Łagodny przerost gruczołu krokowego
Etiologia i przyczyny

Łagodny przerost gruczołu krokowego (BPH) to schorzenie charakteryzujące się niekontrolowaną proliferacją tkanki łącznej, mięśni gładkich oraz nabłonka gruczołowego, prowadzącą do powiększenia prostaty, głównie w strefie przejściowej. Etiologia BPH jest wieloczynnikowa, z kluczową rolą wieku (50% mężczyzn w wieku 60 lat, 80-90% powyżej 70 lat), predyspozycji genetycznych (4-krotnie zwiększone ryzyko przy obciążeniu rodzinnym) oraz zmian hormonalnych, zwłaszcza lokalnej konwersji testosteronu do dihydrotestosteronu (DHT) przez 5α-reduktazę. Wzrost względnej przewagi estrogenów nad testosteronem w starszym wieku może dodatkowo stymulować proliferację komórek prostaty. BPH nie jest schorzeniem nowotworowym i nie zwiększa ryzyka raka prostaty, mimo podobieństw w objawach i współwystępowaniu obu jednostek chorobowych.

  1. Łagodny przerost gruczołu krokowego (BPH) – Etiologia i przyczyny powstawania
    1. Czynniki niemodyfikowalne w rozwoju BPH
    2. Rola czynników hormonalnych w patogenezie BPH
    3. Modyfikowalne czynniki ryzyka BPH
    4. Rola stanu zapalnego w rozwoju BPH
    5. Hipotezy patogenetyczne BPH
    6. Znaczenie strefy przejściowej prostaty
    7. Patofizjologia BPH
    8. BPH a ryzyko raka prostaty
  2. Złożona natura etiologii BPH
    1. Kolejne rozdziały

Łagodny przerost gruczołu krokowego (BPH) – Etiologia i przyczyny powstawania

Łagodny przerost gruczołu krokowego (BPH, benign prostatic hyperplasia) to schorzenie charakteryzujące się niekontrolowaną proliferacją tkanki łącznej, mięśni gładkich oraz komórek nabłonkowych gruczołowych, prowadzące do powiększenia gruczołu krokowego. Chociaż dokładna etiologia BPH nie została w pełni wyjaśniona, współczesne badania wskazują na złożony charakter tego schorzenia, obejmujący wiele czynników patogenetycznych.123

Czynniki niemodyfikowalne w rozwoju BPH

Wśród niemodyfikowalnych czynników ryzyka rozwoju BPH szczególną rolę odgrywają wiek, genetyka oraz pochodzenie geograficzne.12

Wiek

Wiek stanowi najistotniejszy czynnik ryzyka rozwoju BPH. Częstość występowania tego schorzenia wzrasta wraz z wiekiem – dotyka około 50% mężczyzn w wieku 60 lat, zwiększając się do 80-90% wśród mężczyzn powyżej 70. roku życia.12 Objawy BPH rzadko występują przed 40. rokiem życia, a prawdopodobieństwo ich wystąpienia stopniowo wzrasta z każdą kolejną dekadą życia.34 Gruczoł krokowy u dorosłych mężczyzn utrzymuje stały rozmiar do około 40. roku życia, po czym zaczyna się powiększać.5

Uwarunkowania genetyczne

Badania wskazują na znaczący komponent genetyczny w rozwoju BPH. Mężczyźni, których krewni pierwszego stopnia (ojciec lub brat) cierpieli na problemy związane z prostatą, mają około 4-krotnie zwiększone ryzyko rozwoju tego schorzenia.12 Predyspozycje genetyczne zostały potwierdzone w badaniach kohortowych, sugerując dziedziczny charakter podatności na BPH.34

Istnieją dowody na udział określonych genów w rozwoju BPH, w tym genów regulujących czynniki wzrostu, androgenów, apoptozy oraz genów regulowanych przez androgeny.5

Rola czynników hormonalnych w patogenezie BPH

Zmiany hormonalne odgrywają kluczową rolę w rozwoju BPH, chociaż ich dokładny mechanizm pozostaje nie w pełni wyjaśniony.12

Androgeny i dihydrotestosteron

Hormony płciowe męskie, szczególnie testosteron i dihydrotestosteron (DHT), mają istotne znaczenie w rozwoju i funkcjonowaniu gruczołu krokowego. DHT powstaje z testosteronu pod wpływem enzymu 5α-reduktazy i stanowi potężny stymulator wzrostu prostaty.12

Badania wykazały paradoksalną zależność – mimo że poziom testosteronu we krwi obniża się z wiekiem, rozwój BPH ulega nasileniu. Sugeruje to, że sam poziom testosteronu może nie być bezpośrednią przyczyną BPH, ale raczej jego lokalny metabolizm i konwersja do DHT w tkance gruczołu krokowego.12

Interesującym odkryciem jest fakt, że osoby poddane kastracji przed okresem dojrzewania lub mające zaburzenia związane z androgenami nie rozwijają BPH, co potwierdza niezbędną rolę androgenów w patogenezie tego schorzenia.12

Równowaga estrogenowo-androgenowa

Z wiekiem zmienia się równowaga między poziomem testosteronu a estrogenów. Podczas gdy poziom testosteronu spada, stężenie estrogenów pozostaje relatywnie stałe, co prowadzi do względnej przewagi estrogenów.12

Ta zmiana proporcji może stymulować wzrost komórek prostaty. Estrogeny odgrywają rolę w rozwoju gruczołu krokowego w okresie dojrzewania, a ich relatywny wzrost w stosunku do androgenów w późniejszym wieku może ponownie aktywować mechanizmy wzrostowe.12

Modyfikowalne czynniki ryzyka BPH

W ostatnich latach zidentyfikowano szereg modyfikowalnych czynników ryzyka, które stwarzają nowe możliwości w zakresie profilaktyki i leczenia BPH.12

Zespół metaboliczny i choroby układu sercowo-naczyniowego

Mimo różnorodności definicji i kryteriów diagnostycznych, rosnąca liczba dowodów wskazuje na związek zespołu metabolicznego ze zwiększonym ryzykiem BPH. Zespół metaboliczny obejmuje schorzenia takie jak nadciśnienie tętnicze, insulinooporność, zaburzenia gospodarki lipidowej i otyłość.123

Badania wskazują na zwiększone ryzyko BPH u pacjentów z chorobami serca i cukrzycą. W szczególności cukrzyca i stosowanie leków przeciwcukrzycowych, zwłaszcza insuliny, wydają się zwiększać ryzyko BPH, objawów ze strony dolnych dróg moczowych (LUTS) oraz konieczności interwencji chirurgicznej.12

Otyłość

Konsekwentnie obserwuje się, że zwiększona otyłość jest dodatnio skorelowana z objętością prostaty – im większa otyłość, tym większa objętość gruczołu krokowego.12

Badanie opublikowane w Journal of Urology wykazało, że mężczyźni z nadwagą, szczególnie ci z dużą ilością tłuszczu brzusznego, mają znacznie zwiększone ryzyko rozwoju BPH.12

Aktywność fizyczna

Zwiększona aktywność fizyczna i regularne ćwiczenia są konsekwentnie związane ze zmniejszonym ryzykiem operacji BPH, klinicznego BPH, histologicznego BPH i LUTS. Odwrotnie, brak aktywności fizycznej (siedzący tryb życia) zwiększa ryzyko rozwoju BPH.123

Czynniki dietetyczne

Czynniki dietetyczne również wydają się wpływać na rozwój BPH. Beta-karoten, karotenoidy i witamina A mogą działać ochronnie, podczas gdy nadmierne spożycie alkoholu, duże spożycie kofeiny i suplementacja wysokimi dawkami witaminy C mogą zwiększać ryzyko BPH i nasilać jego objawy.1

Dieta bogata w czerwone lub przetworzone mięso, nasycone tłuszcze i produkty mleczne może zwiększać ryzyko problemów z prostatą.1 Z kolei dieta uboga w owoce, warzywa i rośliny strączkowe została powiązana z wyższym ryzykiem BPH.2

Rola stanu zapalnego w rozwoju BPH

Większość badań obserwacyjnych sugeruje, że stan zapalny jest powiązany z rozwojem BPH i LUTS.12

Mimo że dokładny mechanizm inicjujący proces zapalny nie jest do końca poznany, sugeruje się udział bakterii (np. Escherichia coli), niektórych wirusów (wirus brodawczaka ludzkiego, wirus opryszczki), odpowiedzi autoimmunologicznej, infekcji, zmian hormonalnych, otyłości i zespołu metabolicznego.1

Stan zapalny jest często związany z BPH na poziomie histologicznym. Procesy zapalne odgrywają decydującą rolę w rozwoju BPH, a cytokiny (białka regulujące stan zapalny) mogą stymulować wzrost komórek nabłonkowych prostaty.123

Hipotezy patogenetyczne BPH

Na przestrzeni lat zaproponowano kilka hipotez wyjaśniających patogenezę BPH:1

  1. Hipoteza DHT – akumulacja DHT, produktu konwersji testosteronu przez 5α-reduktazę, stymuluje wzrost komórek prostaty.
  2. Hipoteza przebudzenia embrionalnego – ponowne uaktywnienie potencjału indukcyjnego zrębu i/lub nabłonka prostaty, podobnie jak w rozwoju płodowej prostaty.
  3. Hipoteza komórek macierzystych – zwiększenie liczby komórek macierzystych lub klonalna ekspansja komórek macierzystych.

Żadna z tych hipotez nie została jednoznacznie potwierdzona jako wyjaśniająca naturę BPH u starzejących się mężczyzn, szczególnie w odniesieniu do preferencyjnej lokalizacji zmian w strefie przejściowej gruczołu krokowego.1

Znaczenie strefy przejściowej prostaty

BPH rozwija się głównie w strefie przejściowej (transition zone, TZ) gruczołu krokowego, w przeciwieństwie do raka prostaty, który typowo wywodzi się ze strefy obwodowej.12

Ta specyficzna lokalizacja może być związana z narażeniem na toksyny moczowe lub substancje odpadowe, w tym ksenobiotyki i toksyczne metabolity, które kumulują się wraz z wiekiem, a także potencjalne patogeny z infekcji dróg moczowych. Substancje te, w warunkach osłabionej zdolności regeneracyjnej tkanek u starzejących się mężczyzn, mogą powodować znaczne uszkodzenia komórek zrębu i/lub nabłonka w strefie przejściowej.1

Patofizjologia BPH

BPH charakteryzuje się histologicznie niereagulowaną proliferacją tkanki łącznej, mięśni gładkich i nabłonka gruczołowego. Proces ten prowadzi do powstania rozrostowych guzków w okolicy okołocewkowej, prawdopodobnie wywodzących się z gruczołów okołocewkowych.1

W miarę zwężania się światła cewki moczowej prostaty i jej wydłużania, odpływ moczu jest stopniowo utrudniany. Zwiększony opór w odpływie moczu prowadzi do zmian kompensacyjnych w funkcji pęcherza moczowego. Podwyższone ciśnienie wypierania wymagane do utrzymania przepływu moczu przy zwiększonym oporze odbywa się kosztem normalnej funkcji magazynowania pęcherza.2

Zmiany w funkcji wypieracza wywołane obstrukcją, w połączeniu ze zmianami związanymi z wiekiem zarówno w pęcherzu, jak i układzie nerwowym, prowadzą do częstomoczu, nagłych parć i nokturii – najbardziej uciążliwych dolegliwości związanych z BPH.1

BPH a ryzyko raka prostaty

Warto podkreślić, że łagodny przerost gruczołu krokowego nie jest schorzeniem nowotworowym i nie zwiększa ryzyka rozwoju raka prostaty.1234

Mimo że oba schorzenia mogą występować jednocześnie i powodować podobne objawy ze strony dolnych dróg moczowych, są to odrębne jednostki chorobowe.12

Ryzyko raka prostaty jest niższe u mężczyzn z objawami ze strony dolnych dróg moczowych i podwyższonym poziomem PSA niż u tych bez objawów.1

Złożona natura etiologii BPH

Podsumowując, etiologia łagodnego przerostu gruczołu krokowego jest złożona i wieloczynnikowa. Chociaż wiek i uwarunkowania genetyczne odgrywają znaczącą rolę w rozwoju BPH, zidentyfikowano również modyfikowalne czynniki ryzyka, takie jak zespół metaboliczny, otyłość, cukrzyca, dieta, aktywność fizyczna i stany zapalne, które stwarzają nowe możliwości w zakresie profilaktyki i leczenia.12

Badania sugerują, że sama obecność androgenów nie jest wystarczająca do zainicjowania BPH u dorosłych mężczyzn, mimo że są one skuteczne w stymulowaniu normalnego wzrostu prostaty od okresu płodowego do dojrzewania, a także w utrzymaniu homeostazy prostaty w późniejszym okresie.1

Pełne zrozumienie złożonych mechanizmów leżących u podstaw rozwoju BPH pozostaje wyzwaniem dla współczesnej medycyny i wymaga dalszych badań, które mogą przyczynić się do opracowania skuteczniejszych strategii profilaktycznych i terapeutycznych dla tego powszechnego schorzenia dotykającego miliony starszych mężczyzn na całym świecie.12

Kolejne rozdziały

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  1. 11.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Epidemiology and etiology of benign prostatic hyperplasia and bladder outlet obstruction
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3989819/
    Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a histological diagnosis associated with unregulated proliferation of connective tissue, smooth muscle and glandular epithelium. […] Although non-modifiable risk factors including age, genetics and geography play significant roles in the etiology of BPH and BOO, recent data have revealed modifiable risk factors that present new opportunities for treatment and prevention, including sex steroid hormones, the metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes, diet, physical activity and inflammation. […] In the last decade, epidemiological models of BPH and BOO have evolved substantially. Although age and genetics play important roles in the etiology of BPH and BOO, recent data have revealed novel, modifiable risk factors that present new opportunities for treatment and prevention.
  • #1 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558920/
    Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) refers to the nonmalignant growth or hyperplasia of prostate tissue and is a common cause of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in older men. Disease prevalence has been shown to increase with advancing age. The histological prevalence of BPH at autopsy is as high as 50% to 60% for males in their 60s, increasing to 80% to 90% of those older than 70 years of age. […] BPH arises due to the loss of homeostasis between prostatic cellular proliferation and apoptosis or cell death. This imbalance favors cellular proliferation without intervention. The result is increased numbers of prostatic periurethral epithelial and stromal cells, which can be seen histopathologically. The etiology of BPH is influenced by a wide variety of risk factors, in addition to the direct hormonal effects of testosterone on prostate tissue. Men who are castrated before puberty or who have an androgen-related disorder do not develop BPH.
  • #1 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558920/
    Genetic predisposition to BPH has been demonstrated in cohort studies. First-degree relatives in one study demonstrated a 4-fold increase in the risk of BPH compared to the control. […] Localized inflammation is often associated with BPH, at least histologically. […] Obesity is associated with an increased risk of BPH in observational studies. […] Metabolic syndrome refers to conditions that include hypertension, glucose intolerance/insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia.
  • #1 Enlarged prostate
    https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/enlarged-prostate/
    It’s thought that an enlarged prostate may be caused by changes in your hormone levels as you get older. […] An enlarged prostate is very common. You may be more likely to get it if you’re over 50, and if others in your family have an enlarged prostate. […] An enlarged prostate is not caused by prostate cancer, and does not increase your risk of getting prostate cancer.
  • #1 Benign prostatic hyperplasia – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benign_prostatic_hyperplasia
    Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), also called prostate enlargement, is a noncancerous increase in size of the prostate gland. […] The cause is unclear. […] Risk factors include a family history, obesity, type 2 diabetes, not enough exercise, and erectile dysfunction. […] Most experts consider androgens (testosterone and related hormones) to play a permissive role in the development of BPH. […] Dihydrotestosterone (DHT), a metabolite of testosterone, is a critical mediator of prostatic growth. […] While there is some evidence that estrogen may play a role in the cause of BPH, this effect appears to be mediated mainly through local conversion of androgens to estrogen in the prostate tissue rather than a direct effect of estrogen itself. […] In 2008, Gat et al. published evidence that BPH is caused by failure in the spermatic venous drainage system resulting in increased hydrostatic pressure and local testosterone levels elevated more than 100-fold above serum levels. […] Studies indicate that dietary patterns may affect the development of BPH, but further research is needed to clarify any important relationship. […] Benign prostatic hyperplasia is an age-related disease.
  • #1 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH): Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/437359-overview
    Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), also known as benign prostatic hypertrophy, is a histologic diagnosis characterized by proliferation of the cellular elements of the prostate. […] Cellular accumulation and gland enlargement may result from epithelial and stromal proliferation, impaired preprogrammed cell death (apoptosis), or both. […] BPH is considered a normal part of the aging process in men and is hormonally dependent on testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) production. […] The traditional theory behind BPH is that, as the prostate enlarges, the surrounding capsule prevents it from radially expanding, potentially resulting in urethral compression. […] However, the fact that serum testosterone levels decrease with age, yet the development of BPH increases, suggests that other agents play an etiologic role.
  • #1 Benign prostate enlargement | NHS inform
    https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/kidneys-bladder-and-prostate/benign-prostate-enlargement/
    Benign prostate enlargement (BPE), also known as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), is a condition that affects older men and anyone with a prostate. […] The cause of prostate enlargement is unknown, but most experts agree that its linked to hormonal changes that occur as a man gets older. […] The exact cause of benign prostate enlargement is unknown, but research suggests that hormones probably play an important role in the conditions development. […] One theory is that as some men and anyone with a prostate gets older, the levels of a type of hormone called dihydrotestosterone (DHT) increases, which may stimulate the growth of the prostate. […] Another theory suggests that two hormones, testosterone and oestrogen, play a role. Younger men and anyone with a prostate produce high levels of testosterone and much smaller levels of oestrogen. But as they get older, levels of testosterone decrease, which means they then have a higher proportion of oestrogen in their body. Its been suggested that the relative increase in oestrogen may stimulate prostate growth.
  • #1 BPH Symptoms, Risk, and Diagnosis | Saint John’s Cancer Institute
    https://www.saintjohnscancer.org/urology/conditions/benign-prostatic-hyperplasia/
    The prostate gland in adult males remains a constant size until approximately age 40, then begins to enlarge. […] Men naturally produce testosterone, a male hormone, and small amounts of estrogen, a female hormone. As men age, active testosterone in their blood decreases, which leaves a higher proportion of estrogen. Some scientific studies have shown that benign prostatic hyperplasia may occur because the higher proportion of estrogen inside the prostate, increases cell growth. Another hormone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT) has a well known role in prostate growth As men age, the testosterone levels drop, but they continue to produce and accumulate high levels of DHT in the prostate. DHT encourages prostate cells to grow.
  • #1 Epidemiology and etiology of benign prostatic hyperplasia and bladder outlet obstruction
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3989819/
    The prevalence of BPH rises markedly with age. […] Evidence suggests that there are genetic components to both BPH and LUTS. […] In prostatic secretory cells, the hormone 5-alpha reductase converts testosterone to DHT, a potent stimulator of prostate growth that, in addition to being necessary for prostate development, appears to play a central role in BPH pathogenesis. […] A notable and relatively recent development in the epidemiology of BPH and BOO is the recognition that modifiable life-style factors influence the natural history of these conditions. […] Despite heterogeneity in definitions and diagnosis, accumulating evidence suggests associations of metabolic syndrome with increased risks of BPH and LUTS. […] Prior studies have consistently observed that increased adiposity is positively associated with prostate volume: The greater the amount of adiposity, the greater the prostate volume.
  • #1 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558920/
    Testicular androgens are required to develop BPH as dihydrotestosterone (DHT) promotes tissue growth and cellular proliferation by interacting directly with prostatic epithelium and stroma. […] Non-modifiable and modifiable risk factors also contribute to the development of BPH. These have been shown to include diabetes, diet, genetic factors, localized inflammation, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. […] Diabetes and the use of antidiabetic medications, particularly insulin, appear to increase the risk of BPH, LUTS, and prostatic surgery. […] Dietary factors also appear to influence the development of BPH. Beta-carotene, carotenoids, and vitamin A seem somewhat protective, while excessive alcohol ingestion, heavy caffeine intake, and high-dose supplemental vitamin C tend to increase BPH risk and symptoms.
  • #1 BPH Risk Factors | American Prostate Centers
    https://americanprostatecenters.com/benign-prostatic-hyperplasia/bph-risk-factors/
    There are several factors that increase the risk of developing benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), which is an enlargement of the prostate. […] The most common risk factor for BPH is being male, age 50 or older. Family history, diabetes, heart disease, and an unhealthy lifestyle may also increase the risk. […] There have been findings of a possible genetic link to BPH. If any family members (blood relatives) have had a history of prostate problems or abnormalities in their testicles, this may increase your risk of developing BPH. […] A study that was published in the Journal of Urology found that men who are overweight, especially those with large amounts of abdominal fat, have a marked increase of developing BPH. […] It is surprising, but lack of physical exercise can increase the risk of developing BPH.
  • #1 Epidemiology and etiology of benign prostatic hyperplasia and bladder outlet obstruction
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3989819/
    Disruptions in glucose homeostasis at multiple different levels from alterations in serum insulin growth factor (IGF) concentrations to diagnosis of clinical diabetes are associated with higher likelihoods of BPH, BPE and LUTS. […] Increased physical activity and exercise have been robustly and consistently linked with decreased risks of BPH surgery, clinical BPH, histological BPH and LUTS. […] A majority of observational studies suggests that inflammation is linked to the development of BPH and LUTS. […] In summary, BPH and BOO are of significant importance to public health, affecting tens of millions of older men globally.
  • #1 BPH Risk Factors | American Prostate Centers
    https://americanprostatecenters.com/benign-prostatic-hyperplasia/bph-risk-factors/
    Like many other conditions, daily consumption of a diet high in red or processed meat, saturated fats, and dairy products can increase your risk for prostate problems. […] Medical conditions, including type 2 diabetes, heart conditions, and circulatory conditions can significantly increase your chances of BPH and problematic symptoms. […] Benign prostatic hyperplasia is considered a normal part of aging. It commonly occurs in men over the age of 50, and the chances of developing BPH increase steadily for every decade that follows. […] Men who have a family history of prostate problems […] Overweight men, especially men with belly fat […] Men who have an unhealthy lifestyle
  • #1 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Manifestations | IntechOpen
    https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/81872
    Recently, evidence has emerged on the participation of inflammatory processes in BPH development. […] Although it is not known precisely how the inflammatory process originates, the presence of bacteria (Escherichia coli) or certain viruses (human papillomavirus; herpes virus), as well as an autoimmune response, infections, hormonal changes, obesity, and metabolic syndrome, is suggested. […] Therefore, inflammatory processes are decisive in developing BPH.
  • #1 The etiology and pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia：The ro | RRU
    https://www.dovepress.com/the-etiology-and-pathogenesis-of-benign-prostatic-hyperplasia-the-role-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-RRU
    There have been three different theories that have been proposed based on earlier studies for the possible causes of BPH: (1) the accumulation of DHT, a product of T by catalytic activity of 5-reductase (DHT hypothesis), (2) reawakening of the embryonic induction potential of prostatic stroma and/or epithelium by the stromal-epithelial interactions as seen in the development of human fetal prostate (embryonic reawakening hypothesis), and (3) an increase in stem cells or clonal expansion of stem cells (stem cell hypothesis). […] To our knowledge, there is still a lack of convincing, direct evidence in literature supporting any of these theories for explaining the nature of BPH occurrence in the prostate of ageing men, specifically in the TZ as described above. […] Taking all these findings together, we may conclude that T or DHT does not seem to be enough to initiate BPH in adult men, even though they are effective in the stimulation of normal prostate growth from fetal to puberty as well as in the maintenance of prostatic homeostasis afterward.
  • #1 Benign prostatic hyperplasia | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
    https://radiopaedia.org/articles/benign-prostatic-hyperplasia?lang=us
    Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), also known as benign prostatic enlargement (BPE), is an extremely common condition in elderly males and a major cause of bladder outflow obstruction. […] Benign prostatic hyperplasia is due to a combination of stromal and glandular hyperplasia, predominantly of the transition zone (as opposed to prostate cancer which typically originates in the peripheral zone). […] Androgens (DHT and testosterone) are necessary for the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia but are not the direct cause of the hyperplasia. […] Despite much debate, it remains unclear if benign prostatic hyperplasia is a risk factor for prostate adenocarcinoma, or if the co-occurrence of the two pathologies is simply an epiphenomenon.
  • #1 The etiology and pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia：The ro | RRU
    https://www.dovepress.com/the-etiology-and-pathogenesis-of-benign-prostatic-hyperplasia-the-role-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-RRU
    We have also noticed that age-related metabolic aberrations, especially obesity, may be a risk factor for the initiation or development of BPH. […] Thus far, there has been a lack of investigating the role of anatomical location of BPH, the TZ of the prostate, in the initiation of this age-dependent prostate disorder. […] Therefore, we hypothesize that the etiologic factors for BPH may come from years of exposure to urinary toxins or waste substances including xenobiotics and toxic metabolites that are typically occurring in ageing persons as well as possible pathogens such as from urinary tract infection specifically occurring in the urethra. […] These factors under the condition of poor tissue repair in ageing men could cause significant cellular damage of the stroma and/or epithelium in the TZ, which subsequently generate a feedback response such as leukocyte infiltration, production of both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors by activated leukocytes, and stimulation of aberrant cellular proliferation.
  • #1 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia – Genitourinary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/benign-prostate-disease/benign-prostatic-hyperplasia
    Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is nonmalignant adenomatous overgrowth of the periurethral prostate gland. […] The etiology is unknown but probably involves hormonal changes associated with aging. […] Multiple fibroadenomatous nodules develop in the periurethral region of the prostate, probably originating within the periurethral glands rather than in the true fibromuscular prostate (surgical capsule), which is displaced peripherally by progressive growth of the nodules. […] As the lumen of the prostatic urethra narrows and lengthens, urine outflow is progressively obstructed.
  • #1 Etiology and pathophysiology of bph | PPT
    https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/etiology-and-pathophysiology-of-bph/47066118
    Although androgens do not cause BPH, the development of BPH requires the presence of testicular androgens during prostate development, puberty, and aging. […] Prostatic hyperplasia increases urethral resistance, resulting in compensatory changes in bladder function. elevated detrusor pressure required to maintain urinary flow in the presence of increased outflow resistance occurs at the expense of normal bladder storage function. […] Obstruction-induced changes in detrusor function, compounded by age related changes in both bladder and nervous system function lead to urinary frequency, urgency, and nocturia, the most bothersome BPH-related complaints.
  • #1 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) | CommonSpirit Health
    https://www.commonspirit.org/conditions-treatments/benign-prostatic-hyperplasia-bph
    BPH occurs in almost all men as they age. It is a common problem in older men. […] BPH is not cancer. But an enlarged prostate can cause urinary symptoms that need treatment. […] In a small number of cases, BPH may cause the bladder to be blocked. This makes it impossible or extremely hard to urinate. This problem may cause backed-up urine (urinary retention), leading to bladder infections, bladder stones, or kidney damage. […] (Prostate cancer and BPH are not related, but they can cause some of the same symptoms.) […] If you have complications such as not being able to urinate, or your symptoms don’t get better with medicines, your doctor may recommend surgery.
  • #1 Common Questions About the Diagnosis and Management of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/1201/p769.html
    Recommended tests are serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) measurement and urinalysis. […] BPH is not an established risk factor for prostate cancer; the risk of prostate cancer is lower in men with lower urinary tract symptoms and an elevated PSA level than in those without symptoms. […] Dietary supplements (i.e., saw palmetto, pygeum, cernilton, or beta sitosterols) and acupuncture are not recommended for the treatment of BPH.
  • #2 The etiology and pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia：The ro | RRU
    https://www.dovepress.com/the-etiology-and-pathogenesis-of-benign-prostatic-hyperplasia-the-role-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-RRU
    Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) mainly causes lower urinary tract symptoms in ageing men, but its exact etiology and pathogenesis have not been established. […] Many studies have indicated that ageing and obesity are the factors for preceding the onset of BPH. […] No evidence for the role of testosterone (T) or dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is found in BPH initiation. […] After cellular damage and subsequent inflammation generated, the intraprostatic DHT produced mainly from T by 5-reductase promotes BPH development. […] In conclusion, evidence in literature suggests that androgens are not etiological factors for BPH, and intraprostatic DHT along with chronic inflammation are mainly responsible for nodular proliferation of stromal and/or epithelial cells in prostatic TZ. […] The urinary factors for the etiology of BPH and BPH as a prediction of PCa progression still need further investigation.
  • #2 Epidemiology and etiology of benign prostatic hyperplasia and bladder outlet obstruction
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3989819/
    Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a histological diagnosis associated with unregulated proliferation of connective tissue, smooth muscle and glandular epithelium. […] Although non-modifiable risk factors including age, genetics and geography play significant roles in the etiology of BPH and BOO, recent data have revealed modifiable risk factors that present new opportunities for treatment and prevention, including sex steroid hormones, the metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes, diet, physical activity and inflammation. […] In the last decade, epidemiological models of BPH and BOO have evolved substantially. Although age and genetics play important roles in the etiology of BPH and BOO, recent data have revealed novel, modifiable risk factors that present new opportunities for treatment and prevention.
  • #2 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) – familydoctor.org
    https://familydoctor.org/condition/benign-prostatic-hyperplasia-bph/
    Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is the medical term for an enlarged prostate. The condition affects the prostate gland in men. The enlargement isn’t caused by cancer or infection. […] The exact cause of BPH isn’t well understood. It appears to be related to aging. About 50% of men over age 50 have BPH. Up to 90% of men older than 80 have it. The following factors could increase your risk of BPH: Age 40 or older, Family history of BPH, Obesity, Heart and circulatory disease, Type 2 diabetes, Inactivity, Erectile dysfunction. Changing male hormone levels as a man ages may also be to blame.
  • #2 BPH Risk Factors | American Prostate Centers
    https://americanprostatecenters.com/benign-prostatic-hyperplasia/bph-risk-factors/
    There are several factors that increase the risk of developing benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), which is an enlargement of the prostate. […] The most common risk factor for BPH is being male, age 50 or older. Family history, diabetes, heart disease, and an unhealthy lifestyle may also increase the risk. […] There have been findings of a possible genetic link to BPH. If any family members (blood relatives) have had a history of prostate problems or abnormalities in their testicles, this may increase your risk of developing BPH. […] A study that was published in the Journal of Urology found that men who are overweight, especially those with large amounts of abdominal fat, have a marked increase of developing BPH. […] It is surprising, but lack of physical exercise can increase the risk of developing BPH.
  • #2 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH): Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9100-benign-prostatic-hyperplasia
    Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) causes your prostate to increase in size. […] Benign prostatic hyperplasia causes your prostate to increase in size. It can squeeze your urethra and block your urine flow. […] BPH is the most common prostate problem among males. Almost all people with a prostate will develop some enlargement in their prostates as they grow older. […] What causes benign prostatic hyperplasia? Healthcare providers and medical researchers arent sure what causes BPH. […] One theory is that, as you age, the amount of testosterone in your body decreases (low testosterone). At the same time, your estrogen levels remain the same. These hormone changes may cause your prostate cells to grow. […] Older males also have higher levels of dihydrotestosterone (DHT). DHT is a more potent form of testosterone that increases the size of your prostate.
  • #2 Epidemiology and etiology of benign prostatic hyperplasia and bladder outlet obstruction
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3989819/
    The prevalence of BPH rises markedly with age. […] Evidence suggests that there are genetic components to both BPH and LUTS. […] In prostatic secretory cells, the hormone 5-alpha reductase converts testosterone to DHT, a potent stimulator of prostate growth that, in addition to being necessary for prostate development, appears to play a central role in BPH pathogenesis. […] A notable and relatively recent development in the epidemiology of BPH and BOO is the recognition that modifiable life-style factors influence the natural history of these conditions. […] Despite heterogeneity in definitions and diagnosis, accumulating evidence suggests associations of metabolic syndrome with increased risks of BPH and LUTS. […] Prior studies have consistently observed that increased adiposity is positively associated with prostate volume: The greater the amount of adiposity, the greater the prostate volume.
  • #2 Benign prostatic hyperplasia: Treatment, symptoms, and causes
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/314998
    DHT is another male hormone that enables the prostate to develop and grow. Scientists have found that even when testosterone levels fall, DHT levels can remain high. Not all men produce DHT, and those who do not produce it do not appear to develop BPH. This fact suggests a possible link between high DHT levels and BPH.
  • #2 BPH: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, Complications
    https://www.healthline.com/health/enlarged-prostate
    As you age, your prostate gland can become enlarged, a condition known as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). […] BPH is common in people over 50, and its considered an expected condition of aging. Although the exact cause is unknown, changes in male sex hormones accompanying aging may be a factor. […] Any family history of prostate problems or any abnormalities with your testicles may raise your risk for BPH. People whove had their testicles removed at a young age dont develop BPH.
  • #2 Benign prostatic hyperplasia: Treatment, symptoms, and causes
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/314998
    Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a condition in which the prostate gland grows larger. The enlarged prostate may block or slow the passage of urine from the urethra. Doctors do not know exactly what causes BPH. […] Doctors do not know exactly what causes the condition. It is different than prostate cancer, although it may share some of the same symptoms, and it does not seem to increase the risk of this disease developing. […] According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, experts believe that aging and hormonal factors may play a role. […] Males produce testosterone throughout their life, along with a smaller amount of estrogen. […] As males get older, they produce less testosterone in proportion to estrogen. It may be the estrogen that triggers additional growth in the prostate.
  • #2 What is BPH? | Georgia Prostateclosechevron-downtwitterfacebookbarslinkedinyoutube-playinstagram
    https://www.gaprostate.com/what-is-bph/
    Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is an issue that affects half of all males aged 50 and older. […] It is not known what causes BPH. It primarily develops in men over the age of 50. Hormone fluctuations are thought to play a role. […] It is likely that testicular hormones are a major factor. During aging, testosterone concentration decreases while levels of estrogen remain stable. The disparity could account for the growth of prostate cells. […] Additionally, increased levels of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) could be responsible. The DHT hormone is a key element in the growth and development of prostate tissue; older men often have elevated levels of DHT. […] Several issues can raise the risk of developing BPH. […] Age is one of the main risk factors for BPH. The prevalence of this condition increases with age, especially in men over the age of 50.
  • #2
    https://journals.lww.com/indianjurol/fulltext/2014/30020/epidemiology_and_etiology_of_benign_prostatic.10.aspx
    Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a histological diagnosis associated with unregulated proliferation of connective tissue, smooth muscle and glandular epithelium. […] Although non-modifiable risk factors including age, genetics and geography play significant roles in the etiology of BPH and BOO, recent data have revealed modifiable risk factors that present new opportunities for treatment and prevention, including sex steroid hormones, the metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes, diet, physical activity and inflammation. […] In the last decade, epidemiological models of BPH and BOO have evolved substantially. Although age and genetics play important roles in the etiology of BPH and BOO, recent data have revealed novel, modifiable risk factors that present new opportunities for treatment and prevention.
  • #2 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH): Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/437359-overview
    Possible factors include the metabolic syndrome, hyperinsulinemia, norepinephrine, angiotensin II, and insulin-like growth factors. […] Increasing evidence indicates a role for autophagy (self-phagocytosis), the process by which cells degrade their cytoplasmic proteins and damaged organelles via lysosomes, in reducing apoptosis of prostate cells. […] The hyperplasia results in enlargement of the prostate that may restrict the flow of urine from the bladder, resulting in clinical manifestations of BPH.
  • #2
    https://www.rezum.com/patient-resources/understanding-bph/what-causes-prostate-enlargement.html
    For many men, prostate growth is a natural part of aging, like wrinkles. […] What causes prostate enlargement isnt entirely clear. It might be linked to changes in the balance of sex hormones as men age. There is also some research about the role of DHT, a male hormone that helps the prostate grow. Older men seem to have higher levels of DHT. And, the excess DHT may be the reason for prostate cell growth. […] Some factors that can put you at a higher risk of BPH include: Aging: BPH rarely affects men younger than 40; Family history: Youre more likely to have BPH if a blood relative, such as a father or a brother, has prostate issues; Diabetes and heart disease: Studies show that your risk of BPH increases if you live with diabetes or heart disease and if you are taking beta blockers; Lifestyle: Obesity is known to increase the risk of BPH.
  • #2 What Causes an Enlarged Prostate (Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia)? – Bottom Line, Inc.
    https://www.bottomlineinc.com/health/diseases-conditions/prostate/what-causes-an-enlarged-prostate-benign-prostatic-hyperplasia/
    In 2021, the journal BMC Urology published research showing that being overweight or obese late in lifeeven among men who earlier had normal body sizewas significantly linked to the development of BPH. […] Although it has never been said that high blood pressure causes BPH, the two conditions appear together often enough to raise suspicion. […] As with high blood pressure, diabetes often exists alongside BPH, especially in older men. […] A team of Italian researchers performed a review of studies regarding diet and BPH which covered the period from 1964 to 2021. […] A 2023 study found strong evidence that insufficient sleep may be a driver of BPH. […] Although researchers have yet to identify a specific gene that controls whether or not a man develops BPH, we have known for decades that the condition appears to run in families.
  • #2 BPH Risk Factors | Prostate Laser Center
    https://www.prostatelasercenter.com/blog/bph-risk-factors/
    Diabetes also appears to have a connection to BPH. A review published in the journal Current Urology Reports explains that “epidemiologic evidence suggests that diabetes significantly increases the risks of BPH and lower urinary tract symptoms [LUTS].” […] A lack of physical activity, also called a sedentary lifestyle, appears to contribute to the risk of developing BPH. A research review published in the journal European Urology concluded that physical activity reduces the risk of developing BPH. […] Chronic and acute inflammation may also contribute to the excessive growth of the prostate in BPH, as a research review published in the journal Reviews in Urology explains.
  • #2 Enlarged prostate (BPH): Symptoms, causes & treatment
    https://healthymale.org.au/mens-health/prostate-enlargement
    Benign prostatic hyperplasia or BPH is a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland. […] As men age, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) can cause prostate enlargement. […] BPH becomes more common as men age. About 50% of all men aged over 50 have BPH, increasing to over 80% for men aged 80 or older. […] Men are more likely to have BPH as they age and if they have metabolic syndrome, diabetes, high blood pressure, obesity, or a diet that’s low in fruit, vegetables and legumes. […] There is a genetic component to BPH, so some men inherit an increased risk of prostate enlargement. […] Testosterone stimulates cell division in the gland, causing prostate growth. Molecules involved in inflammation can also stimulate prostate gland cell division.
  • #2 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Manifestations | IntechOpen
    https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/81872
    Recently, evidence has emerged on the participation of inflammatory processes in BPH development. […] Although it is not known precisely how the inflammatory process originates, the presence of bacteria (Escherichia coli) or certain viruses (human papillomavirus; herpes virus), as well as an autoimmune response, infections, hormonal changes, obesity, and metabolic syndrome, is suggested. […] Therefore, inflammatory processes are decisive in developing BPH.
  • #2 The etiology and pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia：The ro | RRU
    https://www.dovepress.com/the-etiology-and-pathogenesis-of-benign-prostatic-hyperplasia-the-role-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-RRU
    The etiological factors are defined as necessary conditions for preceding the onset of a disease. Fully understanding the etiological factor(s) of BPH is a prerequisite for developing effective prevention strategies for this prostate disorder. […] First, as mentioned above, BPH is an ageing-dependent prostatic disorder, implying that the etiologic factor(s) for initiation of BPH must be age-related. […] Second, histologically BPH is presented by the nodular proliferation of epithelial and/or stromal cells in the TZ, indicating that these factor(s) are the cellular signaling or component that is restrictedly activated in the TZ. […] Third, because the hyperplastic nodules of BPH are localized predominantly in different compartments (stroma and/or epithelium) of the TZ between different patients, it is possible that the initiation factor(s) may be different in the different tissue compartments, but they have the same function by which the cell proliferation can be stimulated by growth factors such as testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT).
  • #2 Etiology and pathophysiology of bph | PPT
    https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/etiology-and-pathophysiology-of-bph/47066118
    Although androgens do not cause BPH, the development of BPH requires the presence of testicular androgens during prostate development, puberty, and aging. […] Prostatic hyperplasia increases urethral resistance, resulting in compensatory changes in bladder function. elevated detrusor pressure required to maintain urinary flow in the presence of increased outflow resistance occurs at the expense of normal bladder storage function. […] Obstruction-induced changes in detrusor function, compounded by age related changes in both bladder and nervous system function lead to urinary frequency, urgency, and nocturia, the most bothersome BPH-related complaints.
  • #2 Enlarged Prostate | BPH | Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia | MedlinePlus
    https://medlineplus.gov/enlargedprostatebph.html
    An enlarged prostate is when your prostate gland becomes larger than normal. It’s also called benign prostatic hyperplasia or BPH for short. Benign means not cancer. And hyperplasia means too much cell growth. BPH isn’t cancer and it doesn’t increase your risk of getting prostate cancer. […] Researchers aren’t sure why the prostate keeps growing. Some researchers think changes in hormones with aging may cause the prostate to get bigger.
  • #2 Common Questions About the Diagnosis and Management of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/1201/p769.html
    Recommended tests are serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) measurement and urinalysis. […] BPH is not an established risk factor for prostate cancer; the risk of prostate cancer is lower in men with lower urinary tract symptoms and an elevated PSA level than in those without symptoms. […] Dietary supplements (i.e., saw palmetto, pygeum, cernilton, or beta sitosterols) and acupuncture are not recommended for the treatment of BPH.
  • #2
    https://journals.lww.com/indianjurol/fulltext/2014/30020/epidemiology_and_etiology_of_benign_prostatic.10.aspx
    Disruptions in glucose homeostasis at multiple different levels from alterations in serum insulin growth factor (IGF) concentrations to diagnosis of clinical diabetes are associated with higher likelihoods of BPH, BPE and LUTS. […] Increased physical activity and exercise have been robustly and consistently linked with decreased risks of BPH surgery, clinical BPH, histological BPH and LUTS. […] A majority of observational studies suggests that inflammation is linked to the development of BPH and LUTS. […] In summary, BPH and BOO are of significant importance to public health, affecting tens of millions of older men globally.
  • #3
    https://journals.lww.com/indianjurol/fulltext/2014/30020/epidemiology_and_etiology_of_benign_prostatic.10.aspx
    Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a histological diagnosis associated with unregulated proliferation of connective tissue, smooth muscle and glandular epithelium. […] Although non-modifiable risk factors including age, genetics and geography play significant roles in the etiology of BPH and BOO, recent data have revealed modifiable risk factors that present new opportunities for treatment and prevention, including sex steroid hormones, the metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes, diet, physical activity and inflammation. […] In the last decade, epidemiological models of BPH and BOO have evolved substantially. Although age and genetics play important roles in the etiology of BPH and BOO, recent data have revealed novel, modifiable risk factors that present new opportunities for treatment and prevention.
  • #3 BPH Risk Factors | American Prostate Centers
    https://americanprostatecenters.com/benign-prostatic-hyperplasia/bph-risk-factors/
    Like many other conditions, daily consumption of a diet high in red or processed meat, saturated fats, and dairy products can increase your risk for prostate problems. […] Medical conditions, including type 2 diabetes, heart conditions, and circulatory conditions can significantly increase your chances of BPH and problematic symptoms. […] Benign prostatic hyperplasia is considered a normal part of aging. It commonly occurs in men over the age of 50, and the chances of developing BPH increase steadily for every decade that follows. […] Men who have a family history of prostate problems […] Overweight men, especially men with belly fat […] Men who have an unhealthy lifestyle
  • #3 Enlarged prostate | Prostate Cancer UK
    https://prostatecanceruk.org/prostate-information-and-support/just-diagnosed/other-prostate-problems/enlarged-prostate/
    An enlarged prostate is an increase in the size of the prostate. It isnt caused by cancer. The medical term for an enlarged prostate is benign prostatic enlargement (BPE). […] You might also hear it called benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Hyperplasia means an increase in the number of cells. It is this increase in cells that makes the prostate grow bigger. […] We still dont really know all the things that cause the prostate to grow. But we do know about two risk factors that can increase your risk of having an enlarged prostate. […] Your risk of having an enlarged prostate increases as you get older. Many men aged 50 or over have an enlarged prostate, but they dont all get symptoms. […] The balance of hormones (oestrogen and testosterone) in your body changes as you get older. This may cause your prostate to grow. […] Some studies show that obese men and men who have diabetes may be more likely to develop an enlarged prostate. […] There is also some research that suggests you may be more at risk of developing an enlarged prostate if your father or brother has one.
  • #3 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment – Cura4U
    https://cura4u.com/conditions/benign-prostatic-hyperplasia
    Benign prostatic hyperplasia or BPH is the non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland. […] The exact cause of this enlargement is unknown. However, it is thought to result from hormonal changes with increasing age. The testosterone, a male hormone, is converted to Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by an enzyme called 5-reductase, which acts locally on the gland and causes it to grow. Although the testosterone level decreases as the man ages, other agents may also influence the growth. BPH is also linked to metabolic syndrome, a combination of diabetes mellitus, obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. […] Aging is the most crucial risk factor for developing BPH. Most of the men older than 50 have enlarged prostates. […] A family member with BPH increases your risk also. […] Obesity and reduced exercise also puts you at the risk of BPH. […] The presence of diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, heart disease can also increase your risk of BPH.
  • #3 BPH Risk Factors | American Prostate Centers
    https://americanprostatecenters.com/benign-prostatic-hyperplasia/bph-risk-factors/
    There are several factors that increase the risk of developing benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), which is an enlargement of the prostate. […] The most common risk factor for BPH is being male, age 50 or older. Family history, diabetes, heart disease, and an unhealthy lifestyle may also increase the risk. […] There have been findings of a possible genetic link to BPH. If any family members (blood relatives) have had a history of prostate problems or abnormalities in their testicles, this may increase your risk of developing BPH. […] A study that was published in the Journal of Urology found that men who are overweight, especially those with large amounts of abdominal fat, have a marked increase of developing BPH. […] It is surprising, but lack of physical exercise can increase the risk of developing BPH.
  • #3 Enlarged prostate (BPH) – Symptoms, Causes and Treatment PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact Number f
    https://www.pacehospital.com/enlarged-prostate-symptoms-causes-and-treatment
    Some clinical studies suggest that there is a positive association between the development of enlarged prostate and the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and some other studies emphasize diabetes (high blood sugar), which is a metabolic syndrome also causes enlarged prostate due to insulin resistance. […] Some reports indicated that the increase in prolactin levels is directly related to the development of enlarged prostate. Prolactin is a hormone synthesized from various tissues such as testes, seminal glands, prostate, etc. There is evidence developed that there is a link between inflammation and the development of enlarged prostate. It is established that the growth of prostate epithelial cells (cells that covering the body surfaces) can be stimulated by cytokines (proteins that control inflammation).
  • #3 Definition of benign prostatic hypertrophy – NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms – NCIFacebookFollow on XInstagramYoutubeLinkedin
    https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/benign-prostatic-hypertrophy
    A benign (not cancer) condition in which the prostate gland is larger than normal. […] Benign prostatic hypertrophy does not increase a person’s risk of developing prostate cancer. […] Benign prostatic hypertrophy is most common in older men. […] Also called benign prostatic hyperplasia, BPH, and enlarged prostate.
  • #4 Patient education: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/benign-prostatic-hyperplasia-bph-beyond-the-basics
    Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a condition that occurs when the prostate gland enlarges, potentially slowing or blocking the urine stream. Other names for benign prostatic hyperplasia include benign prostatic hypertrophy, an enlarged prostate, and BPH. BPH occurs only in male patients; approximately 8 percent of males aged 31 to 40 have BPH. In males over age 80, more than 80 percent have BPH. […] It is not clear why some patients develop symptoms of BPH or lower urinary tract symptoms and others do not. The prostate normally enlarges to some degree in all male patients with advancing age, although not all patients require treatment. Several hormones are required for BPH to develop, but these hormones alone do not cause the condition. […] Some experts believe that a family history of the condition increases a man’s risk of developing BPH. Frequency of sex and having a vasectomy do not increase a patient’s chances of developing BPH. There is very consistent evidence that higher levels of physical activity reduce the likelihood of developing BPH. Likewise, physical inactivity relates to a higher risk of this disease.
  • #4 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
    https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-benign-prostatic-hyperplasia.aspx
    Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) refers to a benign enlargement of the prostate gland. The exact cause of BPH is not clear but nearly 60% of men aged over 60 suffer from the condition. […] Research suggests that hormonal changes that occur as a man ages play an important role in the development of an enlarged prostate. Studies have shown that the level of the male hormone dihydrotestosterone, which stimulates the growth of prostate cells, increases with age. Others have shown that the balance between testosterone and estrogen concentrations alters with increasing age. […] Obese men with diabetes and/or high blood pressure for long durations are at an increased risk of prostatic enlargement. […] Genetics are also thought to play a role in BPH. Men with a first-degree relative such as a father or brother who has been affected by BPH are more likely to develop the condition than men who do not have a first-degree relative who has been affected.
  • #4 Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH): What Is It & What Causes It?
    https://www.webmd.com/men/prostate-enlargement-bph/what-is-bph
    Benign prostatic hyperplasia is a condition that causes your prostate to grow larger than usual. […] Doctors aren’t sure exactly what makes BPH happen. It may have to do with normal hormonal changes as you age, but it’s not clear. […] Testosterone is the main sex hormone in men and people assigned male at birth. This hormone acts on cells of the prostate and leads to the production of growth factors that make the prostate get bigger. […] BPH isn’t prostate cancer and doesn’t make you more likely to get it.
  • #5 BPH Symptoms, Risk, and Diagnosis | Saint John’s Cancer Institute
    https://www.saintjohnscancer.org/urology/conditions/benign-prostatic-hyperplasia/
    The prostate gland in adult males remains a constant size until approximately age 40, then begins to enlarge. […] Men naturally produce testosterone, a male hormone, and small amounts of estrogen, a female hormone. As men age, active testosterone in their blood decreases, which leaves a higher proportion of estrogen. Some scientific studies have shown that benign prostatic hyperplasia may occur because the higher proportion of estrogen inside the prostate, increases cell growth. Another hormone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT) has a well known role in prostate growth As men age, the testosterone levels drop, but they continue to produce and accumulate high levels of DHT in the prostate. DHT encourages prostate cells to grow.
  • #5 Benign prostatic hyperplasia – Knowledge @ AMBOSS
    https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/benign-prostatic-hyperplasia/
    Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a nonneoplastic glandular and stromal hyperplasia of the transition zone of the prostate. […] Although the underlying etiology of BPH has not been conclusively established, sex hormones likely play a key role. […] The etiology is not fully understood. The following factors play a role in prostatic hyperplasia and growth: Hormonal factors, Androgens, Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is a potent prostatic growth factor. Gene amplification of androgen receptors (present in the glandular epithelial cells and stromal cells) increased androgen receptor sensitivity to androgens prostatic hyperplasia. Estrogens (mainly estradiol) are potent stimulators of prostatic hyperplasia. Androgen-estrogen imbalance: As men age, testosterone levels decline, but estrogen levels remain the same, which results in a higher estrogen/testosterone ratio. Stem cell proliferation and longevity: abnormal proliferation and longer prostatic stem cell life-span. Genetic susceptibility: Genes involved in the development of BPH include growth factor genes, androgen-regulator genes, apoptosis genes, and androgen-regulated genes. […] BPH is not a risk factor for the development of prostate cancer.

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poziom PSA zespół metaboliczny nokturia nabłonek gruczołowy zaburzenia gospodarki lipidowej stan zapalny łagodny przerost gruczołu krokowego 5-alfa reduktaza rak prostaty objawy dolnych dróg moczowych dihydrotestosteron czynnik patogenetyczny insulinooporność czynnik modyfikowalny proliferacja tkanki łącznej strefa przejściowa prostaty cukrzyca cytokiny powiększenie gruczołu krokowego toksyczne metabolity nadciśnienie tętnicze predyspozycja genetyczna