Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Embryonal tumors | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20367936

  Treatment for embryonal tumors usually involves surgery. Other treatments might be used after surgery to reduce the risk that the tumor may come back. Which treatments are best for your child depends on your child’s age. Your child’s healthcare team also considers the type of embryonal tumor and its location. […] Embryonal tumor treatment options may include: […] Surgery to relieve fluid buildup in the brain. Some embryonal tumors may block the flow of fluid in the brain. This can cause a buildup of fluid that puts pressure on the brain, called hydrocephalus. To reduce the pressure, a brain surgeon, also called a neurosurgeon, can create a pathway for the fluid to flow out of the brain. Sometimes this procedure can be combined with surgery to remove the tumor. […] Surgery to remove the tumor. A brain surgeon removes as much of the tumor as possible. The surgeon takes care not to harm nearby tissue. Typically, children with embryonal tumors receive additional treatments after surgery to target any remaining cancer cells.

• #2 Embryonal Tumor: What It Is, Symptoms, Treatment & Prognosis

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/embryonal-tumors

  Treatment for embryonal tumors varies based on the type, size and location of the tumor. Common treatment options may include: Removal surgery. Radiation therapy. Chemotherapy. Targeted therapy (medications). […] Your child may need more than one type of treatment. For example, your child’s surgeon will remove as much of the tumor as they safely can during a procedure. Following this, your child will undergo chemotherapy to reduce or eliminate the remaining tumor. […] Research is ongoing to learn more about embryonal tumors. Your child may be a candidate for clinical trials (tests on people) to help healthcare providers discover new treatment options. […] Side effects of surgery may include: Bleeding. Blood clot. Infection. Nerve damage. […] Side effects of radiation and chemotherapy may include but aren’t limited to the following: Fatigue. Nausea and vomiting. Hair loss. Skin irritation. Headaches. […] Some tumors can return after treatment to remove them.

• #3 Childhood Medulloblastoma and Other CNS Embryonal Tumors (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/brain/hp/child-cns-embryonal-treatment-pdq

  After diagnosis, evaluation of embryonal tumors is quite similar, essentially independent of the histological subtype and the location of the tumor. […] Various clinical and biological parameters have been associated with the likelihood of disease control of embryonal tumors after treatment. […] It has become increasingly clear, especially for medulloblastomas, that outcome is also related to the molecular characteristics of the tumor, but this has not been definitively shown for other embryonal tumors. […] Surgery is considered a standard part of treatment for histological confirmation of tumor type and as a means to improve outcome. Total or near-total resections are considered optimal if they can be performed safely. […] Radiation therapy to the primary tumor site is usually in the range of 54 Gy to 55.8 Gy.

• #4 Rare brain embryonal tumors in infancy and early childhood | MedLink Neurology

  https://www.medlink.com/articles/rare-brain-embryonal-tumors-in-infancy-and-early-childhood

  Due to varied diagnostic practices and scarce clinical data, disease features and determinants of outcomes for these tumors are poorly defined. Moreover, the development of much-needed innovative therapies is warranted for rare pediatric embryonal tumors. […] Surgical resection remains a vital component of most treatment algorithms as the initial step in managing most pediatric brain tumors. […] It has consistently been reported that total or near-total resection of the primary tumor correlates with improved outcomes, especially in patients with nondisseminated disease. […] The average of gross total resections achieved in ETMRs demonstrated a significant proportion of totally resected tumors. […] The mentioned reports confirmed gross total resection as a positive prognosticator in ETMRs, achieving a 4-year overall survival of 39% versus 23% in patients with subtotal resection.

• #5 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Embryonal tumors | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20367936

  Treatment for embryonal tumors usually involves surgery. Other treatments might be used after surgery to reduce the risk that the tumor may come back. Which treatments are best for your child depends on your child’s age. Your child’s healthcare team also considers the type of embryonal tumor and its location. […] Embryonal tumor treatment options may include: […] Surgery to relieve fluid buildup in the brain. Some embryonal tumors may block the flow of fluid in the brain. This can cause a buildup of fluid that puts pressure on the brain, called hydrocephalus. To reduce the pressure, a brain surgeon, also called a neurosurgeon, can create a pathway for the fluid to flow out of the brain. Sometimes this procedure can be combined with surgery to remove the tumor. […] Surgery to remove the tumor. A brain surgeon removes as much of the tumor as possible. The surgeon takes care not to harm nearby tissue. Typically, children with embryonal tumors receive additional treatments after surgery to target any remaining cancer cells.

• #6 Embryonal tumors | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/embryonal-tumors

  If your child is diagnosed with an embryonal tumor, seek care at a medical center that has experience caring for children with brain tumors. Medical centers with expertise in pediatric brain tumors provide access to the latest treatments and technology to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment. […] Treatment for embryonal tumors usually involves surgery. Other treatments might be used after surgery to reduce the risk that the tumor may come back. Which treatments are best for your child depends on your child’s age. Your child’s healthcare team also considers the type of embryonal tumor and its location. […] Embryonal tumor treatment options may include: […] Surgery to relieve fluid buildup in the brain. Some embryonal tumors may block the flow of fluid in the brain. This can cause a buildup of fluid that puts pressure on the brain, called hydrocephalus. To reduce the pressure, a brain surgeon, also called a neurosurgeon, can create a pathway for the fluid to flow out of the brain. Sometimes this procedure can be combined with surgery to remove the tumor.

• #7 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Embryonal tumors | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20367936

  Treatment for embryonal tumors usually involves surgery. Other treatments might be used after surgery to reduce the risk that the tumor may come back. Which treatments are best for your child depends on your child’s age. Your child’s healthcare team also considers the type of embryonal tumor and its location. […] Embryonal tumor treatment options may include: […] Surgery to relieve fluid buildup in the brain. Some embryonal tumors may block the flow of fluid in the brain. This can cause a buildup of fluid that puts pressure on the brain, called hydrocephalus. To reduce the pressure, a brain surgeon, also called a neurosurgeon, can create a pathway for the fluid to flow out of the brain. Sometimes this procedure can be combined with surgery to remove the tumor. […] Surgery to remove the tumor. A brain surgeon removes as much of the tumor as possible. The surgeon takes care not to harm nearby tissue. Typically, children with embryonal tumors receive additional treatments after surgery to target any remaining cancer cells.

• #8 Embryonal tumors – Augusta HealthSearchClose SearchSearch IconSearch IconClose Search IconMobile Menu IconMobile Menu Close IconInstagramFacebookTwitterYoutube

  https://www.augustahealth.com/disease/embryonal-tumors/

  Treatment for embryonal tumors depends on the patient’s age (typically babies and young children), tumor type and location, tumor grade and extent, and other factors. Options include: […] Surgery to relieve fluid buildup in the brain. Some embryonal tumors may grow to block the flow of cerebrospinal fluid, which can cause a buildup of fluid that puts pressure on the brain (hydrocephalus). […] Surgery to remove the tumor. A pediatric brain surgeon (neurosurgeon) removes as much of the tumor as possible, taking care not to harm nearby tissue. Typically, all children with embryonal tumors should receive additional treatments after surgery to target any remaining cells. […] Radiation therapy. A pediatric radiation oncologist administers radiation therapy to the brain and spinal cord using high-energy beams, such as X-rays or protons, to kill cancer cells.

• #9 Embryonal Tumor: What It Is, Symptoms, Treatment & Prognosis

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/embryonal-tumors

  Treatment for embryonal tumors varies based on the type, size and location of the tumor. Common treatment options may include: Removal surgery. Radiation therapy. Chemotherapy. Targeted therapy (medications). […] Your child may need more than one type of treatment. For example, your child’s surgeon will remove as much of the tumor as they safely can during a procedure. Following this, your child will undergo chemotherapy to reduce or eliminate the remaining tumor. […] Research is ongoing to learn more about embryonal tumors. Your child may be a candidate for clinical trials (tests on people) to help healthcare providers discover new treatment options. […] Side effects of surgery may include: Bleeding. Blood clot. Infection. Nerve damage. […] Side effects of radiation and chemotherapy may include but aren’t limited to the following: Fatigue. Nausea and vomiting. Hair loss. Skin irritation. Headaches. […] Some tumors can return after treatment to remove them.

• #10

  https://journals.lww.com/ijno/fulltext/2021/04001/diagnosis_and_management_of_central_nervous_system.28.aspx

  The presence of cerebellar mutism syndrome following surgery, as reported in approximately 25% of patients, should not be considered as a criterion to delay or deny adjuvant therapy. […] In general, AT/RT and ETMR are associated with poor survival outcomes. […] The use of proton therapy has been reported in a case series of 7 patients of ETMR with a median survival of 16 months, compared to the historical control of 10 months from 204 patients obtained through literature review. […] Furthermore, the authors found that over 90% of infants/children with ETMR surviving beyond 3 years had been treated with RT at initial diagnosis, suggesting a crucial role of RT in its management. […] Following the completion of planned treatment, it is essential to follow all patients periodically for early detection of relapse (recurrence/progression), if any, as well as timely identification and appropriate management of treatment-related morbidity.

• #11 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Embryonal tumors | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20367936

  Radiation therapy. Radiation therapy uses powerful energy beams to kill tumor cells. The energy can come from X-rays, protons and other sources. During radiation therapy, a machine directs beams of energy to specific points on the body. Standard radiation uses X-rays. A newer form of radiation uses proton beams. Proton beam radiation can be carefully targeted to deliver the radiation to the area of the tumor or other areas at risk. This lowers the risk of hurting nearby healthy tissue. Proton beam therapy is available at a limited number of healthcare centers in the United States. […] Chemotherapy. Chemotherapy uses strong medicines to kill tumor cells. Many chemotherapy medicines are given through a vein, but some are taken in pill form. Chemotherapy may be recommended after surgery or radiation therapy. Sometimes it’s done at the same time as radiation therapy. […] Clinical trials. Clinical trials are studies of new treatments. These studies give your child a chance to try the latest treatment options. The risk of side effects for these treatments may not be known. Ask a member of the healthcare team whether your child can participate in a clinical trial.

• #12 Radiation Therapy against Pediatric Malignant Central Nervous System Tumors : Embryonal Tumors and Proton Beam Therapy

  https://www.jkns.or.kr/journal/view.php?number=7111

  Radiation therapy is highly effective for the management of pediatric malignant central nervous system (CNS) tumors including embryonal tumors. […] One of such strategies is to reduce the radiation dose to craniospinal axis or radiation volume and to avoid or defer radiation therapy until after the age of three. Another strategy is using particle beam therapy such as proton beams instead of photon beams. […] The basic principle of treatment for CNS embryonal tumors is maximal tumor resection followed by radiation therapy and chemotherapy. […] However, the radiation dose or volume and chemotherapeutic agents or dose intensification are modified according to the risk of tumor. […] The treatment of pediatric malignant CNS tumors is still challenging because it requires a multidisciplinary approach and the treatment principles are maximal tumor resection followed by radiation therapy and chemotherapy.

• #13 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Embryonal tumors | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20367936

  Radiation therapy. Radiation therapy uses powerful energy beams to kill tumor cells. The energy can come from X-rays, protons and other sources. During radiation therapy, a machine directs beams of energy to specific points on the body. Standard radiation uses X-rays. A newer form of radiation uses proton beams. Proton beam radiation can be carefully targeted to deliver the radiation to the area of the tumor or other areas at risk. This lowers the risk of hurting nearby healthy tissue. Proton beam therapy is available at a limited number of healthcare centers in the United States. […] Chemotherapy. Chemotherapy uses strong medicines to kill tumor cells. Many chemotherapy medicines are given through a vein, but some are taken in pill form. Chemotherapy may be recommended after surgery or radiation therapy. Sometimes it’s done at the same time as radiation therapy. […] Clinical trials. Clinical trials are studies of new treatments. These studies give your child a chance to try the latest treatment options. The risk of side effects for these treatments may not be known. Ask a member of the healthcare team whether your child can participate in a clinical trial.

• #14 Radiation Therapy against Pediatric Malignant Central Nervous System Tumors : Embryonal Tumors and Proton Beam Therapy

  https://www.jkns.or.kr/journal/view.php?number=7111

  Radiation therapy is highly effective for the management of pediatric malignant central nervous system (CNS) tumors including embryonal tumors. […] One of such strategies is to reduce the radiation dose to craniospinal axis or radiation volume and to avoid or defer radiation therapy until after the age of three. Another strategy is using particle beam therapy such as proton beams instead of photon beams. […] The basic principle of treatment for CNS embryonal tumors is maximal tumor resection followed by radiation therapy and chemotherapy. […] However, the radiation dose or volume and chemotherapeutic agents or dose intensification are modified according to the risk of tumor. […] The treatment of pediatric malignant CNS tumors is still challenging because it requires a multidisciplinary approach and the treatment principles are maximal tumor resection followed by radiation therapy and chemotherapy.

• #15 Childhood Medulloblastoma and Other CNS Embryonal Tumors (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/brain/hp/child-cns-embryonal-treatment-pdq

  After diagnosis, evaluation of embryonal tumors is quite similar, essentially independent of the histological subtype and the location of the tumor. […] Various clinical and biological parameters have been associated with the likelihood of disease control of embryonal tumors after treatment. […] It has become increasingly clear, especially for medulloblastomas, that outcome is also related to the molecular characteristics of the tumor, but this has not been definitively shown for other embryonal tumors. […] Surgery is considered a standard part of treatment for histological confirmation of tumor type and as a means to improve outcome. Total or near-total resections are considered optimal if they can be performed safely. […] Radiation therapy to the primary tumor site is usually in the range of 54 Gy to 55.8 Gy.

• #16 Childhood Medulloblastoma and Other Central Nervous System Embryonal Tumors Treatment (PDQ®): Treatment – Patient Information [NCI]

  https://www.stlukesonline.org/health-services/health-information/healthwise/2015/05/15/13/57/childhood-medulloblastoma-and-other-central-nervous-system-embryonal-tumors-treatment-pdq-treatment–patient-information-nci

  Medulloblastoma and other central nervous system (CNS) embryonal tumors may begin in embryonic (fetal) cells that remain in the brain after birth. […] Most medulloblastomas, other CNS embryonal tumors, and pineoblastomas in children are malignant. These tumors tend to spread through the cerebrospinal fluid to other parts of the brain and spinal cord. […] Treatment of newly diagnosed medulloblastoma in children aged 3 years and younger includes: Surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible, followed by chemotherapy. […] Treatment of newly diagnosed average-risk medulloblastoma in children older than 3 years includes: Surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible. This is followed by radiation therapy to the brain and spinal cord. Chemotherapy may also be given during and after radiation therapy.

• #17 Treating Specific Types of Childhood Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/brain-spinal-cord-tumors-children/treating/specific-types-of-tumors.html

  For children younger than 3, doctors try to use as little radiation as possible. Chemotherapy is typically the first treatment given after surgery. Depending on how the tumor responds, chemotherapy might be followed by radiation therapy. […] There are some reports that giving high-dose chemotherapy followed by an autologous stem cell transplant may be helpful for some children with medulloblastomas. Several clinical trials are now studying this. […] Surgery is the main treatment for these tumors, but they usually are hard to remove completely. Still, surgery can relieve symptoms and may help make other treatments more effective. Children 3 or older are given radiation therapy after surgery. Because these tumors tend to spread to the CSF, radiation therapy is often given to the whole brain and the spinal cord (craniospinal radiation).

• #18 Embryonal Tumor with Multilayered Rosettes (ETMR) | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/embryonal-tumor-with-multilayered-rosettes

  After surgery, intensive intravenous (IV) treatment with chemotherapy is very important. Most children who survive a ETMR have had IV chemotherapy. There are various ways that can be used to give chemotherapy. Chemotherapy may include various combinations of drugs including high dose chemotherapy with stem cell rescue. […] Radiation therapy also plays a significant role in treating ETMR, especially when surgical removal is not feasible or when there is leftover tumor after surgery. As ETMRs affect young children, radiation therapy for ETMR needs to be weighed against its potential impact on the developing brain. Because of this, radiation has traditionally not been recommended for children under age 3. It is important that radiation therapy is carefully planned and delivered to minimize damage to healthy tissues surrounding the tumor site. The decision to use radiation therapy, type of radiation (proton vs. photon) the timing of treatment, and the dosage are determined based on the child’s age, the extent of the tumor and several other factors considered by the team.

• #19 Radiation Therapy against Pediatric Malignant Central Nervous System Tumors : Embryonal Tumors and Proton Beam Therapy

  https://www.jkns.or.kr/journal/view.php?number=7111

  The possible treatment-related sequelae after CNS irradiation include neurocognitive impairment, endocrine dysfunction, growth abnormality, and secondary malignancies. […] The development of radiotherapeutic modality or technique that can preserve more normal brain is one of the most considerable points for radiation oncologist. […] The physical advantages of proton beam over photon beam can reduce radiation-induced toxicities and improve quality of life for patients who become long-term survivors of certain pediatric CNS tumors. […] Proton beam therapy will become more widely available to children with malignant CNS tumors.

• #20 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Embryonal tumors | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20367936

  Radiation therapy. Radiation therapy uses powerful energy beams to kill tumor cells. The energy can come from X-rays, protons and other sources. During radiation therapy, a machine directs beams of energy to specific points on the body. Standard radiation uses X-rays. A newer form of radiation uses proton beams. Proton beam radiation can be carefully targeted to deliver the radiation to the area of the tumor or other areas at risk. This lowers the risk of hurting nearby healthy tissue. Proton beam therapy is available at a limited number of healthcare centers in the United States. […] Chemotherapy. Chemotherapy uses strong medicines to kill tumor cells. Many chemotherapy medicines are given through a vein, but some are taken in pill form. Chemotherapy may be recommended after surgery or radiation therapy. Sometimes it’s done at the same time as radiation therapy. […] Clinical trials. Clinical trials are studies of new treatments. These studies give your child a chance to try the latest treatment options. The risk of side effects for these treatments may not be known. Ask a member of the healthcare team whether your child can participate in a clinical trial.

• #21 Childhood Medulloblastoma and Other CNS Embryonal Tumors (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/brain/hp/child-cns-embryonal-treatment-pdq

  Chemotherapy, usually given during and after radiation therapy, is a standard component of treatment for older children with medulloblastoma and other embryonal tumors. […] The treatment of younger children with newly diagnosed medulloblastoma continues to evolve. […] Standard treatment options for younger children with newly diagnosed medulloblastoma include the following: Surgery, Adjuvant chemotherapy. […] In patients with other forms of embryonal tumors, the extent of resection has not been definitively shown to impact survival. […] For patients who have previously received radiation therapy, higher-dose chemotherapeutic regimens, supported with autologous bone marrow rescue or peripheral stem cell support, have been used with variable results. […] Molecularly targeted therapy, also called precision therapy, is being actively explored in children with recurrent disease.

• #22 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Embryonal tumors | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20367936

  Radiation therapy. Radiation therapy uses powerful energy beams to kill tumor cells. The energy can come from X-rays, protons and other sources. During radiation therapy, a machine directs beams of energy to specific points on the body. Standard radiation uses X-rays. A newer form of radiation uses proton beams. Proton beam radiation can be carefully targeted to deliver the radiation to the area of the tumor or other areas at risk. This lowers the risk of hurting nearby healthy tissue. Proton beam therapy is available at a limited number of healthcare centers in the United States. […] Chemotherapy. Chemotherapy uses strong medicines to kill tumor cells. Many chemotherapy medicines are given through a vein, but some are taken in pill form. Chemotherapy may be recommended after surgery or radiation therapy. Sometimes it’s done at the same time as radiation therapy. […] Clinical trials. Clinical trials are studies of new treatments. These studies give your child a chance to try the latest treatment options. The risk of side effects for these treatments may not be known. Ask a member of the healthcare team whether your child can participate in a clinical trial.

• #23 Clinical Management of Embryonal Tumor with Multilayered Rosettes: The CCMC Experience

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9600658/

  Objective: Embryonal tumors with multilayered rosettes (ETMRs) are highly aggressive pediatric brain tumors with poor prognosis. No standard treatment strategy for them exists because of their rarity. This study aimed to share experiences on the clinical diagnosis and treatment of ETMRs at China Childrens Medical Center (CCMC). […] Surgery is the mainstream treatment for ETMRs. Some patients may also benefit from postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy. […] All patients underwent surgical resection and pathological examination. Five cycles of chemotherapy were performed after surgery. The CHEMO regimen, which combined cyclophosphamide, vincristine, etoposide, cisplatin, and a high dose of methotrexate, was used as the adjuvant chemotherapy in our study. […] The previous studies indicated that postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy can improve the prognosis and prolong the overall survival rate for ETMR patients.

• #24 Clinical Management of Embryonal Tumor with Multilayered Rosettes: The CCMC Experience

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/9/10/1560

  Objective: Embryonal tumors with multilayered rosettes (ETMRs) are highly aggressive pediatric brain tumors with poor prognosis. No standard treatment strategy for them exists because of their rarity. […] Surgery is the mainstream treatment for ETMRs. Some patients may also benefit from postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy. […] The CHEMO regimen, which combined cyclophosphamide, vincristine, etoposide, cisplatin, and a high dose of methotrexate, was used as the adjuvant chemotherapy in our study. […] It has been reported that postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy can improve the prognosis and prolong the overall survival rate for ETMR patients. […] Based on the results from previous studies and the treatment experience from our center, we formulated a treatment strategy for ETMRs. […] Maximum excision is the mainstream treatment, but patients could also benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy. Whether radiation should be given depends on the age and ECOG performance status. Finally, small molecular inhibitors may be promising agents for ETMR, but further studies are needed.

• #25 Effective chemotherapy for advanced CNS embryonal tumors in adults – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9256138/

  Embryonal tumors of the CNS include, among others, medulloblastoma, cerebral neuroblastoma, pineoblastoma, and primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs). Almost all data on the treatment of embryonal CNS tumors are derived from the pediatric population, since these tumors are uncommon in adulthood. The purpose of this study was to examine the rate and duration of response to chemotherapy of advanced embryonal CNS tumors in adults. […] In adults with advanced embryonal CNS tumors, conventional-dose intravenous cisplatin-based chemotherapy regimens are able to produce responses in the majority of the patients (84.5%), even as second- or third-line regimens. Nitrosourea-based regimens less frequently produce responses (27%).

• #26 Radiation Therapy against Pediatric Malignant Central Nervous System Tumors : Embryonal Tumors and Proton Beam Therapy

  https://www.jkns.or.kr/journal/view.php?number=7111

  The radiation dose or volume and chemotherapeutic agents or dose intensification are modified according to the risk of tumor. […] The introduction of particle beams such as proton beam therapy for pediatric tumors has increased during the last decade. […] The treatment results for high-risk medulloblatoma are disappointing and 5-year survival is less than 55%. […] Therefore, to overcome the unsatisfactory treatment results, the intensification of chemotherapy using high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation (HDCT/autoSCT) has been tried and shown some clinical benefit in children with highrisk or recurrent solid tumors. […] Therefore, avoiding or deferring radiation therapy until after the age of 3 has been issued and the intensified chemotherapy strategies, which were the addition of systemic or intraventricular methotrexate to postoperative induction chemotherapy or the use of HDCT/autoSCT, have been investigated.

• #27 ETMR Brain Cancer: Advancing Treatment Protocol – solvingkidscancer.org

  https://solvingkidscancer.org/blog/etmr-brain-cancer-advancing-treatment-protocol/

  Embryonal tumors can occur at any age, but most often occur in babies and young children. […] In general, treatment consists of surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. […] For eight months, Addie underwent numerous courses of chemotherapy, surgeries to resect her tumor and an autologous peripheral blood cell transplant which are the existing ETMR treatment options. […] Patients like Addie profoundly impacted Dr. Hanson, and over a few short years, he has become a leader in ETMR treatment. […] In fact, in 2019, he convened a congress of brain tumor experts to address the challenges of this pediatric brain tumor and has now developed the first treatment protocol with international collaboration. […] A consensus protocol was developed incorporating maximal safe surgical resection, induction chemotherapy with active pre-clinical agents, intrathecal chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and high-dose chemotherapy.

• #28 Treating Specific Types of Childhood Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/brain-spinal-cord-tumors-children/treating/specific-types-of-tumors.html

  For children younger than 3, doctors try to use as little radiation as possible. Chemotherapy is typically the first treatment given after surgery. Depending on how the tumor responds, chemotherapy might be followed by radiation therapy. […] There are some reports that giving high-dose chemotherapy followed by an autologous stem cell transplant may be helpful for some children with medulloblastomas. Several clinical trials are now studying this. […] Surgery is the main treatment for these tumors, but they usually are hard to remove completely. Still, surgery can relieve symptoms and may help make other treatments more effective. Children 3 or older are given radiation therapy after surgery. Because these tumors tend to spread to the CSF, radiation therapy is often given to the whole brain and the spinal cord (craniospinal radiation).

• #29 Childhood Medulloblastoma and Other Central Nervous System Embryonal Tumors Treatment (PDQ®): Treatment – Patient Information [NCI]

  https://www.stlukesonline.org/health-services/health-information/healthwise/2015/05/15/13/57/childhood-medulloblastoma-and-other-central-nervous-system-embryonal-tumors-treatment-pdq-treatment–patient-information-nci

  Chemotherapy may be given alone or with other types of treatment, such as radiation therapy. […] High doses of chemotherapy are given to kill cancer cells. This cancer treatment destroys healthy cells, including blood-forming cells. […] Targeted therapy uses drugs or other substances to block the action of specific enzymes, proteins, or other molecules involved in the growth and spread of cancer cells. […] New types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials. […] Treatment of newly diagnosed nonmedulloblastoma, nonmedulloepithelioma embryonal tumors in children 3 years or younger includes: Surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible, followed by chemotherapy. […] Treatment of newly diagnosed embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes (ETMR) or medulloepithelioma may include: Surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible. This is followed by chemotherapy. Radiation therapy may also be given. […] Treatment of newly diagnosed pineoblastoma in children older than 3 years includes: Surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible. This is followed by radiation therapy to the brain and spinal cord and chemotherapy.

• #30 Embryonal Tumor: What It Is, Symptoms, Treatment & Prognosis

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/embryonal-tumors

  Treatment for embryonal tumors varies based on the type, size and location of the tumor. Common treatment options may include: Removal surgery. Radiation therapy. Chemotherapy. Targeted therapy (medications). […] Your child may need more than one type of treatment. For example, your child’s surgeon will remove as much of the tumor as they safely can during a procedure. Following this, your child will undergo chemotherapy to reduce or eliminate the remaining tumor. […] Research is ongoing to learn more about embryonal tumors. Your child may be a candidate for clinical trials (tests on people) to help healthcare providers discover new treatment options. […] Side effects of surgery may include: Bleeding. Blood clot. Infection. Nerve damage. […] Side effects of radiation and chemotherapy may include but aren’t limited to the following: Fatigue. Nausea and vomiting. Hair loss. Skin irritation. Headaches. […] Some tumors can return after treatment to remove them.

• #31 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Embryonal tumors | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20367936

  Treatment for embryonal tumors usually involves surgery. Other treatments might be used after surgery to reduce the risk that the tumor may come back. Which treatments are best for your child depends on your child’s age. Your child’s healthcare team also considers the type of embryonal tumor and its location. […] Embryonal tumor treatment options may include: […] Surgery to relieve fluid buildup in the brain. Some embryonal tumors may block the flow of fluid in the brain. This can cause a buildup of fluid that puts pressure on the brain, called hydrocephalus. To reduce the pressure, a brain surgeon, also called a neurosurgeon, can create a pathway for the fluid to flow out of the brain. Sometimes this procedure can be combined with surgery to remove the tumor. […] Surgery to remove the tumor. A brain surgeon removes as much of the tumor as possible. The surgeon takes care not to harm nearby tissue. Typically, children with embryonal tumors receive additional treatments after surgery to target any remaining cancer cells.

• #32 Central Nervous System Embryonal Tumors Treatment | Montefiore Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center | Patient Care | Montefiore Einstein

  https://montefioreeinstein.org/cancer/types/childhood/central-nervous-system-embryonal-tumors-treatment

  Medulloblastoma, other CNS embryonal tumors, and pineoblastoma in children are treated based on the tumor type and the child’s age. […] Treatment of medulloblastoma in children older than 3 years also depends on whether the tumor is average risk or high risk. […] The results of the tests and procedures done to diagnose medulloblastoma, other CNS embryonal tumors, and pineoblastoma in children are used to plan cancer treatment. […] There are different types of treatment for children who have medulloblastoma and other central nervous system (CNS) embryonal tumors. […] Children who have medulloblastoma, other CNS embryonal tumors, and pineoblastoma should have their treatment planned by a team of health care providers who are experts in treating brain tumors in children. […] The following types of treatment may be used: Surgery, Radiation therapy, Chemotherapy, High-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell rescue, Targeted therapy.

• #33 Central Nervous System (CNS) Embryonal Tumor and Tumors of Uncertain Differentiation Treatment | St. Jude Care & Treatment

  https://www.stjude.org/care-treatment/treatment/childhood-cancer/brain-tumors/central-nervous-system-embryonal-tumor.html

  Many brain and spinal cord tumors are rare and aggressive but difficult to categorize. […] These tumors are all aggressive. Each responds differently to treatment. We are redefining how to treat these tumors. We intensify and change the therapy for the most aggressive tumors. For those with a better prognosis, we can decrease therapy. This reduces side effects. […] Treatment may include surgery followed by radiation and chemotherapy: Surgery removes part or all of the tumor tissue. This takes out cancerous tissue and helps determine the type of tumor. Radiation is an important part of treatment for all of these tumors. The dose, location, and timing of radiation will depend on many factors. These include your child’s age, type of tumor, and if it has spread to other parts of the brain or spine. Chemotherapy (chemo) is important in the treatment of these tumors. The exact type of chemotherapy and the length of treatment will depend on your child’s age and type of tumor.

• #34 Embryonal Tumors of the Central Nervous System in Children: The Era of Targeted Therapeutics

  https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5354/5/4/78

  Embryonal tumors (ET) of the central nervous system (CNS) in children encompass a wide clinical spectrum of aggressive malignancies. […] These important developments have paved the way for treatments guided by risk stratification as well as novel targeted therapies in efforts to improve survival and reduce treatment burden. […] The critical issue is proper diagnosis of these entities, which would allow tailored therapy, including intensifying treatment for aggressive variants and de-escalating therapy for those tumors with better prognoses, in order to achieve long-term cures and minimizing treatment-related toxicity. […] Recent treatment strategies have focused on using radiation and chemotherapy along with targeted therapeutics, which could improve overall prognosis. […] Current treatment protocols include maximal-safe surgery with subsequent chemotherapy, often including HDC with stem-cell rescue and focal or craniospinal irradiation depending on the age of the patient and extent of the tumor.

• #35 Childhood Medulloblastoma and Other Central Nervous System Embryonal Tumors Treatment (PDQ®): Treatment – Patient Information [NCI]

  https://www.stlukesonline.org/health-services/health-information/healthwise/2015/05/15/13/57/childhood-medulloblastoma-and-other-central-nervous-system-embryonal-tumors-treatment-pdq-treatment–patient-information-nci

  Medulloblastoma and other central nervous system (CNS) embryonal tumors may begin in embryonic (fetal) cells that remain in the brain after birth. […] Most medulloblastomas, other CNS embryonal tumors, and pineoblastomas in children are malignant. These tumors tend to spread through the cerebrospinal fluid to other parts of the brain and spinal cord. […] Treatment of newly diagnosed medulloblastoma in children aged 3 years and younger includes: Surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible, followed by chemotherapy. […] Treatment of newly diagnosed average-risk medulloblastoma in children older than 3 years includes: Surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible. This is followed by radiation therapy to the brain and spinal cord. Chemotherapy may also be given during and after radiation therapy.

• #36 Childhood Medulloblastoma and Other Central Nervous System Embryonal Tumors Treatment (PDQ®): Treatment – Patient Information [NCI]

  https://www.stlukesonline.org/health-services/health-information/healthwise/2015/05/15/13/57/childhood-medulloblastoma-and-other-central-nervous-system-embryonal-tumors-treatment-pdq-treatment–patient-information-nci

  Medulloblastoma and other central nervous system (CNS) embryonal tumors may begin in embryonic (fetal) cells that remain in the brain after birth. […] Most medulloblastomas, other CNS embryonal tumors, and pineoblastomas in children are malignant. These tumors tend to spread through the cerebrospinal fluid to other parts of the brain and spinal cord. […] Treatment of newly diagnosed medulloblastoma in children aged 3 years and younger includes: Surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible, followed by chemotherapy. […] Treatment of newly diagnosed average-risk medulloblastoma in children older than 3 years includes: Surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible. This is followed by radiation therapy to the brain and spinal cord. Chemotherapy may also be given during and after radiation therapy.

• #37

  https://www.healthbanks.com/PatientPortal/MyPractice.aspx?UAID=C02C9140-EE45-4012-81AE-26B3E0C445ED&ID=HW5ncicdr0000552550&Title=Childhood-Central-Nervous-System-Embryonal-Tumors-Treatment-(PDQ%C2%AE)-Treatment—Patient-Information-NCI

  The information from tests and procedures done to detect (find) childhood CNS embryonal tumors or pineoblastomas is used to plan cancer treatment. […] Treatment will be overseen by a pediatric oncologist, a doctor who specializes in treating children with cancer. […] Different types of treatment are available for children with central nervous system (CNS) embryonal tumors. […] Five types of treatment are used: Surgery, Radiation therapy, Chemotherapy, High-dose chemotherapy with stem cell rescue, Targeted therapy. […] For children older than 3 years with average-risk medulloblastoma, standard treatment includes surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible, followed by radiation therapy to the brain and spinal cord. […] For children older than 3 years with high-risk medulloblastoma, standard treatment includes surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible, followed by a larger dose of radiation therapy to the brain and spinal cord than the dose given for average-risk medulloblastoma.

• #38

  https://www.healthbanks.com/PatientPortal/MyPractice.aspx?UAID=C02C9140-EE45-4012-81AE-26B3E0C445ED&ID=HW5ncicdr0000552550&Title=Childhood-Central-Nervous-System-Embryonal-Tumors-Treatment-(PDQ%C2%AE)-Treatment—Patient-Information-NCI

  Standard treatment of nonmedulloblastoma embryonal tumors in children older than 3 years is surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible, followed by radiation therapy to the brain and spinal cord. […] Standard treatment of pineoblastoma in children older than 3 years includes surgery to remove the tumor, followed by radiation therapy to the brain and spinal cord and chemotherapy. […] Treatment for recurrent childhood CNS embryonal tumors and pineoblastomas may include repeat radiation at the site where the cancer started and where the tumor has spread. […] Check the list of NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with recurrent childhood central nervous system embryonal tumor.

• #39

  https://www.crossroadspsychiatric.com/PatientPortal/MyPractice.aspx?UAID=%7BCA2E7E29-3E7F-46E6-9ECE-F2A9BC035B4B%7D&ID=HW5ncicdr0000552550&Title=Childhood-Central-Nervous-System-Embryonal-Tumors-Treatment-(PDQ%C2%AE)-Treatment—Patient-Information-NCI

  Targeted therapy is a type of treatment that uses drugs or other substances to attack cancer cells. […] Treatment for recurrent childhood CNS embryonal tumors and pineoblastomas may include the following: For children who previously received radiation therapy and chemotherapy, treatment may include repeat radiation at the site where the cancer started and where the tumor has spread. […] Check the list of NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with recurrent childhood central nervous system embryonal tumor.

• #40 Childhood Medulloblastoma and Other CNS Embryonal Tumors (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/brain/hp/child-cns-embryonal-treatment-pdq

  Chemotherapy, usually given during and after radiation therapy, is a standard component of treatment for older children with medulloblastoma and other embryonal tumors. […] The treatment of younger children with newly diagnosed medulloblastoma continues to evolve. […] Standard treatment options for younger children with newly diagnosed medulloblastoma include the following: Surgery, Adjuvant chemotherapy. […] In patients with other forms of embryonal tumors, the extent of resection has not been definitively shown to impact survival. […] For patients who have previously received radiation therapy, higher-dose chemotherapeutic regimens, supported with autologous bone marrow rescue or peripheral stem cell support, have been used with variable results. […] Molecularly targeted therapy, also called precision therapy, is being actively explored in children with recurrent disease.

• #41 Embryonal Tumors of the Central Nervous System in Children: The Era of Targeted Therapeutics

  https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5354/5/4/78

  Despite intensive multimodality therapy with aggressive surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation, five-year overall survival has been less than 10%. […] The impact of HDC on long-term survival is still not clear due to the limited number of patients treated with this modality. […] However, recent availability and studies on cell lines and preclinical models are now uncovering promising targets for these lethal tumors.

• #42

  https://www.crossroadspsychiatric.com/PatientPortal/MyPractice.aspx?UAID=%7BCA2E7E29-3E7F-46E6-9ECE-F2A9BC035B4B%7D&ID=HW5ncicdr0000552550&Title=Childhood-Central-Nervous-System-Embryonal-Tumors-Treatment-(PDQ%C2%AE)-Treatment—Patient-Information-NCI

  Surgery is used to diagnose and treat a childhood CNS embryonal tumor as described in the General Information section of this summary. […] Even if the doctor removes all the cancer that can be seen at the time of the surgery, some patients may be given chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy after surgery to kill any cancer cells that are left. Treatment given after the surgery, to lower the risk that the cancer will come back, is called adjuvant therapy. […] Radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing. […] Chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing. […] High-dose chemotherapy with stem cell rescue is a way of giving high doses of chemotherapy and replacing blood-forming cells destroyed by the cancer treatment.

• #43 Childhood Medulloblastoma and Other Central Nervous System Embryonal Tumors Treatment (PDQ®): Treatment – Patient Information [NCI]

  https://www.stlukesonline.org/health-services/health-information/healthwise/2015/05/15/13/57/childhood-medulloblastoma-and-other-central-nervous-system-embryonal-tumors-treatment-pdq-treatment–patient-information-nci

  Chemotherapy may be given alone or with other types of treatment, such as radiation therapy. […] High doses of chemotherapy are given to kill cancer cells. This cancer treatment destroys healthy cells, including blood-forming cells. […] Targeted therapy uses drugs or other substances to block the action of specific enzymes, proteins, or other molecules involved in the growth and spread of cancer cells. […] New types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials. […] Treatment of newly diagnosed nonmedulloblastoma, nonmedulloepithelioma embryonal tumors in children 3 years or younger includes: Surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible, followed by chemotherapy. […] Treatment of newly diagnosed embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes (ETMR) or medulloepithelioma may include: Surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible. This is followed by chemotherapy. Radiation therapy may also be given. […] Treatment of newly diagnosed pineoblastoma in children older than 3 years includes: Surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible. This is followed by radiation therapy to the brain and spinal cord and chemotherapy.

• #44

  https://www.nicklauschildrens.org/conditions/embryonal-brain-tumors

  Depending on the type, size and location of the tumor, treatments may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy and targeted drug therapy. […] Antioangiogenesis therapy includes a group of medications that stop the growth of the blood vessels that supply the tumor with nutrition. […] Targeted gene therapy is a form of cancer treatment that can actively treat and even destroy cancerous cells without impacting the bodys normal cells. […] Chemotherapy is a common form of cancer treatment. It refers to drugs that are often used to kill cancer cells and prevent them from coming back. […] Radiation therapy is a common form of cancer treatment. It refers to exposing the body to beams of radiation that are used to kill cancer cells and prevent them from coming back.

• #45

  https://www.nicklauschildrens.org/conditions/embryonal-brain-tumors

  Depending on the type, size and location of the tumor, treatments may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy and targeted drug therapy. […] Antioangiogenesis therapy includes a group of medications that stop the growth of the blood vessels that supply the tumor with nutrition. […] Targeted gene therapy is a form of cancer treatment that can actively treat and even destroy cancerous cells without impacting the bodys normal cells. […] Chemotherapy is a common form of cancer treatment. It refers to drugs that are often used to kill cancer cells and prevent them from coming back. […] Radiation therapy is a common form of cancer treatment. It refers to exposing the body to beams of radiation that are used to kill cancer cells and prevent them from coming back.

• #46

  https://braintumourresearch.org/pages/types-of-brain-tumours-embryonal-tumours?srsltid=AfmBOoodItM-VfYaWz7OhayrdbF7TO-jGLvP5rvAaWmYAXmhlTr6plK-

  Embryonal tumours represent 20% to 25% of primary paediatric central nervous system (CNS) tumours, with medulloblastoma accounting for the majority of these tumours. […] Surgery is usually the first type of treatment offered to patients with embryonal tumours, followed by chemotherapy. Patients over 3 years old may also be offered radiotherapy. […] Some patients with aggressive embryonal tumours may be offered high-dose chemotherapy with stem cell rescue. […] New treatments may be available to some patients in the context of clinical trials. These may include immunotherapy, novel combinations of existing chemotherapy drugs, and emerging drugs that target the specific genetic mutations of individual tumour types.

• #47 ETMR Brain Cancer: Advancing Treatment Protocol – solvingkidscancer.org

  https://solvingkidscancer.org/blog/etmr-brain-cancer-advancing-treatment-protocol/

  At Solving Kids Cancer, we prioritize and fund innovative preclinical research and early phase clinical trials with a strong rationale for potential benefit to children with poor prognosis cancers like embryonal tumors with multilayered rosettes. […] Our team is excited to work with determined ETMR families and Dr. Hanson to launch the clinical trial to ensure all families have a structured treatment protocol instead of having to use ad-hoc treatment in the hope of a cure. […] With a focus on innovative treatments like immunotherapy and access to a global network of top research scientists and medical doctors.

• #48 Clinical Management of Embryonal Tumor with Multilayered Rosettes: The CCMC Experience

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9600658/

  Based on the results from previous studies and the treatment experience from our center, we formulated a treatment strategy for ETMRs. Patients with R0 resection can be followed up by observation or ABMT after the completion of adjuvant chemotherapy. For patients with R1 or R2 resection, without distant metastases at initial diagnosis and who achieved CR or PR after postoperative chemotherapy, whether radiation was received depended on the age. […] In conclusion, we formulated a treatment strategy for ETMRs, varied according to the tumor stage. Maximum excision is the mainstream treatment, but patients could also benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy. Whether radiation should be given depends on the age and ECOG performance status. Finally, small molecular inhibitors may be promising agents for ETMR, but further studies are needed.

• #49 Molecular mechanism and therapeutic strategies for embryonal tumors with multilayered rosettes in children (Review)

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/mco.2025.2825

  Several drugs have been identified as treatment options in response to these molecular changes. […] Gualano et al reported an ETMR patient with long-term survival (5 years), whose post-treatment histopathology revealed maturation of undifferentiated embryonal cells into mature neuronal and ganglionic phenotypes. This finding suggests the notion of differentiation as a promising therapeutic approach toward novel drug development for the treatment of deadly pediatric brain tumors. […] Targeting the ETMR metabolic pathway shows promise for in vitro assays. […] Based on the aforementioned in vitro experimental results, the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute’s modified IRS-III protocol incorporates preclinical active agents, such as doxorubicin and actinomycin D, into the treatment regimen for ETMR. […] Despite the availability of various therapeutic strategies, ETMR remains a highly lethal disease.

• #50 Nanomedicines and cell-based therapies for embryonal tumors of the nervous system

  https://dadun.unav.edu/entities/publication/536b7be7-67c5-436f-b05e-8c2041ee12dc

  Embryonal tumors of the nervous system are neoplasms predominantly affecting the pediatric population. […] High-risk (HR) patients require high dose chemotherapy cocktails associated with acute and long-term toxicities. […] Nanomedicine and cell therapy arise as potential solutions to improve the prognosis and quality of life of children suffering from these tumors. […] Moreover, these systems have been extensively studied in cancer research over the last few decades and an increasing number of anticancer nanocarriers for adult cancer treatment has reached the clinic. […] Among cell-based strategies, the clinically most advanced approach is chimeric-antigen receptor (CAR) T therapy for both pathologies, which is currently under investigation in phase I/II clinical trials. […] This review provides an update on progress in the treatment of the main embryonal tumors of the nervous system using nanotechnology and cell-based therapies and discusses key issues behind the gap between preclinical studies and clinical trials in this specific area.

• #51 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Embryonal tumors | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20367936

  Radiation therapy. Radiation therapy uses powerful energy beams to kill tumor cells. The energy can come from X-rays, protons and other sources. During radiation therapy, a machine directs beams of energy to specific points on the body. Standard radiation uses X-rays. A newer form of radiation uses proton beams. Proton beam radiation can be carefully targeted to deliver the radiation to the area of the tumor or other areas at risk. This lowers the risk of hurting nearby healthy tissue. Proton beam therapy is available at a limited number of healthcare centers in the United States. […] Chemotherapy. Chemotherapy uses strong medicines to kill tumor cells. Many chemotherapy medicines are given through a vein, but some are taken in pill form. Chemotherapy may be recommended after surgery or radiation therapy. Sometimes it’s done at the same time as radiation therapy. […] Clinical trials. Clinical trials are studies of new treatments. These studies give your child a chance to try the latest treatment options. The risk of side effects for these treatments may not be known. Ask a member of the healthcare team whether your child can participate in a clinical trial.

• #52 Central Nervous System Embryonal Tumors Treatment | Montefiore Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center | Patient Care | Montefiore Einstein

  https://montefioreeinstein.org/cancer/types/childhood/central-nervous-system-embryonal-tumors-treatment

  New types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials. […] Treatment of newly diagnosed medulloblastoma in children aged 3 years and younger includes: Surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible, followed by chemotherapy. […] Treatment of newly diagnosed average-risk medulloblastoma in children older than 3 years includes: Surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible. This is followed by radiation therapy to the brain and spinal cord. Chemotherapy may also be given during and after radiation therapy. […] Treatment for recurrent childhood medulloblastoma and other CNS embryonal tumors may include: Biopsy to diagnose medulloblastoma and other CNS embryonal tumors. Surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible may be done. […] Signs or symptoms caused by the tumor may begin before the cancer is diagnosed and continue for months or years. It is important to talk with your child’s doctors about signs or symptoms caused by the tumor that may continue after treatment. […] Cancer treatments can cause side effects. Which side effects your child might have depends on the type of treatment they receive, the dose, and how their body reacts. Talk with your child’s treatment team about which side effects to look for and ways to manage them.

• #53 ETMR Brain Cancer: Advancing Treatment Protocol – solvingkidscancer.org

  https://solvingkidscancer.org/blog/etmr-brain-cancer-advancing-treatment-protocol/

  Embryonal tumors can occur at any age, but most often occur in babies and young children. […] In general, treatment consists of surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. […] For eight months, Addie underwent numerous courses of chemotherapy, surgeries to resect her tumor and an autologous peripheral blood cell transplant which are the existing ETMR treatment options. […] Patients like Addie profoundly impacted Dr. Hanson, and over a few short years, he has become a leader in ETMR treatment. […] In fact, in 2019, he convened a congress of brain tumor experts to address the challenges of this pediatric brain tumor and has now developed the first treatment protocol with international collaboration. […] A consensus protocol was developed incorporating maximal safe surgical resection, induction chemotherapy with active pre-clinical agents, intrathecal chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and high-dose chemotherapy.

• #54 UCSF Embryonal Tumor With Multilayered Rosettes Trial → Embryonal Tumor With Multilayered Rosettes

  https://clinicaltrials.ucsf.edu/trial/NCT06861244

  This is an open-label, comprehensive, iterative investigation of evaluating the use of induction chemotherapy, high-dose chemotherapy, and focal radiation therapy in children with newly diagnosed Embryonal Tumor With Multilayered Rosettes (ETMR). […] Participants will be assessed for survival outcomes for up to 2 years. […] Participants should begin induction chemotherapy within 28 days of the most recent definitive surgical procedure. […] Cohort 1 participants must not have received any prior tumor-directed therapy other than surgical resection. […] Cohort 2 and 3 participants may receive tumor-directed therapy prior to enrollment. […] Participants must not have received prior radiation for treatment of tumor. […] Participants with newly diagnosed ETMR will obtain either gross total, or sub-total resection surgery prior to enrollment. […] Participants will be followed under the Pediatric Neuro-Oncology Consortium (PNOC) COMP protocol until death or withdrawal from study.

• #55 CNS Embryonal Tumour with Desmoplastic Reaction Treated with Ultra-NPT Bionanocatalysts

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/ncr/neurosurgery-cases-and-reviews-ncr-7-161.php?jid=ncr

  The current case report highlights the successful application of ultra-small bionanocatalysts in treating a patient with CNS NOS embryonal tumor, resulting in tumor eradication without discernible side effects. […] The infiltration of ultra-NPt bionanocatalyst particles serves as an adjuvant technology to inhibit tumor regrowth. Their promising application in brain cancer nanotherapy hinges on their ability to penetrate tumor cells selectively, sparing healthy ones. […] This underscores their remarkable selectivity towards cancerous tissues while sparing healthy cells.

• #56 Embryonal tumors – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/embryonal-tumor/cdc-20367985

  If your child is diagnosed with an embryonal tumor, seek care at a medical center that has experience caring for children with brain tumors. Medical centers with expertise in pediatric brain tumors provide access to the latest treatments and technology to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment. […] Risk factors for embryonal tumors include: […] Associated Procedures: Chemotherapy, Radiation therapy.

• #57 Central Nervous System Embryonal Tumors Treatment | Montefiore Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center | Patient Care | Montefiore Einstein

  https://montefioreeinstein.org/cancer/types/childhood/central-nervous-system-embryonal-tumors-treatment

  Medulloblastoma, other CNS embryonal tumors, and pineoblastoma in children are treated based on the tumor type and the child’s age. […] Treatment of medulloblastoma in children older than 3 years also depends on whether the tumor is average risk or high risk. […] The results of the tests and procedures done to diagnose medulloblastoma, other CNS embryonal tumors, and pineoblastoma in children are used to plan cancer treatment. […] There are different types of treatment for children who have medulloblastoma and other central nervous system (CNS) embryonal tumors. […] Children who have medulloblastoma, other CNS embryonal tumors, and pineoblastoma should have their treatment planned by a team of health care providers who are experts in treating brain tumors in children. […] The following types of treatment may be used: Surgery, Radiation therapy, Chemotherapy, High-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell rescue, Targeted therapy.

• #58

  https://journals.lww.com/ijno/fulltext/2021/04001/diagnosis_and_management_of_central_nervous_system.28.aspx

  The presence of cerebellar mutism syndrome following surgery, as reported in approximately 25% of patients, should not be considered as a criterion to delay or deny adjuvant therapy. […] In general, AT/RT and ETMR are associated with poor survival outcomes. […] The use of proton therapy has been reported in a case series of 7 patients of ETMR with a median survival of 16 months, compared to the historical control of 10 months from 204 patients obtained through literature review. […] Furthermore, the authors found that over 90% of infants/children with ETMR surviving beyond 3 years had been treated with RT at initial diagnosis, suggesting a crucial role of RT in its management. […] Following the completion of planned treatment, it is essential to follow all patients periodically for early detection of relapse (recurrence/progression), if any, as well as timely identification and appropriate management of treatment-related morbidity.

• #59 Central Nervous System Embryonal Tumors Treatment | Montefiore Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center | Patient Care | Montefiore Einstein

  https://montefioreeinstein.org/cancer/types/childhood/central-nervous-system-embryonal-tumors-treatment

  New types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials. […] Treatment of newly diagnosed medulloblastoma in children aged 3 years and younger includes: Surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible, followed by chemotherapy. […] Treatment of newly diagnosed average-risk medulloblastoma in children older than 3 years includes: Surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible. This is followed by radiation therapy to the brain and spinal cord. Chemotherapy may also be given during and after radiation therapy. […] Treatment for recurrent childhood medulloblastoma and other CNS embryonal tumors may include: Biopsy to diagnose medulloblastoma and other CNS embryonal tumors. Surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible may be done. […] Signs or symptoms caused by the tumor may begin before the cancer is diagnosed and continue for months or years. It is important to talk with your child’s doctors about signs or symptoms caused by the tumor that may continue after treatment. […] Cancer treatments can cause side effects. Which side effects your child might have depends on the type of treatment they receive, the dose, and how their body reacts. Talk with your child’s treatment team about which side effects to look for and ways to manage them.

• #60 Childhood Medulloblastoma and Other Central Nervous System Embryonal Tumors Treatment (PDQ®): Treatment – Health Professional Information [NCI] – Health Information Library | PeaceHealth

  https://www.peacehealth.org/medical-topics/id/ncicdr0000548358

  Embryonal tumors are a collection of biologically heterogeneous lesions that share the tendency to disseminate throughout the nervous system via cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pathways. […] The pathological diagnosis of embryonal tumors is based primarily on histological and immunohistological microscopic features. However, molecular genetic studies are employed increasingly to subclassify embryonal tumors. These molecular genetic findings are also being used for risk stratification and treatment planning. […] Given that therapies for pineoblastomas are quite similar to those for embryonal tumors, pineoblastomas are discussed in this summary. […] Imaging studies and CSF analysis are included in the diagnostic and staging evaluation. […] Diagnosis is usually made by either magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scan. MRI is preferable because the anatomical relationship between the tumor and surrounding brain and tumor dissemination is better visualized with this method.

• #61 Radiation Therapy against Pediatric Malignant Central Nervous System Tumors : Embryonal Tumors and Proton Beam Therapy

  https://www.jkns.or.kr/journal/view.php?number=7111

  The possible treatment-related sequelae after CNS irradiation include neurocognitive impairment, endocrine dysfunction, growth abnormality, and secondary malignancies. […] The development of radiotherapeutic modality or technique that can preserve more normal brain is one of the most considerable points for radiation oncologist. […] The physical advantages of proton beam over photon beam can reduce radiation-induced toxicities and improve quality of life for patients who become long-term survivors of certain pediatric CNS tumors. […] Proton beam therapy will become more widely available to children with malignant CNS tumors.

• #62 Central Nervous System Embryonal Tumors Treatment | Montefiore Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center | Patient Care | Montefiore Einstein

  https://montefioreeinstein.org/cancer/types/childhood/central-nervous-system-embryonal-tumors-treatment

  New types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials. […] Treatment of newly diagnosed medulloblastoma in children aged 3 years and younger includes: Surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible, followed by chemotherapy. […] Treatment of newly diagnosed average-risk medulloblastoma in children older than 3 years includes: Surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible. This is followed by radiation therapy to the brain and spinal cord. Chemotherapy may also be given during and after radiation therapy. […] Treatment for recurrent childhood medulloblastoma and other CNS embryonal tumors may include: Biopsy to diagnose medulloblastoma and other CNS embryonal tumors. Surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible may be done. […] Signs or symptoms caused by the tumor may begin before the cancer is diagnosed and continue for months or years. It is important to talk with your child’s doctors about signs or symptoms caused by the tumor that may continue after treatment. […] Cancer treatments can cause side effects. Which side effects your child might have depends on the type of treatment they receive, the dose, and how their body reacts. Talk with your child’s treatment team about which side effects to look for and ways to manage them.

• #63 Central Nervous System (CNS) Embryonal Tumor and Tumors of Uncertain Differentiation Treatment | St. Jude Care & Treatment

  https://www.stjude.org/care-treatment/treatment/childhood-cancer/brain-tumors/central-nervous-system-embryonal-tumor.html

  Our brain and spine tumor clinical trials have led to better therapies in children. These improvements include lower-dose therapies, targeted therapy, and proton therapy. These treatments kill cancer cells while sparing healthy cells. They may lessen side effects that affect brain function after treatment for some types of brain tumors.

• #64 Embryonal Tumors of the Central Nervous System in Children: The Era of Targeted Therapeutics

  https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5354/5/4/78

  Embryonal tumors (ET) of the central nervous system (CNS) in children encompass a wide clinical spectrum of aggressive malignancies. […] These important developments have paved the way for treatments guided by risk stratification as well as novel targeted therapies in efforts to improve survival and reduce treatment burden. […] The critical issue is proper diagnosis of these entities, which would allow tailored therapy, including intensifying treatment for aggressive variants and de-escalating therapy for those tumors with better prognoses, in order to achieve long-term cures and minimizing treatment-related toxicity. […] Recent treatment strategies have focused on using radiation and chemotherapy along with targeted therapeutics, which could improve overall prognosis. […] Current treatment protocols include maximal-safe surgery with subsequent chemotherapy, often including HDC with stem-cell rescue and focal or craniospinal irradiation depending on the age of the patient and extent of the tumor.

• #65 The impact of molecular analysis on the survival of children with embryonal tumors – Drezner – Translational Pediatrics

  https://tp.amegroups.org/article/view/8445/html

  Embryonal tumors represent a heterogeneous group of malignancies characterized by poorly differentiated cells and generally aggressive behavior. […] Importantly, identification of differing molecular pathways has begun to result in targeted therapies which may pave the way for even more surviving patients in the coming years. […] Treatment advances in some of these tumor types have led to significant gains in survival, allowing for risk stratification and reduction or intensification of therapy depending on stage. […] This emerging reliance on molecular phenotype is characteristic of the advances in our understanding of tumor biology in general and the way in which it impacts tumor behavior and, ultimately, patient survival. […] Although more precise molecular subclassification of medulloblastomas, CNS PNETs and even AT/RTs provides desperately needed biologic information and enables the discovery of targetable molecular pathways, it also results in challenges which were previously not encountered.

• #66 Molecular mechanism and therapeutic strategies for embryonal tumors with multilayered rosettes in children (Review)

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/mco.2025.2825

  Several drugs have been identified as treatment options in response to these molecular changes. […] Gualano et al reported an ETMR patient with long-term survival (5 years), whose post-treatment histopathology revealed maturation of undifferentiated embryonal cells into mature neuronal and ganglionic phenotypes. This finding suggests the notion of differentiation as a promising therapeutic approach toward novel drug development for the treatment of deadly pediatric brain tumors. […] Targeting the ETMR metabolic pathway shows promise for in vitro assays. […] Based on the aforementioned in vitro experimental results, the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute’s modified IRS-III protocol incorporates preclinical active agents, such as doxorubicin and actinomycin D, into the treatment regimen for ETMR. […] Despite the availability of various therapeutic strategies, ETMR remains a highly lethal disease.

• #67 Embryonal Cancer Therapy & Prevention | Children’s Cancer Institute

  https://www.ccia.org.au/about-the-institute/our-research/gene-regulation-in-cancer/embryonal-cancer-therapy-and-prevention

  Very little is known about the factors that lead to the development of cancer in children. […] Our overall strategy is to dissect the mechanisms of cancer initiation and progression and to use this information to develop more effective treatments and prevention strategies for childhood cancer. […] Better understand the molecular basis of embryonal cancer initiation and molecular modelling of embryonal cancer initiation. […] Characterise novel small molecules that overcome MYCN-initiated cell-death resistance in embryonic cells, as childhood cancer prevention strategies. […] Identify and target novel onco-factors of the MYCN oncogene for neuroblastoma treatment. […] Develop more effective combination chromatin-modifier therapies for neuroblastoma treatment. […] The overall aim of our study is to characterise the mechanisms by which USPs regulate the deubiquitination of MYCN, develop selective and potent inhibitors of USPs, and evaluate the efficacy of combination therapies for the treatment of MYCN-driven cancer.

• #68 Embryonal Cancer Therapy & Prevention | Children’s Cancer Institute

  https://www.ccia.org.au/about-the-institute/our-research/gene-regulation-in-cancer/embryonal-cancer-therapy-and-prevention

  Very little is known about the factors that lead to the development of cancer in children. […] Our overall strategy is to dissect the mechanisms of cancer initiation and progression and to use this information to develop more effective treatments and prevention strategies for childhood cancer. […] Better understand the molecular basis of embryonal cancer initiation and molecular modelling of embryonal cancer initiation. […] Characterise novel small molecules that overcome MYCN-initiated cell-death resistance in embryonic cells, as childhood cancer prevention strategies. […] Identify and target novel onco-factors of the MYCN oncogene for neuroblastoma treatment. […] Develop more effective combination chromatin-modifier therapies for neuroblastoma treatment. […] The overall aim of our study is to characterise the mechanisms by which USPs regulate the deubiquitination of MYCN, develop selective and potent inhibitors of USPs, and evaluate the efficacy of combination therapies for the treatment of MYCN-driven cancer.

• #69 Rare Embryonal Tumors of the Central Nervous System: International Registry | Clinical Research Trial Listing

  https://www.centerwatch.com/clinical-trials/listings/NCT05711992/rare-embryonal-tumors-of-the-central-nervous-system-international-registry

  Central nervous system (CNS) tumors are the most common solid malignancies among children. […] This international registry aims to establish a large multicenter database of pediatric and young adult patients with rare embryonal tumors of the central nervous system and describe the clinical presentations, diagnostics, treatment regimens, and outcomes. […] Objectives of the registry are 1) to evaluate prognostic factors, 2) to identify diagnostic and treatment gaps, 3) to investigate the characteristics and outcome of the disease with different treatment regimens, and 4) to generate data-based prospective diagnostic and treatment recommendations. […] Because of limited data, there are no standard treatment recommendations for patients with rare embryonal tumors. […] Considering the lack of molecular genetic tests done among retrospective cases, the investigators will also include all patients diagnosed with neuroblastoma and ganglioneuroblastoma. […] Quality control and data management will be conducted by the Immune Oncology Research Institute.

• #70 Rare brain embryonal tumors in infancy and early childhood | MedLink Neurology

  https://www.medlink.com/articles/rare-brain-embryonal-tumors-in-infancy-and-early-childhood

  Embryonal brain tumors account for approximately 13% of primary brain tumors of childhood, following gliomas as the second most common CNS tumor type in children up to 14 years of age. […] Due to the unique features of the population affected by these entities, rare embryonal tumors deserve specific understanding, comprehensive diagnostic tools, and the development of much-needed novel tailored treatment approaches prioritizing less-toxic therapies to the immature nervous system. […] In this article, the authors provide an overview of current concepts of clinicopathologic characteristics, specific molecular diagnosis, and general treatment strategies for these rare embryonal tumors of childhood. […] The common embryonal brain tumor medulloblastoma and the rare atypical rhabdoid teratoid tumor are well-defined entities in terms of their histopathological features, immunophenotype, and genetic profiles, as are other brain tumors occurring in this age range, including choroid plexus tumors and infant gliomas, and they are discussed in separate articles.

• #71 Rare Embryonal Tumors of the Central Nervous System: International Registry | Clinical Research Trial Listing

  https://www.centerwatch.com/clinical-trials/listings/NCT05711992/rare-embryonal-tumors-of-the-central-nervous-system-international-registry

  Central nervous system (CNS) tumors are the most common solid malignancies among children. […] This international registry aims to establish a large multicenter database of pediatric and young adult patients with rare embryonal tumors of the central nervous system and describe the clinical presentations, diagnostics, treatment regimens, and outcomes. […] Objectives of the registry are 1) to evaluate prognostic factors, 2) to identify diagnostic and treatment gaps, 3) to investigate the characteristics and outcome of the disease with different treatment regimens, and 4) to generate data-based prospective diagnostic and treatment recommendations. […] Because of limited data, there are no standard treatment recommendations for patients with rare embryonal tumors. […] Considering the lack of molecular genetic tests done among retrospective cases, the investigators will also include all patients diagnosed with neuroblastoma and ganglioneuroblastoma. […] Quality control and data management will be conducted by the Immune Oncology Research Institute.

• #72 The impact of molecular analysis on the survival of children with embryonal tumors – Drezner – Translational Pediatrics

  https://tp.amegroups.org/article/view/8445/html

  The report of improving survival rates amongst patients with embryonal tumors reported by Tulla et al. is encouraging. The work being done to risk stratify patient groups by their individual molecular signatures and to identify and target different genes and signaling pathways will hopefully lead to better therapeutic options, fewer late effects as a result of less intensive therapy, and even greater survival in the coming years.

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