Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Epidemiology of clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5717991/

  Clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most common diseases in ageing men and the most common cause of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). The prevalence of BPH increases after the age of 40 years, with a prevalence of 8%60% at age 90 years. […] Recent reports suggest the strong relationship of clinical BPH with metabolic syndrome and erectile dysfunction, as well as the possible role of inflammation as a cause of the prostatic hyperplasia. […] Hence, a better strategy to prevent and delay the onset and development of clinical BPH is to understand the epidemiology of the disease and possible control of the disease in the population. […] The prevalence of BPH rises markedly with increased age. […] Observational studies from Europe, US, and Asia have also demonstrated older age to be a risk factor for clinical BPH onset and progression.

• #2 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558920/

  Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) refers to the nonmalignant growth or hyperplasia of prostate tissue and is a common cause of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in older men. Disease prevalence has been shown to increase with advancing age. The histological prevalence of BPH at autopsy is as high as 50% to 60% for males in their 60s, increasing to 80% to 90% of those older than 70 years of age. […] Age is a significant predictor of the development of BPH and subsequent LUTS. Fifty percent of men older than 50 show evidence of BPH, and the association with the development of LUTS increases linearly with age. […] In the US, studies have shown BPH prevalence to be as high as 70% in those between 60 and 69 years of age and more than 80% in those over 70 years. […] At a population level, the reported prevalence of BPH increased dramatically between 1998 and 2007 in the US, with the number of cases nearly doubling. […] As the worldwide population grows older, the number of symptomatic BPH cases is expected to rise.

• #3 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Manifestations | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/81872

  The prostate secretes 20% of the seminal fluid. One of its main pathologies is benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), the most common benign disease in older men. It has an 810% prevalence in men 40 years of age and older, increasing to more than 90% in men over 90 years, with lower urinary tract symptoms being one of its main complications. […] BPH is not a condition with a high mortality rate; its high prevalence is related to complications of severe lower urinary symptoms, including sexual dysfunction, which notoriously affects the QOL of the elderly. […] BPH is a hyperplastic process that results in the growth of epithelial and stromal cells located in the periurethral area of the submucosa and transitional zone of the prostate, the leading site where BPH develops. The elongation of this area is accompanied by changes in the tissues stromal/muscular characteristics. It has a prevalence of 26.2% worldwide, which has remained constant in the last two decades. It is considered the most common benign tumor in men over 40 years of age, representing the second cause of surgical intervention and the first of consultation with a specialist (urologist).

• #4 Comprehensive analysis of the global, regional, and national burden of benign prostatic hyperplasia from 1990 to 2021 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-90229-3

  Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common urological condition affecting elderly men worldwide. In 2021, there were 112,502 (95% UI: 88,131.8142,634.2) thousand prevalent cases globally, compared to 50,705.8 (95% UI: 38,735.565,693.4) thousand cases in 1990, representing a 122% increase. Over the past 30 years, the burden of BPH in low and low-middle socio-demographic index (SDI) regions have shown an upward trend and is projected to continue increasing over the next 15 years. Middle-SDI regions are facing the heaviest absolute burden of BPH. Despite declining prevalence, incidence, and disability-adjusted life years rates in high-middle SDI regions, the absolute BPH burden remains high, ranking second among the five SDI regions. In contrast, high-SDI regions exhibit a relatively low and stable BPH burden, though significant variations exist even among countries within the high-SDI category. Additionally, the global 6569 age group bears the highest burden, with the 4044 and 80+age groups showing increasing trends. The burden of BPH varies significantly across regions, socioeconomic statuses, and countries, yet the absolute burden is generally increasing. The substantial regional differences in BPH burden underscore its widespread impact and potential controllability, indicating the need for more targeted healthcare efforts to address the growing BPH burden.

• #5 Global burden of benign prostatic hyperplasia in males aged 60–90 years from 1990 to 2019: results from the global burden of disease study 2019 | BMC Urology | Full Text

  https://bmcurol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12894-024-01582-w

  Aging is an important determinant of the development of BPH. […] Globally, a meta-analysis including 30 epidemiological studies estimated an approximately 26% pooled prevalence of BPH in older men between 1990 and 2016. […] In 2019, the global prevalent cases of BPH in patients aged 60 years was estimated to be 79,309,174 (95% UI: 61,181,380 to 100,520,944), which represented an increase of 119.01% since 1990. […] The regions with low-middle SDIs had the highest prevalence of BPH (19,094.72 95% UI: 14,340.40 to 24876.32). […] In 2019, the global prevalence rate of BPH in patients aged 60 years and older was 16,781 (95% UI: 12,946 to 21,269) per 100,000 population. […] The increasing prevalent number of BPH was attributed primarily to population growth (94.93%), aging (1.62%), and epidemiological changes (3.45%).

• #6 The global burden of lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia: A systematic review and meta-analysis | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-06628-8

  Benign prostatic hyperplasia is a common non-malignant condition among older men, but the epidemiology is poorly characterised. We summarised and determined the global prevalence of benign prostatic hyperplasia. A total of 31 prevalence rate estimates from 25 countries were identified. The combined prevalence estimates showed that the lifetime prevalence of BPH was 26.2% (95% CI: 22.829.6%). We found that there was an increasing prevalence of BPH with age. However, we found no significant difference between (a) rural, urban or mixed sites, (b) different countries, (c) respondent representativeness. (d) sample size or (e) study quality. We also found no significant change in the prevalence over the past 20 years. While there is substantial variation between sites estimates, results suggest that nearly 1 in 4 men will suffer from BPH over their lifetime. The study revealed there are significant gaps in knowledge, which provides opportunities for future research to further enrich the epidemiological landscape with data.

• #7 Global burden of benign prostatic hyperplasia in males aged 60–90 years from 1990 to 2019: results from the global burden of disease study 2019 | BMC Urology | Full Text

  https://bmcurol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12894-024-01582-w

  Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a prevalent urological disease in elderly males. However, few studies have estimated the temporal and spatial distributions of the BPH burden in male adults aged 60 years and over at the global, national, and regional scales. […] Over the past three decades, the global prevalent cases, incident cases and DALYs of BPH have increased, ranging from 118.78 to 121.22%. The global number of prevalent BPH cases reached 79 million in people aged 60 years and older in 2019. […] BPH is a global health issue that imposes substantial economic burdens on most countries, particularly males aged 60 years and over. Effective health decisions are imperative for BPH prevention and treatment. […] In 2019, the age-standardized prevalence of BPH was 2480 (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 19403090) per 100,000 people globally.

• #8 Global burden of benign prostatic hyperplasia in males aged 60–90 years from 1990 to 2019: results from the global burden of disease study 2019 | BMC Urology | Full Text

  https://bmcurol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12894-024-01582-w

  Aging is an important determinant of the development of BPH. […] Globally, a meta-analysis including 30 epidemiological studies estimated an approximately 26% pooled prevalence of BPH in older men between 1990 and 2016. […] In 2019, the global prevalent cases of BPH in patients aged 60 years was estimated to be 79,309,174 (95% UI: 61,181,380 to 100,520,944), which represented an increase of 119.01% since 1990. […] The regions with low-middle SDIs had the highest prevalence of BPH (19,094.72 95% UI: 14,340.40 to 24876.32). […] In 2019, the global prevalence rate of BPH in patients aged 60 years and older was 16,781 (95% UI: 12,946 to 21,269) per 100,000 population. […] The increasing prevalent number of BPH was attributed primarily to population growth (94.93%), aging (1.62%), and epidemiological changes (3.45%).

• #9 Comprehensive analysis of the global, regional, and national burden of benign prostatic hyperplasia from 1990 to 2021 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-90229-3

  Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common urological condition affecting elderly men worldwide. In 2021, there were 112,502 (95% UI: 88,131.8142,634.2) thousand prevalent cases globally, compared to 50,705.8 (95% UI: 38,735.565,693.4) thousand cases in 1990, representing a 122% increase. Over the past 30 years, the burden of BPH in low and low-middle socio-demographic index (SDI) regions have shown an upward trend and is projected to continue increasing over the next 15 years. Middle-SDI regions are facing the heaviest absolute burden of BPH. Despite declining prevalence, incidence, and disability-adjusted life years rates in high-middle SDI regions, the absolute BPH burden remains high, ranking second among the five SDI regions. In contrast, high-SDI regions exhibit a relatively low and stable BPH burden, though significant variations exist even among countries within the high-SDI category. Additionally, the global 6569 age group bears the highest burden, with the 4044 and 80+age groups showing increasing trends. The burden of BPH varies significantly across regions, socioeconomic statuses, and countries, yet the absolute burden is generally increasing. The substantial regional differences in BPH burden underscore its widespread impact and potential controllability, indicating the need for more targeted healthcare efforts to address the growing BPH burden.

• #10 Global, regional, and national burden of benign prostatic hyperplasia from 1990 to 2021 and projection to 2035 | BMC Urology | Full Text

  https://bmcurol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12894-025-01715-9

  Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common male urological disease around the world. This study aimed to evaluate global, regional, and national burden of BPH from 1990 to 2021, and to forecast the incidence and prevalence of BPH to 2035. […] In 2021, the global number of incident cases, prevalent cases, and DALYs of BPH were 137.88, 1125.02, and 22.36 per 100,000 populations, respectively. From 1990 to 2021, the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR), and age-standardized DALYs rate (ASDR) of BPH remained stable. The highest ASIR, ASPR, and ASDR were recorded in Eastern Europe in 2021. Nationally, China had the highest number of incident cases, prevalent cases, and DALYs of BPH. […] The persistent burden of BPH continues to pose a critical public health challenge. The escalating prevalence among middle-aged and elderly populations underscores the imperative to tackle this widespread condition.

• #11 Global, regional, and national burden of benign prostatic hyperplasia from 1990 to 2021 and projection to 2035 | BMC Urology | Full Text

  https://bmcurol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12894-025-01715-9

  Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common male urological disease around the world. This study aimed to evaluate global, regional, and national burden of BPH from 1990 to 2021, and to forecast the incidence and prevalence of BPH to 2035. […] In 2021, the global number of incident cases, prevalent cases, and DALYs of BPH were 137.88, 1125.02, and 22.36 per 100,000 populations, respectively. From 1990 to 2021, the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR), and age-standardized DALYs rate (ASDR) of BPH remained stable. The highest ASIR, ASPR, and ASDR were recorded in Eastern Europe in 2021. Nationally, China had the highest number of incident cases, prevalent cases, and DALYs of BPH. […] The persistent burden of BPH continues to pose a critical public health challenge. The escalating prevalence among middle-aged and elderly populations underscores the imperative to tackle this widespread condition.

• #12 Global burden of benign prostatic hyperplasia in males aged 60–90 years from 1990 to 2019: results from the global burden of disease study 2019 | BMC Urology | Full Text

  https://bmcurol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12894-024-01582-w

  Aging is an important determinant of the development of BPH. […] Globally, a meta-analysis including 30 epidemiological studies estimated an approximately 26% pooled prevalence of BPH in older men between 1990 and 2016. […] In 2019, the global prevalent cases of BPH in patients aged 60 years was estimated to be 79,309,174 (95% UI: 61,181,380 to 100,520,944), which represented an increase of 119.01% since 1990. […] The regions with low-middle SDIs had the highest prevalence of BPH (19,094.72 95% UI: 14,340.40 to 24876.32). […] In 2019, the global prevalence rate of BPH in patients aged 60 years and older was 16,781 (95% UI: 12,946 to 21,269) per 100,000 population. […] The increasing prevalent number of BPH was attributed primarily to population growth (94.93%), aging (1.62%), and epidemiological changes (3.45%).

• #13 Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/benign-prostatic-hyperplasia/symptoms-causes/syc-20370087

  Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a health issue that becomes more common with age. […] The prostate is a gland that typically keeps growing throughout life. This growth often enlarges the prostate enough to cause symptoms or to block urine flow. […] Risk factors for an enlarged prostate include: Aging. An enlarged prostate gland rarely causes symptoms before age 40. After that, the chance of having an enlarged prostate and related symptoms starts to rise. […] Treatment for BPH lowers the risk of these complications. But urinary retention and kidney damage can be serious health threats. […] Having an enlarged prostate is not thought to raise the risk of getting prostate cancer.

• #14 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH): Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/437359-overview

  Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common problem that affects the quality of life in approximately one third of men older than 50 years. BPH is histologically evident in up to 90% of men by age 85 years. As many as 14 million men in the United States have symptoms of BPH. […] Worldwide, there were 94 million prevalent cases of BPH in 2019, compared with approximately 51 million cases in 2000. […] The prevalence of BPH in White and African-American men is similar. However, BPH tends to be more severe and progressive in African-American men, possibly because of the higher testosterone levels, 5-alpha-reductase activity, androgen receptor expression, and growth factor activity in this population. The increased activity leads to an increased rate of prostatic hyperplasia and subsequent enlargement and its sequelae.

• #15 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/benign-prostatic-hyperplasia

  Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is an increase in size of the prostate gland without malignancy present and it is so common as to be normal with advancing age. […] BPH affects the quality of life of about 40% of men in their fifth decade and 90% of men in their ninth decade. […] It is unusual before the age of 45 and affects Black men more significantly than white men, possibly due to higher testosterone levels, 5-alpha-reductase activity, androgen receptor expression and growth factor activity. […] Studies have shown significant correlation between LUTS and increased prostate volume. […] The prostate increases in size with passing years – prostate volume increases by between 2 and 2.5% per year. […] Prostate volume is higher in Western populations than those in other areas, particularly South East Asia. However, severity of symptoms does not necessarily reflect prostate volume as Indian men tend to report more symptoms than men from Western countries. […] The European Association of Urology suggests that post-void residual bladder volume should be part of any routine assessment of male LUTS.

• #16 Epidemiology of clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5717991/

  Continued prostate growth is a risk factor for LUTS progression and larger prostates are associated with benign prostatic enlargement (BPE) and increased risks of clinical BPH progression, urinary retention and need for prostate surgery. […] Some data have suggested a decreased risk of clinical BPH in Asian compared with white men. […] Evidence suggests a strong genetic component to BPH. […] It has increasingly been observed that modifiable lifestyle factors substantially influence the natural history of BPH. […] Increased physical activity and exercise have been consistently linked to decreased risks of BPH surgery, clinical BPH, histological BPH and LUTS. […] Studies have consistently observed that increased adiposity is positively associated with prostate volume—the greater the amount of adiposity, the greater the prostate volume.

• #17 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Etiology, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology, and Natural History | Abdominal Key

  https://abdominalkey.com/benign-prostatic-hyperplasia-etiology-pathophysiology-epidemiology-and-natural-history/

  Only by unraveling these complexities, however, will we be able to design alternative strategies to treat successfully and possibly prevent the adverse impact of BPH on lower urinary tract function. […] The hazard-function ratio for surgically treated BPH among first-degree male relatives of the BPH cases compared with the first-degree male relatives of the controls was 4.2, demonstrating a very strong relationship. […] Approximately 50% of men undergoing prostatectomy for BPH when younger than 60 years of age could be attributable to an inheritable form of disease. […] Only about 9% of men undergoing prostatectomy for BPH when older than 60 years of age would be predicted to have a familial risk.

• #18 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Etiology, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology, and Natural History | Abdominal Key

  https://abdominalkey.com/benign-prostatic-hyperplasia-etiology-pathophysiology-epidemiology-and-natural-history/

  Only by unraveling these complexities, however, will we be able to design alternative strategies to treat successfully and possibly prevent the adverse impact of BPH on lower urinary tract function. […] The hazard-function ratio for surgically treated BPH among first-degree male relatives of the BPH cases compared with the first-degree male relatives of the controls was 4.2, demonstrating a very strong relationship. […] Approximately 50% of men undergoing prostatectomy for BPH when younger than 60 years of age could be attributable to an inheritable form of disease. […] Only about 9% of men undergoing prostatectomy for BPH when older than 60 years of age would be predicted to have a familial risk.

• #19 Epidemiology of clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5717991/

  Continued prostate growth is a risk factor for LUTS progression and larger prostates are associated with benign prostatic enlargement (BPE) and increased risks of clinical BPH progression, urinary retention and need for prostate surgery. […] Some data have suggested a decreased risk of clinical BPH in Asian compared with white men. […] Evidence suggests a strong genetic component to BPH. […] It has increasingly been observed that modifiable lifestyle factors substantially influence the natural history of BPH. […] Increased physical activity and exercise have been consistently linked to decreased risks of BPH surgery, clinical BPH, histological BPH and LUTS. […] Studies have consistently observed that increased adiposity is positively associated with prostate volume—the greater the amount of adiposity, the greater the prostate volume.

• #20

  https://journals.lww.com/indianjurol/fulltext/2014/30020/epidemiology_and_etiology_of_benign_prostatic.10.aspx

  The prevalence of BPH rises markedly with age. […] Both prevalence and incidence of BPH and LUTS in the US increased steadily between 1994 and 2000. […] Notably, increases in BPH and LUTS prevalence and incidence are occurring within the context of an aging global population. […] International studies have also demonstrated geographic heterogeneity in prostate volume and LUTS prevalence. […] Evidence suggests that there are genetic components to both BPH and LUTS. […] A notable and relatively recent development in the epidemiology of BPH and BOO is the recognition that modifiable life-style factors influence the natural history of these conditions. […] Despite heterogeneity in definitions and diagnosis, accumulating evidence suggests associations of metabolic syndrome with increased risks of BPH and LUTS.

• #21 Epidemiology of clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5717991/

  Continued prostate growth is a risk factor for LUTS progression and larger prostates are associated with benign prostatic enlargement (BPE) and increased risks of clinical BPH progression, urinary retention and need for prostate surgery. […] Some data have suggested a decreased risk of clinical BPH in Asian compared with white men. […] Evidence suggests a strong genetic component to BPH. […] It has increasingly been observed that modifiable lifestyle factors substantially influence the natural history of BPH. […] Increased physical activity and exercise have been consistently linked to decreased risks of BPH surgery, clinical BPH, histological BPH and LUTS. […] Studies have consistently observed that increased adiposity is positively associated with prostate volume—the greater the amount of adiposity, the greater the prostate volume.

• #22

  https://journals.lww.com/indianjurol/fulltext/2014/30020/epidemiology_and_etiology_of_benign_prostatic.10.aspx

  Prior studies have consistently observed that increased adiposity is positively associated with prostate volume: The greater the amount of adiposity, the greater the prostate volume. […] Increased physical activity and exercise have been robustly and consistently linked with decreased risks of BPH surgery, clinical BPH, histological BPH and LUTS. […] In summary, BPH and BOO are of significant importance to public health, affecting tens of millions of older men globally. Current disease trends in the US, Europe and other regions suggest that the incidence and prevalence of these conditions will increase in the near future due to aging of the world population and the increased prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and its components, thereby placing even greater burdens on finite resources.

• #23 Epidemiology of clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5717991/

  Clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most common diseases in ageing men and the most common cause of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). The prevalence of BPH increases after the age of 40 years, with a prevalence of 8%60% at age 90 years. […] Recent reports suggest the strong relationship of clinical BPH with metabolic syndrome and erectile dysfunction, as well as the possible role of inflammation as a cause of the prostatic hyperplasia. […] Hence, a better strategy to prevent and delay the onset and development of clinical BPH is to understand the epidemiology of the disease and possible control of the disease in the population. […] The prevalence of BPH rises markedly with increased age. […] Observational studies from Europe, US, and Asia have also demonstrated older age to be a risk factor for clinical BPH onset and progression.

• #24 Epidemiology and treatment modalities for the management of benign prostatic hyperplasia – Lokeshwar – Translational Andrology and Urology

  https://tau.amegroups.org/article/view/30514/html

  Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most common conditions affecting men. […] BPH prevalence is on the rise, due to an increase in modifiable metabolic risk factors, such as obesity. […] Up to 50% of men over the age of 50 and up to 80% of men over the age of 80 experience LUTS from BPH. […] Male obesity has been linked to increased risk of BPH and an increased severity of LUTS in the men affected by BPH. […] BPH and its associated symptomatology affect many men worldwide: as of 2010, the prevalence is over 210 million men. […] The pathophysiology of BPH has been linked to many factors including sex hormones, neurotransmitters, inflammation, diet, microorganisms and cellular effects on epithelial as well as stromal tissue. […] The objective of this narrative review is to briefly highlight the epidemiology and pathophysiology of BPH, focus on the current treatment options for patients with symptomatic BPH, and touch on future potential directions for management. […] The increase in the prevalence of BPH in recent decades has been met with a growth of treatment options.

• #25 Epidemiology of clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5717991/

  Continued prostate growth is a risk factor for LUTS progression and larger prostates are associated with benign prostatic enlargement (BPE) and increased risks of clinical BPH progression, urinary retention and need for prostate surgery. […] Some data have suggested a decreased risk of clinical BPH in Asian compared with white men. […] Evidence suggests a strong genetic component to BPH. […] It has increasingly been observed that modifiable lifestyle factors substantially influence the natural history of BPH. […] Increased physical activity and exercise have been consistently linked to decreased risks of BPH surgery, clinical BPH, histological BPH and LUTS. […] Studies have consistently observed that increased adiposity is positively associated with prostate volume—the greater the amount of adiposity, the greater the prostate volume.

• #26

  https://journals.lww.com/indianjurol/fulltext/2014/30020/epidemiology_and_etiology_of_benign_prostatic.10.aspx

  Prior studies have consistently observed that increased adiposity is positively associated with prostate volume: The greater the amount of adiposity, the greater the prostate volume. […] Increased physical activity and exercise have been robustly and consistently linked with decreased risks of BPH surgery, clinical BPH, histological BPH and LUTS. […] In summary, BPH and BOO are of significant importance to public health, affecting tens of millions of older men globally. Current disease trends in the US, Europe and other regions suggest that the incidence and prevalence of these conditions will increase in the near future due to aging of the world population and the increased prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and its components, thereby placing even greater burdens on finite resources.

• #27 Epidemiology of clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5717991/

  Epidemiological evidence also demonstrates that obesity increases the risks of BPH surgery, urinary symptom progression and initiation of BPH medical therapy. […] Physician-diagnosed diabetes, increased serum insulin and elevated fasting plasma glucose have been associated with increased prostate size and increased risk of prostate enlargement, clinical BPH and BPH surgery. […] It is likely that inflammation plays a role in the development and progression of BPH as evidenced by the strong links between BPH and histological inflammation in specimens obtained from prostate biopsies and BPH surgery. […] With a changing demographic profile and an increasingly ageing population in almost all societies, it is inevitable that this disorder will become even more prevalent and a major challenge for all health care systems in the future.

• #28 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Definitions, Epidemiology and Etiologie

  https://www.urology-textbook.com/benign-prostatic-hyperplasia.html

  Obesity increases circulating estrogen in men, leading to prostate epithelial hyperplasia. Obesity is a risk factor for LUTS and increases the risk for surgical therapy (RR 2.38). Physical activity decreases the risk for metabolic syndrome and reduces the prevalence of clinically significant BPH (RR 0.7). […] Pathologically defined benign prostatic hyperplasia is not considered a risk factor for prostate cancer. However, the risk of prostate cancer is significantly increased in patients with urinary retention or surgical BPH therapy (RR 2.2-3 for incidence, RR 2-7.4 mortality).

• #29

  https://journals.lww.com/indianjurol/fulltext/2014/30020/epidemiology_and_etiology_of_benign_prostatic.10.aspx

  The prevalence of BPH rises markedly with age. […] Both prevalence and incidence of BPH and LUTS in the US increased steadily between 1994 and 2000. […] Notably, increases in BPH and LUTS prevalence and incidence are occurring within the context of an aging global population. […] International studies have also demonstrated geographic heterogeneity in prostate volume and LUTS prevalence. […] Evidence suggests that there are genetic components to both BPH and LUTS. […] A notable and relatively recent development in the epidemiology of BPH and BOO is the recognition that modifiable life-style factors influence the natural history of these conditions. […] Despite heterogeneity in definitions and diagnosis, accumulating evidence suggests associations of metabolic syndrome with increased risks of BPH and LUTS.

• #30 Epidemiology of clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5717991/

  Continued prostate growth is a risk factor for LUTS progression and larger prostates are associated with benign prostatic enlargement (BPE) and increased risks of clinical BPH progression, urinary retention and need for prostate surgery. […] Some data have suggested a decreased risk of clinical BPH in Asian compared with white men. […] Evidence suggests a strong genetic component to BPH. […] It has increasingly been observed that modifiable lifestyle factors substantially influence the natural history of BPH. […] Increased physical activity and exercise have been consistently linked to decreased risks of BPH surgery, clinical BPH, histological BPH and LUTS. […] Studies have consistently observed that increased adiposity is positively associated with prostate volume—the greater the amount of adiposity, the greater the prostate volume.

• #31 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/benign-prostatic-hyperplasia

  Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is an increase in size of the prostate gland without malignancy present and it is so common as to be normal with advancing age. […] BPH affects the quality of life of about 40% of men in their fifth decade and 90% of men in their ninth decade. […] It is unusual before the age of 45 and affects Black men more significantly than white men, possibly due to higher testosterone levels, 5-alpha-reductase activity, androgen receptor expression and growth factor activity. […] Studies have shown significant correlation between LUTS and increased prostate volume. […] The prostate increases in size with passing years – prostate volume increases by between 2 and 2.5% per year. […] Prostate volume is higher in Western populations than those in other areas, particularly South East Asia. However, severity of symptoms does not necessarily reflect prostate volume as Indian men tend to report more symptoms than men from Western countries. […] The European Association of Urology suggests that post-void residual bladder volume should be part of any routine assessment of male LUTS.

• #32 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/benign-prostatic-hyperplasia

  Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is an increase in size of the prostate gland without malignancy present and it is so common as to be normal with advancing age. […] BPH affects the quality of life of about 40% of men in their fifth decade and 90% of men in their ninth decade. […] It is unusual before the age of 45 and affects Black men more significantly than white men, possibly due to higher testosterone levels, 5-alpha-reductase activity, androgen receptor expression and growth factor activity. […] Studies have shown significant correlation between LUTS and increased prostate volume. […] The prostate increases in size with passing years – prostate volume increases by between 2 and 2.5% per year. […] Prostate volume is higher in Western populations than those in other areas, particularly South East Asia. However, severity of symptoms does not necessarily reflect prostate volume as Indian men tend to report more symptoms than men from Western countries. […] The European Association of Urology suggests that post-void residual bladder volume should be part of any routine assessment of male LUTS.

• #33 Prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia (LUTS/BPH) in China: results from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/9/6/e022792

  Rapid population ageing in China is increasing the prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia (LUTS/BPH) among older people. The weighted overall prevalence of LUTS/BPH was 10.66% (95% CI 9.36 to 12.12). Among individuals aged over 70 years, the prevalence was 14.67% (95% CI 11.80 to 18.09) and it increased with ageing. The prevalence of LUTS/BPH among subjects residing in urban areas was higher (13.55%, 95% CI 10.95 to 16.64) than those living in rural areas (8.38%, 95% CI 6.90 to 10.15). We found an increasing trend of prevalence of LUTS/BPH with ageing. It varied according to marital status, socioeconomic status and geographical region. The prevalence of LUTS/BPH was slightly higher among married individuals, at 10.80% (95% CI 9.61 to 12.12), while the prevalence among unmarried/separated/widowed individuals was 9.87% (95% CI 6.56 to 14.60). The prevalence was higher among individuals with more years of education and it was highest among individuals with college degrees or above. The prevalence of LUTS/BPH was higher among subjects residing in urban areas (rural: 8.38%, 95% CI 6.90 to 10.15; urban: 13.55%, 95% CI 10.95 to 16.640). We demonstrated an apparent geographical variation in the prevalence of LUTS/BPH in China. Residents in the South-West regions had a much lower prevalence of LUTS/BPH than those living in the North-West regions of China.

• #34 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558920/

  Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) refers to the nonmalignant growth or hyperplasia of prostate tissue and is a common cause of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in older men. Disease prevalence has been shown to increase with advancing age. The histological prevalence of BPH at autopsy is as high as 50% to 60% for males in their 60s, increasing to 80% to 90% of those older than 70 years of age. […] Age is a significant predictor of the development of BPH and subsequent LUTS. Fifty percent of men older than 50 show evidence of BPH, and the association with the development of LUTS increases linearly with age. […] In the US, studies have shown BPH prevalence to be as high as 70% in those between 60 and 69 years of age and more than 80% in those over 70 years. […] At a population level, the reported prevalence of BPH increased dramatically between 1998 and 2007 in the US, with the number of cases nearly doubling. […] As the worldwide population grows older, the number of symptomatic BPH cases is expected to rise.

• #35

  https://journals.lww.com/indianjurol/fulltext/2014/30020/epidemiology_and_etiology_of_benign_prostatic.10.aspx

  The prevalence of BPH rises markedly with age. […] Both prevalence and incidence of BPH and LUTS in the US increased steadily between 1994 and 2000. […] Notably, increases in BPH and LUTS prevalence and incidence are occurring within the context of an aging global population. […] International studies have also demonstrated geographic heterogeneity in prostate volume and LUTS prevalence. […] Evidence suggests that there are genetic components to both BPH and LUTS. […] A notable and relatively recent development in the epidemiology of BPH and BOO is the recognition that modifiable life-style factors influence the natural history of these conditions. […] Despite heterogeneity in definitions and diagnosis, accumulating evidence suggests associations of metabolic syndrome with increased risks of BPH and LUTS.

• #36 The global burden of lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia: A systematic review and meta-analysis | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-06628-8

  The prevalence rates of BPH for the survey years of 19901999, 20002009, and 2010 till present were 26.6%, 27.8% and 22.8% respectively. The prevalence rates were not significantly change with baseline survey year. […] In summary, the current review provides a benchmark on the prevalence estimates for BPH. However, the wide range of prevalence estimates and case definition suggest that a standard criteria needs to be applied given the importance of understanding the prevalence of BPH and its implication on public health given the increasingly rapid growth of elderly worldwide. Additional research is needed in various areas especially on economic parameters.

• #37 Global burden of benign prostatic hyperplasia in males aged 60–90 years from 1990 to 2019: results from the global burden of disease study 2019 | BMC Urology | Full Text

  https://bmcurol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12894-024-01582-w

  At the global level, the number of incident cases of BPH in patients aged 60 years and older was estimated to be 8,357,953 (95% UI: 6,126,619 to 11,303,565), representing an increase of 121.22% from 1990. […] Globally, BPH resulted in approximately 1,561,886 DALYs among people aged 60 years and over in 2019, representing an increase of 118.78%. […] The economic burden attributed to BPH has been highlighted in the 21st century. […] Preventing BPH threatens global male health, especially in people aged 60 years and older, leading to significant disease burdens and economic expenditures.

• #38 Global, regional, and national burden of benign prostatic hyperplasia from 1990 to 2021 and projection to 2035 | BMC Urology | Full Text

  https://bmcurol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12894-025-01715-9

  A meta-analysis that included data from 25 countries found the global prevalence of BPH is 26.2%, with no significant differences between countries. […] The GBD 2021 offers an updated compilation of data related to the global incidence, prevalence, YLDs, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. […] The global incident cases and prevalent cases are expected to increase from 139.19 to 1139.43 per 100,000 populations in 2022 to 181.10 and 1563.43 per 100,000 populations in 2035, respectively. […] Our study found that the highest incidence of BPH occurs at the age range of 60-79, while the age over 80 is the stage with the highest prevalence of BPH in 2035. […] The limitation in this study was the sparsity of data, particularly pronounced in low- and middle-income countries, potentially leading to an inadequate representation of genuine variations across geographical regions, gender, and temporal dimensions. […] In conclusion, the persistent burden of BPH continues to pose a critical public health challenge. The escalating prevalence among middle-aged and elderly populations underscores the imperative to tackle this widespread condition.

• #39 Epidemiology of clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5717991/

  Epidemiological evidence also demonstrates that obesity increases the risks of BPH surgery, urinary symptom progression and initiation of BPH medical therapy. […] Physician-diagnosed diabetes, increased serum insulin and elevated fasting plasma glucose have been associated with increased prostate size and increased risk of prostate enlargement, clinical BPH and BPH surgery. […] It is likely that inflammation plays a role in the development and progression of BPH as evidenced by the strong links between BPH and histological inflammation in specimens obtained from prostate biopsies and BPH surgery. […] With a changing demographic profile and an increasingly ageing population in almost all societies, it is inevitable that this disorder will become even more prevalent and a major challenge for all health care systems in the future.

• #40 Comprehensive analysis of the global, regional, and national burden of benign prostatic hyperplasia from 1990 to 2021 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-90229-3

  The significant burden of BPH brings with it a substantial economic impact. In 2006, the UK spent 44 million on primary care, 69 million on medication, and 101 million on treating BPH-related complications. In 2019, an estimate reflecting U.S. Medicare costs reported that global healthcare costs for BPH reached $73.8 billion annually. The financial impact of BPH has escalated sharply and will continue to rise, underscoring the urgent need for strengthened interventions to control the BPH burden.

• #41 Comprehensive analysis of the global, regional, and national burden of benign prostatic hyperplasia from 1990 to 2021 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-90229-3

  The significant burden of BPH brings with it a substantial economic impact. In 2006, the UK spent 44 million on primary care, 69 million on medication, and 101 million on treating BPH-related complications. In 2019, an estimate reflecting U.S. Medicare costs reported that global healthcare costs for BPH reached $73.8 billion annually. The financial impact of BPH has escalated sharply and will continue to rise, underscoring the urgent need for strengthened interventions to control the BPH burden.

• #42 Comprehensive analysis of the global, regional, and national burden of benign prostatic hyperplasia from 1990 to 2021 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-90229-3

  The significant burden of BPH brings with it a substantial economic impact. In 2006, the UK spent 44 million on primary care, 69 million on medication, and 101 million on treating BPH-related complications. In 2019, an estimate reflecting U.S. Medicare costs reported that global healthcare costs for BPH reached $73.8 billion annually. The financial impact of BPH has escalated sharply and will continue to rise, underscoring the urgent need for strengthened interventions to control the BPH burden.

• #43

  https://journals.lww.com/indianjurol/fulltext/2014/30020/epidemiology_and_etiology_of_benign_prostatic.10.aspx

  Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a histological diagnosis associated with unregulated proliferation of connective tissue, smooth muscle and glandular epithelium. BPH may compress the urethra and result in anatomic bladder outlet obstruction (BOO); BOO may present as lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), infections, retention and other adverse events. BPH and BOO have a significant impact on the health of older men and health-care costs. As the world population ages, the incidence and prevalence of BPH and LUTS have increased rapidly. […] Although age and genetics play important roles in the etiology of BPH and BOO, recent data have revealed novel, modifiable risk factors that present new opportunities for treatment and prevention. […] In the last decade, epidemiological models of BPH and BOO have evolved substantially.

• #44 The Epidemiology of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Associated with Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms | Abdominal Key

  https://abdominalkey.com/the-epidemiology-of-benign-prostatic-hyperplasia-associated-with-lower-urinary-tract-symptoms/

  An estimated 15 million men in the United States over the age of 30 years are affected by BPH/LUTS. […] Among men over the age of 50 years, 50% to 75% experience BPH/LUTS. […] Among men over the age of 70 years, 80% on average are impacted by BPH/LUTS. […] Despite this variation, the histologic prevalence of BPH/LUTS typically increased with increasing age in each study as androgens and aging are necessary for the development of BPH/LUTS. […] Prevalence estimates for BPH/LUTS by symptom severity should also be further studied, as men with more severe symptoms are more likely to seek treatment, which may bias estimates, especially in studies utilizing convenience samples of urology patients. […] BPH/LUTS prevalence estimates are infrequently reported by race/ethnicity. […] The Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial reported the highest prevalence of BPH to be among Hispanic men, followed by black, white, and Asian men.

• #45 Newer Medications for Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (LUTS) Associated with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program

  https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/prostatic-hyperplasia-medications/research-protocol

  Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) is a „histologic diagnosis that refers to the proliferation of smooth muscle and epithelial cells within the prostatic transition zone.” Men are likely to develop BPH as they age. Half of men ages 51 60 years old and 80 percent of men over 80 years old have BPH according to autopsy data. […] About half of men with BPH develop an enlarged prostate gland, called benign prostatic enlargement (BPE), and among these, about half develop bladder outlet obstruction (BOO). BOO and/or changes in smooth muscle tone and resistance that can accompany BPH often result in lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). LUTS affect an estimated three percent of men ages 4549 years old and 30 percent of men over 85 years old. […] BPH/LUTS negatively impact quality of life and cost the United States over $1 billion annually.

• #46 Newer Medications for Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (LUTS) Associated with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program

  https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/prostatic-hyperplasia-medications/research-protocol

  Usually, BPH diagnosis is based on clinical presentation of enlarged prostate and/or bothersome LUTS; other causes of LUTS should be ruled out. […] Trends in medical management of LUTS/BPH have progressed over the last 25 years. In the early 1990s, the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) approval of medications for BPH shifted LUTS/BPH from a condition requiring a surgical intervention to a chronic condition that could be successfully managed medically. […] The prevalence of prescriptions and the number of medications used for LUTS/BPH have dramatically increased over time. […] The AUA guideline on the management of BPH suggests that alpha blockers alfuzosin, doxazosin, tamsulosin, and terazosin are appropriate and effective treatment options for men with bothersome LUTS/BPH. […] Monotherapy with 5-ARI agents finasteride and dutasteride is another option for LUTS/BPH and BPE.

• #47 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) Workup: Approach Considerations, Urinalysis and Urine Culture, Prostate-Specific Antigen

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/437359-workup

  The current American Cancer Society (ACS) guideline for early detection of prostate cancer stresses the importance of involving men in the decision whether to test for prostate cancer. […] The ACS recommends that men receive information about the uncertainties, risks, and potential benefits associated with prostate cancer screening. […] The AUA has developed rigorous clinical practice guidelines for BPH. […] The AUA updated its guidelines in 2006 and 2010, and reviewed and confirmed their validity in 2014. […] The severity of BPH can be determined with the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS)/American Urological Association Symptom Index (AUA-SI) plus a disease-specific quality of life (QOL) question. […] The IPSS uses the same 7 questions as the AUA-SI, with the addition of an eighth question, known as the bother score, which is designed to assess perceived disease-specific QOL. […] A high PVR (ie, 350 mL) may indicate bladder dysfunction and/or bladder outlet obstruction and may predict a poor response to treatment. […] Routine measurement of serum creatinine is not indicated in the initial evaluation of men with LUTS secondary to BPH.

• #48 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) Workup: Approach Considerations, Urinalysis and Urine Culture, Prostate-Specific Antigen

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/437359-workup

  The current American Cancer Society (ACS) guideline for early detection of prostate cancer stresses the importance of involving men in the decision whether to test for prostate cancer. […] The ACS recommends that men receive information about the uncertainties, risks, and potential benefits associated with prostate cancer screening. […] The AUA has developed rigorous clinical practice guidelines for BPH. […] The AUA updated its guidelines in 2006 and 2010, and reviewed and confirmed their validity in 2014. […] The severity of BPH can be determined with the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS)/American Urological Association Symptom Index (AUA-SI) plus a disease-specific quality of life (QOL) question. […] The IPSS uses the same 7 questions as the AUA-SI, with the addition of an eighth question, known as the bother score, which is designed to assess perceived disease-specific QOL. […] A high PVR (ie, 350 mL) may indicate bladder dysfunction and/or bladder outlet obstruction and may predict a poor response to treatment. […] Routine measurement of serum creatinine is not indicated in the initial evaluation of men with LUTS secondary to BPH.

• #49 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) Workup: Approach Considerations, Urinalysis and Urine Culture, Prostate-Specific Antigen

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/437359-workup

  The current American Cancer Society (ACS) guideline for early detection of prostate cancer stresses the importance of involving men in the decision whether to test for prostate cancer. […] The ACS recommends that men receive information about the uncertainties, risks, and potential benefits associated with prostate cancer screening. […] The AUA has developed rigorous clinical practice guidelines for BPH. […] The AUA updated its guidelines in 2006 and 2010, and reviewed and confirmed their validity in 2014. […] The severity of BPH can be determined with the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS)/American Urological Association Symptom Index (AUA-SI) plus a disease-specific quality of life (QOL) question. […] The IPSS uses the same 7 questions as the AUA-SI, with the addition of an eighth question, known as the bother score, which is designed to assess perceived disease-specific QOL. […] A high PVR (ie, 350 mL) may indicate bladder dysfunction and/or bladder outlet obstruction and may predict a poor response to treatment. […] Routine measurement of serum creatinine is not indicated in the initial evaluation of men with LUTS secondary to BPH.

• #50 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) Workup: Approach Considerations, Urinalysis and Urine Culture, Prostate-Specific Antigen

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/437359-workup

  The American Urological Association (AUA) has issued a guideline on the management of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The guideline includes an algorithm for the diagnosis and basic treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), which is presented below. […] The Diagnosis Improvement in PrimAry Care Trial (D-IMPACT), a prospective, multicenter study in three European countries, identified simple tests for primary care practitioners to diagnose BPH in men who present with LUTS. D-IMPACT found that a diagnostic algorithm including only the objective variables of age, International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and prostate-specific antigen level (PSA), allows accurate diagnosis of BPH in approximately three-quarters of patients who report LUTS. […] Although BPH does not cause prostate cancer, men at risk for BPH are also at risk for prostate cancer and should be screened accordingly. Screening for prostate cancer remains controversial and should done after an informed discussion between the physician and patient.

• #51 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/benign-prostatic-hyperplasia

  Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is an increase in size of the prostate gland without malignancy present and it is so common as to be normal with advancing age. […] BPH affects the quality of life of about 40% of men in their fifth decade and 90% of men in their ninth decade. […] It is unusual before the age of 45 and affects Black men more significantly than white men, possibly due to higher testosterone levels, 5-alpha-reductase activity, androgen receptor expression and growth factor activity. […] Studies have shown significant correlation between LUTS and increased prostate volume. […] The prostate increases in size with passing years – prostate volume increases by between 2 and 2.5% per year. […] Prostate volume is higher in Western populations than those in other areas, particularly South East Asia. However, severity of symptoms does not necessarily reflect prostate volume as Indian men tend to report more symptoms than men from Western countries. […] The European Association of Urology suggests that post-void residual bladder volume should be part of any routine assessment of male LUTS.

• #52 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) Workup: Approach Considerations, Urinalysis and Urine Culture, Prostate-Specific Antigen

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/437359-workup

  The current American Cancer Society (ACS) guideline for early detection of prostate cancer stresses the importance of involving men in the decision whether to test for prostate cancer. […] The ACS recommends that men receive information about the uncertainties, risks, and potential benefits associated with prostate cancer screening. […] The AUA has developed rigorous clinical practice guidelines for BPH. […] The AUA updated its guidelines in 2006 and 2010, and reviewed and confirmed their validity in 2014. […] The severity of BPH can be determined with the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS)/American Urological Association Symptom Index (AUA-SI) plus a disease-specific quality of life (QOL) question. […] The IPSS uses the same 7 questions as the AUA-SI, with the addition of an eighth question, known as the bother score, which is designed to assess perceived disease-specific QOL. […] A high PVR (ie, 350 mL) may indicate bladder dysfunction and/or bladder outlet obstruction and may predict a poor response to treatment. […] Routine measurement of serum creatinine is not indicated in the initial evaluation of men with LUTS secondary to BPH.

• #53 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) Workup: Approach Considerations, Urinalysis and Urine Culture, Prostate-Specific Antigen

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/437359-workup

  The current American Cancer Society (ACS) guideline for early detection of prostate cancer stresses the importance of involving men in the decision whether to test for prostate cancer. […] The ACS recommends that men receive information about the uncertainties, risks, and potential benefits associated with prostate cancer screening. […] The AUA has developed rigorous clinical practice guidelines for BPH. […] The AUA updated its guidelines in 2006 and 2010, and reviewed and confirmed their validity in 2014. […] The severity of BPH can be determined with the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS)/American Urological Association Symptom Index (AUA-SI) plus a disease-specific quality of life (QOL) question. […] The IPSS uses the same 7 questions as the AUA-SI, with the addition of an eighth question, known as the bother score, which is designed to assess perceived disease-specific QOL. […] A high PVR (ie, 350 mL) may indicate bladder dysfunction and/or bladder outlet obstruction and may predict a poor response to treatment. […] Routine measurement of serum creatinine is not indicated in the initial evaluation of men with LUTS secondary to BPH.

• #54 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) Workup: Approach Considerations, Urinalysis and Urine Culture, Prostate-Specific Antigen

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/437359-workup

  The American Urological Association (AUA) has issued a guideline on the management of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The guideline includes an algorithm for the diagnosis and basic treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), which is presented below. […] The Diagnosis Improvement in PrimAry Care Trial (D-IMPACT), a prospective, multicenter study in three European countries, identified simple tests for primary care practitioners to diagnose BPH in men who present with LUTS. D-IMPACT found that a diagnostic algorithm including only the objective variables of age, International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and prostate-specific antigen level (PSA), allows accurate diagnosis of BPH in approximately three-quarters of patients who report LUTS. […] Although BPH does not cause prostate cancer, men at risk for BPH are also at risk for prostate cancer and should be screened accordingly. Screening for prostate cancer remains controversial and should done after an informed discussion between the physician and patient.

• #55 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) Workup: Approach Considerations, Urinalysis and Urine Culture, Prostate-Specific Antigen

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/437359-workup

  The current American Cancer Society (ACS) guideline for early detection of prostate cancer stresses the importance of involving men in the decision whether to test for prostate cancer. […] The ACS recommends that men receive information about the uncertainties, risks, and potential benefits associated with prostate cancer screening. […] The AUA has developed rigorous clinical practice guidelines for BPH. […] The AUA updated its guidelines in 2006 and 2010, and reviewed and confirmed their validity in 2014. […] The severity of BPH can be determined with the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS)/American Urological Association Symptom Index (AUA-SI) plus a disease-specific quality of life (QOL) question. […] The IPSS uses the same 7 questions as the AUA-SI, with the addition of an eighth question, known as the bother score, which is designed to assess perceived disease-specific QOL. […] A high PVR (ie, 350 mL) may indicate bladder dysfunction and/or bladder outlet obstruction and may predict a poor response to treatment. […] Routine measurement of serum creatinine is not indicated in the initial evaluation of men with LUTS secondary to BPH.

• #56 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) Guideline – American Urological Association

  https://www.auanet.org/guidelines-and-quality/guidelines/benign-prostatic-hyperplasia-(bph)-guideline

  The Minnesota Evidence Review Team searched Ovid MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library, and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) database to identify studies indexed between January 2007 and September 2017. […] The guideline was updated in 2023 to capture eligible literature published between September 2020 and October 2022. […] The AUA conducted a thorough peer review process. […] The Panel reviewed and discussed all submitted comments and revised the draft as needed. […] The guideline was submitted for approval to the PGC and SQC and, subsequently, to the AUA Board of Directors for final approval. […] The guideline statements indicate that surgery is recommended for patients who have renal insufficiency secondary to BPH, refractory urinary retention secondary to BPH, recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs), recurrent bladder stones or gross hematuria due to BPH, and/or with LUTS/BPH refractory to or unwilling to use other therapies.

• #57 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) Guideline – American Urological Association

  https://www.auanet.org/guidelines-and-quality/guidelines/benign-prostatic-hyperplasia-%28bph%29-guideline

  Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a histologic diagnosis that refers to the proliferation of smooth muscle and epithelial cells within the prostatic transition zone. The prevalence and the severity of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in the aging male can be progressive and is an important diagnosis in the healthcare of patients and the welfare of society. […] Despite the more prevalent (and generally first line) use of medical therapy for men suffering from LUTS attributed to BPH (LUTS/BPH), there remain clinical scenarios where surgery is indicated as the initial intervention for LUTS/BPH and should be recommended, providing other medical comorbidities do not preclude this approach. […] For the surgical management of BPH, the Minnesota Evidence Review Team searched Ovid MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library, and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) database to identify studies indexed between January 2007 and September 2017. […] The guideline was updated in 2023 to capture eligible literature published between September 2020 and October 2022.

• #58 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) Guideline – American Urological Association

  https://www.auanet.org/guidelines-and-quality/guidelines/benign-prostatic-hyperplasia-(bph)-guideline

  The Minnesota Evidence Review Team searched Ovid MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library, and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) database to identify studies indexed between January 2007 and September 2017. […] The guideline was updated in 2023 to capture eligible literature published between September 2020 and October 2022. […] The AUA conducted a thorough peer review process. […] The Panel reviewed and discussed all submitted comments and revised the draft as needed. […] The guideline was submitted for approval to the PGC and SQC and, subsequently, to the AUA Board of Directors for final approval. […] The guideline statements indicate that surgery is recommended for patients who have renal insufficiency secondary to BPH, refractory urinary retention secondary to BPH, recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs), recurrent bladder stones or gross hematuria due to BPH, and/or with LUTS/BPH refractory to or unwilling to use other therapies.

• #59 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) Guideline – American Urological Association

  https://www.auanet.org/guidelines-and-quality/guidelines/benign-prostatic-hyperplasia-(bph)-guideline

  The Minnesota Evidence Review Team searched Ovid MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library, and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) database to identify studies indexed between January 2007 and September 2017. […] The guideline was updated in 2023 to capture eligible literature published between September 2020 and October 2022. […] The AUA conducted a thorough peer review process. […] The Panel reviewed and discussed all submitted comments and revised the draft as needed. […] The guideline was submitted for approval to the PGC and SQC and, subsequently, to the AUA Board of Directors for final approval. […] The guideline statements indicate that surgery is recommended for patients who have renal insufficiency secondary to BPH, refractory urinary retention secondary to BPH, recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs), recurrent bladder stones or gross hematuria due to BPH, and/or with LUTS/BPH refractory to or unwilling to use other therapies.

• #60 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) Guideline – American Urological Association

  https://www.auanet.org/guidelines-and-quality/guidelines/benign-prostatic-hyperplasia-(bph)-guideline

  The Minnesota Evidence Review Team searched Ovid MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library, and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) database to identify studies indexed between January 2007 and September 2017. […] The guideline was updated in 2023 to capture eligible literature published between September 2020 and October 2022. […] The AUA conducted a thorough peer review process. […] The Panel reviewed and discussed all submitted comments and revised the draft as needed. […] The guideline was submitted for approval to the PGC and SQC and, subsequently, to the AUA Board of Directors for final approval. […] The guideline statements indicate that surgery is recommended for patients who have renal insufficiency secondary to BPH, refractory urinary retention secondary to BPH, recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs), recurrent bladder stones or gross hematuria due to BPH, and/or with LUTS/BPH refractory to or unwilling to use other therapies.

• #61 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) Guideline – American Urological Association

  https://www.auanet.org/guidelines-and-quality/guidelines/benign-prostatic-hyperplasia-(bph)-guideline

  The Minnesota Evidence Review Team searched Ovid MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library, and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) database to identify studies indexed between January 2007 and September 2017. […] The guideline was updated in 2023 to capture eligible literature published between September 2020 and October 2022. […] The AUA conducted a thorough peer review process. […] The Panel reviewed and discussed all submitted comments and revised the draft as needed. […] The guideline was submitted for approval to the PGC and SQC and, subsequently, to the AUA Board of Directors for final approval. […] The guideline statements indicate that surgery is recommended for patients who have renal insufficiency secondary to BPH, refractory urinary retention secondary to BPH, recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs), recurrent bladder stones or gross hematuria due to BPH, and/or with LUTS/BPH refractory to or unwilling to use other therapies.

• #62 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) Guideline – American Urological Association

  https://www.auanet.org/guidelines-and-quality/guidelines/benign-prostatic-hyperplasia-%28bph%29-guideline

  The overwhelming majority of patients with LUTS/BPH who desire treatment will choose some form of medical therapy, either with a single agent or a combination of agents with different mechanisms of action, as the first approach. […] Despite the more prevalent use of medical therapy for men suffering from LUTS associated with BPH, there remain clinical scenarios where surgery is indicated as the initial intervention for LUTS/BPH and should be recommended, providing other medical comorbidities do not preclude this approach. […] Surgery is recommended for patients who have renal insufficiency secondary to BPH, refractory urinary retention secondary to BPH, recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs), recurrent bladder stones or gross hematuria due to BPH, and/or with LUTS/BPH refractory to or unwilling to use other therapies. […] The Panel recommends continued investigation of PAE through trials involving multi-disciplinary teams of urologists and radiologists focused on further defining specific indications, including but not limited to gross hematuria recalcitrant to other therapies.

• #63 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) Guideline – American Urological Association

  https://www.auanet.org/guidelines-and-quality/guidelines/benign-prostatic-hyperplasia-(bph)-guideline

  Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a histologic diagnosis that refers to the proliferation of smooth muscle and epithelial cells within the prostatic transition zone. The prevalence and the severity of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in the aging male can be progressive and is an important diagnosis in the healthcare of patients and the welfare of society. […] Despite the more prevalent (and generally first line) use of medical therapy for men suffering from LUTS attributed to BPH (LUTS/BPH), there remain clinical scenarios where surgery is indicated as the initial intervention for LUTS/BPH and should be recommended, providing other medical comorbidities do not preclude this approach. It is the hope that this revised Guideline will provide a useful reference on the effective evidence-based management of male LUTS/BPH.

• #64 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) Guideline – American Urological Association

  https://www.auanet.org/guidelines-and-quality/guidelines/benign-prostatic-hyperplasia-%28bph%29-guideline

  The overwhelming majority of patients with LUTS/BPH who desire treatment will choose some form of medical therapy, either with a single agent or a combination of agents with different mechanisms of action, as the first approach. […] Despite the more prevalent use of medical therapy for men suffering from LUTS associated with BPH, there remain clinical scenarios where surgery is indicated as the initial intervention for LUTS/BPH and should be recommended, providing other medical comorbidities do not preclude this approach. […] Surgery is recommended for patients who have renal insufficiency secondary to BPH, refractory urinary retention secondary to BPH, recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs), recurrent bladder stones or gross hematuria due to BPH, and/or with LUTS/BPH refractory to or unwilling to use other therapies. […] The Panel recommends continued investigation of PAE through trials involving multi-disciplinary teams of urologists and radiologists focused on further defining specific indications, including but not limited to gross hematuria recalcitrant to other therapies.

• #65

  https://journals.lww.com/indianjurol/fulltext/2014/30020/epidemiology_and_etiology_of_benign_prostatic.10.aspx

  Prior studies have consistently observed that increased adiposity is positively associated with prostate volume: The greater the amount of adiposity, the greater the prostate volume. […] Increased physical activity and exercise have been robustly and consistently linked with decreased risks of BPH surgery, clinical BPH, histological BPH and LUTS. […] In summary, BPH and BOO are of significant importance to public health, affecting tens of millions of older men globally. Current disease trends in the US, Europe and other regions suggest that the incidence and prevalence of these conditions will increase in the near future due to aging of the world population and the increased prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and its components, thereby placing even greater burdens on finite resources.

• #66

  https://journals.lww.com/indianjurol/fulltext/2014/30020/epidemiology_and_etiology_of_benign_prostatic.10.aspx

  Prior studies have consistently observed that increased adiposity is positively associated with prostate volume: The greater the amount of adiposity, the greater the prostate volume. […] Increased physical activity and exercise have been robustly and consistently linked with decreased risks of BPH surgery, clinical BPH, histological BPH and LUTS. […] In summary, BPH and BOO are of significant importance to public health, affecting tens of millions of older men globally. Current disease trends in the US, Europe and other regions suggest that the incidence and prevalence of these conditions will increase in the near future due to aging of the world population and the increased prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and its components, thereby placing even greater burdens on finite resources.

• #67 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Manifestations | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/81872

  The prostate secretes 20% of the seminal fluid. One of its main pathologies is benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), the most common benign disease in older men. It has an 810% prevalence in men 40 years of age and older, increasing to more than 90% in men over 90 years, with lower urinary tract symptoms being one of its main complications. […] BPH is not a condition with a high mortality rate; its high prevalence is related to complications of severe lower urinary symptoms, including sexual dysfunction, which notoriously affects the QOL of the elderly. […] BPH is a hyperplastic process that results in the growth of epithelial and stromal cells located in the periurethral area of the submucosa and transitional zone of the prostate, the leading site where BPH develops. The elongation of this area is accompanied by changes in the tissues stromal/muscular characteristics. It has a prevalence of 26.2% worldwide, which has remained constant in the last two decades. It is considered the most common benign tumor in men over 40 years of age, representing the second cause of surgical intervention and the first of consultation with a specialist (urologist).

• #68 Epidemiology of clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5717991/

  Epidemiological evidence also demonstrates that obesity increases the risks of BPH surgery, urinary symptom progression and initiation of BPH medical therapy. […] Physician-diagnosed diabetes, increased serum insulin and elevated fasting plasma glucose have been associated with increased prostate size and increased risk of prostate enlargement, clinical BPH and BPH surgery. […] It is likely that inflammation plays a role in the development and progression of BPH as evidenced by the strong links between BPH and histological inflammation in specimens obtained from prostate biopsies and BPH surgery. […] With a changing demographic profile and an increasingly ageing population in almost all societies, it is inevitable that this disorder will become even more prevalent and a major challenge for all health care systems in the future.

• #69 Global, regional, and national burden of benign prostatic hyperplasia from 1990 to 2021 and projection to 2035 | BMC Urology | Full Text

  https://bmcurol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12894-025-01715-9

  A meta-analysis that included data from 25 countries found the global prevalence of BPH is 26.2%, with no significant differences between countries. […] The GBD 2021 offers an updated compilation of data related to the global incidence, prevalence, YLDs, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. […] The global incident cases and prevalent cases are expected to increase from 139.19 to 1139.43 per 100,000 populations in 2022 to 181.10 and 1563.43 per 100,000 populations in 2035, respectively. […] Our study found that the highest incidence of BPH occurs at the age range of 60-79, while the age over 80 is the stage with the highest prevalence of BPH in 2035. […] The limitation in this study was the sparsity of data, particularly pronounced in low- and middle-income countries, potentially leading to an inadequate representation of genuine variations across geographical regions, gender, and temporal dimensions. […] In conclusion, the persistent burden of BPH continues to pose a critical public health challenge. The escalating prevalence among middle-aged and elderly populations underscores the imperative to tackle this widespread condition.

• #70 Comprehensive analysis of the global, regional, and national burden of benign prostatic hyperplasia from 1990 to 2021 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-90229-3

  Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common urological condition affecting elderly men worldwide. In 2021, there were 112,502 (95% UI: 88,131.8142,634.2) thousand prevalent cases globally, compared to 50,705.8 (95% UI: 38,735.565,693.4) thousand cases in 1990, representing a 122% increase. Over the past 30 years, the burden of BPH in low and low-middle socio-demographic index (SDI) regions have shown an upward trend and is projected to continue increasing over the next 15 years. Middle-SDI regions are facing the heaviest absolute burden of BPH. Despite declining prevalence, incidence, and disability-adjusted life years rates in high-middle SDI regions, the absolute BPH burden remains high, ranking second among the five SDI regions. In contrast, high-SDI regions exhibit a relatively low and stable BPH burden, though significant variations exist even among countries within the high-SDI category. Additionally, the global 6569 age group bears the highest burden, with the 4044 and 80+age groups showing increasing trends. The burden of BPH varies significantly across regions, socioeconomic statuses, and countries, yet the absolute burden is generally increasing. The substantial regional differences in BPH burden underscore its widespread impact and potential controllability, indicating the need for more targeted healthcare efforts to address the growing BPH burden.

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