Lipoedema
Patofizjologia i mechanizm

Lipoedema to przewlekła, postępująca choroba tkanki tłuszczowej, dotykająca głównie kobiety (10-11% populacji żeńskiej), charakteryzująca się symetrycznym powiększeniem tkanki tłuszczowej w kończynach dolnych, biodrach i pośladkach, z oszczędzeniem dłoni i stóp. Patogeneza obejmuje zaburzenia adipogenezy, mikroangiopatię oraz dysfunkcję mikrokrążenia limfatycznego, z istotnym udziałem czynników genetycznych (np. geny AKR1C1, LHFPL6) i hormonalnych, zwłaszcza estrogenów. Histologicznie obserwuje się hipertrofię i hiperplazję adipocytów, przewlekły stan zapalny z obecnością makrofagów i komórek tucznych, a także zwłóknienie śródmiąższowe. Mikroangiopatia powoduje zwiększoną przepuszczalność naczyń włosowatych i limfatycznych, co prowadzi do obrzęku i uszkodzenia tkanek. Dysfunkcja układu limfatycznego, w tym powstawanie mikroaneuryzmatów i zwiększona przepuszczalność naczyń limfatycznych, przyczynia się do rozwoju lipolimfoedemy. W badaniach transkryptomicznych wykazano ponad 4400 różnic w ekspresji genów, m.in. nadekspresję regulatora cyklu komórkowego Bub1, co koreluje ze zwiększoną proliferacją komórek macierzystych tkanki tłuszczowej i może stanowić cel terapeutyczny. Profil lipidowy i metabolity w tkance lipoedematycznej są istotnie zmienione, a podwyższona zawartość sodu w tkance podskórnej wskazuje na zaburzenia homeostazy płynów i zapalenie prowadzące do włóknienia ECM.

Definicja patofizjologii lipoedemy

Lipoedema (lipoedema) to przewlekła, często postępująca choroba tkanki tłuszczowej charakteryzująca się nieprawidłowym odkładaniem się podskórnej tkanki tłuszczowej, głównie w kończynach dolnych, biodrach i pośladkach, a w około 30% przypadków również w kończynach górnych. Dotyka niemal wyłącznie kobiety, z szacowaną częstością występowania około 10-11% populacji żeńskiej.123 Charakterystyczne jest symetryczne powiększenie zajętych obszarów ciała przy jednoczesnym oszczędzeniu dłoni i stóp.45

Patofizjologia lipoedemy pozostaje w dużej mierze niewyjaśniona, mimo intensywnych badań w ostatnich latach. Obecne hipotezy dotyczące mechanizmów leżących u podłoża choroby obejmują zaburzenia adipogenezy, mikroangiopatię oraz dysfunkcję mikrokrążenia limfatycznego.67 Lipoedema może być najlepiej zdefiniowana jako pierwotna lipodystrofia (patologiczna adipogeneza) lub jako pierwotna mikroangiopatia małych naczyń krwionośnych i limfatycznych.8

Czynniki genetyczne i hormonalne w patogenezie lipoedemy

Wielokrotnie opisywane występowanie rodzinne lipoedemy sugeruje istnienie predyspozycji genetycznej.910 Pozytywny wywiad rodzinny jest odnotowywany u 16-64% pacjentek z lipodemą, co silnie wskazuje na dziedziczny charakter choroby.1112 Analiza skupisk rodzinnych sugeruje autosomalny dominujący wzór dziedziczenia z niepełną penetracją.1314

Niedawne badania nad genomem wskazały kilka potencjalnych markerów genetycznych związanych z lipodemą. Gen AKR1C1 (Aldo-Keto Reductase Family 1 Member C1), kodujący białko zaangażowane w metabolizm hormonów steroidowych, został zaproponowany jako pierwszy gen powiązany z lipodemą.1516 Inne badania wskazują na wariant genu LHFPL6, związany z tworzeniem się lipomy, chociaż dokładny związek z lipodemą pozostaje niewyjaśniony.1718

Czynniki hormonalne odgrywają kluczową rolę w patogenezie lipoedemy. Choroba zwykle ujawnia się lub ulega zaostrzeniu w okresach zmian hormonalnych, takich jak dojrzewanie płciowe, ciąża lub menopauza, co sugeruje udział estrogenów w jej rozwoju.192021 Potwierdza to również fakt, że nieliczni mężczyźni, u których rozwija się lipoedema, często cierpią na choroby wątroby lub mają niski poziom testosteronu – oba te stany wiążą się z wysokim poziomem estrogenów.22

Badania wskazują, że zmiany w dystrybucji receptorów estrogenowych alfa i beta zakłócają ich szlaki sygnałowe, prowadząc do zwiększonego uwalniania estrogenów.23 Ten wzrost hormonalny inicjuje kaskadę zmian metabolicznych, w tym aktywację receptorów PPAR, zwiększony wychwyt glukozy i wolnych kwasów tłuszczowych oraz nasiloną angiogenezę.2425 Zmiany te prowadzą do zwiększonej lipogenezy i zmniejszonej lipolizy w obszarach dotkniętych chorobą.2627

Zmiany w tkance tłuszczowej w przebiegu lipoedemy

Hipertrofia i hiperplazja adipocytów

Główną cechą patologiczną lipoedemy jest nieprawidłowy wzrost tkanki tłuszczowej. Badania histologiczne wykazały zarówno hipertrofię (zwiększenie rozmiaru), jak i hiperplazję (zwiększenie liczby) adipocytów.2829 Hipertrofia adipocytów jest pierwotnym objawem lipoedemy, choć w pewnych warunkach może wystąpić również hiperplazja.30

Badania porównawcze adipocytów w lipodemie wykazały znacząco zwiększoną wielkość kropli lipidowych w porównaniu z komórkami kontrolnymi.3132 Dodatkowo, analiza ekspresji genów w adipocytach lipoedemy wykazała różnice w genach związanych z określaniem wielkości kropli lipidowych, sygnalizacją insulinową i wychwytem glukozy.33

Badania cytobiologiczne i ekspresji białek na lipoaspiratach pobranych od pacjentek z lipodemą sugerują, że zaburzenie to powstaje głównie w wyniku zmian w początkowych etapach różnicowania komórek w adipogenezie.3435 Uważa się, że masywne powiększenie tkanki tłuszczowej charakterystyczne dla lipoedemy jest spowodowane zwiększoną proliferacją komórek macierzystych tkanki tłuszczowej.36

Stan zapalny i fibroza w tkance tłuszczowej

W lipodemie obserwuje się przewlekły stan zapalny o niskim natężeniu. Badania wykazały zwiększoną liczbę komórek zapalnych, w tym makrofagów i komórek tucznych, w tkance tłuszczowej dotkniętej lipodemą.3738 Makrofagi są często obserwowane wokół naczyń krwionośnych lub jako struktury koronowe otaczające nekrotyczne adipocyty.39

Taylor i wsp. wykazali, że akumulacja komórek tucznych w tkance lipoedemy przyczynia się do zwiększenia płynu śródmiąższowego, pogorszenia stanu adipocytów i potencjalnie fragmentacji włókien elastycznych z powodu uwalniania elastazy, potwierdzając, że lipoedema jest zaburzeniem tkanki łącznej.40

Dodatkowo bezpośrednia interakcja między hipertroficznymi adipocytami a makrofagami, jak również wydzielane czynniki parakrynne, takie jak czynnik wzrostu śródbłonka naczyniowego (VEGF), marker angiogenezy wcześniej opisywany we krwi kobiet z lipodemą, mogą być związane ze zwiększeniem liczby naczyń krwionośnych, rozszerzeniem naczyń włosowatych, hipoksją, stanem zapalnym i zwłóknieniem tkanki u pacjentek z lipodemą.41

Fibroza jest kolejną istotną cechą patologiczną lipoedemy. Badania wykazały zwiększone zwłóknienie śródmiąższowe w tkance tłuszczowej dotkniętej lipodemą.4243 Patologia zwłóknieniowa macierzy zewnątrzkomórkowej (ECM) w tkance lipoedemy została zidentyfikowana w dwóch niezależnych kohortach.44

Dysfunkcja naczyniowa i limfatyczna w lipodemie

Mikroangiopatia i dysfunkcja naczyń krwionośnych

Kolejna hipoteza patofizjologiczna obejmuje pierwotną dysfunkcję mikronaczyniową w naczyniach limfatycznych i włosowatych.45 Mikroangiopatia w lipodemie charakteryzuje się zwiększoną przepuszczalnością naczyń, co prowadzi do przesuwania się białek do przestrzeni pozakomórkowej, powodując obrzęk tkanek.4647

Liczne badania wykazały zmniejszenie liczby naczyń włosowatych w podskórnej tkance tłuszczowej pacjentek z lipodemą.48 Wynikające z tego niedotlenienie i zmienione wydzielanie cytokin powodują zapalenie tkanki tłuszczowej, które ostatecznie wpływa na adipogenezę.49

Podskórny splot naczyniowy ulega zmianom konformacyjnym, które są zgodne z mikroangiopatią występującą dodatkowo do hipertrofii adipocytów, pogrubienia śródmiąższu i zmian limfatycznych.50 Ta mikroangiopatia powoduje kruchość i przeciek naczyń włosowatych, co wyjaśnia zwiększoną tendencję do siniaków u pacjentek z lipodemą.5152

Zaburzenia układu limfatycznego

Coraz więcej dowodów wskazuje na istotną rolę układu limfatycznego w patologii lipoedemy.53 Hipoteza zakłada, że naczynia limfatyczne wchodzą w interakcję z lokalnie uwalnianymi produktami metabolicznymi, co prowadzi do ich zaburzenia funkcjonalnego.54

W miarę postępu lipoedemy, nadmierna tkanka tłuszczowa może wywierać nacisk na naczynia limfatyczne, utrudniając ich funkcję.55 Z czasem naczynia limfatyczne rozciągają się i rozszerzają, prowadząc do powstawania licznych mikroaneuryzmatów, które przeciekają.56 Te przeciekające mikroaneuryzmaty i wzrost płynu śródmiąższowego powodują późne stadium lipolimfoedemy.57

U pacjentek z lipodemą naczynia limfatyczne wykazują zwiększoną przepuszczalność z większą przestrzenią śródmiąższową.58 Zwiększone ciśnienie kapilarne w kończynach, zmiany w strukturze tkanki, dodatkowe naczynia krwionośne o nadmiernej przepuszczalności, zwiększony obszar limfatyczny i niewystarczający odpływ limfatyczny to potencjalne czynniki przyczyniające się do gromadzenia się płynu w lipodemie.59

Mechanizmy molekularne i komórkowe w lipodemie

Zaburzone szlaki sygnałowe komórkowe

Badania transkryptomiczne wykazały 4400 istotnych różnic w tkance lipoedemy, ze zmienionymi poziomami mRNA zaangażowanych w krytyczne szlaki sygnalizacyjne i regulujące funkcje komórkowe (np. metabolizm lipidów i cykl komórkowy/proliferację).60

Jeden z genów nadekspresjonowanych w komórkach macierzystych tkanki tłuszczowej pochodzących z lipoedemy, Bub1, koduje regulator cyklu komórkowego, centralny dla kompleksu kinetochoru, który reguluje kilka białek histonowych zaangażowanych w proliferację komórek.61 Analiza sygnalizacji w komórkach macierzystych lipoedemy wykazała zwiększoną aktywację histonu H2A, kluczowego czynnika proliferacji komórek i celu Bub1.62

Co istotne, hiperproliferacja wykazywana przez komórki macierzyste tkanki tłuszczowej w lipodemie została zahamowana przez małocząsteczkowy inhibitor Bub1, 2OH-BNPP1, oraz przez spowodowaną CRISPR/Cas9 deplecję genu Bub1.63 Testy funkcjonalne wykazały, że zaburzona sygnalizacja Bub1 napędza zwiększoną proliferację komórek macierzystych w lipodemie, sugerując potencjalny mechanizm zwiększonej adipogenezy w tej chorobie.64

Zmieniony profil lipidów i metabolitów

Profilowanie adipocytów lipoedemy ujawniło 900 zmian w składzie lipidów i 600 różniących się metabolitów.65 Literatura dotycząca lipoedemy wskazuje na złożony, wieloczynnikowy stan odmienny od innych zaburzeń tłuszczowych, co pokazują profile cytokin i lipidów podskórnej tkanki tłuszczowej.66

Zawartość sodu w tkance była znacznie podwyższona w skórze i podskórnej tkance tłuszczowej u pacjentów z lipodemą w porównaniu do grupy kontrolnej.67 Glikokalia, składająca się z proteoglikanów, glikoprotein i powiązanych glikozaminoglikanów, wyściela mikronaczynia i działa jako bariera zapobiegająca wnikaniu obcych patogenów.68

Nadmierna akumulacja płynu i zastój płynu powoduje zapalenie, gdy komórki tłuszczowe nie mogą otrzymać wystarczającej ilości tlenu; końcowym wynikiem zapalenia jest to, że tkanka ciała (tj. ECM w skórze, tłuszczu, mięśniach) staje się zwłókniała, a tkanka łączna podobna do blizny zastępuje normalną tkankę.69

Mechanizmy bólu w lipodemie

Jedną z charakterystycznych cech lipoedemy jest ból. Zwiększone odczuwanie bólu, które charakteryzuje lipodemę, przypisywano dysregulacji lokalnych nerwów czuciowych poprzez mechanizm zapalny.70

Dokładna przyczyna tego bólu nie była oczywista, ale uważa się, że nerwy czuciowe od każdego włókna współczulnego są rozprowadzane w komórkach tłuszczowych, a upośledzenie, takie jak zapalenie tych autonomicznych nerwów, może powodować tkliwość i ból.71

Zwiększona percepcja bólu jest prawdopodobnie spowodowana dysregulacją lokalnych czuciowych włókien nerwowych w wyniku mechanizmów zapalnych i hipoksycznych.72 Ma i wsp. zidentyfikowali czynnik płytkowy 4 jako obiecujący marker diagnostyczny dysfunkcji limfatycznej, który może pomóc w diagnozie i klinicznym różnicowaniu między obrzękiem limfatycznym, lipodemą i otyłością.73

Ponadto stwierdzono wyższe poziomy tego czynnika u kobiet z lipodemą, nawet jeśli nie miały nadwagi lub otyłości. Zatem podwyższone poziomy czynnika płytkowego 4 mogą dostarczyć dowodów na podstawową strukturalną i funkcjonalną dysfunkcję naczyń limfatycznych w patogenezie lipoedemy.74

Związek z otyłością i innymi stanami klinicznymi

Chociaż lipoedema jest odrębnym stanem od otyłości, często te dwa stany współwystępują. Badania przekrojowe wykazały, że częstość występowania lipoedemy zwiększa się wraz z masą ciała i wskaźnikiem masy ciała, a otyłość jest uważana za czynnik zaostrzający szkody limfatyczne i obrzęk prowadzący do przeciążenia limfatycznego.75

Statystyki pokazują, że większość pacjentek zdiagnozowanych z lipodemą w Europie i Ameryce Północnej jest również otyła (w zakresie 76-88% w zależności od ośrodka), co jest znacznie wyższe niż w populacji ogólnej.76

Obserwacja, że okres akumulacji tłuszczu ma tendencję do inicjowania lipoedemy, w połączeniu z odkryciem, że otyłość jest wyjątkowo powszechna u pacjentek z lipodemą, sugeruje, że podstawowy mechanizm biologiczny, który predysponuje kobiety do rozwoju lipoedemy, jest wrażliwy na masę ciała.77

Podobnie jak w przypadku lipoedemy, otyłość jest również silnym czynnikiem zaostrzającym obrzęk limfatyczny, może wywołać jego początek u pacjentów predysponowanych do niego, a przy wystarczająco wysokim poziomie otyłości może nawet wywołać obrzęk limfatyczny u pacjentów, którzy nie mają znanych czynników predysponujących.78

Badania diagnostyczne i biomarkery w lipodemie

Diagnoza lipoedemy pozostaje wyzwaniem ze względu na heterogeniczną prezentację schorzenia i obecny brak obiektywnych narzędzi pomiarowych do jej charakteryzacji.79 Nie istnieje jeszcze specyficzny biomarker dla lipoedemy.80

Obecne badania koncentrują się na patofizjologii lipoedemy i opracowaniu narzędzi ułatwiających jej prawidłową diagnozę i wykluczenie konkurencyjnych diagnoz.81 Badania w tej dziedzinie powinny koncentrować się na wyjaśnieniu patofizjologii lipoedemy i opracowaniu specyficznego biomarkera dla niej.82

W lipodemie, obraz rezonansu magnetycznego (MRI) wykazuje obwodowo zwiększony podskórny tłuszcz. Ocena histologiczna wykazuje hipertrofię adipocytów, zwiększone zwłóknienie międzykomórkowe i obecność infiltracji komórek odpornościowych.83

Badanie z użyciem wysokiej rozdzielczości ultrasonografii, skupiające się na pacjentach zdiagnozowanych z lipodemą, nie zidentyfikowało żadnych oznak płynu w tkance miękkiej nóg.84 W badaniu opublikowanym w 2020 roku, w którym pacjenci z lipodemą byli badani przy użyciu limfografii MR, autorzy podsumowali, że „Tkanka tłuszczowa była jednorodna, bez żadnych oznak obrzęku u pacjentów z czystą lipodemą.”85

Złożoność patogenezy lipoedemy

Patofizjologia lipoedemy obejmuje złożoną interakcję czynników, jak pokazują najnowsze badania, ale pełne zrozumienie jej mechanizmów pozostaje wyzwaniem, podkreślając potrzebę kontynuowania wysiłków badawczych w celu wyjaśnienia jej złożoności.86

Lipoedema wydaje się być chorobą wieloczynnikową z dysregulacją różnicowania komórkowego, adipogenezy i proliferacji, prowadzącą do mechanicznych i wywołanych hipoksją zmian komórkowych. Procesy patologiczne prowadzą do zapalenia, skutkującego komórkową i pozakomórkową przebudową z ekspresją specyficznego dla lipoedemy wzoru ekspresji genów regulatorowych.87

Podsumowując, patogeneza i rozwój lipoedemy mogą być spowodowane zmianami w adipogenezie, zapaleniu i przebudowie macierzy pozakomórkowej, prowadząc do włóknienia i tworzenia obrzęku, skutkującego tą bolesną chorobą. Procesy te różnią się od hipertrofowanej tkanki tłuszczowej i dlatego mogą odgrywać główną rolę w powstawaniu lipoedemy.88

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  1. 17.04.2026
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Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Lipedema—Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7465366/
    Lipedema is often unrecognized or misdiagnosed; despite an estimated prevalence of 10% in the overall female population, its cause is still unknown. […] The pathophysiology of lipedema remains unclear. The putative causes that have been proposed include altered adipogenesis, microangiopathy, and disturbed lymphatic microcirculation. […] Current research focuses on the pathophysiology of lipedema and on the development of tools to facilitate its correct diagnosis and the exclusion of competing diagnoses. […] The cause of lipedema is still unexplained. There are various hypotheses about its pathophysiology. […] As the condition has repeatedly been described in familial clusters, a genetic predisposition is assumed. […] As lipedema usually first manifests itself in periods of hormonal change, it is generally thought to be estrogen-mediated.
  • #2 Lipedema-Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32762835/
    Lipedema is often unrecognized or misdiagnosed; despite an estimated prevalence of 10% in the overall female population, its cause is still unknown. […] The pathophysiology of lipedema remains unclear. The putative causes that have been proposed include altered adipogenesis, microangiopathy, and disturbed lymphatic microcirculation. […] The diagnosis of lipedema remains a challenge because of the heterogeneous presentation of the condition and the current lack of objective measuring instruments to characterize it. […] Research in this area should focus on the elucidation of the pathophysiology of lipedema and the development of a specific biomarker for it.
  • #3 SciELO Brazil – Lipedema: exploring pathophysiology and treatment strategies – state of the art Lipedema: exploring pathophysiology and treatment strategies – state of the art
    https://www.scielo.br/j/jvb/a/VtfxqW3hknsDFw8BGFPfTTb/
    Lipedema is characterized by abnormal fat deposition in areas such as the arms, hips, buttocks, and thighs, sparing the hands and feet. […] The cause of lipedema remains unclear, and various hypotheses have been suggested. These include genetic predispositions and hormonal changes, particularly the influence of estrogen, leading to abnormalities in adipocyte growth and differentiation and microvascular dysfunction in lymphatic and blood vessels. […] Lipedema is recognized as a condition with a genetic predisposition, with a considerable likelihood of autosomal dominant inheritance. […] According to Paolacci et al., a positive self-reported family history is notable in 64% of women affected by lipedema, corroborated by research that identified affected family members. […] Lipedema predominantly affects female individuals, with onset coinciding with hormonal fluctuations, notably in estrogen. Studies indicate that changes in the distribution pattern of alpha and beta estrogen receptors disrupt their signaling pathways, resulting in increased estrogen release.
  • #4 SciELO Brazil – Lipedema: exploring pathophysiology and treatment strategies – state of the art Lipedema: exploring pathophysiology and treatment strategies – state of the art
    https://www.scielo.br/j/jvb/a/VtfxqW3hknsDFw8BGFPfTTb/
    Lipedema is characterized by abnormal fat deposition in areas such as the arms, hips, buttocks, and thighs, sparing the hands and feet. […] The cause of lipedema remains unclear, and various hypotheses have been suggested. These include genetic predispositions and hormonal changes, particularly the influence of estrogen, leading to abnormalities in adipocyte growth and differentiation and microvascular dysfunction in lymphatic and blood vessels. […] Lipedema is recognized as a condition with a genetic predisposition, with a considerable likelihood of autosomal dominant inheritance. […] According to Paolacci et al., a positive self-reported family history is notable in 64% of women affected by lipedema, corroborated by research that identified affected family members. […] Lipedema predominantly affects female individuals, with onset coinciding with hormonal fluctuations, notably in estrogen. Studies indicate that changes in the distribution pattern of alpha and beta estrogen receptors disrupt their signaling pathways, resulting in increased estrogen release.
  • #5 Lipedema – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipedema
    Lipedema is a condition that is almost exclusively found in women and results in enlargement of both legs due to deposits of fat under the skin. […] The cause is unknown but is believed to involve genetic and hormonal factors that regulate the lymphatic system, thus blocking the return of fats to the bloodstream. […] The cause of lipedema is still unknown. There are various hypotheses about its pathophysiology, including altered adipogenesis, microangiopathy, and damage to the lymphatic system disturbing its microcirculation. […] Lipedema has been described in familial clusters, suggesting a genetic component. […] It often appears around times of hormonal change such as puberty, pregnancy, and menopause, suggesting a potential hormonal component.
  • #6 Lipedema—Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7465366/
    Lipedema is often unrecognized or misdiagnosed; despite an estimated prevalence of 10% in the overall female population, its cause is still unknown. […] The pathophysiology of lipedema remains unclear. The putative causes that have been proposed include altered adipogenesis, microangiopathy, and disturbed lymphatic microcirculation. […] Current research focuses on the pathophysiology of lipedema and on the development of tools to facilitate its correct diagnosis and the exclusion of competing diagnoses. […] The cause of lipedema is still unexplained. There are various hypotheses about its pathophysiology. […] As the condition has repeatedly been described in familial clusters, a genetic predisposition is assumed. […] As lipedema usually first manifests itself in periods of hormonal change, it is generally thought to be estrogen-mediated.
  • #7 Lipedema-Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32762835/
    Lipedema is often unrecognized or misdiagnosed; despite an estimated prevalence of 10% in the overall female population, its cause is still unknown. […] The pathophysiology of lipedema remains unclear. The putative causes that have been proposed include altered adipogenesis, microangiopathy, and disturbed lymphatic microcirculation. […] The diagnosis of lipedema remains a challenge because of the heterogeneous presentation of the condition and the current lack of objective measuring instruments to characterize it. […] Research in this area should focus on the elucidation of the pathophysiology of lipedema and the development of a specific biomarker for it.
  • #8 Lipedema—Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7465366/
    Cytobiological and protein-expression studies on lipo-aspirates taken from lipedema patients suggest that the disorder mainly arises through changes in the initial steps of cell differentiation in adipogenesis. […] Another pathophysiological hypothesis involves primary microvascular dysfunction in the lymphatic and blood capillaries. […] Increased capillary permeability leads to shifting of protein into the extracellular compartment and thereby to tissue edema. […] The increased perception of pain that typifies lipedema has been attributed to dysregulation of locoregional sensory nerve fibers through an inflammatory mechanism. […] It is not yet clear whether lipedema should be best defined as a primary lipodystrophy (pathological adipogenesis) or as a primary microangiopathy of small blood and lymphatic vessels. No specific biomarker is yet available.
  • #9 Lipedema—Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7465366/
    Lipedema is often unrecognized or misdiagnosed; despite an estimated prevalence of 10% in the overall female population, its cause is still unknown. […] The pathophysiology of lipedema remains unclear. The putative causes that have been proposed include altered adipogenesis, microangiopathy, and disturbed lymphatic microcirculation. […] Current research focuses on the pathophysiology of lipedema and on the development of tools to facilitate its correct diagnosis and the exclusion of competing diagnoses. […] The cause of lipedema is still unexplained. There are various hypotheses about its pathophysiology. […] As the condition has repeatedly been described in familial clusters, a genetic predisposition is assumed. […] As lipedema usually first manifests itself in periods of hormonal change, it is generally thought to be estrogen-mediated.
  • #10 Lipedema – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipedema
    Lipedema is a condition that is almost exclusively found in women and results in enlargement of both legs due to deposits of fat under the skin. […] The cause is unknown but is believed to involve genetic and hormonal factors that regulate the lymphatic system, thus blocking the return of fats to the bloodstream. […] The cause of lipedema is still unknown. There are various hypotheses about its pathophysiology, including altered adipogenesis, microangiopathy, and damage to the lymphatic system disturbing its microcirculation. […] Lipedema has been described in familial clusters, suggesting a genetic component. […] It often appears around times of hormonal change such as puberty, pregnancy, and menopause, suggesting a potential hormonal component.
  • #11 SciELO Brazil – Lipedema: exploring pathophysiology and treatment strategies – state of the art Lipedema: exploring pathophysiology and treatment strategies – state of the art
    https://www.scielo.br/j/jvb/a/VtfxqW3hknsDFw8BGFPfTTb/
    Lipedema is characterized by abnormal fat deposition in areas such as the arms, hips, buttocks, and thighs, sparing the hands and feet. […] The cause of lipedema remains unclear, and various hypotheses have been suggested. These include genetic predispositions and hormonal changes, particularly the influence of estrogen, leading to abnormalities in adipocyte growth and differentiation and microvascular dysfunction in lymphatic and blood vessels. […] Lipedema is recognized as a condition with a genetic predisposition, with a considerable likelihood of autosomal dominant inheritance. […] According to Paolacci et al., a positive self-reported family history is notable in 64% of women affected by lipedema, corroborated by research that identified affected family members. […] Lipedema predominantly affects female individuals, with onset coinciding with hormonal fluctuations, notably in estrogen. Studies indicate that changes in the distribution pattern of alpha and beta estrogen receptors disrupt their signaling pathways, resulting in increased estrogen release.
  • #12 Lipedema and lipedematous scalp: An overview – Journal of Skin and Sexually Transmitted Diseases
    https://jsstd.org/lipedema-and-lipedematous-scalp-an-overview/
    Lipedema is a chronic, progressive disease marked by abnormal fat distribution in the limbs, resulting in disproportionately sized and painful limbs. […] Despite its clinical significance in women’s health, lipedema is largely unknown, underdiagnosed, and misdiagnosed with other diseases with similar symptoms including obesity. […] Since the precise etiology of lipedema is yet to be determined, there is no treatment that targets the underlying cause. […] The exact etiology of the disease is unknown. […] The various hypotheses put forth explain the role of hormonal influences, genetics, defects in adipogenesis, vascular factors, inflammatory mechanisms, and lymphatic defects in the development of the disease. […] Almost 60% of the affected had a first degree relative with similar features.
  • #13 Lipedema and lipedematous scalp: An overview – Journal of Skin and Sexually Transmitted Diseases
    https://jsstd.org/lipedema-and-lipedematous-scalp-an-overview/
    Analyses of familial clusters suggest an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern with incomplete penetrance. […] The disease typically manifests during the periods of hormonal change such as puberty, pregnancy, or menopause. […] It is speculated to be estrogen driven, since it results from polygenically mediated changes in the distribution of alpha and beta estrogen receptors (ER) in the white adipose tissue of the affected areas. […] This modulates the lipid metabolism which, in turn, leads to increased lipogenesis and decreased lipolysis in the affected areas. […] Cytological and protein expression studies conducted on lipoaspirates from lipedema patients found changes in the initial steps of cell differentiation in adipogenesis. […] It is believed that the massive adipose tissue enlargement classically found in lipedema is due to the enhanced proliferation of adipose stem cells in these patients.
  • #14 Differential diagnoses and treatment of lipedema
    https://www.oaepublish.com/articles/2347-9264.2019.51
    Lipedema is a painful disease of the subcutaneous tissue, which was first named in 1940 by Allen and Hines. They described a syndrome characterized by large legs due to the subcutaneous deposition of fat in the buttocks and lower extremities and the accumulation of fluid in the legs. It is a painful, possibly chronically progressive disorder of adipose tissue that is characterized by symmetrical swelling of the lower and/or upper limbs. Patients typically complain about increased pressure sensitivity and easy bruising and may also experience ankle edema. […] The pathogenesis is not fully understood yet. Lipedema often affects several female members of the same family, suggesting a genetic disorder. A positive family history is common and ranges between 16% and 64%, but is likely higher due to under-diagnosis. Autosomal dominant inheritance with incomplete penetrance and sex limitation is the most likely mode of inheritance. Since the disease usually manifests or is aggravated around hormonal changes (puberty, pregnancy, and menopause), lipedema is assumed to be an estrogen-regulated polygenetic disease. It is associated with vasculo- and lymphangiopathy.
  • #15 AKR1C1 and hormone metabolism in lipedema pathogenesis: a computational biology approach
    https://www.europeanreview.org/article/34698
    Lipedema is an autosomal dominant genetic disease that mainly affects women. It is characterized by excess deposition of subcutaneous adipose tissue, pain, and anxiety. […] The genetic and environmental etiology of lipedema is still largely unknown. […] Steroid hormones seem to be involved in the pathogenesis of lipedema. Indeed, aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1 (AKR1C1), a gene coding for a protein involved in steroid hormones metabolism, was the first proposed to be correlated with lipedema. […] The results of this study provide evidence that AKR1C1 may be a key gene in lipedema pathogenesis, and that common polymorphisms could predispose to lipedema development.
  • #16 What is the Cause of Lipedema? – Lipedema Medical Solutions
    https://lipedema.net/what-causes-lipedema/
    Several studies have shown that there is an impaired lymphatic function in patients with Lipedema. […] It is known that lymphatic impairment stimulates adipose. […] Zampell showed using a mouse tail model that lymphatic injury leading to lymphatic stasis increases fat deposition. […] Another possible explanation for lipedema is impaired vascular function or vasculopathy. […] Lipedema could also be caused by a lymphatic circulation problem. […] Finally, lipedema could be caused by neuropathy. […] In recent years the number of medical research studies about the causes of lipedema has been increasing. […] Aldo-Keto Reductase 1C1 (AKR1C1) has been marked as the First Mutated Gene in a Family with Nonsyndromic Primary Lipedema.
  • #17 Investigation of clinical characteristics and genome associations in the ‘UK Lipoedema’ cohort | PLOS One
    https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0274867
    Lipoedema is a chronic adipose tissue disorder mainly affecting women, causing excess subcutaneous fat deposition on the lower limbs with pain and tenderness. […] Exactly what causes lipoedema is not known. Family history has been reported in lipoedema patients suggesting a familial origin of the disease but many cases also appear to be sporadic. […] To investigate this hypothesis, we have conducted a Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS) to investigate genetic associations with the lipoedema trait. […] The top SNP rs1409440 (ORmeta 2.01, Pmeta 4 x 106) is located upstream of LHFPL6, which is thought to be involved with lipoma formation. Exactly how this relates to lipoedema is not yet understood. […] The association analysis in the discovery cohort revealed multiple suggestive genomic loci associated with lipoedema (P 2 x 104).
  • #18 Investigation of clinical characteristics and genome associations in the ‘UK Lipoedema’ cohort | PLOS One
    https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0274867
    The top three SNPs in our analysis, rs1409440, rs7994616 and rs11616618, were located on chromosome 13 in a block of linkage disequilibrium (LD) close to the LHFPL6 gene, with evidence for a colocalised eQTL implicating LHFPL6 gene expression in lipoedema aetiology. […] However, how LHFPL6 is linked to excessive adipose tissue in lipoedema is not known.
  • #19 Lipedema—Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7465366/
    Lipedema is often unrecognized or misdiagnosed; despite an estimated prevalence of 10% in the overall female population, its cause is still unknown. […] The pathophysiology of lipedema remains unclear. The putative causes that have been proposed include altered adipogenesis, microangiopathy, and disturbed lymphatic microcirculation. […] Current research focuses on the pathophysiology of lipedema and on the development of tools to facilitate its correct diagnosis and the exclusion of competing diagnoses. […] The cause of lipedema is still unexplained. There are various hypotheses about its pathophysiology. […] As the condition has repeatedly been described in familial clusters, a genetic predisposition is assumed. […] As lipedema usually first manifests itself in periods of hormonal change, it is generally thought to be estrogen-mediated.
  • #20
    https://dermnetnz.org/topics/lipoedema-definition-and-pathogenesis
    Lipoedema is a chronic, usually progressive disorder in women defined by symmetrical accumulations of subcutaneous fatty tissue and orthostatic oedema. […] The pathogenesis of lipoedema is poorly understood; although hormones and inheritance are thought to play an important role. […] An influence of hormones is assumed, with the possible onset of lipoedema during puberty and progression during pregnancy and menopause. […] Autosomal dominant inheritance is assumed with a higher prevalence of the disorder in family members. […] The extent to which the adipokines or other messenger substances released in obese patients is still poorly understood. Lipoedema cells show reduced amounts of adiponectin and leptin. […] The latest cell biology studies show significant differences in the differentiation of the adipocytes (fat cells) in patients with lipoedema.
  • #21 Lipedema – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipedema
    Lipedema is a condition that is almost exclusively found in women and results in enlargement of both legs due to deposits of fat under the skin. […] The cause is unknown but is believed to involve genetic and hormonal factors that regulate the lymphatic system, thus blocking the return of fats to the bloodstream. […] The cause of lipedema is still unknown. There are various hypotheses about its pathophysiology, including altered adipogenesis, microangiopathy, and damage to the lymphatic system disturbing its microcirculation. […] Lipedema has been described in familial clusters, suggesting a genetic component. […] It often appears around times of hormonal change such as puberty, pregnancy, and menopause, suggesting a potential hormonal component.
  • #22 An Introduction to Lipoedema | Ausmed
    https://www.ausmed.com/learn/articles/lipoedema
    Lipoedema is a chronic progressive condition characterised by an unusual build-up of adipose tissue (fat) under the skin. It predominantly affects women, possibly due to female hormonal changes (Better Health Channel 2023). […] The cause of lipoedema is not fully understood, but it may have a genetic component (Healthdirect 2023). […] Its also thought that the female hormone oestrogen is a contributing factor, as the onset of lipoedema tends to occur during periods of hormonal shift: puberty, pregnancy and menopause (Oakley et al. 2020; Better Health Channel 2023). Further supporting this theory is the fact that the few men who develop lipoedema often have liver disease or low testosterone – both of which are associated with high levels of oestrogen (Vyas Adnan 2023). […] Lipoedema is unrelated to obesity or weight gain and can affect people of all body types (Better Health Channel 2023).
  • #23 SciELO Brazil – Lipedema: exploring pathophysiology and treatment strategies – state of the art Lipedema: exploring pathophysiology and treatment strategies – state of the art
    https://www.scielo.br/j/jvb/a/VtfxqW3hknsDFw8BGFPfTTb/
    Lipedema is characterized by abnormal fat deposition in areas such as the arms, hips, buttocks, and thighs, sparing the hands and feet. […] The cause of lipedema remains unclear, and various hypotheses have been suggested. These include genetic predispositions and hormonal changes, particularly the influence of estrogen, leading to abnormalities in adipocyte growth and differentiation and microvascular dysfunction in lymphatic and blood vessels. […] Lipedema is recognized as a condition with a genetic predisposition, with a considerable likelihood of autosomal dominant inheritance. […] According to Paolacci et al., a positive self-reported family history is notable in 64% of women affected by lipedema, corroborated by research that identified affected family members. […] Lipedema predominantly affects female individuals, with onset coinciding with hormonal fluctuations, notably in estrogen. Studies indicate that changes in the distribution pattern of alpha and beta estrogen receptors disrupt their signaling pathways, resulting in increased estrogen release.
  • #24 SciELO Brazil – Lipedema: exploring pathophysiology and treatment strategies – state of the art Lipedema: exploring pathophysiology and treatment strategies – state of the art
    https://www.scielo.br/j/jvb/a/VtfxqW3hknsDFw8BGFPfTTb/
    This hormonal surge initiates a cascade of metabolic changes, including activation of PPAR receptors, increased uptake of glucose and free fatty acids, and increased angiogenesis. […] Adipocyte hypertrophy is the primary manifestation of lipedema, although hyperplasia may also occur under certain conditions. […] Studies by Felmerer et al., Kruppa et al., and Al-Ghadban et al. revealed significant adipocyte hypertrophy, interstitial fibrosis, and increased macrophage presence in lipedema. […] Development of lipedema is linked to primary microvascular dysfunction, beginning with endothelial cell alterations that disrupt blood and lymphatic flow regulation, leading to edema and a cyclic inflammatory response. […] Unregulated angiogenesis is characterized by an imbalance in proangiogenic and antiangiogenic factors, resulting in microangiopathy with immature, hemorrhage-prone blood vessels. […] The pathophysiology of lipedema involves a complex interaction of factors, as recent research reveals, but fully understanding its mechanisms remains challenging, underscoring the need to continue research efforts to elucidate its complexity.
  • #25 Lipedema and lipedematous scalp: An overview – Journal of Skin and Sexually Transmitted Diseases
    https://jsstd.org/lipedema-and-lipedematous-scalp-an-overview/
    Analyses of familial clusters suggest an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern with incomplete penetrance. […] The disease typically manifests during the periods of hormonal change such as puberty, pregnancy, or menopause. […] It is speculated to be estrogen driven, since it results from polygenically mediated changes in the distribution of alpha and beta estrogen receptors (ER) in the white adipose tissue of the affected areas. […] This modulates the lipid metabolism which, in turn, leads to increased lipogenesis and decreased lipolysis in the affected areas. […] Cytological and protein expression studies conducted on lipoaspirates from lipedema patients found changes in the initial steps of cell differentiation in adipogenesis. […] It is believed that the massive adipose tissue enlargement classically found in lipedema is due to the enhanced proliferation of adipose stem cells in these patients.
  • #26 Differential diagnoses and treatment of lipedema
    https://www.oaepublish.com/articles/2347-9264.2019.51
    There are numerous theories on pathogenesis. On the one hand, an altered estrogen-receptor pattern and responsiveness is assumed to exist centrally. On the other hand, pathologic estrogen-receptor patterns (alpha/beta) in the adipose tissue lead to increased lipogenesis and decreased lipolysis in the affected areas. […] Histologically, the fat deposition is a result of hyperplasia and hypertrophy of fat cells in the subcutaneous adipose tissue. Additional mechanisms were demonstrated to play a role in the pathogenesis of lipedema including increased vascular permeability and damage (microangiopathy), excessive lipid peroxidation, and disturbances in adipocyte metabolism and cytokine production. Inflammation of the peripheral nerves and sympathetic innervation abnormalities of the subcutaneous adipose tissue may be responsible for neuropathy.
  • #27 Lipedema and lipedematous scalp: An overview – Journal of Skin and Sexually Transmitted Diseases
    https://jsstd.org/lipedema-and-lipedematous-scalp-an-overview/
    Analyses of familial clusters suggest an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern with incomplete penetrance. […] The disease typically manifests during the periods of hormonal change such as puberty, pregnancy, or menopause. […] It is speculated to be estrogen driven, since it results from polygenically mediated changes in the distribution of alpha and beta estrogen receptors (ER) in the white adipose tissue of the affected areas. […] This modulates the lipid metabolism which, in turn, leads to increased lipogenesis and decreased lipolysis in the affected areas. […] Cytological and protein expression studies conducted on lipoaspirates from lipedema patients found changes in the initial steps of cell differentiation in adipogenesis. […] It is believed that the massive adipose tissue enlargement classically found in lipedema is due to the enhanced proliferation of adipose stem cells in these patients.
  • #28 SciELO Brazil – Lipedema: exploring pathophysiology and treatment strategies – state of the art Lipedema: exploring pathophysiology and treatment strategies – state of the art
    https://www.scielo.br/j/jvb/a/VtfxqW3hknsDFw8BGFPfTTb/
    This hormonal surge initiates a cascade of metabolic changes, including activation of PPAR receptors, increased uptake of glucose and free fatty acids, and increased angiogenesis. […] Adipocyte hypertrophy is the primary manifestation of lipedema, although hyperplasia may also occur under certain conditions. […] Studies by Felmerer et al., Kruppa et al., and Al-Ghadban et al. revealed significant adipocyte hypertrophy, interstitial fibrosis, and increased macrophage presence in lipedema. […] Development of lipedema is linked to primary microvascular dysfunction, beginning with endothelial cell alterations that disrupt blood and lymphatic flow regulation, leading to edema and a cyclic inflammatory response. […] Unregulated angiogenesis is characterized by an imbalance in proangiogenic and antiangiogenic factors, resulting in microangiopathy with immature, hemorrhage-prone blood vessels. […] The pathophysiology of lipedema involves a complex interaction of factors, as recent research reveals, but fully understanding its mechanisms remains challenging, underscoring the need to continue research efforts to elucidate its complexity.
  • #29 Lipedema: A Painful Adipose Tissue Disorder | IntechOpen
    https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/68520
    Lipedema fat tissue is characterized by hypertrophic adipocytes, inflammatory immune cells, dilation of subdermal blood and lymphatic vessels. […] We and others have shown a high number of infiltrating macrophages in lipedema adipose tissue detected by the CD68 marker and observed as around blood vessels or as crown-like structures surrounding necrotic adipocytes. […] An article published in 2004 by Taylor et al. showed that accumulation of mast cells in lipedema tissue contributed to increased interstitial fluid, deterioration of adipocytes and potentially elastic fiber fragmentation due to the release of elastase, confirming that lipedema is a connective tissue disorder. […] Adding to that, direct cell-cell interaction between hypertrophic adipocyte and macrophages as well as secreted paracrine factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a marker of angiogenesis, previously reported in the blood of women with lipedema might be associated with increase in the number of blood vessels, dilation of capillaries, hypoxia, inflammation and tissue fibrosis found in lipedema patients.
  • #30 SciELO Brazil – Lipedema: exploring pathophysiology and treatment strategies – state of the art Lipedema: exploring pathophysiology and treatment strategies – state of the art
    https://www.scielo.br/j/jvb/a/VtfxqW3hknsDFw8BGFPfTTb/
    This hormonal surge initiates a cascade of metabolic changes, including activation of PPAR receptors, increased uptake of glucose and free fatty acids, and increased angiogenesis. […] Adipocyte hypertrophy is the primary manifestation of lipedema, although hyperplasia may also occur under certain conditions. […] Studies by Felmerer et al., Kruppa et al., and Al-Ghadban et al. revealed significant adipocyte hypertrophy, interstitial fibrosis, and increased macrophage presence in lipedema. […] Development of lipedema is linked to primary microvascular dysfunction, beginning with endothelial cell alterations that disrupt blood and lymphatic flow regulation, leading to edema and a cyclic inflammatory response. […] Unregulated angiogenesis is characterized by an imbalance in proangiogenic and antiangiogenic factors, resulting in microangiopathy with immature, hemorrhage-prone blood vessels. […] The pathophysiology of lipedema involves a complex interaction of factors, as recent research reveals, but fully understanding its mechanisms remains challenging, underscoring the need to continue research efforts to elucidate its complexity.
  • #31 Lipedema Adipocytes in Culture: Signs of Hypertrophy, Inflammation, and Fibrosis | IntechOpen
    https://www.intechopen.com/online-first/1154553
    Although it is generally agreed upon that lipedema progresses through stages that can develop with different dynamics, the biological mechanism(s) underlying this progression are not yet clear. […] Numerous studies were conducted to explore potential molecular alterations distinguishing lipedema from non-lipedema adipose tissue in vivo and in vitro. […] A major focus was set on the appearance of hyperplasia and hypertrophy, two basic mechanisms underlying adipose tissue accumulation and on the role of low-level inflammation and fibrotic changes in the development of lipedema. […] Data concerning the occurrence of hypertrophy in lipedema adipose tissue are more consistent, as demonstrated by the measurements of adipocyte size in biopsied subcutaneous adipose tissue. […] The goal of this study was to further elucidate the previously suggested hypertrophy of lipedema adipocytes using 2D and 3D culture systems.
  • #32 Lipedema Adipocytes in Culture: Signs of Hypertrophy, Inflammation, and Fibrosis | IntechOpen
    https://www.intechopen.com/online-first/1154553
    This is supported by our results from gene expression studies showing elevated expression of genes related to LD enlargement in lipedema adipocytes in vitro. […] In addition, we confirmed the significant upregulation of fibrosis and inflammation-related gene and protein expression in lipedema adipocytes, supporting the notion that lipedema pathology is obviously accompanied and intensified by low-level inflammation and fibrotic alterations.
  • #33 Lipedema Adipocytes in Culture: Signs of Hypertrophy, Inflammation, and Fibrosis | IntechOpen
    https://www.intechopen.com/online-first/1154553
    Despite extensive research during the last couple of years, lipedema still appears enigmatic in respect to its pathogenesis. […] Using 2D cultures we show that gene expression in lipedema and non-lipedema adipocytes differs significantly in terms of genes related to lipid droplet size determination, insulin signaling and glucose uptake. A pronounced hypertrophy, recognizable by a significantly increased average lipid droplet size, was visible in differentiated lipedema adipocytes grown in 3D cultures. […] In addition, gene and protein expression related to inflammation and fibrosis were upregulated in lipedema adipocytes compared to controls, supporting earlier reports. […] Results from our in vitro studies suggest that lipedema adipose cells are capable of retaining their hypertrophic nature under culture conditions and open new aspects focusing on insulin signaling and PDGFRA-mediated balancing of adipogenic versus fibrogenic differentiation of lipedema adipose tissue.
  • #34 Lipedema—Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7465366/
    Cytobiological and protein-expression studies on lipo-aspirates taken from lipedema patients suggest that the disorder mainly arises through changes in the initial steps of cell differentiation in adipogenesis. […] Another pathophysiological hypothesis involves primary microvascular dysfunction in the lymphatic and blood capillaries. […] Increased capillary permeability leads to shifting of protein into the extracellular compartment and thereby to tissue edema. […] The increased perception of pain that typifies lipedema has been attributed to dysregulation of locoregional sensory nerve fibers through an inflammatory mechanism. […] It is not yet clear whether lipedema should be best defined as a primary lipodystrophy (pathological adipogenesis) or as a primary microangiopathy of small blood and lymphatic vessels. No specific biomarker is yet available.
  • #35 Lipedema and lipedematous scalp: An overview – Journal of Skin and Sexually Transmitted Diseases
    https://jsstd.org/lipedema-and-lipedematous-scalp-an-overview/
    Analyses of familial clusters suggest an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern with incomplete penetrance. […] The disease typically manifests during the periods of hormonal change such as puberty, pregnancy, or menopause. […] It is speculated to be estrogen driven, since it results from polygenically mediated changes in the distribution of alpha and beta estrogen receptors (ER) in the white adipose tissue of the affected areas. […] This modulates the lipid metabolism which, in turn, leads to increased lipogenesis and decreased lipolysis in the affected areas. […] Cytological and protein expression studies conducted on lipoaspirates from lipedema patients found changes in the initial steps of cell differentiation in adipogenesis. […] It is believed that the massive adipose tissue enlargement classically found in lipedema is due to the enhanced proliferation of adipose stem cells in these patients.
  • #36 Lipedema and lipedematous scalp: An overview – Journal of Skin and Sexually Transmitted Diseases
    https://jsstd.org/lipedema-and-lipedematous-scalp-an-overview/
    Analyses of familial clusters suggest an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern with incomplete penetrance. […] The disease typically manifests during the periods of hormonal change such as puberty, pregnancy, or menopause. […] It is speculated to be estrogen driven, since it results from polygenically mediated changes in the distribution of alpha and beta estrogen receptors (ER) in the white adipose tissue of the affected areas. […] This modulates the lipid metabolism which, in turn, leads to increased lipogenesis and decreased lipolysis in the affected areas. […] Cytological and protein expression studies conducted on lipoaspirates from lipedema patients found changes in the initial steps of cell differentiation in adipogenesis. […] It is believed that the massive adipose tissue enlargement classically found in lipedema is due to the enhanced proliferation of adipose stem cells in these patients.
  • #37 Lipedema: A Painful Adipose Tissue Disorder | IntechOpen
    https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/68520
    Lipedema fat tissue is characterized by hypertrophic adipocytes, inflammatory immune cells, dilation of subdermal blood and lymphatic vessels. […] We and others have shown a high number of infiltrating macrophages in lipedema adipose tissue detected by the CD68 marker and observed as around blood vessels or as crown-like structures surrounding necrotic adipocytes. […] An article published in 2004 by Taylor et al. showed that accumulation of mast cells in lipedema tissue contributed to increased interstitial fluid, deterioration of adipocytes and potentially elastic fiber fragmentation due to the release of elastase, confirming that lipedema is a connective tissue disorder. […] Adding to that, direct cell-cell interaction between hypertrophic adipocyte and macrophages as well as secreted paracrine factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a marker of angiogenesis, previously reported in the blood of women with lipedema might be associated with increase in the number of blood vessels, dilation of capillaries, hypoxia, inflammation and tissue fibrosis found in lipedema patients.
  • #38 Lipedema Adipocytes in Culture: Signs of Hypertrophy, Inflammation, and Fibrosis | IntechOpen
    https://www.intechopen.com/online-first/1154553
    Despite extensive research during the last couple of years, lipedema still appears enigmatic in respect to its pathogenesis. […] Using 2D cultures we show that gene expression in lipedema and non-lipedema adipocytes differs significantly in terms of genes related to lipid droplet size determination, insulin signaling and glucose uptake. A pronounced hypertrophy, recognizable by a significantly increased average lipid droplet size, was visible in differentiated lipedema adipocytes grown in 3D cultures. […] In addition, gene and protein expression related to inflammation and fibrosis were upregulated in lipedema adipocytes compared to controls, supporting earlier reports. […] Results from our in vitro studies suggest that lipedema adipose cells are capable of retaining their hypertrophic nature under culture conditions and open new aspects focusing on insulin signaling and PDGFRA-mediated balancing of adipogenic versus fibrogenic differentiation of lipedema adipose tissue.
  • #39 Lipedema: A Painful Adipose Tissue Disorder | IntechOpen
    https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/68520
    Lipedema fat tissue is characterized by hypertrophic adipocytes, inflammatory immune cells, dilation of subdermal blood and lymphatic vessels. […] We and others have shown a high number of infiltrating macrophages in lipedema adipose tissue detected by the CD68 marker and observed as around blood vessels or as crown-like structures surrounding necrotic adipocytes. […] An article published in 2004 by Taylor et al. showed that accumulation of mast cells in lipedema tissue contributed to increased interstitial fluid, deterioration of adipocytes and potentially elastic fiber fragmentation due to the release of elastase, confirming that lipedema is a connective tissue disorder. […] Adding to that, direct cell-cell interaction between hypertrophic adipocyte and macrophages as well as secreted paracrine factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a marker of angiogenesis, previously reported in the blood of women with lipedema might be associated with increase in the number of blood vessels, dilation of capillaries, hypoxia, inflammation and tissue fibrosis found in lipedema patients.
  • #40 Lipedema: A Painful Adipose Tissue Disorder | IntechOpen
    https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/68520
    Lipedema fat tissue is characterized by hypertrophic adipocytes, inflammatory immune cells, dilation of subdermal blood and lymphatic vessels. […] We and others have shown a high number of infiltrating macrophages in lipedema adipose tissue detected by the CD68 marker and observed as around blood vessels or as crown-like structures surrounding necrotic adipocytes. […] An article published in 2004 by Taylor et al. showed that accumulation of mast cells in lipedema tissue contributed to increased interstitial fluid, deterioration of adipocytes and potentially elastic fiber fragmentation due to the release of elastase, confirming that lipedema is a connective tissue disorder. […] Adding to that, direct cell-cell interaction between hypertrophic adipocyte and macrophages as well as secreted paracrine factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a marker of angiogenesis, previously reported in the blood of women with lipedema might be associated with increase in the number of blood vessels, dilation of capillaries, hypoxia, inflammation and tissue fibrosis found in lipedema patients.
  • #41 Lipedema: A Painful Adipose Tissue Disorder | IntechOpen
    https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/68520
    Lipedema fat tissue is characterized by hypertrophic adipocytes, inflammatory immune cells, dilation of subdermal blood and lymphatic vessels. […] We and others have shown a high number of infiltrating macrophages in lipedema adipose tissue detected by the CD68 marker and observed as around blood vessels or as crown-like structures surrounding necrotic adipocytes. […] An article published in 2004 by Taylor et al. showed that accumulation of mast cells in lipedema tissue contributed to increased interstitial fluid, deterioration of adipocytes and potentially elastic fiber fragmentation due to the release of elastase, confirming that lipedema is a connective tissue disorder. […] Adding to that, direct cell-cell interaction between hypertrophic adipocyte and macrophages as well as secreted paracrine factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a marker of angiogenesis, previously reported in the blood of women with lipedema might be associated with increase in the number of blood vessels, dilation of capillaries, hypoxia, inflammation and tissue fibrosis found in lipedema patients.
  • #42 SciELO Brazil – Lipedema: exploring pathophysiology and treatment strategies – state of the art Lipedema: exploring pathophysiology and treatment strategies – state of the art
    https://www.scielo.br/j/jvb/a/VtfxqW3hknsDFw8BGFPfTTb/
    This hormonal surge initiates a cascade of metabolic changes, including activation of PPAR receptors, increased uptake of glucose and free fatty acids, and increased angiogenesis. […] Adipocyte hypertrophy is the primary manifestation of lipedema, although hyperplasia may also occur under certain conditions. […] Studies by Felmerer et al., Kruppa et al., and Al-Ghadban et al. revealed significant adipocyte hypertrophy, interstitial fibrosis, and increased macrophage presence in lipedema. […] Development of lipedema is linked to primary microvascular dysfunction, beginning with endothelial cell alterations that disrupt blood and lymphatic flow regulation, leading to edema and a cyclic inflammatory response. […] Unregulated angiogenesis is characterized by an imbalance in proangiogenic and antiangiogenic factors, resulting in microangiopathy with immature, hemorrhage-prone blood vessels. […] The pathophysiology of lipedema involves a complex interaction of factors, as recent research reveals, but fully understanding its mechanisms remains challenging, underscoring the need to continue research efforts to elucidate its complexity.
  • #43 Diagnosis and management of lipedema – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diagnosis-and-management-of-lipedema
    Lipedema is defined by an International Consensus as „a chronic condition characterized by a disproportionate increase in adipose tissue and pain in the lower extremities, and sometimes, the upper extremities of females” [1]. […] The true incidence of lipedema is unknown [1]. Patients with lipedema were historically erroneously diagnosed with lymphedema and referred to lymphedema programs. […] Lipedema is a chronic condition with symmetric deposition of subcutaneous adipose tissue disproportionately in primarily the lower extremities. On magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the subcutaneous fat is circumferentially increased. Histologic evaluation shows adipocyte hypertrophy, increased intercellular fibrosis, and the presence of an immune cell infiltrate [6,7]. […] Reported pain may be related to inflammation from increased numbers of macrophages, hypoxia, and fat necrosis [1]. Because of the association with pain, International Consensus Guidelines have recommended renaming the disorder „lipalgia syndrome” [1].
  • #44 Current Mechanistic Understandings of Lymphedema and Lipedema: Tales of Fluid, Fat, and Fibrosis
    https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/12/6621
    The etiology of lipedema remains unclear and has incited a recent Call to Action. Various hypotheses have been proposed regarding the pathogenesis of the primary symptom of lipedema: lower-extremity SAT expansion. […] Rational hypotheses incorporate adipocyte dysfunction and adipogenesis, tissue inflammation, altered ECM components, or microvascular dysfunction leading to fluid accumulation in lipedema. […] SAT expansion in lipedema occurs with adipocyte hypertrophy. […] Similar to lymphedema, inflammatory markers in lipedema include immune cell infiltrates in the SAT. […] A fibrotic pathology of the ECM in lipedema tissue has been identified in two independent cohorts. […] Another potential inflammatory route in lipedema is via interstitial fluid accumulation resulting from microvascular dysfunction.
  • #45 Lipedema—Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7465366/
    Cytobiological and protein-expression studies on lipo-aspirates taken from lipedema patients suggest that the disorder mainly arises through changes in the initial steps of cell differentiation in adipogenesis. […] Another pathophysiological hypothesis involves primary microvascular dysfunction in the lymphatic and blood capillaries. […] Increased capillary permeability leads to shifting of protein into the extracellular compartment and thereby to tissue edema. […] The increased perception of pain that typifies lipedema has been attributed to dysregulation of locoregional sensory nerve fibers through an inflammatory mechanism. […] It is not yet clear whether lipedema should be best defined as a primary lipodystrophy (pathological adipogenesis) or as a primary microangiopathy of small blood and lymphatic vessels. No specific biomarker is yet available.
  • #46 Lipedema—Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7465366/
    Cytobiological and protein-expression studies on lipo-aspirates taken from lipedema patients suggest that the disorder mainly arises through changes in the initial steps of cell differentiation in adipogenesis. […] Another pathophysiological hypothesis involves primary microvascular dysfunction in the lymphatic and blood capillaries. […] Increased capillary permeability leads to shifting of protein into the extracellular compartment and thereby to tissue edema. […] The increased perception of pain that typifies lipedema has been attributed to dysregulation of locoregional sensory nerve fibers through an inflammatory mechanism. […] It is not yet clear whether lipedema should be best defined as a primary lipodystrophy (pathological adipogenesis) or as a primary microangiopathy of small blood and lymphatic vessels. No specific biomarker is yet available.
  • #47 Lipedema and lipedematous scalp: An overview – Journal of Skin and Sexually Transmitted Diseases
    https://jsstd.org/lipedema-and-lipedematous-scalp-an-overview/
    The subdermal vascular plexus undergoes conformational changes that are consistent with a microangiopathy that occurs in addition to adipocyte hypertrophy, interstitial thickening, and lymphatic changes. […] This microangiopathy produces capillary fragility and leakage. […] Increased capillary permeability causes proteins to leak into the extracellular compartment (capillary leak), resulting in tissue edema. […] The enhanced pain sensitivity associated with lipedema has been linked to an inflammatory mechanism that disrupts the regulation of locoregional sensory nerve fibers.
  • #48 Lipedema and lipedematous scalp: An overview – Journal of Skin and Sexually Transmitted Diseases
    https://jsstd.org/lipedema-and-lipedematous-scalp-an-overview/
    Many studies have demonstrated a reduction in capillaries in the subcutaneous fat tissue of patients with lipedema. […] The resultant hypoxia and altered cytokine secretion cause inflammation of the adipose tissue that ultimately affects the adipogenesis. […] The influx of inflammatory cells into the interstitium can play a role in the signaling pathways that lead to adipocyte hypertrophy. […] Thus, the initial swelling in lipedema is due to adipocyte hyperplasia and hypertrophy. […] In addition, there is thickening of the interstitium and an increase in interstitial fluid as a result of increased hydrostatic pressure. […] However, as lipedema progresses, the lymphatic channels stretch and dilate, resulting in the formation of numerous microaneurysms that leak. […] These leaking microaneurysms and a rise in interstitial fluid cause the late-stage lipolymphedema.
  • #49 Lipedema and lipedematous scalp: An overview – Journal of Skin and Sexually Transmitted Diseases
    https://jsstd.org/lipedema-and-lipedematous-scalp-an-overview/
    Many studies have demonstrated a reduction in capillaries in the subcutaneous fat tissue of patients with lipedema. […] The resultant hypoxia and altered cytokine secretion cause inflammation of the adipose tissue that ultimately affects the adipogenesis. […] The influx of inflammatory cells into the interstitium can play a role in the signaling pathways that lead to adipocyte hypertrophy. […] Thus, the initial swelling in lipedema is due to adipocyte hyperplasia and hypertrophy. […] In addition, there is thickening of the interstitium and an increase in interstitial fluid as a result of increased hydrostatic pressure. […] However, as lipedema progresses, the lymphatic channels stretch and dilate, resulting in the formation of numerous microaneurysms that leak. […] These leaking microaneurysms and a rise in interstitial fluid cause the late-stage lipolymphedema.
  • #50 Lipedema and lipedematous scalp: An overview – Journal of Skin and Sexually Transmitted Diseases
    https://jsstd.org/lipedema-and-lipedematous-scalp-an-overview/
    The subdermal vascular plexus undergoes conformational changes that are consistent with a microangiopathy that occurs in addition to adipocyte hypertrophy, interstitial thickening, and lymphatic changes. […] This microangiopathy produces capillary fragility and leakage. […] Increased capillary permeability causes proteins to leak into the extracellular compartment (capillary leak), resulting in tissue edema. […] The enhanced pain sensitivity associated with lipedema has been linked to an inflammatory mechanism that disrupts the regulation of locoregional sensory nerve fibers.
  • #51 Lipedema and lipedematous scalp: An overview – Journal of Skin and Sexually Transmitted Diseases
    https://jsstd.org/lipedema-and-lipedematous-scalp-an-overview/
    The subdermal vascular plexus undergoes conformational changes that are consistent with a microangiopathy that occurs in addition to adipocyte hypertrophy, interstitial thickening, and lymphatic changes. […] This microangiopathy produces capillary fragility and leakage. […] Increased capillary permeability causes proteins to leak into the extracellular compartment (capillary leak), resulting in tissue edema. […] The enhanced pain sensitivity associated with lipedema has been linked to an inflammatory mechanism that disrupts the regulation of locoregional sensory nerve fibers.
  • #52 Lipedema – Diagnosis and management
    https://heartcare.sydney/lipedema/
    Increased susceptibility to bruising in lipedema patients can be attributed to changes in the microvasculature, called microangiopathy. The expanding adipose tissue can cause fragility in the capillaries, resulting in telangiectasias, easier rupturing and subsequent hematomas. […] The adipose tissue in lipedema often exhibits signs of chronic inflammation. The presence of inflammatory mediators can lead to fibrosis or tissue hardening. This inflammatory state contributes to the characteristic pain associated with lipedema and tissue damage. […] To put it simply, lipedema is a condition where the bodys normal way of storing and distributing fat is disrupted. This is not caused by overeating or lack of physical activity but by a pathological process that affects cellular growth, lymphatic drainage, and blood vessels. Understanding these underlying mechanisms is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of the condition and its effective management.
  • #53 Unraveling Lipedema Pathophysiology — Lipedema Foundation
    https://www.lipedema.org/pathophysiology-tissue-bank-gousopoulos-felmerer-research-grant
    Hypothesis: We hypothesize that lymphatic vasculature interaction with locally-released metabolic products results in functional lymphatic impairment, and contributes to lipedema pathophysiology. […] Evidence suggests an important role of the lymphatic system in lipedema pathology, however in what context or extent remains elusive. […] Our hypothesis is that the lymphatic vasculature interacts with locally-released metabolic products, resulting in its functional impairment. […] to identify potential targets that drive lipedema pathophysiology.
  • #54 Unraveling Lipedema Pathophysiology — Lipedema Foundation
    https://www.lipedema.org/pathophysiology-tissue-bank-gousopoulos-felmerer-research-grant
    Hypothesis: We hypothesize that lymphatic vasculature interaction with locally-released metabolic products results in functional lymphatic impairment, and contributes to lipedema pathophysiology. […] Evidence suggests an important role of the lymphatic system in lipedema pathology, however in what context or extent remains elusive. […] Our hypothesis is that the lymphatic vasculature interacts with locally-released metabolic products, resulting in its functional impairment. […] to identify potential targets that drive lipedema pathophysiology.
  • #55 Lipedema – Diagnosis and management
    https://heartcare.sydney/lipedema/
    Lipedema involves an intricate interplay between adipose and vascular systems. In the early stages, abnormal fat deposition is the central pathology. However, as the condition advances, the vascular and lymphatic systems become compromised, adding to the complexity of the disorder. […] The hallmark of lipedema is an abnormal increase in the number (hyperplasia) and size (hypertrophy) of fat cells in the affected regions. This disproportionate fat distribution typically involves the legs and, less frequently, hips, buttocks and upper extremities. […] The excessive adipose tissue in lipedema can exert pressure on the lymphatic vessels, impeding their function. Over time, this can result in reduced lymphatic drainage, leading to the accumulation of lymphatic fluid and potential progression to secondary lymphedema.
  • #56 Lipedema and lipedematous scalp: An overview – Journal of Skin and Sexually Transmitted Diseases
    https://jsstd.org/lipedema-and-lipedematous-scalp-an-overview/
    Many studies have demonstrated a reduction in capillaries in the subcutaneous fat tissue of patients with lipedema. […] The resultant hypoxia and altered cytokine secretion cause inflammation of the adipose tissue that ultimately affects the adipogenesis. […] The influx of inflammatory cells into the interstitium can play a role in the signaling pathways that lead to adipocyte hypertrophy. […] Thus, the initial swelling in lipedema is due to adipocyte hyperplasia and hypertrophy. […] In addition, there is thickening of the interstitium and an increase in interstitial fluid as a result of increased hydrostatic pressure. […] However, as lipedema progresses, the lymphatic channels stretch and dilate, resulting in the formation of numerous microaneurysms that leak. […] These leaking microaneurysms and a rise in interstitial fluid cause the late-stage lipolymphedema.
  • #57 Lipedema and lipedematous scalp: An overview – Journal of Skin and Sexually Transmitted Diseases
    https://jsstd.org/lipedema-and-lipedematous-scalp-an-overview/
    Many studies have demonstrated a reduction in capillaries in the subcutaneous fat tissue of patients with lipedema. […] The resultant hypoxia and altered cytokine secretion cause inflammation of the adipose tissue that ultimately affects the adipogenesis. […] The influx of inflammatory cells into the interstitium can play a role in the signaling pathways that lead to adipocyte hypertrophy. […] Thus, the initial swelling in lipedema is due to adipocyte hyperplasia and hypertrophy. […] In addition, there is thickening of the interstitium and an increase in interstitial fluid as a result of increased hydrostatic pressure. […] However, as lipedema progresses, the lymphatic channels stretch and dilate, resulting in the formation of numerous microaneurysms that leak. […] These leaking microaneurysms and a rise in interstitial fluid cause the late-stage lipolymphedema.
  • #58
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13679-023-00536-x
    The increased interstitial fluid in lipedema allows for the palpation of individual fat lobules as nodules, and slow blood and lymphatic flow can lead to inflammatory and fibrotic lesions, chronic pain, and palpation. […] The lymphatic vasculature in lipedema shows increased permeability with a larger interstitial space. […] The chronic state of inflammation in lipedema is not related to the presence of obesity but to the condition itself. […] The main mechanisms and histological alterations underlying lipedema development and progression are schematically represented. […] Nutritional strategies such as VLCKD have shown potential for reducing inflammation, which is a significant contributor to lipedema’s pathogenesis. […] However, the evidence for the efficacy and safety of VLCKD in the treatment of lipedema is currently limited, and more research is needed to establish its efficacy.
  • #59 Lipedema: Insights into Morphology, Pathophysiology, and Challenges
    https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/10/12/3081
    This review aims to address the morphological phenotype of lipedema fat, as well as its unclear pathophysiology, with a primary emphasis on excessive interstitial fluid, extracellular matrix remodeling, and lymphatic and vasculature dysfunction. The potential mechanisms, genetic implications, and proposed biomarkers for lipedema are further discussed in detail. […] Lipedema involves fluid in the fat at more advanced stages of the disease. […] The swelling caused by adipose hypertrophy occurs in a distinctively symmetrical form in lipedema, which, unlike lymphedema, does not show overt interstitial edema. However, excessive fluid accumulation in the interstitial space is often a common characteristic of progressed lipedema. Increased limb capillary pressure, changes in tissue structure, extra blood vessels with excessive permeability, increased lymphatic area, and inadequate lymphatic outflow are the potential contributing factors that facilitate fluid accretion in lipedema.
  • #60 Key signaling networks are dysregulated in patients with the adipose tissue disorder, lipedema | International Journal of Obesity
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41366-021-01002-1
    Lipedema, a poorly understood chronic disease of adipose hyper-deposition, is often mistaken for obesity and causes significant impairment to mobility and quality-of-life. […] To identify molecular mechanisms underpinning lipedema, we employed comprehensive omics-based comparative analyses of whole tissue, adipocyte precursors (adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs)), and adipocytes from patients with or without lipedema. […] Transcriptional profiling revealed 4400 significant differences in lipedema tissue, with altered levels of mRNAs involved in critical signaling and cell function-regulating pathways (e.g., lipid metabolism and cell-cycle/proliferation). […] Profiling lipedema adipocytes revealed 900 changes in lipid composition and 600 differentially altered metabolites. […] One upregulated gene in lipedema ADSCs, Bub1, encodes a cell-cycle regulator, central to the kinetochore complex, which regulates several histone proteins involved in cell proliferation.
  • #61 Key signaling networks are dysregulated in patients with the adipose tissue disorder, lipedema | International Journal of Obesity
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41366-021-01002-1
    Lipedema, a poorly understood chronic disease of adipose hyper-deposition, is often mistaken for obesity and causes significant impairment to mobility and quality-of-life. […] To identify molecular mechanisms underpinning lipedema, we employed comprehensive omics-based comparative analyses of whole tissue, adipocyte precursors (adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs)), and adipocytes from patients with or without lipedema. […] Transcriptional profiling revealed 4400 significant differences in lipedema tissue, with altered levels of mRNAs involved in critical signaling and cell function-regulating pathways (e.g., lipid metabolism and cell-cycle/proliferation). […] Profiling lipedema adipocytes revealed 900 changes in lipid composition and 600 differentially altered metabolites. […] One upregulated gene in lipedema ADSCs, Bub1, encodes a cell-cycle regulator, central to the kinetochore complex, which regulates several histone proteins involved in cell proliferation.
  • #62 Key signaling networks are dysregulated in patients with the adipose tissue disorder, lipedema | International Journal of Obesity
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41366-021-01002-1
    Downstream signaling analysis of lipedema ADSCs demonstrated enhanced activation of histone H2A, a key cell proliferation driver and Bub1 target. […] Critically, hyperproliferation exhibited by lipedema ADSCs was inhibited by the small molecule Bub1 inhibitor 2OH-BNPP1 and by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Bub1 gene depletion. […] Functional assays demonstrated that dysregulated Bub1 signaling drives increased proliferation of lipedema ADSCs, suggesting a potential mechanism for enhanced adipogenesis in lipedema. […] Our findings substantially improve understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning lipedema and will be useful for identifying disease biomarkers and targets for future therapeutics with which to combat this devastating disease. […] The etiology of lipedema is unknown, although clinical observations suggest genetic inheritance, hormonal influences, dilated blood vessels and lymphatics, and inflammation.
  • #63 Key signaling networks are dysregulated in patients with the adipose tissue disorder, lipedema | International Journal of Obesity
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41366-021-01002-1
    Downstream signaling analysis of lipedema ADSCs demonstrated enhanced activation of histone H2A, a key cell proliferation driver and Bub1 target. […] Critically, hyperproliferation exhibited by lipedema ADSCs was inhibited by the small molecule Bub1 inhibitor 2OH-BNPP1 and by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Bub1 gene depletion. […] Functional assays demonstrated that dysregulated Bub1 signaling drives increased proliferation of lipedema ADSCs, suggesting a potential mechanism for enhanced adipogenesis in lipedema. […] Our findings substantially improve understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning lipedema and will be useful for identifying disease biomarkers and targets for future therapeutics with which to combat this devastating disease. […] The etiology of lipedema is unknown, although clinical observations suggest genetic inheritance, hormonal influences, dilated blood vessels and lymphatics, and inflammation.
  • #64 Key signaling networks are dysregulated in patients with the adipose tissue disorder, lipedema | International Journal of Obesity
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41366-021-01002-1
    Downstream signaling analysis of lipedema ADSCs demonstrated enhanced activation of histone H2A, a key cell proliferation driver and Bub1 target. […] Critically, hyperproliferation exhibited by lipedema ADSCs was inhibited by the small molecule Bub1 inhibitor 2OH-BNPP1 and by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Bub1 gene depletion. […] Functional assays demonstrated that dysregulated Bub1 signaling drives increased proliferation of lipedema ADSCs, suggesting a potential mechanism for enhanced adipogenesis in lipedema. […] Our findings substantially improve understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning lipedema and will be useful for identifying disease biomarkers and targets for future therapeutics with which to combat this devastating disease. […] The etiology of lipedema is unknown, although clinical observations suggest genetic inheritance, hormonal influences, dilated blood vessels and lymphatics, and inflammation.
  • #65 Key signaling networks are dysregulated in patients with the adipose tissue disorder, lipedema | International Journal of Obesity
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41366-021-01002-1
    Lipedema, a poorly understood chronic disease of adipose hyper-deposition, is often mistaken for obesity and causes significant impairment to mobility and quality-of-life. […] To identify molecular mechanisms underpinning lipedema, we employed comprehensive omics-based comparative analyses of whole tissue, adipocyte precursors (adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs)), and adipocytes from patients with or without lipedema. […] Transcriptional profiling revealed 4400 significant differences in lipedema tissue, with altered levels of mRNAs involved in critical signaling and cell function-regulating pathways (e.g., lipid metabolism and cell-cycle/proliferation). […] Profiling lipedema adipocytes revealed 900 changes in lipid composition and 600 differentially altered metabolites. […] One upregulated gene in lipedema ADSCs, Bub1, encodes a cell-cycle regulator, central to the kinetochore complex, which regulates several histone proteins involved in cell proliferation.
  • #66 Lipedema: Insights into Morphology, Pathophysiology, and Challenges
    https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/10/12/3081
    The glycocalyx is composed of proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and associated glycosaminoglycans that line microvessels and act as barriers to prevent the entry of foreign pathogens. […] The literature on lipedema seems to indicate a complex, multifactorial condition distinct from other fat disorders, as shown by the cytokine and lipid profiles of subcutaneous adipose tissue.
  • #67 Lipedema: Insights into Morphology, Pathophysiology, and Challenges
    https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/10/12/3081
    Lipedema is characterized by insufficient backflow leading to excess fluid accumulated in the interstitium. The excess interstitial fluid might be associated with adipocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia, inadvertently leading to hypoxia, microangiopathy, and a higher permeability of endothelial capillaries. […] Dysregulated endothelial function leads to the excessive growth of fat and the pathological remodeling of adipose tissue in a cyclic manner. […] Lipedema is a connective tissue disorder characterized by a loss of elastic recoil, allowing more fluid to enter the interstitial space and accumulate between dermal skin fibers rather than being cleared by the lymphatic system. […] The tissue sodium content was significantly elevated in the skin and subcutaneous adipose tissue in lipedema patients compared to the control.
  • #68 Lipedema: Insights into Morphology, Pathophysiology, and Challenges
    https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/10/12/3081
    The glycocalyx is composed of proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and associated glycosaminoglycans that line microvessels and act as barriers to prevent the entry of foreign pathogens. […] The literature on lipedema seems to indicate a complex, multifactorial condition distinct from other fat disorders, as shown by the cytokine and lipid profiles of subcutaneous adipose tissue.
  • #69 Lipedema Is Not Just Fat — Lipedema.com
    https://www.lipedema.com/lipedema-is-not-just-fat
    Lipedema is not just about abnormal or painful fat. Lipedema fat cells are part of a larger system of loose connective tissue. Understanding the unique features of lipedema fat cells within this environment helps explain lipedema symptoms and holds promise for more effective lipedema treatments. […] Lipedema has been labeled a disease of fat or a fat disorder. By definition, fat is loose connective tissue (LCT). Loose connective tissue consists of areolar, reticular and adipose tissue. In this paper, our use of LCT refers specifically to the form and contents of adipose tissue. Lipedema is therefore a disease of loose connective tissue, or a loose connective tissue disease. […] Excess fluid and stagnation of fluid causes an inflammation when fat cells cannot get enough oxygen; the end result of inflammation is that body tissue (i.e., the ECM in skin, fat, muscle) becomes fibrotic, and scar-like connective tissue replaces normal tissue.
  • #70 Lipedema—Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7465366/
    Cytobiological and protein-expression studies on lipo-aspirates taken from lipedema patients suggest that the disorder mainly arises through changes in the initial steps of cell differentiation in adipogenesis. […] Another pathophysiological hypothesis involves primary microvascular dysfunction in the lymphatic and blood capillaries. […] Increased capillary permeability leads to shifting of protein into the extracellular compartment and thereby to tissue edema. […] The increased perception of pain that typifies lipedema has been attributed to dysregulation of locoregional sensory nerve fibers through an inflammatory mechanism. […] It is not yet clear whether lipedema should be best defined as a primary lipodystrophy (pathological adipogenesis) or as a primary microangiopathy of small blood and lymphatic vessels. No specific biomarker is yet available.
  • #71 Lipedema, a Rare Disease
    https://www.e-arm.org/journal/view.php?number=85
    The cause of this pain was not obvious, but it is thought that sensory nerves from each sympathetic nerve fiber are distributed in fat cells and impairment such inflammation of these autonomous nerves can cause tenderness and pain. […] When the disease is chronically progressed, circulatory disturbance occurs due to the pressure of fat cells on lymph collectors at the superficial layers. […] If lipedema is not treated, complications that are detrimental to mental health and life-threatening can occur. […] Lipedema is a rare disease that has been scarcely reported in Korea. […] Knowing the clinical features and differences in medical histories from the patients with lipedema will enable clinicians to achieve a good prognosis through quick diagnosis and treatment.
  • #72 Lymphedema vs lipedema: Similar but different | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine
    https://www.ccjm.org/content/91/7/425
    Increased perception of pain is possibly due to dysregulation of local-regional sensory nerve fibers resulting from inflammatory and hypoxic mechanisms. […] Ma et al identified platelet factor 4 as a promising diagnostic marker of lymphatic malfunction that could help in diagnosing and clinically differentiating lymphedema, lipedema, and obesity. Furthermore, it was found at higher levels in women with lipedema even if they were not overweight or obese. Thus, elevated levels of platelet factor 4 may provide evidence of underlying lymphatic structural and functional vasculature dysfunction in the pathogenesis of lipidema.
  • #73 Lymphedema vs lipedema: Similar but different | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine
    https://www.ccjm.org/content/91/7/425
    Increased perception of pain is possibly due to dysregulation of local-regional sensory nerve fibers resulting from inflammatory and hypoxic mechanisms. […] Ma et al identified platelet factor 4 as a promising diagnostic marker of lymphatic malfunction that could help in diagnosing and clinically differentiating lymphedema, lipedema, and obesity. Furthermore, it was found at higher levels in women with lipedema even if they were not overweight or obese. Thus, elevated levels of platelet factor 4 may provide evidence of underlying lymphatic structural and functional vasculature dysfunction in the pathogenesis of lipidema.
  • #74 Lymphedema vs lipedema: Similar but different | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine
    https://www.ccjm.org/content/91/7/425
    Increased perception of pain is possibly due to dysregulation of local-regional sensory nerve fibers resulting from inflammatory and hypoxic mechanisms. […] Ma et al identified platelet factor 4 as a promising diagnostic marker of lymphatic malfunction that could help in diagnosing and clinically differentiating lymphedema, lipedema, and obesity. Furthermore, it was found at higher levels in women with lipedema even if they were not overweight or obese. Thus, elevated levels of platelet factor 4 may provide evidence of underlying lymphatic structural and functional vasculature dysfunction in the pathogenesis of lipidema.
  • #75 Lymphedema vs lipedema: Similar but different | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine
    https://www.ccjm.org/content/91/7/425
    Lipedema is a chronic, painful progressive disease characterized by an abnormal distribution of fat that affects the abdomen, buttocks, hips, legs, and arms disproportionately. The fat distribution is resistant to weight loss or limb elevation. […] The etiology and pathophysiology of lipedema are not well understood, but it is thought to be triggered by hormonal changes during puberty, childbirth, or menopause; stressful lifestyle changes; or alteration in tissue associated with surgery or trauma. Estrogen is theorized to play a role, as it regulates lipid and glucose metabolism and female-associated adipocyte distribution. […] Lipidema is thought to have a genetic predisposition, with autosomal-dominant inheritance and sex limitation. […] A cross-sectional study found the prevalence of lipedema increased with weight and body mass index, and obesity is believed to be an aggravating factor for lymphatic harm and edema leading to lymphatic overload.
  • #76 Patient Guide to Self-Diagnosing Lipedema and Lipo-Lymphedema
    https://torontophysiotherapy.ca/patient-guide-to-self-diagnosing-lipedema-and-lipo-lymphedema/
    The relationship between bodyweight and lipedema is reflected in the statistics. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the majority of patients diagnosed with lipedema in Europe and North America are also obese (somewhere in the range of 76% – 88% depending on the center), a rate of obesity that is far greater than in the general population. […] The observation that a period of fat accumulation tends to initiate lipedema combined with the discovery that obesity is exceptionally common in lipedema patients suggests that the underlying biological mechanism that predisposes women to developing lipedema is sensitive to body weight. […] As with lipedema, obesity is also a strong exacerbator of lymphedema (lymph fluid accumulation/swelling), can induce the onset of lymphedema in patients predisposed to it, and at high enough levels of obesity, can even induce lymphedema in patients who have no known predisposing risk factors.
  • #77 Patient Guide to Self-Diagnosing Lipedema and Lipo-Lymphedema
    https://torontophysiotherapy.ca/patient-guide-to-self-diagnosing-lipedema-and-lipo-lymphedema/
    The relationship between bodyweight and lipedema is reflected in the statistics. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the majority of patients diagnosed with lipedema in Europe and North America are also obese (somewhere in the range of 76% – 88% depending on the center), a rate of obesity that is far greater than in the general population. […] The observation that a period of fat accumulation tends to initiate lipedema combined with the discovery that obesity is exceptionally common in lipedema patients suggests that the underlying biological mechanism that predisposes women to developing lipedema is sensitive to body weight. […] As with lipedema, obesity is also a strong exacerbator of lymphedema (lymph fluid accumulation/swelling), can induce the onset of lymphedema in patients predisposed to it, and at high enough levels of obesity, can even induce lymphedema in patients who have no known predisposing risk factors.
  • #78 Patient Guide to Self-Diagnosing Lipedema and Lipo-Lymphedema
    https://torontophysiotherapy.ca/patient-guide-to-self-diagnosing-lipedema-and-lipo-lymphedema/
    The relationship between bodyweight and lipedema is reflected in the statistics. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the majority of patients diagnosed with lipedema in Europe and North America are also obese (somewhere in the range of 76% – 88% depending on the center), a rate of obesity that is far greater than in the general population. […] The observation that a period of fat accumulation tends to initiate lipedema combined with the discovery that obesity is exceptionally common in lipedema patients suggests that the underlying biological mechanism that predisposes women to developing lipedema is sensitive to body weight. […] As with lipedema, obesity is also a strong exacerbator of lymphedema (lymph fluid accumulation/swelling), can induce the onset of lymphedema in patients predisposed to it, and at high enough levels of obesity, can even induce lymphedema in patients who have no known predisposing risk factors.
  • #79 Lipedema-Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32762835/
    Lipedema is often unrecognized or misdiagnosed; despite an estimated prevalence of 10% in the overall female population, its cause is still unknown. […] The pathophysiology of lipedema remains unclear. The putative causes that have been proposed include altered adipogenesis, microangiopathy, and disturbed lymphatic microcirculation. […] The diagnosis of lipedema remains a challenge because of the heterogeneous presentation of the condition and the current lack of objective measuring instruments to characterize it. […] Research in this area should focus on the elucidation of the pathophysiology of lipedema and the development of a specific biomarker for it.
  • #80 Lipedema—Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7465366/
    Cytobiological and protein-expression studies on lipo-aspirates taken from lipedema patients suggest that the disorder mainly arises through changes in the initial steps of cell differentiation in adipogenesis. […] Another pathophysiological hypothesis involves primary microvascular dysfunction in the lymphatic and blood capillaries. […] Increased capillary permeability leads to shifting of protein into the extracellular compartment and thereby to tissue edema. […] The increased perception of pain that typifies lipedema has been attributed to dysregulation of locoregional sensory nerve fibers through an inflammatory mechanism. […] It is not yet clear whether lipedema should be best defined as a primary lipodystrophy (pathological adipogenesis) or as a primary microangiopathy of small blood and lymphatic vessels. No specific biomarker is yet available.
  • #81 Lipedema—Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7465366/
    Lipedema is often unrecognized or misdiagnosed; despite an estimated prevalence of 10% in the overall female population, its cause is still unknown. […] The pathophysiology of lipedema remains unclear. The putative causes that have been proposed include altered adipogenesis, microangiopathy, and disturbed lymphatic microcirculation. […] Current research focuses on the pathophysiology of lipedema and on the development of tools to facilitate its correct diagnosis and the exclusion of competing diagnoses. […] The cause of lipedema is still unexplained. There are various hypotheses about its pathophysiology. […] As the condition has repeatedly been described in familial clusters, a genetic predisposition is assumed. […] As lipedema usually first manifests itself in periods of hormonal change, it is generally thought to be estrogen-mediated.
  • #82 Lipedema-Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32762835/
    Lipedema is often unrecognized or misdiagnosed; despite an estimated prevalence of 10% in the overall female population, its cause is still unknown. […] The pathophysiology of lipedema remains unclear. The putative causes that have been proposed include altered adipogenesis, microangiopathy, and disturbed lymphatic microcirculation. […] The diagnosis of lipedema remains a challenge because of the heterogeneous presentation of the condition and the current lack of objective measuring instruments to characterize it. […] Research in this area should focus on the elucidation of the pathophysiology of lipedema and the development of a specific biomarker for it.
  • #83 Diagnosis and management of lipedema – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diagnosis-and-management-of-lipedema
    Lipedema is defined by an International Consensus as „a chronic condition characterized by a disproportionate increase in adipose tissue and pain in the lower extremities, and sometimes, the upper extremities of females” [1]. […] The true incidence of lipedema is unknown [1]. Patients with lipedema were historically erroneously diagnosed with lymphedema and referred to lymphedema programs. […] Lipedema is a chronic condition with symmetric deposition of subcutaneous adipose tissue disproportionately in primarily the lower extremities. On magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the subcutaneous fat is circumferentially increased. Histologic evaluation shows adipocyte hypertrophy, increased intercellular fibrosis, and the presence of an immune cell infiltrate [6,7]. […] Reported pain may be related to inflammation from increased numbers of macrophages, hypoxia, and fat necrosis [1]. Because of the association with pain, International Consensus Guidelines have recommended renaming the disorder „lipalgia syndrome” [1].
  • #84 9. Renaming the term ‘lipoedema’ – Issuu
    https://issuu.com/canadianlymphedemaframework/docs/jwc_consensus_lipoedema/s/25619746
    As already suggested decades ago, it is necessary to change the term lipoedema.256 In terms of histology, indications of both hyperplasia9, 256 and hypertrophy257 of the fatty tissue have been found in those with lipoedema. […] A multi-centre study using high-resolution ultrasound focusing on patients diagnosed with lipoedema failed to identify any indication of fluid in the soft tissue in the legs.164 In a study published in 2020, in which patients with lipoedema were examined using MR lymphography, the authors summarised that The fat tissue was homogenous, without any signs of edema in pure lipedema patients.15 In addition, even histological studies have not found the presence of oedema in those with lipoedema.34, 150, 164 […] The European Lipedema Forum, with 25 renowned experts from seven European countries, has developed the European Best Practice of Lipoedema outlined here and thus also supports the paradigm shift in lipoedema. […] In the authors opinion, there is no alternative to the paradigm shift in lipoedema, which is gradually gaining acceptance worldwide. The changes in perspectives on lipoedema described here bring the patients real symptoms to the forefront, allowing for more comprehensive and sustainable treatment.
  • #85 9. Renaming the term ‘lipoedema’ – Issuu
    https://issuu.com/canadianlymphedemaframework/docs/jwc_consensus_lipoedema/s/25619746
    As already suggested decades ago, it is necessary to change the term lipoedema.256 In terms of histology, indications of both hyperplasia9, 256 and hypertrophy257 of the fatty tissue have been found in those with lipoedema. […] A multi-centre study using high-resolution ultrasound focusing on patients diagnosed with lipoedema failed to identify any indication of fluid in the soft tissue in the legs.164 In a study published in 2020, in which patients with lipoedema were examined using MR lymphography, the authors summarised that The fat tissue was homogenous, without any signs of edema in pure lipedema patients.15 In addition, even histological studies have not found the presence of oedema in those with lipoedema.34, 150, 164 […] The European Lipedema Forum, with 25 renowned experts from seven European countries, has developed the European Best Practice of Lipoedema outlined here and thus also supports the paradigm shift in lipoedema. […] In the authors opinion, there is no alternative to the paradigm shift in lipoedema, which is gradually gaining acceptance worldwide. The changes in perspectives on lipoedema described here bring the patients real symptoms to the forefront, allowing for more comprehensive and sustainable treatment.
  • #86 SciELO Brazil – Lipedema: exploring pathophysiology and treatment strategies – state of the art Lipedema: exploring pathophysiology and treatment strategies – state of the art
    https://www.scielo.br/j/jvb/a/VtfxqW3hknsDFw8BGFPfTTb/
    This hormonal surge initiates a cascade of metabolic changes, including activation of PPAR receptors, increased uptake of glucose and free fatty acids, and increased angiogenesis. […] Adipocyte hypertrophy is the primary manifestation of lipedema, although hyperplasia may also occur under certain conditions. […] Studies by Felmerer et al., Kruppa et al., and Al-Ghadban et al. revealed significant adipocyte hypertrophy, interstitial fibrosis, and increased macrophage presence in lipedema. […] Development of lipedema is linked to primary microvascular dysfunction, beginning with endothelial cell alterations that disrupt blood and lymphatic flow regulation, leading to edema and a cyclic inflammatory response. […] Unregulated angiogenesis is characterized by an imbalance in proangiogenic and antiangiogenic factors, resulting in microangiopathy with immature, hemorrhage-prone blood vessels. […] The pathophysiology of lipedema involves a complex interaction of factors, as recent research reveals, but fully understanding its mechanisms remains challenging, underscoring the need to continue research efforts to elucidate its complexity.
  • #87
    https://journals.lww.com/prsgo/fulltext/2024/11000/transcriptomics_of_subcutaneous_tissue_of_lipedema.22.aspx
    Lipedema seems to be a multifactorial disease with a dysregulation of cell differentiation, adipogenesis, and proliferation, leading to mechanical and hypoxia-induced cellular alterations. The pathological processes lead to inflammation, resulting in a cellular and extracellular remodeling with the expression of a lipedema-specific expression pattern of regulatory genes.
  • #88
    https://journals.lww.com/prsgo/fulltext/2024/11000/transcriptomics_of_subcutaneous_tissue_of_lipedema.22.aspx
    Lipedema is a disease typically affecting women with a symmetrical, painful fat distribution disorder, which is hypothesized to be caused by impaired adipogenesis, inflammation, and extracellular matrix remodeling, leading to fibrosis and the development of edema in lipedema subcutaneous adipose tissue. The pathogenesis and molecular processes leading to lipedema have not yet been clarified. […] In summary, the pathogenesis and development of lipedema might be caused by alterations in adipogenesis, inflammation, and extracellular matrix remodeling, leading to fibrosis and the formation of edema resulting in this painful disease. These processes differ from hypertrophied adipose tissue and may therefore play a main role in the formation of lipedema. […] The pathogenesis of lipedema might be caused by alterations in the gene expression of mechanisms such as adipogenesis, inflammation, and extracellular matrix remodeling, leading to fibrosis and the formation of edema.