Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Ependymoma – Symptoms, Diagnosis, and TreatmentSecond Opinion IconGroup 9Second Opinion IconGroup 9Group 49

  https://www.barrowneuro.org/condition/ependymoma/

  The symptoms of an ependymoma depend on its location and whether its growth is causing pressure on surrounding tissues. […] If an ependymoma is in your brain, you might experience the following symptoms: Headaches: A commonly reported symptom of ependymoma, headaches are caused by increased pressure in the brain due to a blockage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Nausea and vomiting: Feelings of nausea or vomiting can increase in intensity due to growing intracranial pressure from an ependymoma. Balance problems or clumsiness: If a tumor grows near your cerebellum, which controls coordination, you may have difficulty with balance or fine motor skills. Vision problems: Blurred or double vision can occur, especially if your tumor presses on your optic nerve or affects the areas around the fourth ventricle. Fatigue and irritability: Increased pressure in the brain or disruption of normal brain function can cause new or unexplained irritability or exhaustion. Seizures: Although less common, a tumor in your brain can cause seizures because it disrupts the brain’s regular electrical activity. This can range from experiencing muscle jerks and spasms to losing consciousness and body functions.

• #1 What is Ependymoma: Symptoms, Causes, & Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/brain-cancer/what-is-ependymoma

  Most ependymomas start out small and grow slowly over years, so you may not notice any problems at first. […] When symptoms start, the way you feel depends on where the tumor is. […] If the tumor is in your brain: You may have seizures or frequent headaches. You may also feel nauseous or throw up. You could lose your balance. You could get blurry vision. You may feel confused or irritable. […] If its in your spine, you may have: Stiffness or pain in your neck or back. Weakness or numbness in your legs or arms. A hard time peeing. Sexual problems. […] If your baby has an ependymoma, one of the first symptoms you may notice is that they have a larger than usual head. […] You or your child may have long-lasting side effects related to treatment for the tumor. It can take weeks or months for them to show up. Problems may be physical, like headaches and fatigue, or emotional, like depression. Children may also have learning or growth delays. […] Its not unusual for an ependymoma to grow back after treatment, especially in children. If it does come back, its usually in the same spot as the original tumor. Your child will need regular checkups to make sure they stay cancer free.

• #1 Ependymoma | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/e/ependymoma.html

  The symptoms depend on where the tumor is. For instance, a tumor near the base of the brain may block the normal flow of CSF. This can lead to increased intracranial pressure (ICP, which is the pressure inside your head), which can cause headaches, nausea, vomiting, and dizziness. Symptoms may be sudden or they may start slowly and get worse over time. People with spinal cord tumors may have pain where the tumor is for months or even years before other symptoms develop. […] Common signs and symptoms of ependymoma can include: […] Headache […] Nausea and vomiting […] Pain that wakes you up […] Dizziness and balance problems […] Eye problems, such as double or blurry vision […] Weakness or numbness in an arm or leg […] Trouble with balance or walking […] Bowel or bladder problems […] Seizures

• #1 Ependymoma: Symptoms, Treatment, Outlook, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/ependymoma

  One of the main symptoms of ependymomas is pressure in the brain, which causes headaches. Often your feel these headaches when you first wake up in the morning. Children with ependymomas may also experience hydrocephalus, a buildup of fluid in the brain. This can cause increased head size in infants. […] Other symptoms of ependymomas are: nausea and vomiting (more frequent in the morning), low energy, irritability, difficulty walking (an ependymoma can cause the eyes to cross, affecting balance). […] About 90 percent of ependymomas in children are located in the brain. The majority of ependymomas in adults are in the spine. Spinal tumors can cause backaches and soreness and tingling in the legs. […] If the tumor can be removed completely, there is about a 65 percent cure rate. However, new ependymomas can develop later on. Recurrent ependymomas can be difficult to treat. Someone with a myxopapillary ependymoma tends to have a better prognosis than someone with a classic or anaplastic type of ependymoma. Adults tend to have a better prognosis than children. […] However, with good treatment, about 82 percent of people who have an ependymoma survive at least five years.

• #1 Ependymoma | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/ependymoma

  Ependymoma can occur at any age, but most often happens in young children. Children with ependymoma may experience headaches and seizures. […] Symptoms of ependymoma in the brain include: Blurry vision. Confusion. Headaches. Irritability. Nausea. Seizures. Vomiting. […] Symptoms of ependymoma in the spinal cord include: Bowel changes. Loss of balance. Pain in the neck or back. Trouble walking. Weakness in the legs.

• #1 Ependymoma > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/ependymoma

  Symptoms include headaches, nausea, vomiting, weakness, fatigue, irritability, loss of appetite […] People who have an ependymoma in the brain can experience: Headaches, Nausea and vomiting, Weakness, Fatigue, Irritability, Loss of appetite, Trouble concentrating, Mood changes, Personality changes, Vertigo, Blurry vision, Cognitive impairment, Falling behind on developmental milestones (for babies), Loss of coordination, Balance problems, Difficulty walking, Seizures, Hydrocephalus […] If an ependymoma is located in the spinal cord, symptoms can include: Neck stiffness, Neck weakness, Neck or back pain, Muscle weakness in one or both legs, Bladder and bowel dysfunction or loss of control.

• #1 Childhood Ependymoma – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/brain/patient/childhood-ependymoma

  Symptoms of childhood ependymoma depend on the child’s age and where the tumor has formed. It’s important to check with your child’s doctor if your child has any of the symptoms below. […] Symptoms of posterior fossa ependymoma in children can include: buildup of spinal fluid in the brain that may cause tiredness, vomiting, eyes that stay looking down, irritability, slowed development, or increased size of the head; loss of balance or trouble walking; neck pain; loss of function of the nerves in the back of the brain. […] Symptoms of supratentorial ependymomas in children can include: seizures; frequent headaches; blurry vision; nausea and vomiting; changes in movement and sensation. […] Symptoms of spinal cord ependymomas in children can include: neck or back pain; neck weakness or stiffness; weakness in one or both legs; trouble urinating; a change in bowel function.

• #1 Ependymoma: Symptoms, Treatment, Prognosis & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23147-ependymoma

  An ependymoma can cause a lot of symptoms depending on where it forms. Some of the most common symptoms include: […] Back pain […] Balance issues […] Blurry vision or other vision changes […] Dizziness […] Headaches […] Mood swings […] Muscle weakness […] Nausea vomiting […] Neck pain […] Numbness in your arms or legs […] Seizures […] Trouble controlling your pee (urinary incontinence). […] The five-year survival rate for ependymomas is nearly 85%. That means around 85% of people are still alive within five years of being diagnosed. […] Theres no cure for cancer, but its possible to remove or destroy a grade 3 ependymoma with treatment. […] Remember, theres always a chance an ependymoma regrows (recurs), even after youve been declared cancer-free. Thats much more likely with grade 3 tumors.

• #1 Symptoms and Signs of Ependymoma | Neurological Surgery

  https://neurosurgery.weillcornell.org/condition/ependymoma/symptoms-and-signs-ependymoma

  The symptoms and signs of ependymoma depend on the grade of the tumor and where it is located. Any tumor that blocks the flow of cerebral spinal fluid can cause symptoms. Symptoms may be sudden or may be noticed slowly and get worse over time. […] An ependymoma found in the brain may lead to increased intracranial pressure, which can cause the following symptoms: Dizziness and balance problems, Eye problems, such as double or blurry vision, or uncontrolled eye movements, Headache or feeling of pressure in the head, Nausea and vomiting, Seizures. […] Ependymoma tumors in the spinal cord may expand gradually over a prolonged period. This slow progression may eventually compress the spine and lead to symptoms, which vary depending on the size and exact location of the spinal tumor. Pain may be the first symptom and can be followed, even years later, by other noticeable changes. Symptoms include: Bowel or bladder problems, Difficulty walking, Neck stiffness, Numbness, Pain, Paralysis, Pins-and-needles feeling, Weakness in the arms, legs, or trunk. […] An ependymoma can lead to a syringomyelia, which is a fluid-filled cyst in the spinal cord.

• #1 Ependymoma | UCSF Brain Tumor Center

  https://braintumorcenter.ucsf.edu/condition/ependymoma

  If an ependymoma is in the cerebral hemispheres, the tumor may cause headaches, seizures, or neurological deficits like muscle weakness on one side. […] If an ependymoma is near the brainstem, symptoms may include neck pain, crossed eyes, balance problems, and difficulty walking. […] Ependymomas that are located in the spinal cord may cause back pain, leg weakness, and bladder or bowel dysfunction.

• #1 Ependymoma Diagnosis & Treatment – NYC | Columbia Neurosurgery in New York City

  https://www.neurosurgery.columbia.edu/patient-care/conditions/ependymoma

  Ependymomas cause symptoms by compressing surrounding structures and increasing intracranial pressure. If a tumor blocks the cycling of cerebrospinal fluid through the ventricular system, hydrocephalus can occur, further increasing intracranial pressure. […] Signs of increased intracranial pressure include nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and headache that is most pronounced upon waking in the morning because that is when pressure is highest within the skull. […] A very young child with hydrocephalus may also have an enlarged head if the cranial sutures have not yet closed. […] Tumors in the infratentorial region tend to cause papilledema, nystagmus, and ataxia; and tumors in the supratentorial region tend to cause cognitive impairment, hemiparesis, visual loss, and aphasia. […] Other symptoms may include changes in personality and seizures.

• #1 Ependymoma Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination, Complications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/277621-clinical

  Children or adults with masses in the fourth ventricle may have a history of progressive lethargy, headache, nausea, and vomiting secondary to increased intracranial pressure from obstructive hydrocephalus. As the tumor extends along the floor of the fourth ventricle, it may cause multiple cranial-nerve palsies (primarily VI-X), as well as cerebellar dysfunction. […] Spinal ependymomas are usually associated with a history of progressive neurologic deficit related to involvement of ascending or descending nerve tracts, exiting peripheral nerves, and pain that correlates with the level of the lesion. […] Myxopapillary ependymoma, which primarily affects terminal areas of the spine, primarily presents with low back pain, but can present with bowel or bladder symptoms in around 30% of patients. They can also be associated with cauda equina syndrome, which can present with lower limb dysfunction, saddle anesthesia, and/or bladder/bowel dysfunction. […] Subependymomas are typically asymptomatic and are often identified incidentally on neuroimaging, but symptoms may resemble those above depending on location. Given their prevalence in the fourth ventricle, they may present with symptoms of increased intracranial pressure.

• #1 Ependymoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ependymoma

  Symptoms are dependent on the location and severity of the tumor. […] Intracranial ependymomas: severe headache, nausea, vomiting, visual loss (due to papilledema), loss of balance, vertigo, hydrocephalus, drowsiness (after several hours of the above symptoms). […] Spinal ependymomas: bilateral Babinski sign, gait change (rotation of feet when walking), impaction/constipation, back flexibility. […] They develop from cells that line both the hollow cavities of the brain and the central canal containing the spinal cord, but they usually arise from the floor of the fourth ventricle, situated in the lower back portion of the brain, where they may produce headache, nausea and vomiting by obstructing the flow of cerebrospinal fluid. This obstruction may also cause hydrocephalus. Other symptoms can include (but are not limited to): loss of appetite, difficulty sleeping, temporary inability to distinguish colors, uncontrollable twitching, seeing vertical or horizontal lines when in bright light, and temporary memory loss. […] Prognosis of recurrence is poor and often indicates palliative care to manage symptoms.

• #1 Ependymomas – Pediatrics – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/pediatric-cancers/ependymomas

  Initial presentation depends on the location of the tumor. […] For supratentorial ependymomas, symptoms can include changes in personality or concentration, headaches, seizures, and focal neurologic deficits. […] For posterior fossa tumors, symptoms are typically related to increased intracranial pressure. Infants may present with developmental delay, irritability, and increased head circumference. Older children typically present with nausea, vomiting, headache, ataxia/balance issues, and lethargy. […] For spinal tumors, symptoms of spinal cord compression (eg, back pain, loss of bladder and bowel control) may occur.

• #1 Spinal Ependymoma Diagnosis & Treatment – NYC | Columbia Neurosurgery in New York City

  https://www.neurosurgery.columbia.edu/patient-care/conditions/spinal-ependymoma

  Ependymomas arise from ependymal cells located in the very center of the spinal cord. They slowly expand over a prolonged period, often years, gradually putting pressure on the surrounding spinal cord. This compression of the spinal cord may cause symptoms of pain at the tumor site; numbness or pins and needles in the arms or legs; or weakness or clumsiness in the arms or legs. Exact symptoms depend on the tumors size and location. […] Symptoms vary considerably in terms of onset and progression. They may be minimal, intermittent or non-progressive for prolonged periods. The benign and slow-growing nature of intramedullary spinal cord tumors means symptoms may be absent for a long time while the tumor is smaller. This may delay patient presentation for medical assessment and diagnosis. Fortunately, most patients are now initially diagnosed with little or no neurological abnormality. Exceptions exist, and sometimes the onset and progression of symptoms can occur over a shorter period of time.

• #1 Ependymoma – Symptoms, Diagnosis, and TreatmentSecond Opinion IconGroup 9Second Opinion IconGroup 9Group 49

  https://www.barrowneuro.org/condition/ependymoma/

  If an ependymoma is in your spinal cord, you might experience the following symptoms: Back pain: This is one of the most common symptoms of a spinal ependymoma, especially if the back pain originates from your middle or lower back. Numbness or tingling: You may experience numbness, tingling, or pins-and-needles sensations in your arms or legs, depending on where the tumor presses on the spinal cord. Weakness or difficulty walking: If a tumor affects the motor nerves in your spinal cord, it can cause weakness, problems walking, or even paralysis in severe cases. Loss of bladder or bowel control: If an ependymoma affects the lower spinal cord, bladder or bowel function can be altered. These symptoms can overlap with those caused by other conditions, so it’s essential to consult a healthcare professional if you’re experiencing one or more of them. Early detection improves outcomes, especially in the case of tumors.

• #1 Anaplastic ependymoma cancer: Symptoms, treatment, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/anaplastic-ependymoma-cancer

  Symptoms of ependymomas vary depending on the location of the tumor. […] If a person has an ependymoma in their brain, the increased pressure within the skull can cause the following symptoms: headaches, nausea and vomiting, dizziness. […] If a person has an ependymoma in their spine, it can cause the following symptoms: back pain, numbness and weakness in the arms, legs, trunk, issues with having sex, urinary issues, bowel issues. […] If a person has anaplastic ependymoma, then their cancer is fast-growing, potentially leading to a more negative outlook. […] Hydrocephalus can cause the following symptoms in older children and adults: headaches, vision problems, such as blurred or double vision, nausea or vomiting, balance issues, a slowing or loss of developmental progress, coordination issues, loss of bladder control, sleepiness and irritability, memory loss.

• #1 Symptoms of Ependymoma | Expert Surgeon | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD

  https://www.aaroncohen-gadol.com/en/patients/ependymoma/types/symptoms

  If sufficiently large, the tumor can obstruct the passage of cerebrospinal fluid and can press on nearby nerves and the cerebellum causing symptoms such as headache, nausea and vomiting, lethargy, unsteady gait or difficulty walking, and rapidly growing head circumference in babies. […] Possible symptoms of spinal ependymoma include neck or back pain, weakness of the arms or legs, numbness or tingling in the arms or legs, and changes in bowel patterns or incontinence. […] In general, children with an ependymoma in the brain may be observed with persistent vomiting, seizures, clumsiness, weakness, or vision problems manifesting as bumping into objects or sudden changes in the way they walk, lethargy, and rapidly growing head circumference in babies. […] Tumors that are rapidly growing, such as the historically termed Grade 3 anaplastic ependymoma may cause symptoms much sooner than lower grade types. Because anaplastic ependymomas more commonly occur in the brain, symptoms such as headache, nausea and vomiting, and behavioral changes may be experienced. […] Many ependymoma symptoms are non-specific, meaning that the symptoms described above are also commonly found in a wide variety of other conditions. Thus, an ependymoma diagnosis is made with a combination of imaging tests such as an MRI and a tissue biopsy.

• #1 Ependymoma – Brief information

  https://www.gpoh.de/kinderkrebsinfo/content/diseases/brain_tumours/pohpatinfoependy120071126/pohpatinfoependykurz120070626/index_eng.html

  Similar to those of other tumours of the central nervous system (CNS), the presenting symptoms of ependymoma primarily depend on the patients age, tumour site and size as well as pattern of spread within the CNS. The following general (nonspecific) and local (specific) symptoms can occur: […] Unspecific general symptoms occur independently of the tumours location. They may be similar to and therefore mimic other, non-CNS diseases. General symptoms of a child or adolescent with a CNS tumour may include headaches and/or back pain, dizziness, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting (particularly after getting up in the morning), weight loss, increasing fatigue, inability to concentrate, school problems, mood swings, and character changes as well as developmental delay, to name a few. […] Major reason for these symptoms is the slowly but continuously increasing intracranial pressure (ICP). Elevated ICP may be caused by the growing, thus more and more space-occupying tumour within the bony skull, but also by the tumour blocking the regular flow of the cerebrospinal fluid, thereby forming hydrocephalus. In babies or small children with soft spots (open fontanelles), elevated intracranial pressure and hydrocephalus typically present with a bulging fontanelle or a larger than expected head circumference (macrocephalus), respectively.

• #1 Childhood Ependymoma | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://www.dana-farber.org/cancer-care/types/childhood-ependymoma

  Ependymoma symptoms are most often associated with increased pressure in the brain and can include: […] Headache, generally upon awakening in the morning […] Hydrocephalus, a buildup of fluid in the brain, which can result in increased head size in infants or headaches and vomiting in older children […] Nausea and vomiting, often worse in the morning and improving throughout the day […] Lethargy […] Irritability […] Problems eating or walking. […] The cure rate for ependymoma with complete surgical removal is 65 percent. […] Metastatic, progressive, or recurrent ependymomas are most challenging to cure. In about 12 percent of patients, the disease has spread at the time of diagnosis, and more extensive treatment is necessary to cure the disease. When ependymomas recur, they usually do so at the original tumor site.

• #1 Clinical course and progression-free survival of adult intracranial and spinal ependymoma patients

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4483095/

  Ependymomas are rare CNS tumors. […] The majority were grade II (78%) with the tumor grade for 20 cases being reclassified on central review (half to higher grade). […] Tumor recurrence occurred in 26% (n = 74) of patients with a median time to progression of 14 years. […] A multivariate Cox proportional hazards model identified supratentorial location (P .01), grade III (anaplastic; P .01), and subtotal resection, followed or not by radiation (P .01), as significantly increasing risk of early progression. […] Twenty-six percent of participants had at least 1 recurrence or progression, while 6% had at least 3 recurrences or progressions. […] The majority of the recurrences occurred in the same location as the original tumor (65%). […] Median time to recurrence was 14 years for the sample as a whole (range, 0.127.3y; 95% CI, 10.117.9).

• #1 Clinical course and progression-free survival of adult intracranial and spinal ependymoma patients

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4483095/

  There was no difference in PFS between grade I and grade II tumors (P = .19). […] Lastly, having undergone only a biopsy or subtotal resection either alone or followed by radiation increased the hazard of tumor progression or recurrence when compared with GTR (HR = 2.61; 95% CI, 1.275.36; P .01 and HR = 2.44; 95% CI, 1.364.36; P .01, respectively).

• #1

  https://www.advocatehealth.com/health-services/brain-spine-institute/brain-spine-tumors/ependymoma

  Symptoms may start suddenly, or they may start slowly and get worse over time. Symptoms depend on the location of your tumor. For example, tumors in the spine are more likely to cause back pain, while tumors in the brain are more likely to cause headaches. […] Ependymoma symptoms are different for everyone and may include: Headache, Nausea and vomiting, Dizziness and balance problems, Eye problems, such as double or blurry vision, Weakness or numbness in an arm or leg, Trouble walking, Bowel or bladder problems, Back pain that spreads to the arms or legs. […] Both cancerous and benign tumors can cause ependymoma symptoms when they grow and put pressure on nearby nerves or other tissues.

• #1 Fast Facts | CERN Foundation

  https://www.cern-foundation.org/education/ependymoma-basics/fast-facts

  Symptoms related to an ependymoma depend on the location of the tumor. […] Common brain tumor symptoms include: Headache or pressure in the head, Nausea and vomiting, Blurred vision, Weakness or numbness and tingling, Seizures, Loss of balance or trouble walking. […] Common spinal cord symptoms include: Neck or back pain, Weakness in the arms or legs, Numbness or tingling in the arms, legs or trunk, Problems going to the bathroom, changes in bowel or bladder function. […] Ependymoma can recur (regrow). Ependymoma recurrences can occur locally (site of the original tumor) or distantly (other locations in the CNS). […] Ependymomas can spread within the central nervous system (CNS) through the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Ependymomas rarely spread outside the CNS. […] Grade 3 ependymomas are malignant (cancerous). This means they are fast-growing tumors. They occur most often in the brain but can also occur in the spine.

• #1 Ependymoma | Neurological Surgery

  https://neurosurgery.weillcornell.org/condition/ependymoma

  Ependymoma tumors are rare and account for only two percent of central nervous system tumors in adults. […] Most ependymoma tumors in adults are slow-glowing and considered benign, and they rarely spread outside the central nervous system. […] However, some types can metastasize through the cerebrospinal fluid to different areas of the brain and spine. […] Some grade II ependymoma tumors may recur as a higher grade tumor following treatment. […] Anaplastic is a term used to describe cancer cells that divide rapidly, typically faster than other grades, and have little or no resemblance to normal cells. […] Usually found in the skull, brain, and brain stem and only rarely in the spine, anaplastic ependymomas are malignant, grow quickly, and spread into other parts of the brain through the cerebrospinal fluid. […] Grade III ependymoma tumors tend to recur after treatment.

• #1 Ependymoma | Brain Tumor Center | Stanford Medicine

  https://med.stanford.edu/brain-tumor/conditions/glioma/ependymoma.html

  Common symptoms of ependymoma include headaches, seizures, and changes in vision or speech. […] Ependymoma symptoms may be generalized or specific to the location and size of the tumor. They can be subtle. Some common symptoms include: Headaches (persistent, increasing in intensity over time, may wake a person up at night), Vomiting, Seizures (new onset), Memory problems, Blurred vision, Mood disturbances, Changes in personality, Fatigue, Balance problems. […] Symptoms of spinal ependymomas may include: Back or neck pain, Weakness or numbness in the arms or legs, Difficulty with coordination or balance, Bladder or bowel dysfunction, Changes in sensation. […] Tumors with this biomarker tend to show rapid progression, early metastases, and resistance to treatment.

• #1 Childhood Ependymoma – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/brain/patient/childhood-ependymoma

  These symptoms may be caused by problems other than an ependymoma. The only way to know is to see your child’s doctor. […] Childhood ependymoma often comes back after treatment, sometimes as long as 15 years after the initial treatment. The tumor commonly comes back at the original cancer site, although it can also spread to areas near the original site. It is rare for ependymoma to spread to areas far from the original cancer site.

• #1 Clinical course and progression-free survival of adult intracranial and spinal ependymoma patients

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4483095/

  A log-rank test revealed a significant difference in the PFS among the 3 tumor locations (2 = 46.4, P .01). […] Kaplan-Meier curves estimated the median time to progression at 3.9 years for the supratentorial brain region (95% CI, 2.15.7) and 12.3 years for the infratentorial brain region (95% CI, 9.115.4). […] A multivariate Cox proportional hazards model for PFS was fitted using the following variables (based on univariate analysis): tumor location, tumor grade, age, and initial treatment. […] Participants with infratentorial tumors or spine tumors were less likely to progress than those with supratentorial tumors (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.33; 95% CI, 0.180.63; P .01 and HR = 0.15; 95% CI, 0.070.31; P 0.01, respectively). […] Tumor grade was also associated with outcome; the diagnosis of a grade III tumor raised a participant’s risk of progression when compared with a grade II tumor (HR = 3.00; 95% CI, 1.456.07; P .01).

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11060-024-04623-4

  Log-rank analysis demonstrated a significant improvement in PFS when a GTR was attained (p<.0001). [...] Furthermore, patients who were independently ambulatory (p<.001) and those without symptoms of urinary dysfunction (p<.001) prior to surgical resection had statistically superior PFS. [...] Our results demonstrate that patients undergoing GTR experienced a significant increase in PFS compared to those with STR alone.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11060-024-04623-4

  Primary treatment of spinal ependymomas involves surgical resection, however recurrence ranges between 50 and 70%. […] We investigated the relationship between EOR and survival outcomes, chiefly overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS), in a large contemporary cohort of spinal ependymoma patients. […] Cox multivariate model demonstrated significant improvement in PFS when a GTR was attained (p<.001). [...] In univariate analyses, patients with a syrinx had improved PFS (p=.03) and were more likely to benefit from GTR (p=.01). [...] In this large, contemporary series of adult spinal ependymoma patients, we demonstrated improvements in PFS when GTR was achieved. [...] Patients undergoing GTR had estimated 2-, 5-, and 8-year PFS rates of 100% (95% CI, 100%-100%), 85% (95% CI, 73-100%), and 75% (95% CI, 59-95%), respectively. Conversely in the STR cohort, the 2-, 5-, and 8-year PFS rates were 44% (95% CI, 23-83%), 18% (95% CI, 56-62%), and 18% (95% CI, 5-62%), respectively.

• #1 Ependymoma: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/277621-overview

  The most recent 10-year relative survival rate for ependymoma is 86.7%. This figure varies by age, with patients diagnosed with ependymoma under the age of 14% having a 10 year relative survival of 72%. However, reported 10 year event free survival rates for intracranial pediatric cases are around 60%. […] Predictors of long-term survival include extent of resection made at surgery and amount of residual tumor on postoperative imaging. A number of studies support the suggestion that the extent of resection is the most important predictor of outcome, independent of the histologic grade of the tumor. Patients with totally resected tumors, primarily of the posterior fossa, had an overall 5-year, progression-free survival rate of nearly 70% compared with 30-40% for those patients with partially resected tumors.

• #1 Ependymoma – Brief information

  https://www.gpoh.de/kinderkrebsinfo/content/diseases/brain_tumours/pohpatinfoependy120071126/pohpatinfoependykurz120070626/index_eng.html

  The prognosis of children and teenagers with ependymoma mainly depends on the tumour site and, thus, the extent of surgical tumour removal. Survival rates for patients after complete resection and subsequent radiotherapy are between 60 and 85 % after five years and between 50 and 70 % after 10 years, as long as the disease does not progress. After partial tumour removal, survival rates are far less favourable. […] The overall prognosis for patients with intraspinal ependymoma is more favourable than for patients with ependymoma of the brain. However, remaining tumour as well as young age at diagnosis may have a negative impact on their prognosis. […] When patients suffer from a recurrent ependymoma, opportunities for another surgery and/or radiation therapy will be evaluated. There is evidence that special irradiation techniques (such as stereotactic radiosurgery) can increase the average time of survival. Recurrent ependymomas are also sensitive to chemotherapy so that this form of treatment can improve the outcome for relapse patients.

• #1 Ependymoma | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/ependymoma

  Your childs symptoms may vary depending on the size of the tumor and whether the tumor has grown or spread to other areas. The most frequently seen symptoms associated with ependymoma tumors include: Nausea, Vomiting, Headache, Difficulty walking, Numbness or weakness in the limbs or midsection, Back pain, Blurred vision, Lethargy (lack of energy), Irritability. […] Your child may have short- or long-term problems from the tumor or from treatment. They may include: Damage to the brain or nervous system that cause problems with coordination, muscle strength, speech or eyesight, Problems after surgery, such as infection, bleeding and problems with general anesthesia, Infection and an increased risk of bleeding from chemotherapy, Delayed growth and development, Learning problems, Problems with reproduction (infertility), Return of the cancer (recurrence), Increased risk for other cancers later in life.

• #1

  https://www.parkwayshenton.com.sg/conditions-diseases/ependymoma/symptoms-causes

  Symptoms of ependymoma vary depending on the tumours location and size but commonly include: […] Headaches, often worse in the morning […] Nausea and vomiting […] Problems with balance or walking […] Neck pain or stiffness […] Changes in vision or eye movement […] Seizures […] In infants, increased head size may be noted due to hydrocephalus, which is an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid caused by the tumour blocking its normal flow. […] The complications associated with ependymoma largely depend on the tumours location and may include: […] Hydrocephalus, resulting from blocked cerebrospinal fluid flow […] Persistent neurological deficits, such as weakness, numbness, or loss of coordination […] Learning difficulties, particularly in children affected by brain tumours […] Recurrence of the tumour, even after treatment.

• #1 Reddit – The heart of the internet

  https://www.reddit.com/r/braintumor/comments/1cagch3/ependymoma_survivors/

  I have a lot of nerve damage causing pain and numbness and loss of motor function. […] My doctors keep telling me that they cannot give me a prognosis and they really dont know what to expect as soon as i stop taking chemo. […] I am scared and feeling depressed because my energy levels are so low and i dont enjoy most things anymore, the only reason i hang out with my friends is that i dont want to lose them. Everything costs alot of energy.

• #1 Anaplastic ependymoma cancer: Symptoms, treatment, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/anaplastic-ependymoma-cancer

  Hydrocephalus may cause older adults to develop these symptoms: issues with walking and a general slowness in movements, progressive mental impairment, dementia, loss of bladder control, coordination and balance issues. […] If a person has spinal cord ependymomas, surgical treatment for their cancer may cause complications relating to nerve damage.

• #1 Ependymoma

  https://encyclopedia.nm.org/Library/Encyclopedia/134,538

  The symptoms depend on where the tumor is. For instance, a tumor near the base of the brain may block the normal flow of CSF. This can lead to increased intracranial pressure (ICP, which is the pressure inside your head), which can cause headaches, nausea, vomiting, and dizziness. Symptoms may be sudden or they may start slowly and get worse over time. People with spinal cord tumors may have pain where the tumor is for months or even years before other symptoms develop. […] Common signs and symptoms of ependymoma can include: […] Headache […] Nausea and vomiting […] Pain that wakes you up […] Dizziness and balance problems […] Eye problems, such as double or blurry vision […] Weakness or numbness in an arm or leg […] Trouble with balance or walking […] Bowel or bladder problems […] Seizures […] Most people with an ependymoma respond well to treatment and have a good outcome. Sometimes higher grade ependymomas come back after treatment. To check for this, you’ll likely need to have follow-up MRI scans in the weeks after surgery, and then a few times a year after that.

• #1

  https://medschool.cuanschutz.edu/neurosurgery/patientresources/conditions-and-diseases/ependymoma

  Ependymomas can occur in the brain and spread to the spinal cord through the cerebrospinal fluid. […] Many ependymomas occur in the fourth ventricle and can block the flow of cerebrospinal fluid leading to hydrocephalus, a build-up of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain. Increased intracranial pressure from hydrocephalus can cause headaches, nausea, vomiting, visual changes, and changes in behavior. Ependymomas in the spine can cause back pain, weakness in the arms or legs, or bladder problems. […] Long-term follow-up with regular scans and neurological exams is recommended to watch for tumor recurrence.

• #1 Ependymoma in children | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/childrens-cancer/brain-tumours/types/ependymoma

  Some children may have symptoms for a few weeks or months before theyre diagnosed with ependymoma. Many symptoms are general and non specific. Some are similar to less serious childhood illnesses. Symptoms will depend on where the tumour is. They can include: […] Some tumours cause a fluid build up in the brain (hydrocephalus). This can cause symptoms. Some of the symptoms might include: […] The side effects of treatment are different for each child. Some side effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy happen during treatment and go away once treatment is over. Other side effects happen months or years after treatment. These are known as late effects or long term effects. They can be mild or more challenging. Not all children have challenging long term side effects.

• #2 Symptoms & Causes | CERN Foundation

  https://www.cern-foundation.org/education/symptom-management/symptoms-causes

  The symptoms that patients develop from brain and spinal cord tumors depend on the location of the tumor(s) within the central nervous system (CNS). Most of these tumors are slow growing. So symptoms may develop slowly and worsen over weeks or months. […] In general, symptoms from brain and spinal cord tumors can be divided into two groups. The first group, called generalized symptoms, is more common with brain tumors. They usually are related to increased pressure within the brain. The second group of symptoms, called focal symptoms, depend on the location of the tumor within the brain or spinal cord. The location will affect the brain or spinal cord function in that area. […] Increased pressure occurs when the tumor presses within the skull (for a brain tumor) or along the spinal axis (for a spinal tumor).

• #2 Symptoms and Signs of Ependymoma | Neurological Surgery

  https://neurosurgery.weillcornell.org/condition/ependymoma/symptoms-and-signs-ependymoma

  The symptoms and signs of ependymoma depend on the grade of the tumor and where it is located. Any tumor that blocks the flow of cerebral spinal fluid can cause symptoms. Symptoms may be sudden or may be noticed slowly and get worse over time. […] An ependymoma found in the brain may lead to increased intracranial pressure, which can cause the following symptoms: Dizziness and balance problems, Eye problems, such as double or blurry vision, or uncontrolled eye movements, Headache or feeling of pressure in the head, Nausea and vomiting, Seizures. […] Ependymoma tumors in the spinal cord may expand gradually over a prolonged period. This slow progression may eventually compress the spine and lead to symptoms, which vary depending on the size and exact location of the spinal tumor. Pain may be the first symptom and can be followed, even years later, by other noticeable changes. Symptoms include: Bowel or bladder problems, Difficulty walking, Neck stiffness, Numbness, Pain, Paralysis, Pins-and-needles feeling, Weakness in the arms, legs, or trunk. […] An ependymoma can lead to a syringomyelia, which is a fluid-filled cyst in the spinal cord.

• #2 Ependymoma Diagnosis & Treatment – NYC | Columbia Neurosurgery in New York City

  https://www.neurosurgery.columbia.edu/patient-care/conditions/ependymoma

  Ependymomas cause symptoms by compressing surrounding structures and increasing intracranial pressure. If a tumor blocks the cycling of cerebrospinal fluid through the ventricular system, hydrocephalus can occur, further increasing intracranial pressure. […] Signs of increased intracranial pressure include nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and headache that is most pronounced upon waking in the morning because that is when pressure is highest within the skull. […] A very young child with hydrocephalus may also have an enlarged head if the cranial sutures have not yet closed. […] Tumors in the infratentorial region tend to cause papilledema, nystagmus, and ataxia; and tumors in the supratentorial region tend to cause cognitive impairment, hemiparesis, visual loss, and aphasia. […] Other symptoms may include changes in personality and seizures.

• #2 Symptoms of Ependymoma | Expert Surgeon | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD

  https://www.aaroncohen-gadol.com/en/patients/ependymoma/types/symptoms

  If sufficiently large, the tumor can obstruct the passage of cerebrospinal fluid and can press on nearby nerves and the cerebellum causing symptoms such as headache, nausea and vomiting, lethargy, unsteady gait or difficulty walking, and rapidly growing head circumference in babies. […] Possible symptoms of spinal ependymoma include neck or back pain, weakness of the arms or legs, numbness or tingling in the arms or legs, and changes in bowel patterns or incontinence. […] In general, children with an ependymoma in the brain may be observed with persistent vomiting, seizures, clumsiness, weakness, or vision problems manifesting as bumping into objects or sudden changes in the way they walk, lethargy, and rapidly growing head circumference in babies. […] Tumors that are rapidly growing, such as the historically termed Grade 3 anaplastic ependymoma may cause symptoms much sooner than lower grade types. Because anaplastic ependymomas more commonly occur in the brain, symptoms such as headache, nausea and vomiting, and behavioral changes may be experienced. […] Many ependymoma symptoms are non-specific, meaning that the symptoms described above are also commonly found in a wide variety of other conditions. Thus, an ependymoma diagnosis is made with a combination of imaging tests such as an MRI and a tissue biopsy.

• #2 Ependymoma

  https://healthlibrary.uwmedicine.org/Library/DiseasesConditions/Adult/134,538

  The symptoms depend on where the tumor is. For instance, a tumor near the base of the brain may block the normal flow of CSF. This can lead to increased intracranial pressure (ICP, which is the pressure inside your head), which can cause headaches, nausea, vomiting, and dizziness. Symptoms may be sudden or they may start slowly and get worse over time. People with spinal cord tumors may have pain where the tumor is for months or even years before other symptoms develop. […] Common signs and symptoms of ependymoma can include: […] Headache […] Nausea and vomiting […] Pain that wakes you up […] Dizziness and balance problems […] Eye problems, such as double or blurry vision […] Weakness or numbness in an arm or leg […] Trouble with balance or walking […] Bowel or bladder problems […] Seizures.

• #2 Ependymoma | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/e/ependymoma.html

  The symptoms depend on where the tumor is. For instance, a tumor near the base of the brain may block the normal flow of CSF. This can lead to increased intracranial pressure (ICP, which is the pressure inside your head), which can cause headaches, nausea, vomiting, and dizziness. Symptoms may be sudden or they may start slowly and get worse over time. People with spinal cord tumors may have pain where the tumor is for months or even years before other symptoms develop. […] Common signs and symptoms of ependymoma can include: […] Headache […] Nausea and vomiting […] Pain that wakes you up […] Dizziness and balance problems […] Eye problems, such as double or blurry vision […] Weakness or numbness in an arm or leg […] Trouble with balance or walking […] Bowel or bladder problems […] Seizures

• #2 Ependymoma > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/ependymoma

  Symptoms include headaches, nausea, vomiting, weakness, fatigue, irritability, loss of appetite […] People who have an ependymoma in the brain can experience: Headaches, Nausea and vomiting, Weakness, Fatigue, Irritability, Loss of appetite, Trouble concentrating, Mood changes, Personality changes, Vertigo, Blurry vision, Cognitive impairment, Falling behind on developmental milestones (for babies), Loss of coordination, Balance problems, Difficulty walking, Seizures, Hydrocephalus […] If an ependymoma is located in the spinal cord, symptoms can include: Neck stiffness, Neck weakness, Neck or back pain, Muscle weakness in one or both legs, Bladder and bowel dysfunction or loss of control.

• #2 Ependymoma | Brain Tumor Center | Stanford Medicine

  https://med.stanford.edu/brain-tumor/conditions/glioma/ependymoma.html

  Common symptoms of ependymoma include headaches, seizures, and changes in vision or speech. […] Ependymoma symptoms may be generalized or specific to the location and size of the tumor. They can be subtle. Some common symptoms include: Headaches (persistent, increasing in intensity over time, may wake a person up at night), Vomiting, Seizures (new onset), Memory problems, Blurred vision, Mood disturbances, Changes in personality, Fatigue, Balance problems. […] Symptoms of spinal ependymomas may include: Back or neck pain, Weakness or numbness in the arms or legs, Difficulty with coordination or balance, Bladder or bowel dysfunction, Changes in sensation. […] Tumors with this biomarker tend to show rapid progression, early metastases, and resistance to treatment.

• #2 Spinal Ependymoma Diagnosis & Treatment – NYC | Columbia Neurosurgery in New York City

  https://www.neurosurgery.columbia.edu/patient-care/conditions/spinal-ependymoma

  Ependymomas arise from ependymal cells located in the very center of the spinal cord. They slowly expand over a prolonged period, often years, gradually putting pressure on the surrounding spinal cord. This compression of the spinal cord may cause symptoms of pain at the tumor site; numbness or pins and needles in the arms or legs; or weakness or clumsiness in the arms or legs. Exact symptoms depend on the tumors size and location. […] Symptoms vary considerably in terms of onset and progression. They may be minimal, intermittent or non-progressive for prolonged periods. The benign and slow-growing nature of intramedullary spinal cord tumors means symptoms may be absent for a long time while the tumor is smaller. This may delay patient presentation for medical assessment and diagnosis. Fortunately, most patients are now initially diagnosed with little or no neurological abnormality. Exceptions exist, and sometimes the onset and progression of symptoms can occur over a shorter period of time.

• #2 Ependymoma – Dr. Paul C. McCormick

  https://www.paulcmccormick.com/condition/ependymoma/

  Spinal ependymomas arise from ependymal cells located in the very center of the spinal cord. They slowly expand over a prolonged period, often years, gradually putting pressure on the surrounding spinal cord. This compression of the spinal cord may cause symptoms of pain at the tumor site; numbness or pins and needles in the arms or legs; or weakness or clumsiness in the arms or legs. Exact symptoms depend on the tumor’s size and location. […] Symptoms vary considerably in terms of onset and progression. They may be minimal, intermittent or non-progressive for prolonged periods. The benign and slow-growing nature of intramedullary spinal cord tumors means symptoms may be absent for a long time while the tumor is smaller. This may delay patient presentation for medical assessment and diagnosis. Fortunately, most patients are now initially diagnosed with little or no neurological abnormality. Exceptions exist, and sometimes the onset and progression of symptoms can occur over a shorter period of time.

• #2 Ependymoma | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/ependymoma

  Ependymoma can occur at any age, but most often happens in young children. Children with ependymoma may experience headaches and seizures. […] Symptoms of ependymoma in the brain include: Blurry vision. Confusion. Headaches. Irritability. Nausea. Seizures. Vomiting. […] Symptoms of ependymoma in the spinal cord include: Bowel changes. Loss of balance. Pain in the neck or back. Trouble walking. Weakness in the legs.

• #2 Ependymoma – Brief information

  https://www.gpoh.de/kinderkrebsinfo/content/diseases/brain_tumours/pohpatinfoependy120071126/pohpatinfoependykurz120070626/index_eng.html

  Similar to those of other tumours of the central nervous system (CNS), the presenting symptoms of ependymoma primarily depend on the patients age, tumour site and size as well as pattern of spread within the CNS. The following general (nonspecific) and local (specific) symptoms can occur: […] Unspecific general symptoms occur independently of the tumours location. They may be similar to and therefore mimic other, non-CNS diseases. General symptoms of a child or adolescent with a CNS tumour may include headaches and/or back pain, dizziness, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting (particularly after getting up in the morning), weight loss, increasing fatigue, inability to concentrate, school problems, mood swings, and character changes as well as developmental delay, to name a few. […] Major reason for these symptoms is the slowly but continuously increasing intracranial pressure (ICP). Elevated ICP may be caused by the growing, thus more and more space-occupying tumour within the bony skull, but also by the tumour blocking the regular flow of the cerebrospinal fluid, thereby forming hydrocephalus. In babies or small children with soft spots (open fontanelles), elevated intracranial pressure and hydrocephalus typically present with a bulging fontanelle or a larger than expected head circumference (macrocephalus), respectively.

• #2 Ependymoma | Neurosurgery Inselspital Bern

  https://neurochirurgie.insel.ch/en/what-we-treat/brain-tumor/ependymoma

  Ependymomas are typically slow-growing tumors of the central nervous system. While some ependymomas remain entirely asymptomatic, others can cause severe neurological issues, particularly when they obstruct the flow of cerebrospinal fluid. Ependymomas growing in the brain can lead to a blockage of the cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricular system and thus to an occlusive hydrocephalus. This results in an increase in pressure in the ventricular system, which can lead to headaches, nausea, vomiting, unsteady gait and clouding of consciousness or even coma. […] Ependymomas can also lead to facial, pharyngeal and ocular muscle deficits due to the involvement of cranial nerves. […] In infants, an ependymoma can manifest itself in an enlargement of the skull circumference (macrocephaly) and a bulging and tense fontanel due to the unsealed cranial sutures. This often occurs before the child shows other symptoms such as developmental delays, nausea or vomiting.

• #2 Ependymoma: Types, Symptoms, Causes, & Treatment

  https://mnamd.com/conditions/neurological-spinal-oncology/ependymoma/

  Ependymomas near the brains motor centers or spinal cord can lead to weakness or paralysis in certain body parts, as well as difficulty with coordination and balance. […] In pediatric cases, ependymoma may cause behavioral changes, irritability, developmental delays, or regression in milestones achieved. […] In some instances, ependymoma can be associated with unexplained weight loss, loss of appetite, or changes in eating patterns. […] It is important to note that these symptoms may be indicative of other health conditions as well, and a comprehensive evaluation by a healthcare professional is necessary for an accurate diagnosis. If you or a loved one experiences any of these symptoms, especially if they persist or worsen over time, seeking medical attention promptly is vital.

• #2 Ependymoma: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/277621-overview

  The most recent 10-year relative survival rate for ependymoma is 86.7%. This figure varies by age, with patients diagnosed with ependymoma under the age of 14% having a 10 year relative survival of 72%. However, reported 10 year event free survival rates for intracranial pediatric cases are around 60%. […] Predictors of long-term survival include extent of resection made at surgery and amount of residual tumor on postoperative imaging. A number of studies support the suggestion that the extent of resection is the most important predictor of outcome, independent of the histologic grade of the tumor. Patients with totally resected tumors, primarily of the posterior fossa, had an overall 5-year, progression-free survival rate of nearly 70% compared with 30-40% for those patients with partially resected tumors.

• #2 symptoms and treatment for types of brain and spinal cord ependymoma tumors | Dr Mehran Moradi, Neurosurgeon Surgeon –

  https://dr-moradi.com/en/symptoms-and-treatment-for-types-of-brain-and-spinal-cord-ependymoma-tumors/

  Most ependymomas start out small and grow slowly over years, so you may not notice any problems at first. […] When symptoms start, the way you feel depends on where the tumor is. You may have seizures or frequent headaches. You may also feel nauseous or throw up. You could lose your balance or get blurry vision. […] Other symptoms are: Feel confused or irritable, Have a hard time peeing, Stiffness or pain in your neck or back, Weakness in your legs. […] If your baby has an ependymoma, one of the first symptoms you may notice is that he has a larger than usual head.

• #2 Ependymoma | Neurological Surgery

  https://neurosurgery.weillcornell.org/condition/ependymoma

  Ependymoma tumors are rare and account for only two percent of central nervous system tumors in adults. […] Most ependymoma tumors in adults are slow-glowing and considered benign, and they rarely spread outside the central nervous system. […] However, some types can metastasize through the cerebrospinal fluid to different areas of the brain and spine. […] Some grade II ependymoma tumors may recur as a higher grade tumor following treatment. […] Anaplastic is a term used to describe cancer cells that divide rapidly, typically faster than other grades, and have little or no resemblance to normal cells. […] Usually found in the skull, brain, and brain stem and only rarely in the spine, anaplastic ependymomas are malignant, grow quickly, and spread into other parts of the brain through the cerebrospinal fluid. […] Grade III ependymoma tumors tend to recur after treatment.

• #2 Ependymoma in Children and Teens – Together by St. Jude™

  https://together.stjude.org/en-us/conditions/cancers/ependymoma.html

  Signs and symptoms of childhood ependymoma depend on several factors. These include the tumor’s size and location and the child’s age and stage of development. […] Ependymoma symptoms may include: Headache, Nausea and vomiting, often worse in the morning, Back or neck pain, Vision problems, Loss of balance or problems walking, Leg weakness, Seizures, Irritability or confusion, Problems urinating (peeing), Change in bowel function, Increased head size in infants. […] As the tumor grows, it may block the normal flow of CSF. This causes a fluid buildup in the brain known as hydrocephalus. The fluid increases pressure in the brain. Many symptoms of ependymoma are due to hydrocephalus. […] Sometimes an ependymoma can block the normal flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Hydrocephalus occurs when too much CSF builds up in the ventricles. […] Ependymoma can come back after treatment. Children often need long-term care to watch for this.

• #2 Ependymoma – Dr Prem Pillay

  https://singaporebrain.org/en/brain/ependymoma/

  Symptoms related to an ependymoma depend on the tumors location. People with an ependymoma in the brain may have headaches, nausea, vomiting and dizziness. People with an ependymoma in the spine may have back pain, numbness and weakness in their arms, legs or trunk, problems with sexual, and urinary or bowel problems. […] Ependymomas rarely spread outside the CNS. But ependymomas can spread to other areas of the CNS through cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

• #2 Childhood Ependymoma – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/brain/patient/childhood-ependymoma

  These symptoms may be caused by problems other than an ependymoma. The only way to know is to see your child’s doctor. […] Childhood ependymoma often comes back after treatment, sometimes as long as 15 years after the initial treatment. The tumor commonly comes back at the original cancer site, although it can also spread to areas near the original site. It is rare for ependymoma to spread to areas far from the original cancer site.

• #2 Ependymoma | University Hospitals

  https://www.uhhospitals.org/rainbow/services/pediatric-cancer-and-blood-disorders/conditions-and-treatments/ependymoma

  neck or back pain […] neck weakness or stiffness […] weakness in one or both legs […] trouble urinating […] a change in bowel function. […] Childhood ependymoma often comes back after treatment, sometimes as long as 15 years after the initial treatment. The tumor commonly comes back at the original cancer site, although it can also spread to areas near the original site. It is rare for ependymoma to spread to areas far from the original cancer site.

• #2 Clinical course and progression-free survival of adult intracranial and spinal ependymoma patients

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4483095/

  A log-rank test revealed a significant difference in the PFS among the 3 tumor locations (2 = 46.4, P .01). […] Kaplan-Meier curves estimated the median time to progression at 3.9 years for the supratentorial brain region (95% CI, 2.15.7) and 12.3 years for the infratentorial brain region (95% CI, 9.115.4). […] A multivariate Cox proportional hazards model for PFS was fitted using the following variables (based on univariate analysis): tumor location, tumor grade, age, and initial treatment. […] Participants with infratentorial tumors or spine tumors were less likely to progress than those with supratentorial tumors (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.33; 95% CI, 0.180.63; P .01 and HR = 0.15; 95% CI, 0.070.31; P 0.01, respectively). […] Tumor grade was also associated with outcome; the diagnosis of a grade III tumor raised a participant’s risk of progression when compared with a grade II tumor (HR = 3.00; 95% CI, 1.456.07; P .01).

• #2

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11060-024-04623-4

  Primary treatment of spinal ependymomas involves surgical resection, however recurrence ranges between 50 and 70%. […] We investigated the relationship between EOR and survival outcomes, chiefly overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS), in a large contemporary cohort of spinal ependymoma patients. […] Cox multivariate model demonstrated significant improvement in PFS when a GTR was attained (p<.001). [...] In univariate analyses, patients with a syrinx had improved PFS (p=.03) and were more likely to benefit from GTR (p=.01). [...] In this large, contemporary series of adult spinal ependymoma patients, we demonstrated improvements in PFS when GTR was achieved. [...] Patients undergoing GTR had estimated 2-, 5-, and 8-year PFS rates of 100% (95% CI, 100%-100%), 85% (95% CI, 73-100%), and 75% (95% CI, 59-95%), respectively. Conversely in the STR cohort, the 2-, 5-, and 8-year PFS rates were 44% (95% CI, 23-83%), 18% (95% CI, 56-62%), and 18% (95% CI, 5-62%), respectively.

• #2 Ependymoma: Symptoms, Treatment, Outlook, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/ependymoma

  One of the main symptoms of ependymomas is pressure in the brain, which causes headaches. Often your feel these headaches when you first wake up in the morning. Children with ependymomas may also experience hydrocephalus, a buildup of fluid in the brain. This can cause increased head size in infants. […] Other symptoms of ependymomas are: nausea and vomiting (more frequent in the morning), low energy, irritability, difficulty walking (an ependymoma can cause the eyes to cross, affecting balance). […] About 90 percent of ependymomas in children are located in the brain. The majority of ependymomas in adults are in the spine. Spinal tumors can cause backaches and soreness and tingling in the legs. […] If the tumor can be removed completely, there is about a 65 percent cure rate. However, new ependymomas can develop later on. Recurrent ependymomas can be difficult to treat. Someone with a myxopapillary ependymoma tends to have a better prognosis than someone with a classic or anaplastic type of ependymoma. Adults tend to have a better prognosis than children. […] However, with good treatment, about 82 percent of people who have an ependymoma survive at least five years.

• #2 Ependymoma – Brief information

  https://www.gpoh.de/kinderkrebsinfo/content/diseases/brain_tumours/pohpatinfoependy120071126/pohpatinfoependykurz120070626/index_eng.html

  The prognosis of children and teenagers with ependymoma mainly depends on the tumour site and, thus, the extent of surgical tumour removal. Survival rates for patients after complete resection and subsequent radiotherapy are between 60 and 85 % after five years and between 50 and 70 % after 10 years, as long as the disease does not progress. After partial tumour removal, survival rates are far less favourable. […] The overall prognosis for patients with intraspinal ependymoma is more favourable than for patients with ependymoma of the brain. However, remaining tumour as well as young age at diagnosis may have a negative impact on their prognosis. […] When patients suffer from a recurrent ependymoma, opportunities for another surgery and/or radiation therapy will be evaluated. There is evidence that special irradiation techniques (such as stereotactic radiosurgery) can increase the average time of survival. Recurrent ependymomas are also sensitive to chemotherapy so that this form of treatment can improve the outcome for relapse patients.

• #2 Ependymoma | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/ependymoma

  Your childs symptoms may vary depending on the size of the tumor and whether the tumor has grown or spread to other areas. The most frequently seen symptoms associated with ependymoma tumors include: Nausea, Vomiting, Headache, Difficulty walking, Numbness or weakness in the limbs or midsection, Back pain, Blurred vision, Lethargy (lack of energy), Irritability. […] Your child may have short- or long-term problems from the tumor or from treatment. They may include: Damage to the brain or nervous system that cause problems with coordination, muscle strength, speech or eyesight, Problems after surgery, such as infection, bleeding and problems with general anesthesia, Infection and an increased risk of bleeding from chemotherapy, Delayed growth and development, Learning problems, Problems with reproduction (infertility), Return of the cancer (recurrence), Increased risk for other cancers later in life.

• #2

  https://www.parkwayshenton.com.sg/conditions-diseases/ependymoma/symptoms-causes

  Symptoms of ependymoma vary depending on the tumours location and size but commonly include: […] Headaches, often worse in the morning […] Nausea and vomiting […] Problems with balance or walking […] Neck pain or stiffness […] Changes in vision or eye movement […] Seizures […] In infants, increased head size may be noted due to hydrocephalus, which is an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid caused by the tumour blocking its normal flow. […] The complications associated with ependymoma largely depend on the tumours location and may include: […] Hydrocephalus, resulting from blocked cerebrospinal fluid flow […] Persistent neurological deficits, such as weakness, numbness, or loss of coordination […] Learning difficulties, particularly in children affected by brain tumours […] Recurrence of the tumour, even after treatment.

• #2

  https://medschool.cuanschutz.edu/neurosurgery/patientresources/conditions-and-diseases/ependymoma

  Ependymomas can occur in the brain and spread to the spinal cord through the cerebrospinal fluid. […] Many ependymomas occur in the fourth ventricle and can block the flow of cerebrospinal fluid leading to hydrocephalus, a build-up of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain. Increased intracranial pressure from hydrocephalus can cause headaches, nausea, vomiting, visual changes, and changes in behavior. Ependymomas in the spine can cause back pain, weakness in the arms or legs, or bladder problems. […] Long-term follow-up with regular scans and neurological exams is recommended to watch for tumor recurrence.

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