressed by chemotherapy also have a higher risk of developing guttate psoriasis.
  • #2 Psoriasis – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/psoriasis-and-scaling-diseases/psoriasis
    Well-identified triggers include injury (Koebner phenomenon), sunburn, HIV infection, beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection (leading to guttate psoriasis), and medications (especially beta-blockers, chloroquine, lithium, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, indomethacin, terbinafine, interferon-alfa, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and tumor necrosis factor inhibitors).
  • #2 Psoriasis: Causes
    https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/psoriasis/what/causes
    Plenty of everyday things can act as a trigger, causing psoriasis to appear for the first time. Common psoriasis triggers include: Stress, Skin injury, such as a cut or bad sunburn, Infection, such as strep throat, Some medications, including lithium, prednisone, and hydroxychloroquine, Weather, especially cold, dry weather, Tobacco, Alcohol (heavy drinking).
  • #2 Psoriasis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1943419-overview
    Psoriasis involves hyperproliferation of the keratinocytes in the epidermis, with an increase in the epidermal cell turnover rate. The cause of the loss of control of keratinocyte turnover is unknown. However, environmental, genetic, and immunologic factors appear to play a role. […] Many factors besides stress have also been observed to trigger exacerbations, including cold, trauma, infections (eg, streptococcal, staphylococcal, human immunodeficiency virus), alcohol, and drugs (eg, iodides, steroid withdrawal, aspirin, lithium, beta-blockers, botulinum A, antimalarials). One study showed an increased incidence of psoriasis in patients with chronic gingivitis. Satisfactory treatment of the gingivitis led to improved control of the psoriasis but did not influence longterm incidence, highlighting the multifactorial and genetic influences of this disease.
  • #2 What Causes Psoriasis? | psoriasisSPEAKS
    https://www.psoriasis.com/about-psoriasis/psoriasis-causes
    For those with psoriasis, stress can sometimes trigger inflammation and may cause symptoms to appear, reappear, or even worsen. […] For those with psoriasis, the bodys overactive immune system can send faulty signals that in turn trigger inflammation to continue even after the infection has been cleared. […] Generally, fall and winter are worse for your psoriasis than warmer seasons. A combination of dry air, less sunlight, and colder temperatures can contribute to cold-weather flare-ups.
  • #2 Psoriasis: 10 Causes, Treatment, Symptoms, Types & Pictures
    https://www.emedicinehealth.com/psoriasis/article_em.htm
    Injury to the skin has been associated with plaque psoriasis. For example, a skin infection, skin inflammation, or even excessive scratching can trigger psoriasis at the site of the skin injury. […] Psoriasis may worsen after an individual has been infected with HIV. […] A number of medications have been shown to aggravate psoriasis. […] Many people note worsening of their psoriasis when emotionally stressed. […] Cigarette smokers have an increased risk of chronic plaque psoriasis because smoking may alter the immune system in such a way as to cause a flare of the condition. […] Alcohol is considered a risk factor for psoriasis. Even a moderate intake of beer may trigger or worsen psoriasis. […] The severity of psoriasis may fluctuate with hormonal changes. Disease frequency peaks during puberty and menopause. During pregnancy, psoriatic symptoms are more likely to improve. In contrast, flares occur in the postpartum period.
  • #2 12 Psoriasis Triggers to Avoid: Foods, Alcohol, Stress, and More
    https://www.healthline.com/health/psoriasis/triggers-to-avoid
    Obesity can increase the risk of psoriasis as well as make the symptoms worse. […] Some medications interfere with your bodys autoimmune response and can cause a severe psoriasis attack. […] Many infections can trigger psoriasis outbreaks. […] Low estrogen levels can trigger psoriasis in people with female reproductive systems, according to research in a 2015 review.
  • #2 Psoriasis | CDC
    https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/psoriasis/index.htm
    Psoriasis is an autoimmune disease, meaning that part of the body’s own immune system becomes overactive and attacks normal tissues in the body. […] Psoriasis causes patches of thick red skin and silvery scales. […] Psoriatic arthritis is an inflammatory type of arthritis that eventually occurs in 10% to 20% of people with psoriasis. It is different from more common types of arthritis (such as osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis) and is thought to be related to the underlying problem of psoriasis.
  • #2 Psoriasis | Causes and Treatment – Scalp or skin plaques
    https://www.skymd.com/conditions/psoriasis
    Psoriasis is an autoimmune skin condition where the immune system attacks healthy skin cells, but it also stimulates the growth of skin cells. […] Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory, hyperproliferative skin disease. […] As psoriasis is caused by immunological disturbances, it is not contagious. […] Both genetic and environmental factors are important. […] A child who has one parent with psoriasis has a one in four chance of developing the disease. […] If one identical (monozygotic) twin has psoriasis, there is a seventy percent chance that the other will also be affected; however, only a twenty percent chance exists in the non-identical (dizygotic) twins. […] There is now significant research work showing that psoriasis is also associated with other important comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes, depression, obesity, cardiovascular disease, and reduced quality of life.
  • #2 Psoriasis: What It Is, Symptoms, Causes, Types & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6866-psoriasis
    Psoriasis causes patches of red, scaly skin. It happens because your body has an overactive immune system. […] An over-reactive immune system that creates inflammation in your skin causes psoriasis. […] If you have psoriasis, your immune system is supposed to destroy foreign invaders, like bacteria, to keep you healthy and prevent you from getting sick. Instead, your immune system can mistake healthy cells for foreign invaders. As a result, your immune system creates inflammation or swelling, which you see on the surface of your skin as skin plaques. […] Psoriasis runs in families. There may be a genetic component to psoriasis because biological parents may pass the condition down to their children. […] An outbreak of psoriasis, or a flare up, causes symptoms of psoriasis as a result of contact with a trigger, which could be an irritant or an allergen. Psoriasis outbreaks differ from person to person. Common triggers for psoriasis flare ups include: Emotional stress, An infection (streptococcal infection), A skin injury like cuts, scrapes or surgery, Certain medications, such as lithium and beta-blockers, Changes in body temperature due to the weather.
  • #2 Psoriasis: Symptoms, Treatment, Images and More – DermNet
    https://dermnetnz.org/topics/psoriasis
    Psoriasis is multifactorial. It is classified as an immune-mediated genetic skin disease. […] Genome-wide association studies report that the histocompatibility complex HLA-C*06:02 (previously known as HLA-Cw6) is associated with early-onset psoriasis and guttate psoriasis. This major histocompatibility complex is not associated with psoriatic arthritis, nail psoriasis, or late-onset psoriasis. […] Immune factors and inflammatory cytokines (messenger proteins) such as IL1 and TNF, IL-23, and IL-17 are responsible for the clinical features of psoriasis. These have therefore become targets for biological drugs and have led to success in drug management.
  • #2 Psoriasis – Symptoms, Types, Causes, Prevention, and Treatment PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact Nu
    https://www.pacehospital.com/psoriasis-symptoms-types-causes-prevention-treatment
    Scientists have not fully understood the causes of psoriasis, but immunological, genetic, and environmental factors, including diet, may cause it. […] Though the exact cause of psoriasis is not known, skin cells that grow and shed excessively quickly are assumed to be the reason. […] Abnormal growth of the skin cells: In the skin’s deepest layer, the body generates new skin cells. These skin cells ascend the skin’s layers gradually until they reach the outermost layer; they decompose and fall off. Usually, this entire process takes three to four weeks, but it takes only 3-7 days in psoriasis patients. This leads to immature cells rapidly accumulating on the skin’s surface, producing dry, crusty areas that are coated with scales. […] Immune system problems: T-cells normally travel through the body to detect and fight invading germs (like bacteria), but in psoriasis patients, they start to attack healthy skin cells by mistake, causing rapid production of new skin cells, thus triggering the immune system. […] Genetics: Although the specific role that heredity plays in psoriasis is unknown, psoriasis runs in families, so having a close family with the condition may increase the risk of developing psoriasis.
  • #2 Psoriasis: What It Is, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment
    https://www.verywellhealth.com/psoriasis-7099867
    Psoriasis is an autoimmune skin disease. The underlying cause is a malfunctioning immune system that attacks healthy tissue. This reaction causes inflammation that encourages skin cells to reproduce too quickly. […] The cause of psoriasis is an immune system attack on the body’s tissues. White blood cells, called T cells, mistakenly attack skin cells, which causes skin cell production to increase. The new skin cells are pushed to the skins surface, where they pile up. […] Many people inherit genes that make it more likely for them to develop psoriasis. If you have a family member with the condition, you are at increased risk for psoriasis. […] The symptoms of psoriasis can develop because of specific disease triggers. These, in combination with genetic predisposition, increase your risk for psoriasis. Factors that may lead to the development of psoriasis include: Smoking, Overconsumption of alcohol, Chronic stress, Having another autoimmune disease, such as ankylosing spondylitis or rheumatoid arthritis, Infections that lead to a weakened immune system, such as Streptococcus (strep) and Staphylococcus (staph), Skin injuries or breaks in the skin from cuts, bug bites, sunburns, or even getting a tattoo, Certain medicines, including beta-blockers and lithium. […] Psoriasis is known for causing periods of flare-ups, when symptoms of the condition worsen. Triggers like stress, diet, smoking, alcohol consumption, skin trauma, illness, medications, and weather changes often cause flare-ups.
  • #2 Psoriasis Causes and Treatment
    https://www.everydayhealth.com/psoriasis/guide/causes/
    Researchers continue to investigate why some people develop plaque psoriasis, an autoimmune disease that results in the overproduction of skin cells. […] The best explanation: Psoriasis is due to a certain mix of genes in combination with environmental triggers, some of which are still unknown. […] Family history can definitely predispose a person to developing psoriasis, but other factors also come into play. […] Genetics seems to play a large role people with psoriasis often have a family history of psoriasis or psoriatic arthritis. […] While individuals can have their first psoriasis symptoms at any age, there are two peaks: between 20 and 30 and between 50 and 60, according to research. […] Psoriasis can arise from a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors.
  • #2 Psoriasis | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/0501/p626.html
    Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that is often associated with systemic manifestations. […] The etiology includes genetic and environmental factors. […] Approximately one-third of patients with psoriasis have a first-degree relative with the condition. Research suggests a multifactorial mode of inheritance. […] Many stressful physiologic and psychological events and environmental factors are associated with the onset and worsening of the condition. […] Smoking increases the risk of psoriasis and its severity. […] Obesity and alcohol use and abuse are also associated with psoriasis. […] Psoriasis is an immune-mediated disease with genetic predisposition, but no distinct immunogen has been identified.
  • #2 The Key Factors that Cause Psoriasis – Coast Dermatology Medical Associates
    https://coastdermatology.com/2021/08/02/the-key-factors-that-cause-psoriasis/
    Certain drugs like antimalarials, aspirin, beta-blockers can aggravate psoriasis. […] When the bacterial ecosystem in your gut is dysregulated, “leakiness” in the gut can be observed. This triggers inflammation through the entire body and causes the development of psoriasis. […] Infections such as COVID 19 can trigger psoriasis through systemic inflammation. The most common infectious trigger of psoriasis is strep throat. […] Smoking is said to flare up psoriasis by over 60%. The nicotinic receptors in the T cells of the immune system regulate cell activity. The nicotine present in cigarettes can interfere with the functions of the receptors.
  • #2 Causes of Psoriasis | Hospital Clínic Barcelona
    https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/psoriasis/causes-and-risk-factors
    It has been found that certain medications, like lithium salts, antihypertensive drugs, such as betablockers, and antimalarial drugs can aggravate or produce outbreaks of lesions. […] The psoriasis lesions can be chronic in areas of spontaneous or scratchinduced rubbing. […] This is one of the reasons for the aggravation or appearance of psoriasis lesions. […] Alcohol can increase the risk of having psoriasis so it is advised to avoid its intake. […] It can be a trigger of the disease. Long-term smoking in large quantities is considered a risk for the development of psoriasis. In all patients with psoriasis advised to stop smoking as an improvement measure.
  • #2 Psoriasis | Causes, Triggers, Diagnosis & Treatment
    https://www.sog.com.sg/blog/psoriasis-causes-triggers-diagnosis-treatment/
    Excess weight increases the risk of psoriasis. Lesions associated with all types of psoriasis often develop in your skin creases and folds. […] Psoriasis may develop in areas of your skin that have been traumatized or injured. This is commonly referred to as the Koebner phenomenon. Sunburns, scratches, and vaccinations can trigger a Koebner response as well. […] Potential triggers of psoriasis include infections, stress, alcohol, smoking, certain medications, and skin injury.
  • #2 Scalp Psoriasis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment Options & Best Shampoos | H&S IN
    https://www.headandshoulders.co.in/en-in/healthy-hair-and-scalp/severe-scalp-conditions/scalp-psoriasis
    However, identifying the factors that trigger a response from your body is important when trying to find a solution. Learning to manage and control these scalp psoriasis causes can help you reduce flare ups. Some of these are: Stress, Infections, Obesity, Cuts and wounds, Dietary factors, Smoking, Reaction to medications, Skin trauma and sunburns, Alcohol consumption, Other autoimmune diseases. […] Scalp psoriasis develops when an agitated immune system mistakenly sends signals to skin cells, causing them to grow at a rapid pace. The body is unable to shed the excess skin and so patches of psoriasis form. […] Severe psoriasis has been sometimes linked to nutritional deficiencies – particularly Vitamin D.
  • #2 Causes and Triggers
    https://www.psoriasis.org/causes/
    While scientists do not know what exactly causes psoriasis, we do know the immune system, and genetics play key roles. […] A triggering event may cause a change in the immune system, resulting in the onset of psoriasis symptoms. […] Anything that can affect the immune system can trigger psoriasis. […] There is a connection between streptococcus infection (strep throat) and guttate psoriasis, as it often triggers the first onset of guttate psoriasis in children.
  • #2 Psoriasis – guttate Information | Mount Sinai – New York
    https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/psoriasis-guttate
    Guttate psoriasis is a type of psoriasis. Guttate psoriasis is usually seen in people younger than 30, especially in children. The condition often develops suddenly. It usually appears after an infection, most notably strep throat caused by group A streptococcus. Guttate psoriasis is not contagious. This means it can’t spread to other people. […] Psoriasis is a common disorder. The exact cause isn’t known. But doctors think genes and the immune system are involved. Certain things can trigger an attack of symptoms. […] With guttate psoriasis, in addition to strep throat, the following may trigger an attack: Bacteria or viral infections, including upper respiratory infections, Injury to the skin, including cuts, burns, and insect bites, Some medicines, including those used to treat malaria and certain heart conditions, Stress, Sunburn, Too much alcohol. […] Psoriasis may be severe in people who have a weakened immune system. This may include people who have: HIV/AIDS, Autoimmune disorders, including rheumatoid arthritis, Chemotherapy for cancer.
  • #2 Psoriasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448194/
    Psoriasis has a prevalence ranging from 0.2% to 4.8%. The exact etiology is unknown, but it is considered to be an autoimmune disease mediated by T lymphocytes. There is an association of HLA antigens seen in many psoriatic patients, particularly in various racial and ethnic groups. Familial occurrence suggests its genetic predisposition. Injury in the form of mechanical, chemical, and radiational trauma induces lesions of psoriasis. Certain drugs like chloroquine, lithium, beta-blockers, steroids, and NSAIDs can worsen psoriasis. Generally, summer improves psoriasis while winter aggravates it. Apart from the above factors infections, psychological stress, alcohol, smoking, obesity, and hypocalcemia are other triggering factors for psoriasis. […] Psoriasis is a chronic condition that is known to have a negative impact on the quality of life in patients as well as a family members. Psoriasis is a lifelong illness marked by relapses and remissions. About 10% of patients develop severe deforming arthritis. Remissions are experienced in 10-60% of patients. Over the course of the disease, psoriasis has been associated with depression, suicide, alcoholism, smoking, substance abuse, metabolic syndrome, and a variety of skin cancers. In addition, patients with psoriasis tend to have major medical comorbidities like kidney disease, heart disease, and joint problems. Several studies have noted a link between psoriasis and adverse cardiac events.
  • #2 Psoriasis – Types, Symptoms, Causes and Treatment | Apollo Hospitals
    https://www.apollohospitals.com/diseases-and-conditions/psoriasis-types-symptoms-causes-and-treatment
    Psoriasis is a chronic disease that often shows up and fades away in a repetitive manner. This condition is caused due to rapid cell build up on the surface of the skin. […] A combination of genetic and environmental factors is known to cause psoriasis. It could occur at any age but is known to commonly appear for the first time between 15 to 25 years of age. […] Factors like the following are believed to play a role in causing psoriasis: […] Nearly one-third of patients suffering from psoriasis have acquired the disease genetically. […] Factors like stress, the presence of infections, changes in the environment, etc. might worsen psoriasis. […] Individuals who are HIV-positive are at a higher risk of being affected with psoriasis. […] Staphylococcus aureus, Malassezia and Candida albicans can increase the tendency for psoriasis.
  • #2 Psoriasis Types, Symptoms & Causes | NIAMS
    https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/psoriasis
    Psoriasis is a chronic (long-lasting) disease in which the immune system becomes overactive, causing skin cells to multiply too quickly. […] Scientists do not fully understand what causes psoriasis, but they know that it involves a mix of genetics and environmental factors. […] Psoriasis is an immune-mediated disease, which means that your body’s immune system starts overacting and causing problems. If you have psoriasis, immune cells become active and produce molecules that set off the rapid production of skin cells. This is why skin in people with the disease is inflamed and scaly. […] Scientists do not fully understand what triggers the faulty immune cell activation, but they know that it involves a combination of genetics and environmental factors. Many people with psoriasis have a family history of the disease, and researchers have pinpointed some of the genes that may contribute to its development. Many of them play a role in the function of the immune system. […] Some external factors that may increase the chances of developing psoriasis include: Infections, especially streptococcal and HIV infections. […] Certain medicines, such as drugs for treating heart disease, malaria, or mental health problems. […] Smoking. […] Obesity.
  • #2 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
    https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-causes-Psoriasis.aspx
    People with psoriasis should be encouraged to reduce their exposure to these triggers to help improve their symptoms and avoid a flare-up of the condition. […] Individuals with HIV are equally likely to suffer from psoriasis than members of the general population, but those who are often affected experience more severe symptoms. […] Some medications may trigger symptoms of psoriasis in some patients. […] Additionally, the withdrawal of topical corticosteroid cream may aggravate symptoms due to a rebound effect.
  • #3 Psoriasis – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/psoriasis-and-scaling-diseases/psoriasis
    Well-identified triggers include injury (Koebner phenomenon), sunburn, HIV infection, beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection (leading to guttate psoriasis), and medications (especially beta-blockers, chloroquine, lithium, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, indomethacin, terbinafine, interferon-alfa, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and tumor necrosis factor inhibitors).
  • #3 Psoriasis | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/0501/p626.html
    Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that is often associated with systemic manifestations. […] The etiology includes genetic and environmental factors. […] Approximately one-third of patients with psoriasis have a first-degree relative with the condition. Research suggests a multifactorial mode of inheritance. […] Many stressful physiologic and psychological events and environmental factors are associated with the onset and worsening of the condition. […] Smoking increases the risk of psoriasis and its severity. […] Obesity and alcohol use and abuse are also associated with psoriasis. […] Psoriasis is an immune-mediated disease with genetic predisposition, but no distinct immunogen has been identified.