Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Prevention of depression in adults with long‐term physical conditions

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8092431/

  Major depression is one of the worlds leading causes of disability in adults with longterm physical conditions compared to those without physical illness. This comorbidity is associated with a negative prognosis in terms of increased morbidity and mortality rates, increased healthcare costs, decreased adherence to treatment regimens, and a substantial decline in quality of life. Therefore, preventing the onset of depressive episodes in adults with longterm physical conditions should be a global healthcare aim. […] While primary prevention aims at preventing the onset of depression, tertiary prevention comprises both preventing recurrences and prohibiting relapses. Tertiary prevention aims to address a depressive episode that might still be present, is about to subside, or has recently resolved. We included tertiary prevention in the case where the focus was preventing the onset of depression in those with a history of depression (preventing recurrences) but excluded it if it specifically focused on maintaining a condition or implementing rehabilitation services (relapse prevention).

• #2 Prevention of depression in adults with long‐term physical conditions – Kampling, H – 2021 | Cochrane Library

  https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011246.pub2/abstract

  Major depression is one of the worlds leading causes of disability in adults with longterm physical conditions compared to those without physical illness. This comorbidity is associated with a negative prognosis in terms of increased morbidity and mortality rates, increased healthcare costs, decreased adherence to treatment regimens, and a substantial decline in quality of life. Therefore, preventing the onset of depressive episodes in adults with longterm physical conditions should be a global healthcare aim. […] In this review, primary or tertiary (in cases of preventing recurrences in those with a history of depression) prevention are the focus. While primary prevention aims at preventing the onset of depression, tertiary prevention comprises both preventing recurrences and prohibiting relapses. Tertiary prevention aims to address a depressive episode that might still be present, is about to subside, or has recently resolved. We included tertiary prevention in the case where the focus was preventing the onset of depression in those with a history of depression (preventing recurrences) but excluded it if it specifically focused on maintaining an condition or implementing rehabilitation services (relapse prevention). Secondary prevention of depression seeks to prevent the progression of depressive symptoms by early detection and treatment and may therefore be considered a 'treatment,’ rather than prevention. We therefore exclude the whole spectrum of secondary prevention.

• #3 Prevention of depression in adults | Knowledge for policy

  https://knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu/health-promotion-knowledge-gateway/depression-adults_en

  Depression prevention aims at raising awareness, detecting groups at risk, developing coping strategies, and building resilience. […] Three categories of mental health primary prevention strategies have been identified: Universal prevention, targeting the general public or a whole population group; Selective prevention, targeting individuals or subgroups of the population whose risk of developing mental health disorders is significantly higher than the rest of the population; Indicated prevention, targeting persons at high risk for mental disorders. […] Preventive interventions in the field of mental health are particularly important for people who exhibit depressive symptoms which are sub-threshold to warrant a formal diagnosis, or people with high risk of developing depression, for instance after the exposure to transitions, or stressful life events.

• #4 Prevention of depression in adults | Knowledge for policy

  https://knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu/health-promotion-knowledge-gateway/depression-adults_en

  Depression prevention aims at raising awareness, detecting groups at risk, developing coping strategies, and building resilience. […] Three categories of mental health primary prevention strategies have been identified: Universal prevention, targeting the general public or a whole population group; Selective prevention, targeting individuals or subgroups of the population whose risk of developing mental health disorders is significantly higher than the rest of the population; Indicated prevention, targeting persons at high risk for mental disorders. […] Preventive interventions in the field of mental health are particularly important for people who exhibit depressive symptoms which are sub-threshold to warrant a formal diagnosis, or people with high risk of developing depression, for instance after the exposure to transitions, or stressful life events.

• #5 Prevention of depression in adults with long‐term physical conditions – Kampling, H – 2021 | Cochrane Library

  https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011246.pub2/abstract

  Major depression is one of the worlds leading causes of disability in adults with longterm physical conditions compared to those without physical illness. This comorbidity is associated with a negative prognosis in terms of increased morbidity and mortality rates, increased healthcare costs, decreased adherence to treatment regimens, and a substantial decline in quality of life. Therefore, preventing the onset of depressive episodes in adults with longterm physical conditions should be a global healthcare aim. […] In this review, primary or tertiary (in cases of preventing recurrences in those with a history of depression) prevention are the focus. While primary prevention aims at preventing the onset of depression, tertiary prevention comprises both preventing recurrences and prohibiting relapses. Tertiary prevention aims to address a depressive episode that might still be present, is about to subside, or has recently resolved. We included tertiary prevention in the case where the focus was preventing the onset of depression in those with a history of depression (preventing recurrences) but excluded it if it specifically focused on maintaining an condition or implementing rehabilitation services (relapse prevention). Secondary prevention of depression seeks to prevent the progression of depressive symptoms by early detection and treatment and may therefore be considered a 'treatment,’ rather than prevention. We therefore exclude the whole spectrum of secondary prevention.

• #6 Prevention of depression in adults with long‐term physical conditions – Kampling, H – 2021 | Cochrane Library

  https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011246.pub2/abstract

  Major depression is one of the worlds leading causes of disability in adults with longterm physical conditions compared to those without physical illness. This comorbidity is associated with a negative prognosis in terms of increased morbidity and mortality rates, increased healthcare costs, decreased adherence to treatment regimens, and a substantial decline in quality of life. Therefore, preventing the onset of depressive episodes in adults with longterm physical conditions should be a global healthcare aim. […] In this review, primary or tertiary (in cases of preventing recurrences in those with a history of depression) prevention are the focus. While primary prevention aims at preventing the onset of depression, tertiary prevention comprises both preventing recurrences and prohibiting relapses. Tertiary prevention aims to address a depressive episode that might still be present, is about to subside, or has recently resolved. We included tertiary prevention in the case where the focus was preventing the onset of depression in those with a history of depression (preventing recurrences) but excluded it if it specifically focused on maintaining an condition or implementing rehabilitation services (relapse prevention). Secondary prevention of depression seeks to prevent the progression of depressive symptoms by early detection and treatment and may therefore be considered a 'treatment,’ rather than prevention. We therefore exclude the whole spectrum of secondary prevention.

• #7 Prevention of depression in adults | Knowledge for policy

  https://knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu/health-promotion-knowledge-gateway/depression-adults_en

  Depression prevention aims at raising awareness, detecting groups at risk, developing coping strategies, and building resilience. […] Three categories of mental health primary prevention strategies have been identified: Universal prevention, targeting the general public or a whole population group; Selective prevention, targeting individuals or subgroups of the population whose risk of developing mental health disorders is significantly higher than the rest of the population; Indicated prevention, targeting persons at high risk for mental disorders. […] Preventive interventions in the field of mental health are particularly important for people who exhibit depressive symptoms which are sub-threshold to warrant a formal diagnosis, or people with high risk of developing depression, for instance after the exposure to transitions, or stressful life events.

• #8

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression

  Depression results from a complex interaction of social, psychological, and biological factors. […] Prevention programmes have been shown to reduce depression. Effective community approaches to prevent depression include school-based programmes to enhance a pattern of positive coping in children and adolescents. […] Exercise programmes for older persons can also be effective in depression prevention.

• #9

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/depression

  Prevention programmes have been shown to reduce depression. […] There are also effective psychological treatments and medications for depression. […] WHO works with Member States and partners to reduce the burden of mental health conditions, including depression. […] The Comprehensive Mental Health Action Plan 20132030 highlights the steps required to provide appropriate interventions for people with mental health conditions, including depression. […] Depression and self-harm/suicide are among the priority conditions covered by WHO’s Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP). […] The programme aims to help countries increase services for people with depression and other disorders through care provided by non-specialist health workers in primary health care. […] WHO has developed brief psychological intervention manuals for depression that may be delivered by non-specialists to individuals and groups. […] WHO has also developed self-help tools that can be used by individuals (for example the online Step-by-Step programme).

• #10 Major depressive disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder

  Preventive efforts may result in decreases in rates of the condition of between 22 and 38%. […] Since 2016, the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) has recommended screening for depression among those over the age 12, provided that it would be diagnosed accurately, treated efficiently, and followed-up as needed; […] Behavioral interventions, such as interpersonal therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy, are effective at preventing new onset depression. […] The Netherlands mental health care system provides preventive interventions, such as the „Coping with Depression” course (CWD) for people with sub-threshold depression. The course is claimed to be the most successful of psychoeducational interventions for the treatment and prevention of depression (both for its adaptability to various populations and its results), with a risk reduction of 38% in major depression and an efficacy as a treatment comparing favorably to other psychotherapies.

• #11

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression

  Depression results from a complex interaction of social, psychological, and biological factors. […] Prevention programmes have been shown to reduce depression. Effective community approaches to prevent depression include school-based programmes to enhance a pattern of positive coping in children and adolescents. […] Exercise programmes for older persons can also be effective in depression prevention.

• #12 Major depressive disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder

  Preventive efforts may result in decreases in rates of the condition of between 22 and 38%. […] Since 2016, the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) has recommended screening for depression among those over the age 12, provided that it would be diagnosed accurately, treated efficiently, and followed-up as needed; […] Behavioral interventions, such as interpersonal therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy, are effective at preventing new onset depression. […] The Netherlands mental health care system provides preventive interventions, such as the „Coping with Depression” course (CWD) for people with sub-threshold depression. The course is claimed to be the most successful of psychoeducational interventions for the treatment and prevention of depression (both for its adaptability to various populations and its results), with a risk reduction of 38% in major depression and an efficacy as a treatment comparing favorably to other psychotherapies.

• #13 The Relationship between Physical Activity and Mental Depression in Older Adults during the Prevention and Control of COVID-19: A Mixed Model with Mediating and Moderating Effects

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/20/4/3225

  The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a public health emergency of international concern since the associated outbreak. […] A growing number of studies has recently discovered that physical activity has been shown to be as effective as antidepressant medication in alleviating depression. […] Physical activity, for example, has been shown to be a protective factor against depression, and long-term physical activity is an effective and convenient way to prevent depressive symptoms in older adults. […] Physical activity has been suggested to have a therapeutic effect on depression. […] Regular physical activity not only relieves psychological stress and anxiety disorders in older adults but also helps in the maintenance and development of physical and mental health. […] Physical activity reduces psychological depressive symptoms in older adults and modulates psychological depression in older adults via the mediation efficacy of self-efficacy and the moderating effect of social support.

• #14 Depression and anxiety: Exercise eases symptoms

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/in-depth/depression-and-exercise/art-20046495

  Depression and anxiety symptoms often improve with exercise. […] Research on depression, anxiety and exercise shows that the mental health and physical benefits of exercise also can help mood get better and lessen anxiety. […] Exercise also may help keep depression and anxiety from coming back once you’re feeling better. […] Regular exercise may help ease depression and anxiety by: Releasing feel-good endorphins. […] Doing something positive to manage depression or anxiety is a healthy coping strategy. […] Regular exercise may improve depression or anxiety symptoms enough to make a big difference. […] The mental health benefits of exercise and physical activity may last only if you stick with them over the long term. […] If you exercise regularly but depression or anxiety symptoms still affect your daily living, see your healthcare professional or mental health professional.

• #15 Physical Activity for the Treatment and Prevention of Depression: A Rapid Review of Meta-Analyses

  https://www.germanjournalsportsmedicine.com/archive/archive-2021/issue-6/physical-activity-for-the-treatment-and-prevention-of-depression-a-rapid-review-of-meta-analyses/

  Regular physical activity has been shown to have a protective effect on incident depression in adults, reducing odds by 17 to 21%. […] Two meta-analyses were restricted to prospective cohort-studies on the protective effect of self-reported PA on incidence depression and found a comparable odds reduction of 17 to 21%. […] According to the evidence from meta-analyses, in patients suffering from chronic physical conditions, especially cardiovascular disease, aiming at reaching public health recommendations concerning PA seems advisable and might help to reduce depressive symptoms and hence increase wellbeing.

• #16 How to Avoid Depression: Prevent Relapse and Avoid Triggers

  https://www.healthline.com/health/how-to-avoid-depression

  Getting plenty of high quality sleep is necessary for both mental and physical health. In fact, having insomnia is significantly associated with a higher chance of developing depression. […] Surrounding yourself with supportive people is important, but knowing when to distance yourself from those who contribute to your stress can make a difference as well. […] Research has shown that regularly consuming a high fat diet can have effects similar to those of chronic stress when it comes to causing depression. […] Weight fluctuations due to stress and depression can result in low self-esteem, especially once you start adding in the judgments and criticisms of other people for many, this can become a vicious cycle. […] People with other chronic conditions have a higher chance of developing depression.

• #17 Prevention of Depression – Can You Prevent Depression?

  https://www.brainsway.com/knowledge-center/can-you-prevent-depression/

  Consuming a Mediterranean diet consisting of whole grains, olive oil, fruit, vegetables, fish, low fat dairy products, and antioxidants, has repeatedly been found to lead to a 32% reduction in the risk of developing depression. […] Exercise similarly affects one’s mental health, by increasing their level of endorphins, which are mood regulators. […] Research has specifically shown that low-intensity aerobic exercise, carried out for 30-35 minutes a day and 3-5 times a week, is a reliable mood regulating activity.

• #18 Exercise interventions for the prevention of depression: a systematic review of meta-analyses | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-020-09323-y

  Exercise may be a promising target for depression interventions. However, evidence for a beneficial effect of exercise interventions on the prevention of depression differs substantially across different studies. […] Therefore, there is a growing need for strategies targeted at early interventions or ultimately even prevention of this psychiatric disorder. One promising target for such interventions is exercise. […] The evidence from this study suggests that exercise interventions have a beneficial effect on depressive symptoms in the general population across a wide age-range. […] The results indicate that exercise interventions may have a moderate effect (effect sizes ranging from 0.10 to 0.81) on decreasing depressive symptoms in the general population. Exercise seems to have a beneficial effect on depressive symptoms in children, adolescents, adults, and the elderly based on meta-analyses focusing on different age groups. […] Nonetheless, the evidence from this study suggests that exercise has a moderate effect on decreasing symptoms of depression in the general population across a wide age-range.

• #19 Depression and anxiety: Exercise eases symptoms

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/in-depth/depression-and-exercise/art-20046495

  Depression and anxiety symptoms often improve with exercise. […] Research on depression, anxiety and exercise shows that the mental health and physical benefits of exercise also can help mood get better and lessen anxiety. […] Exercise also may help keep depression and anxiety from coming back once you’re feeling better. […] Regular exercise may help ease depression and anxiety by: Releasing feel-good endorphins. […] Doing something positive to manage depression or anxiety is a healthy coping strategy. […] Regular exercise may improve depression or anxiety symptoms enough to make a big difference. […] The mental health benefits of exercise and physical activity may last only if you stick with them over the long term. […] If you exercise regularly but depression or anxiety symptoms still affect your daily living, see your healthcare professional or mental health professional.

• #20 Prevention of Depression – Can You Prevent Depression?

  https://www.brainsway.com/knowledge-center/can-you-prevent-depression/

  Consuming a Mediterranean diet consisting of whole grains, olive oil, fruit, vegetables, fish, low fat dairy products, and antioxidants, has repeatedly been found to lead to a 32% reduction in the risk of developing depression. […] Exercise similarly affects one’s mental health, by increasing their level of endorphins, which are mood regulators. […] Research has specifically shown that low-intensity aerobic exercise, carried out for 30-35 minutes a day and 3-5 times a week, is a reliable mood regulating activity.

• #21 Evidence-based recommendations to assist adults with depression to become lifelong movers – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/reports-publications/health-promotion-chronic-disease-prevention-canada-research-policy-practice/vol-40-no-10-2020/evidence-based-recommendations-adults-depression-lifelong-movers.html

  Depression is the most common and prevalent mental disorder today, affecting an estimated 1 in 4 Canadians at some point in their lifetime. Physical activity is recommended as a primary treatment for mild to moderate depression and a secondary treatment for moderate to severe depression. […] Accordingly, this policy brief provides evidence-based recommendations for primary care providers and allied health professionals to promote lifelong physical activity in individuals with depression. Recommendations include asking for permission to discuss physical activity with the individual; framing physical activity as something that they have control over in order to feel better; clarifying that incorporating even a few more minutes of weekly physical activity is better than nothing and that mild forms are enough to achieve mental health benefits; and providing choices of activities to try and accompanying them on their first few sessions.

• #22 Evidence-based recommendations to assist adults with depression to become lifelong movers – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/reports-publications/health-promotion-chronic-disease-prevention-canada-research-policy-practice/vol-40-no-10-2020/evidence-based-recommendations-adults-depression-lifelong-movers.html

  Moreover, this article highlights the importance of promoting physical activity enjoyment for this population, which can be done by guiding the individual to slowly build up the frequency, duration and intensity of activity; encouraging them to be self-compassionate toward physical activity; suggesting they engage in outdoor activity, listen to music, and/or participate with a buddy or group; and incorporate self-monitoring or journalling to solidify the link between physical activity and improved mood. […] These recommendations may also be used to tailor future interventions and inform policy guidelines to reduce depression rates in Canada. […] Physical activity is proven to prevent and treat depression. […] Lower levels of physical activity and mild forms are enough for mood gains. Practitioners should promote enjoyable physical activity experiences by guiding individuals with depression to slowly build up their physical activity, and by suggesting they choose activities based on preferences, play outdoors, incorporate music and/or participate with a buddy or group. […] Other recommendations are to ask for permission to talk about physical activity and frame it as something that can be done to feel better; clarify that a little physical activity is better than nothing; provide choices to try; and, if possible, accompany the individual on their first few sessions. […] These recommendations may also be used to tailor future interventions and inform policy guidelines to reduce depression rates in Canada.

• #23 Major depressive disorder: hypothesis, mechanism, prevention and treatment | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-024-01738-y

  MDD is a disease with a high prevalence worldwide, and preventing its occurrence and recurrence is crucial. Lifestyle medicine is an evolving medical specialty that aims to prevent chronic, noncommunicable diseases through lifestyle interventions. The goal of lifestyle medicine is to prevent the occurrence and recurrence of disease by improving sleep hygiene and diet, increasing physical exercise, avoiding sedentary behavior, increasing social support, and improving mood. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have demonstrated that the occurrence and recurrence of MDD can be prevented by means of lifestyle medicine; we summarize these reports in this section. […] Improving sleep is an important strategy to prevent the occurrence of depression. Insomnia is included in the diagnostic criteria for MDD. However, few studies have examined whether treating insomnia can prevent the exacerbation of depressive symptoms. Treating insomnia can prevent the worsening of depressive symptoms, and cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is a recommended intervention for treating insomnia to improve sleep and mood.

• #24 Major depressive disorder: hypothesis, mechanism, prevention and treatment | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-024-01738-y

  MDD is a disease with a high prevalence worldwide, and preventing its occurrence and recurrence is crucial. Lifestyle medicine is an evolving medical specialty that aims to prevent chronic, noncommunicable diseases through lifestyle interventions. The goal of lifestyle medicine is to prevent the occurrence and recurrence of disease by improving sleep hygiene and diet, increasing physical exercise, avoiding sedentary behavior, increasing social support, and improving mood. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have demonstrated that the occurrence and recurrence of MDD can be prevented by means of lifestyle medicine; we summarize these reports in this section. […] Improving sleep is an important strategy to prevent the occurrence of depression. Insomnia is included in the diagnostic criteria for MDD. However, few studies have examined whether treating insomnia can prevent the exacerbation of depressive symptoms. Treating insomnia can prevent the worsening of depressive symptoms, and cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is a recommended intervention for treating insomnia to improve sleep and mood.

• #25 Depression: Causes, Symptoms, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9290-depression

  You cant always prevent depression, but you can help reduce your risk by: […] Maintaining a healthy sleep routine. […] Managing stress with healthy coping mechanisms. […] Practicing regular self-care activities such as exercise, meditation and yoga. […] If youve had depression before, you may be more likely to experience it again. If you have depression symptoms, get help as soon as possible.

• #26 Major depressive disorder: hypothesis, mechanism, prevention and treatment | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-024-01738-y

  MDD is a disease with a high prevalence worldwide, and preventing its occurrence and recurrence is crucial. Lifestyle medicine is an evolving medical specialty that aims to prevent chronic, noncommunicable diseases through lifestyle interventions. The goal of lifestyle medicine is to prevent the occurrence and recurrence of disease by improving sleep hygiene and diet, increasing physical exercise, avoiding sedentary behavior, increasing social support, and improving mood. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have demonstrated that the occurrence and recurrence of MDD can be prevented by means of lifestyle medicine; we summarize these reports in this section. […] Improving sleep is an important strategy to prevent the occurrence of depression. Insomnia is included in the diagnostic criteria for MDD. However, few studies have examined whether treating insomnia can prevent the exacerbation of depressive symptoms. Treating insomnia can prevent the worsening of depressive symptoms, and cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is a recommended intervention for treating insomnia to improve sleep and mood.

• #27 Prevention of Incident and Recurrent Major Depression in Older Adults With Insomnia

  https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3kx6w8mm

  Older adults with insomnia have a high risk of incident and recurrent depression. Depression prevention is urgently needed, and such efforts have been neglected for older adults. […] The findings of this randomized clinical trial indicate that treatment of insomnia with CBT-I has an overall benefit in the prevention of incident and recurrent major depression in older adults with insomnia disorder. Community-level screening for insomnia concerns in older adults and wide delivery of CBT-I-based treatment for insomnia could substantially advance public health efforts to treat insomnia and prevent depression in this vulnerable older adult population.

• #28 Late-Life Depression Prevention | LLDRC

  https://lldep.pitt.edu/evidence-for-preventing-depression-in-late-life/

  There is a common misconception that depression is a normal part of getting older, but there is no reason to accept depression when there are research-backed ways to keep depression at bay. […] Isolation is a key predictor of suicide in older adults, and can create the conditions for depression to occur in adults who are not already depressed. […] Routine screening at regular intervals is key to prevention and treatment. […] The research literature is clear that exercise is important for both physical and mental health. […] Taking care of physical problems in a timely manner is an important tool in fighting depression. […] Observing proper sleep hygiene by going to bed at a set time each night, limiting electronics, alcohol and caffeine before bed, and getting sunlight during the day can help get sleep back on track.

• #29 How to Avoid Depression: Prevent Relapse and Avoid Triggers

  https://www.healthline.com/health/how-to-avoid-depression

  Getting plenty of high quality sleep is necessary for both mental and physical health. In fact, having insomnia is significantly associated with a higher chance of developing depression. […] Surrounding yourself with supportive people is important, but knowing when to distance yourself from those who contribute to your stress can make a difference as well. […] Research has shown that regularly consuming a high fat diet can have effects similar to those of chronic stress when it comes to causing depression. […] Weight fluctuations due to stress and depression can result in low self-esteem, especially once you start adding in the judgments and criticisms of other people for many, this can become a vicious cycle. […] People with other chronic conditions have a higher chance of developing depression.

• #30 Major depressive disorder: hypothesis, mechanism, prevention and treatment | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-024-01738-y

  Dietary adjustment is an effective, safe, and widely applicable method for preventing MDD, especially by inhibiting MDD-related pathological inflammation. Various nutrients can possess different anti-inflammatory properties; in contrast, there are many proinflammatory foods, such as those high in refined starch, sugar, and saturated fat and low in fiber and omega-3 fatty acids, which can promote the occurrence of inflammation to increase the risk of MDD. […] Increasing evidence suggests that physical exercise can prevent some mental disorders in addition to cardiovascular disease. This finding suggests that physical exercise may be able to prevent MDD. […] Social support may have an influence on depression through neuroendocrine pathways, and social support can improve a person’s psychological wellbeing and make the individual more resistant to stress.

• #31 Prevention of Depression – Can You Prevent Depression?

  https://www.brainsway.com/knowledge-center/can-you-prevent-depression/

  Consuming a Mediterranean diet consisting of whole grains, olive oil, fruit, vegetables, fish, low fat dairy products, and antioxidants, has repeatedly been found to lead to a 32% reduction in the risk of developing depression. […] Exercise similarly affects one’s mental health, by increasing their level of endorphins, which are mood regulators. […] Research has specifically shown that low-intensity aerobic exercise, carried out for 30-35 minutes a day and 3-5 times a week, is a reliable mood regulating activity.

• #32 Major depressive disorder: hypothesis, mechanism, prevention and treatment | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-024-01738-y

  Dietary adjustment is an effective, safe, and widely applicable method for preventing MDD, especially by inhibiting MDD-related pathological inflammation. Various nutrients can possess different anti-inflammatory properties; in contrast, there are many proinflammatory foods, such as those high in refined starch, sugar, and saturated fat and low in fiber and omega-3 fatty acids, which can promote the occurrence of inflammation to increase the risk of MDD. […] Increasing evidence suggests that physical exercise can prevent some mental disorders in addition to cardiovascular disease. This finding suggests that physical exercise may be able to prevent MDD. […] Social support may have an influence on depression through neuroendocrine pathways, and social support can improve a person’s psychological wellbeing and make the individual more resistant to stress.

• #33 Prevention of Depression – Can You Prevent Depression?

  https://www.brainsway.com/knowledge-center/can-you-prevent-depression/

  Consuming a Mediterranean diet consisting of whole grains, olive oil, fruit, vegetables, fish, low fat dairy products, and antioxidants, has repeatedly been found to lead to a 32% reduction in the risk of developing depression. […] Exercise similarly affects one’s mental health, by increasing their level of endorphins, which are mood regulators. […] Research has specifically shown that low-intensity aerobic exercise, carried out for 30-35 minutes a day and 3-5 times a week, is a reliable mood regulating activity.

• #34 How to Avoid Depression: Prevent Relapse and Avoid Triggers

  https://www.healthline.com/health/how-to-avoid-depression

  Getting plenty of high quality sleep is necessary for both mental and physical health. In fact, having insomnia is significantly associated with a higher chance of developing depression. […] Surrounding yourself with supportive people is important, but knowing when to distance yourself from those who contribute to your stress can make a difference as well. […] Research has shown that regularly consuming a high fat diet can have effects similar to those of chronic stress when it comes to causing depression. […] Weight fluctuations due to stress and depression can result in low self-esteem, especially once you start adding in the judgments and criticisms of other people for many, this can become a vicious cycle. […] People with other chronic conditions have a higher chance of developing depression.

• #35 Anti-inflammatory interventions for the treatment and prevention of depression among older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis | Translational Psychiatry

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41398-025-03317-3

  Recent evidence from clinical and animal studies with anti-inflammatory agents in depression is conflicting. […] this meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the therapeutic and preventative effects of anti-inflammatory interventions for depression among older adults. […] Anti-inflammatory interventions were statistically significantly more effective than placebo in reducing depressive scores for older adults with depression. […] these results reveal the moderate beneficial effects of anti-inflammatory interventions for the treatment and prevention of depression among older adults. […] Future high-quality RCTs are warranted to determine which anti-inflammatory interventions are most preferential for older patients with depression. […] Preliminary findings suggest that the anti-inflammatory interventions are associated with a lower risk of depressive symptoms.

• #36 Anti-inflammatory interventions for the treatment and prevention of depression among older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis | Translational Psychiatry

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41398-025-03317-3

  Therefore, Anti-inflammatory treatments are warranted to be further studied in older adults. […] The primary aims of this meta-analysis were to investigate the anti-depressant effects and preventive effects of anti-inflammatory interventions in older participants with or without depressive symptoms. […] Our review of 31 RCTs demonstrated that anti-inflammatory interventions could be more beneficial than placebo control conditions for older adults with or without depressive disorders. […] Our findings showed that older participants who administered anti-inflammatory interventions might be less likely to suffer from depression than those in the placebo condition. […] Omega-3 FA and botanical drugs, or dietary intervention, rather than NSAIDs or statins, show promising anti-depressant effects in older adults.

• #37 Major depressive disorder: hypothesis, mechanism, prevention and treatment | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-024-01738-y

  Dietary adjustment is an effective, safe, and widely applicable method for preventing MDD, especially by inhibiting MDD-related pathological inflammation. Various nutrients can possess different anti-inflammatory properties; in contrast, there are many proinflammatory foods, such as those high in refined starch, sugar, and saturated fat and low in fiber and omega-3 fatty acids, which can promote the occurrence of inflammation to increase the risk of MDD. […] Increasing evidence suggests that physical exercise can prevent some mental disorders in addition to cardiovascular disease. This finding suggests that physical exercise may be able to prevent MDD. […] Social support may have an influence on depression through neuroendocrine pathways, and social support can improve a person’s psychological wellbeing and make the individual more resistant to stress.

• #38 How to Avoid Depression: Prevent Relapse and Avoid Triggers

  https://www.healthline.com/health/how-to-avoid-depression

  Exercising regularly is one of the best things you can do for your mental health. Exercise can help in the treatment and prevention of depression in several key ways: […] Making it a habit is the best way to maintain the fitness level that is most effective in preventing depression. […] Even if cutting it out completely isnt realistic for your lifestyle, limiting social media time can help prevent depression. […] Research has shown that a lack of social support can contribute to worsening depression symptoms. […] Chronic stress is one of the most avoidable common causes of depression. Learning how to manage and cope with stress is essential to improve mental health. […] If youve already experienced one depressive episode, theres a higher chance youll experience another. Thats why maintaining your treatment plan is so important.

• #39 Late-Life Depression Prevention | LLDRC

  https://lldep.pitt.edu/evidence-for-preventing-depression-in-late-life/

  There is a common misconception that depression is a normal part of getting older, but there is no reason to accept depression when there are research-backed ways to keep depression at bay. […] Isolation is a key predictor of suicide in older adults, and can create the conditions for depression to occur in adults who are not already depressed. […] Routine screening at regular intervals is key to prevention and treatment. […] The research literature is clear that exercise is important for both physical and mental health. […] Taking care of physical problems in a timely manner is an important tool in fighting depression. […] Observing proper sleep hygiene by going to bed at a set time each night, limiting electronics, alcohol and caffeine before bed, and getting sunlight during the day can help get sleep back on track.

• #40 Depression (major depressive disorder) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/symptoms-causes/syc-20356007

  There’s no sure way to prevent depression. However, these strategies may help. […] Take steps to control stress, to increase your resilience and boost your self-esteem. […] Reach out to family and friends, especially in times of crisis, to help you weather rough spells. […] Get treatment at the earliest sign of a problem to help prevent depression from worsening. […] Consider getting long-term maintenance treatment to help prevent a relapse of symptoms.

• #41 Depression | NAMI

  https://www.nami.org/about-mental-illness/mental-health-conditions/depression/

  Depressive disorder, frequently referred to simply as depression, is more than just feeling sad or going through a rough patch. It’s a serious mental health condition that requires understanding and medical care. Left untreated, depression can be devastating for those who have it and their families. Fortunately, with early detection, diagnosis and a treatment plan consisting of medication, psychotherapy and healthy lifestyle choices, many people can and do get better. […] Many treatment options are available for depression, but how well treatment works depends on the type of depression and its severity. For most people, psychotherapy and medications give better results together than either alone, but this is something to review with your mental health care provider. […] Leading a balanced lifestyle can help you manage symptoms of depression. Here are some suggestions from people who have lived experience with depression: Learn all you can. Learn about the many treatment options available. Connect with other people experiencing depression in support groups or meetings.

• #42 Volunteering May Reduce Odds of Older Adult Depression | Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health

  https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/news/volunteering-may-reduce-odds-older-adult-depression

  Marked variation in the prevalence of depression was found in a multisite sample of community-dwelling older adults in the U.S. reports a study by Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health researchers. […] Volunteering was a factor in reducing the odds of depression, with a 43 percent rate of decline. […] Specifically, it provides empirical data on the prevalence of depression among community-dwelling older adults in the U.S. and the potential role of volunteering in mitigating the risk of depression among older adults. […] Alternately, those engaged in volunteering activities had a significantly lower prevalence of depression. […] Our study underscores the need for policies that bolster financial security for older adults, and provides further evidence for the potential protective role of volunteering in mitigating the risk of depression. […] they find a potential protective effect of volunteering even in people with a history of depression.

• #43 Community-based interventions to address depression in older adults: a systematic scoping review | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.21.24315895v1.full-text

  Interventions combining multiple activities, such as social engagement, exercise, and cognitive stimulation, have been proven to be more effective in reducing depression than single-component interventions. […] Community-based CBT interventions, delivered in any modality have been shown to effectively reduce depressive symptoms. […] It has been shown that implementing and reinforcing pleasant activities was one of the critical factors in making the interventions successful. […] This review aims to provide an overview of the literature on community-based interventions for depression in this population, examining their features, goals, elements, activities, delivery, and dosage. […] The effectiveness of interventions was evaluated using standardized scales to measure the depression levels among participants.

• #44 How to Avoid Depression: Prevent Relapse and Avoid Triggers

  https://www.healthline.com/health/how-to-avoid-depression

  Exercising regularly is one of the best things you can do for your mental health. Exercise can help in the treatment and prevention of depression in several key ways: […] Making it a habit is the best way to maintain the fitness level that is most effective in preventing depression. […] Even if cutting it out completely isnt realistic for your lifestyle, limiting social media time can help prevent depression. […] Research has shown that a lack of social support can contribute to worsening depression symptoms. […] Chronic stress is one of the most avoidable common causes of depression. Learning how to manage and cope with stress is essential to improve mental health. […] If youve already experienced one depressive episode, theres a higher chance youll experience another. Thats why maintaining your treatment plan is so important.

• #45 Depression (major depressive disorder) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/symptoms-causes/syc-20356007

  There’s no sure way to prevent depression. However, these strategies may help. […] Take steps to control stress, to increase your resilience and boost your self-esteem. […] Reach out to family and friends, especially in times of crisis, to help you weather rough spells. […] Get treatment at the earliest sign of a problem to help prevent depression from worsening. […] Consider getting long-term maintenance treatment to help prevent a relapse of symptoms.

• #46 Depression: Causes, Symptoms, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9290-depression

  You cant always prevent depression, but you can help reduce your risk by: […] Maintaining a healthy sleep routine. […] Managing stress with healthy coping mechanisms. […] Practicing regular self-care activities such as exercise, meditation and yoga. […] If youve had depression before, you may be more likely to experience it again. If you have depression symptoms, get help as soon as possible.

• #47 Prevention of Depression – Can You Prevent Depression?

  https://www.brainsway.com/knowledge-center/can-you-prevent-depression/

  Major depression, also known simply as depression, is a common mood disorder defined by symptoms of low mood and an inability to feel pleasure (also known as anhedonia). […] But what about prevention of depression? Can steps be taken ahead of time to protect against its development? […] Studies have found several factors that help safeguard against depression, helping individuals avoid this burdensome condition. […] Learning how to manage the stressors in one’s life—and teaching one’s children how to do so—can have a protective effect against different mental health issues, particularly depression and anxiety. […] Developing greater awareness of the underlying issues of one’s depression can help work through the pain and trauma that may have contributed to its appearance. […] Nutrition and exercise have been found to protect against the appearance of mental health disorders, such as depression.

• #48 Depression Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapy for Depression, Psychotherapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/286759-treatment

  A wide range of effective treatments is available for major depressive disorder. Medication alone (see Medication) and brief psychotherapy (e.g., cognitive-behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy) alone can relieve depressive symptoms. There is also empirical support for the ability of brief psychotherapy (CBT) to prevent relapse. […] The 2019 APA guideline emphasizes the need to customize a treatment plan for each patient based on a careful assessment of symptoms, including rating scale measurements administered by a clinician or the patient, as well as an analysis of therapeutic benefits and side effects. […] Hollon and Ponniah also identified empirically supported treatments for the prevention of relapse and recurrence. […] Prior CBT to prevent relapse […] Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) to prevent relapse/recurrence

• #49 Prevention of depression in adults with long‐term physical conditions – Kampling, H – 2021 | Cochrane Library

  https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011246.pub2/abstract

  Based on the results of this review, we conclude that for adults with longterm physical conditions, there is only very uncertain evidence regarding the implementation of any primary preventive interventions (psychological/pharmacological) for depression. […] People with longterm illness or other physical health conditions have a higher risk than other people of developing depression. This can reduce their quality of life. […] Therefore, preventing depression in people with longterm physical conditions should be an important goal in healthcare. […] Our analyses show that people with longterm physical conditions may be less likely to develop depression during treatment with problem solving therapy, or with different types of antidepressants. However, these interventions appear to be beneficial only during treatment. […] Overall, the quality of study conduct and reporting needs to improve.

• #50 Prevention of depression in adults with long‐term physical conditions

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8092431/

  We conclude that for adults with longterm physical conditions, there is only very uncertain evidence regarding the implementation of any primary preventive interventions (psychological/pharmacological) for depression. […] People with longterm illness or other physical health conditions have a higher risk than other people of developing depression. This can reduce their quality of life. […] Therefore, preventing depression in people with longterm physical conditions should be an important goal in healthcare. […] We wanted to know whether standard interventions for treating depression (i.e. psychological treatments and antidepressant drugs) can also safely be used to prevent the onset of a depressive episode in those adults at high risk for depression due to their longterm physical condition, but who do not yet show depressive symptoms.

• #51 Prevention of depression in adults with long‐term physical conditions

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8092431/

  Major depression is one of the worlds leading causes of disability in adults with longterm physical conditions compared to those without physical illness. This comorbidity is associated with a negative prognosis in terms of increased morbidity and mortality rates, increased healthcare costs, decreased adherence to treatment regimens, and a substantial decline in quality of life. Therefore, preventing the onset of depressive episodes in adults with longterm physical conditions should be a global healthcare aim. […] While primary prevention aims at preventing the onset of depression, tertiary prevention comprises both preventing recurrences and prohibiting relapses. Tertiary prevention aims to address a depressive episode that might still be present, is about to subside, or has recently resolved. We included tertiary prevention in the case where the focus was preventing the onset of depression in those with a history of depression (preventing recurrences) but excluded it if it specifically focused on maintaining a condition or implementing rehabilitation services (relapse prevention).

• #52 Prevention of depression in adults with long‐term physical conditions – Kampling, H – 2021 | Cochrane Library

  https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011246.pub2/full/hu

  The effective treatment of depression by means of psychological as well as pharmacological interventions implies that they may also be beneficial in the use of these treatments as preventive interventions. […] Comorbid depression in adults with longterm physical conditions leads to increased symptom burden and medical complications. It has a considerable effect on health care utilisation and cost, and is associated with substantial suffering. […] The scientific and healthcare implications of preventing depression as a potentially effective and costeffective way of dealing with potential depression in adults with longterm physical conditions would be substantial.

• #53 Prevention of depression in adults with long‐term physical conditions

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8092431/

  Our analyses show that people with longterm physical conditions may be less likely to develop depression during treatment with problem solving therapy, or with different types of antidepressants. However, these interventions appear to be beneficial only during treatment. […] The effective treatment of depression by means of psychological as well as pharmacological interventions implies that they may also be beneficial in the use of these treatments as preventive interventions.

• #54 Prevention of depression in adults with long‐term physical conditions – Kampling, H – 2021 | Cochrane Library

  https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011246.pub2/full/hu

  People with longterm illness or other physical health conditions have a higher risk than other people of developing depression. This can reduce their quality of life. […] Therefore, preventing depression in people with longterm physical conditions should be an important goal in healthcare. […] We wanted to know whether standard interventions for treating depression (i.e. psychological treatments and antidepressant drugs) can also safely be used to prevent the onset of an depressive episode in those adults at high risk for depression due to their longterm physical condition, but who do not yet show depressive symptoms. […] Our analyses show that people with longterm physical conditions may be less likely to develop depression during treatment with problem solving therapy, or with different types of antidepressants. However, these interventions appear to be beneficial only during treatment.

• #55 Physical Activity for the Treatment and Prevention of Depression: A Rapid Review of Meta-Analyses

  https://www.germanjournalsportsmedicine.com/archive/archive-2021/issue-6/physical-activity-for-the-treatment-and-prevention-of-depression-a-rapid-review-of-meta-analyses/

  Regular physical activity has been shown to have a protective effect on incident depression in adults, reducing odds by 17 to 21%. […] Two meta-analyses were restricted to prospective cohort-studies on the protective effect of self-reported PA on incidence depression and found a comparable odds reduction of 17 to 21%. […] According to the evidence from meta-analyses, in patients suffering from chronic physical conditions, especially cardiovascular disease, aiming at reaching public health recommendations concerning PA seems advisable and might help to reduce depressive symptoms and hence increase wellbeing.

• #56 Prevention of depression in adults with long‐term physical conditions – Kampling, H – 2021 | Cochrane Library

  https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011246.pub2/abstract

  Based on the results of this review, we conclude that for adults with longterm physical conditions, there is only very uncertain evidence regarding the implementation of any primary preventive interventions (psychological/pharmacological) for depression. […] People with longterm illness or other physical health conditions have a higher risk than other people of developing depression. This can reduce their quality of life. […] Therefore, preventing depression in people with longterm physical conditions should be an important goal in healthcare. […] Our analyses show that people with longterm physical conditions may be less likely to develop depression during treatment with problem solving therapy, or with different types of antidepressants. However, these interventions appear to be beneficial only during treatment. […] Overall, the quality of study conduct and reporting needs to improve.

• #57 Prevention of depression in adults with long‐term physical conditions – Kampling, H – 2021 | Cochrane Library

  https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011246.pub2/full/hu

  To assess the effectiveness, acceptability and tolerability of psychological or pharmacological interventions, in comparison to control conditions, in preventing depression in adults with longterm physical conditions; either before first ever onset of depressive symptoms (i.e. primary prevention) or before first onset of depressive symptoms in patients with a history of depression (i.e. tertiary prevention). […] Based on evidence of very low certainty, our results may indicate the benefit of pharmacological interventions, during or directly after preventive treatment. […] Based on the results of this review, we conclude that for adults with longterm physical conditions, there is only very uncertain evidence regarding the implementation of any primary preventive interventions (psychological/pharmacological) for depression.

• #58 Is Depression Common in Seniors?

  https://www.ncoa.org/article/how-common-is-depression-in-older-adults/

  Older adults have unique risk factors for developing depression. […] Chronic medical illnesses, disability, social isolation, lower income, all of those things can increase the risk for depression as we age, Raue said. […] In general, depression can’t be prevented. However, there are steps you can take to help boost your mental wellness and emotional resilience: […] Get enough sleep: For older adults especially, getting plenty of restful sleep is vital. Lack of sleep can cause depressed feelings as well as irritability. […] Stay active: Exercise can help improve your mood and strengthen your heart and lungs. […] Be social: Seniors are at greater risk for social isolation and loneliness, both of which can contribute to depression. […] Eat right: Since older adults have unique nutrition needs, a healthy, balanced diet is key. Eating well can help you have more energy and prevent medical conditions that may indirectly increase your risk for depression.

• #59 JMIR Research Protocols – Digital Interventions for Depression and Anxiety in Older Adults: Protocol for a Systematic Review

  https://www.researchprotocols.org/2020/12/e22738/

  There is a high prevalence of older adults experiencing depression and anxiety. […] Reviews and meta-analyses have shown the benefits of DMHIs for the treatment and prevention of depression, anxiety, and other mental illnesses, but there is still a lack of studies that focus on the benefits and use of DMHIs in the older population. […] The aim of this systematic review is to investigate the current evidence for the effect of technology-delivered interventions, such as smartphone/tablet applications, remote monitoring and tracking devices, and wearable technology, for the treatment and prevention of depression and anxiety in adults older than 50 years. […] This systematic review aims to investigate the evidence for the effect of DMHI for the treatment and prevention of depression and anxiety in adults older than 50 years.

• #60 Is Depression Common in Seniors?

  https://www.ncoa.org/article/how-common-is-depression-in-older-adults/

  Older adults have unique risk factors for developing depression. […] Chronic medical illnesses, disability, social isolation, lower income, all of those things can increase the risk for depression as we age, Raue said. […] In general, depression can’t be prevented. However, there are steps you can take to help boost your mental wellness and emotional resilience: […] Get enough sleep: For older adults especially, getting plenty of restful sleep is vital. Lack of sleep can cause depressed feelings as well as irritability. […] Stay active: Exercise can help improve your mood and strengthen your heart and lungs. […] Be social: Seniors are at greater risk for social isolation and loneliness, both of which can contribute to depression. […] Eat right: Since older adults have unique nutrition needs, a healthy, balanced diet is key. Eating well can help you have more energy and prevent medical conditions that may indirectly increase your risk for depression.

• #61 Late-Life Depression Prevention | LLDRC

  https://lldep.pitt.edu/evidence-for-preventing-depression-in-late-life/

  There is a common misconception that depression is a normal part of getting older, but there is no reason to accept depression when there are research-backed ways to keep depression at bay. […] Isolation is a key predictor of suicide in older adults, and can create the conditions for depression to occur in adults who are not already depressed. […] Routine screening at regular intervals is key to prevention and treatment. […] The research literature is clear that exercise is important for both physical and mental health. […] Taking care of physical problems in a timely manner is an important tool in fighting depression. […] Observing proper sleep hygiene by going to bed at a set time each night, limiting electronics, alcohol and caffeine before bed, and getting sunlight during the day can help get sleep back on track.

• #62 National, State-Level, and County-Level Prevalence Estimates of Adults Aged ≥18 Years Self-Reporting a Lifetime Diagnosis of Depression — United States, 2020 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/72/wr/mm7224a1.htm

  During 2020, approximately one in five U.S. adults reported having ever received a diagnosis of depression by a health care provider, with prevalence of depression higher in women, younger adults, and adults with lower education levels. […] Population-level efforts to address prevention, treatment, and management of depression include tailored and targeted programs to address demographic and geographic disparities. […] CDC provides information about mental health resources and programs, including those focused on specific populations (e.g., children, older adults, and those with chronic conditions). […] In addition, CPSTF provides communities with a list of recommended interventions to improve mental health or address mental illness. Examples of recommended interventions include collaborative care for the management of depressive disorders, mental health benefits legislation, school-based cognitive behavioral therapy programs to reduce depression and anxiety symptoms (targeted and universal), and depression care management among older adults (clinic- and home-based). […] These estimates can help decision-makers guide resource allocation to areas where the need is greatest, which might include consideration of evidence-based interventions and practices such as those recommended by CPSTF and SAMHSA.

• #63 Screening for Depression in Adults: Recommendation Statement | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/1015/p976.html

  The Task Force on Community Preventive Services also has made several recommendations about depression care in older adults. It recommends clinic-based depression care management to reduce depression in older adults on the basis of sufficient evidence and home-based depression care management on the basis of strong evidence.

• #64 Anti-inflammatory interventions for the treatment and prevention of depression among older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis | Translational Psychiatry

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41398-025-03317-3

  Therefore, Anti-inflammatory treatments are warranted to be further studied in older adults. […] The primary aims of this meta-analysis were to investigate the anti-depressant effects and preventive effects of anti-inflammatory interventions in older participants with or without depressive symptoms. […] Our review of 31 RCTs demonstrated that anti-inflammatory interventions could be more beneficial than placebo control conditions for older adults with or without depressive disorders. […] Our findings showed that older participants who administered anti-inflammatory interventions might be less likely to suffer from depression than those in the placebo condition. […] Omega-3 FA and botanical drugs, or dietary intervention, rather than NSAIDs or statins, show promising anti-depressant effects in older adults.

• #65 Recommendation: Depression and Suicide Risk in Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/screening-depression-suicide-risk-adults

  Risk factors for perinatal depression include life stress, low social support, history of depression, marital or partner dissatisfaction, and a history of abuse. […] The USPSTF concludes with moderate certainty that screening for MDD in adults, including pregnant and postpartum persons, as well as older adults, has a moderate net benefit. […] The USPSTF concludes that the evidence is insufficient on the benefit and harms of screening for suicide risk in adults, including pregnant and postpartum persons, as well as older adults. As a result, the balance of benefits and harms cannot be determined. […] Effective treatment of depression in adults generally includes antidepressant medication or psychotherapy (eg, cognitive behavioral therapy or brief psychosocial counseling), alone or in combination.

• #66 Recommendation: Depression and Suicide Risk in Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/screening-depression-suicide-risk-adults

  Risk factors for perinatal depression include life stress, low social support, history of depression, marital or partner dissatisfaction, and a history of abuse. […] The USPSTF concludes with moderate certainty that screening for MDD in adults, including pregnant and postpartum persons, as well as older adults, has a moderate net benefit. […] The USPSTF concludes that the evidence is insufficient on the benefit and harms of screening for suicide risk in adults, including pregnant and postpartum persons, as well as older adults. As a result, the balance of benefits and harms cannot be determined. […] Effective treatment of depression in adults generally includes antidepressant medication or psychotherapy (eg, cognitive behavioral therapy or brief psychosocial counseling), alone or in combination.

• #67 Recommendation: Depression and Suicide Risk in Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/screening-depression-suicide-risk-adults

  Adults, including pregnant and postpartum persons, and older adults (65 years or older) The USPSTF recommends screening for depression in the adult population, including pregnant and postpartum persons, as well as older adults. B […] The USPSTF concludes that the current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of screening for suicide risk in the adult population, including pregnant and postpartum persons, as well as older adults. I […] To achieve the benefit of depression screening and reduce disparities in depression-associated morbidity, it is important that persons who screen positive are evaluated further for diagnosis and, if appropriate, are provided or referred for evidence-based care. […] The USPSTF recommends screening for depression in all adults regardless of risk factors.

• #68 Depression and Suicide Risk in Adults: Screening – Healthy People 2030 | odphp.health.gov

  https://odphp.health.gov/healthypeople/tools-action/browse-evidence-based-resources/depression-and-suicide-risk-adults-screening

  The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends screening for depression in all adults without a diagnosed mental health disorder or recognizable signs or symptoms of depression or suicide risk, including pregnant and postpartum people and adults age 65 years and older. […] USPSTF found that the current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of screening for suicide risk in adults, and to determine whether and how screening for suicide risk can improve health outcomes. […] There is also a need for further research to make sure that all patients receive depression screening equitably, regardless of sex, race and ethnicity, sexual orientation, and gender identity.

• #69 Prevention and Early Treatment of Depression Through the Life Course | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-13029-8

  To address these challenges in the clinical management of depression, Prevention and Early Treatment of Depression Through the Life Course presents a life course perspective on the analysis and treatment of depression to help clinical psychologists, psychiatrists and other mental health professionals understand the mechanisms associated with the onset of depression and identify/develop proper evidence-based treatments for different ages and in different circumstances. […] The Potential of Internet-Based Psychological Interventions for Perinatal Depression Prevention and Treatment […] Preventive and Early Treatment of Depression in Older Adults.

• #70 Screening for Depression in Adults | Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality

  https://www.ahrq.gov/prevention/resources/depression/depsum1.html

  The summaries of the evidence briefly present evidence of effectiveness for preventive health services used in primary care clinical settings, including screening tests, counseling, and chemoprevention. […] Compared with usual care, screening for depression can improve outcomes, particularly when screening is coupled with system changes that help ensure adequate treatment and followup. […] Systematic screening has been advocated as a means of improving detection, treatment, and outcomes of depression. […] We also examined the evidence on whether screening for depression in primary care settings affects recognition, treatment, and clinical outcomes of adult patients with depression. […] The effect of routine screening of adult patients for depression in primary care was compared with usual care in 14 randomized trials in primary care settings.

• #71 Screening for Depression in Adults: Recommendation Statement | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/1015/p976.html

  The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends screening adults for depression when staff-assisted depression care supports are in place to assure accurate diagnosis, effective treatment, and follow-up. […] The USPTF recommends against routinely screening adults for depression when staff-assisted depression care supports are not in place. There may be considerations that support screening for depression in an individual patient. […] The USPSTF found good evidence that treatment with antidepressants, psychotherapy, or both decreases clinical morbidity in adults and older adults with depression identified through screening in primary care settings. […] The USPSTF found good evidence that programs combining depression screening and feedback with staff-assisted depression care supports improve clinical outcomes in adults and older adults.

• #72 Archived: Screening for Depression in Adults | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/depression-in-adults-screening

  The USPSTF recommends screening for depression in the general adult population, including pregnant and postpartum women. Screening should be implemented with adequate systems in place to ensure accurate diagnosis, effective treatment, and appropriate follow-up. […] The USPSTF found adequate evidence that programs combining depression screening with adequate support systems in place improve clinical outcomes (ie, reduction or remission of depression symptoms) in adults, including pregnant and postpartum women. […] The USPSTF concludes with at least moderate certainty that there is a moderate net benefit to screening for depression in adults, including older adults, who receive care in clinical practices that have adequate systems in place to ensure accurate diagnosis, effective treatment, and appropriate follow-up after screening.

• #73 Screening for Depression in Adults | Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality

  https://www.ahrq.gov/prevention/resources/depression/depsum1.html

  The summaries of the evidence briefly present evidence of effectiveness for preventive health services used in primary care clinical settings, including screening tests, counseling, and chemoprevention. […] Compared with usual care, screening for depression can improve outcomes, particularly when screening is coupled with system changes that help ensure adequate treatment and followup. […] Systematic screening has been advocated as a means of improving detection, treatment, and outcomes of depression. […] We also examined the evidence on whether screening for depression in primary care settings affects recognition, treatment, and clinical outcomes of adult patients with depression. […] The effect of routine screening of adult patients for depression in primary care was compared with usual care in 14 randomized trials in primary care settings.

• #74 Archived: Screening for Depression in Adults | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/depression-in-adults-screening

  The USPSTF recommends screening for depression in the general adult population, including pregnant and postpartum women. Screening should be implemented with adequate systems in place to ensure accurate diagnosis, effective treatment, and appropriate follow-up. […] The USPSTF found adequate evidence that programs combining depression screening with adequate support systems in place improve clinical outcomes (ie, reduction or remission of depression symptoms) in adults, including pregnant and postpartum women. […] The USPSTF concludes with at least moderate certainty that there is a moderate net benefit to screening for depression in adults, including older adults, who receive care in clinical practices that have adequate systems in place to ensure accurate diagnosis, effective treatment, and appropriate follow-up after screening.

• #75 Late-Life Depression Prevention | LLDRC

  https://lldep.pitt.edu/evidence-for-preventing-depression-in-late-life/

  There is a common misconception that depression is a normal part of getting older, but there is no reason to accept depression when there are research-backed ways to keep depression at bay. […] Isolation is a key predictor of suicide in older adults, and can create the conditions for depression to occur in adults who are not already depressed. […] Routine screening at regular intervals is key to prevention and treatment. […] The research literature is clear that exercise is important for both physical and mental health. […] Taking care of physical problems in a timely manner is an important tool in fighting depression. […] Observing proper sleep hygiene by going to bed at a set time each night, limiting electronics, alcohol and caffeine before bed, and getting sunlight during the day can help get sleep back on track.

• #76 Archived: Screening for Depression in Adults | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/depression-in-adults-screening

  The USPSTF recommends screening for depression in the general adult population, including pregnant and postpartum women. Screening should be implemented with adequate systems in place to ensure accurate diagnosis, effective treatment, and appropriate follow-up. […] The USPSTF found adequate evidence that programs combining depression screening with adequate support systems in place improve clinical outcomes (ie, reduction or remission of depression symptoms) in adults, including pregnant and postpartum women. […] The USPSTF concludes with at least moderate certainty that there is a moderate net benefit to screening for depression in adults, including older adults, who receive care in clinical practices that have adequate systems in place to ensure accurate diagnosis, effective treatment, and appropriate follow-up after screening.

• #77 NCA – Screening for Depression in Adults (CAG-00425N) – Decision Memo

  https://www.cms.gov/medicare-coverage-database/view/ncacal-decision-memo.aspx?proposed=N&NCAId=251

  The Centers for Medicare Medicaid Services (CMS) has determined that the evidence is adequate to conclude that screening for depression in adults, which is recommended with a grade of B by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), is reasonable and necessary for the prevention or early detection of illness or disability and is appropriate for individuals entitled to benefits under Part A or enrolled under Part B. […] Therefore CMS will cover annual screening for depression for Medicare beneficiaries in primary care settings that have staff-assisted depression care supports in place to assure accurate diagnosis, effective treatment and follow-up. […] The USPSTF recommends screening adults for depression when staff-assisted depression care supports are in place to assure accurate diagnosis, effective treatment and follow-up. Grade: B recommendation.

• #78 Archived: Screening for Depression in Adults | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/depression-in-adults-screening

  The Community Preventive Services Task Force recommends collaborative care for the management of depressive disorders as part of a multicomponent, health care system-level intervention that uses case managers to link primary care providers, patients, and mental health specialists. […] The USPSTF recommends that screening be implemented with adequate systems in place. Adequate systems in place refers to having systems and clinical staff to ensure that patients are screened and, if they screen positive, are appropriately diagnosed and treated with evidence-based care or referred to a setting that can provide the necessary care. […] The economic burden of depression is substantial for individuals as well as society. Costs to an individual may include emotional suffering, reduced quality of personal relationships, possible adverse effects from treatment, cost of mental health and medical visits and medications, time away from work and lost wages, and cost of transportation. Costs to society may include loss of life, reduced productivity (because of both diminished capacity while at work and absenteeism from work), and increased costs of mental health and medical care.

• #79 Archived: Screening for Depression in Adults | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/depression-in-adults-screening

  The Community Preventive Services Task Force recommends collaborative care for the management of depressive disorders as part of a multicomponent, health care system-level intervention that uses case managers to link primary care providers, patients, and mental health specialists. […] The USPSTF recommends that screening be implemented with adequate systems in place. Adequate systems in place refers to having systems and clinical staff to ensure that patients are screened and, if they screen positive, are appropriately diagnosed and treated with evidence-based care or referred to a setting that can provide the necessary care. […] The economic burden of depression is substantial for individuals as well as society. Costs to an individual may include emotional suffering, reduced quality of personal relationships, possible adverse effects from treatment, cost of mental health and medical visits and medications, time away from work and lost wages, and cost of transportation. Costs to society may include loss of life, reduced productivity (because of both diminished capacity while at work and absenteeism from work), and increased costs of mental health and medical care.

• #80 NCA – Screening for Depression in Adults (CAG-00425N) – Decision Memo

  https://www.cms.gov/medicare-coverage-database/view/ncacal-decision-memo.aspx?proposed=N&NCAId=251

  The Centers for Medicare Medicaid Services (CMS) has determined that the evidence is adequate to conclude that screening for depression in adults, which is recommended with a grade of B by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), is reasonable and necessary for the prevention or early detection of illness or disability and is appropriate for individuals entitled to benefits under Part A or enrolled under Part B. […] Therefore CMS will cover annual screening for depression for Medicare beneficiaries in primary care settings that have staff-assisted depression care supports in place to assure accurate diagnosis, effective treatment and follow-up. […] The USPSTF recommends screening adults for depression when staff-assisted depression care supports are in place to assure accurate diagnosis, effective treatment and follow-up. Grade: B recommendation.

• #81 Pharmacologic Treatment of Depression | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2023/0200/pharmacologic-treatment-of-depression.html

  The prevalence of depression and the use of antidepressant medications have risen steadily in the United States over the past three decades. […] The combination of medication and psychotherapy is preferred for severe depression. […] There is an increased risk of relapse or recurrence of depressive symptoms when an antidepressant is discontinued, compared with continued use. Gradually tapering the dosage while concurrently providing cognitive behavior therapy can decrease this risk. […] When antidepressants are discontinued, the risk of relapse or recurrence of depressive symptoms is higher than when treatment is continued. […] When discontinuing antidepressants, cognitive behavior therapy should be used to help prevent relapse and recurrence of depressive symptoms. […] Pregnant and postpartum patients should be screened for depression.

• #82 Pharmacologic Treatment of Depression | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2023/0200/pharmacologic-treatment-of-depression.html

  The prevalence of depression and the use of antidepressant medications have risen steadily in the United States over the past three decades. […] The combination of medication and psychotherapy is preferred for severe depression. […] There is an increased risk of relapse or recurrence of depressive symptoms when an antidepressant is discontinued, compared with continued use. Gradually tapering the dosage while concurrently providing cognitive behavior therapy can decrease this risk. […] When antidepressants are discontinued, the risk of relapse or recurrence of depressive symptoms is higher than when treatment is continued. […] When discontinuing antidepressants, cognitive behavior therapy should be used to help prevent relapse and recurrence of depressive symptoms. […] Pregnant and postpartum patients should be screened for depression.

• #83 Pharmacologic Treatment of Depression | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2023/0200/pharmacologic-treatment-of-depression.html

  For the general adult population, treatment should start with a second-generation antidepressant or psychotherapy. […] Whenever antidepressants are discontinued, there is an increased risk of relapse or recurrence, with the highest risk in the first six months. […] Canadian guidelines recommend at least six months of treatment and two years or more for those at higher risk of relapse. […] The risk of relapse of depression during pregnancy after discontinuation of antidepressants: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

• #84 Depression Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapy for Depression, Psychotherapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/286759-treatment

  A wide range of effective treatments is available for major depressive disorder. Medication alone (see Medication) and brief psychotherapy (e.g., cognitive-behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy) alone can relieve depressive symptoms. There is also empirical support for the ability of brief psychotherapy (CBT) to prevent relapse. […] The 2019 APA guideline emphasizes the need to customize a treatment plan for each patient based on a careful assessment of symptoms, including rating scale measurements administered by a clinician or the patient, as well as an analysis of therapeutic benefits and side effects. […] Hollon and Ponniah also identified empirically supported treatments for the prevention of relapse and recurrence. […] Prior CBT to prevent relapse […] Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) to prevent relapse/recurrence

• #85 Depression Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapy for Depression, Psychotherapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/286759-treatment

  A wide range of effective treatments is available for major depressive disorder. Medication alone (see Medication) and brief psychotherapy (e.g., cognitive-behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy) alone can relieve depressive symptoms. There is also empirical support for the ability of brief psychotherapy (CBT) to prevent relapse. […] The 2019 APA guideline emphasizes the need to customize a treatment plan for each patient based on a careful assessment of symptoms, including rating scale measurements administered by a clinician or the patient, as well as an analysis of therapeutic benefits and side effects. […] Hollon and Ponniah also identified empirically supported treatments for the prevention of relapse and recurrence. […] Prior CBT to prevent relapse […] Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) to prevent relapse/recurrence

• #86 Depression | NAMI

  https://www.nami.org/about-mental-illness/mental-health-conditions/depression/

  Recognize early symptoms. Identify possible warning signs and triggers that may aggravate your depression symptoms. With this knowledge, you can recognize an emerging episode and get the help you need as soon as possible. […] Avoid drugs and alcohol. These substances can disturb emotional balance and interact with medications. You may think using alcohol or drugs will help you feel better, but using them can hinder your recovery or make symptoms worse. […] Get physically healthy. Eat well and exercise. To relieve stress, try activities like meditation, yoga or Tai Chi.

• #87 Depression | NAMI

  https://www.nami.org/about-mental-illness/mental-health-conditions/depression/

  Recognize early symptoms. Identify possible warning signs and triggers that may aggravate your depression symptoms. With this knowledge, you can recognize an emerging episode and get the help you need as soon as possible. […] Avoid drugs and alcohol. These substances can disturb emotional balance and interact with medications. You may think using alcohol or drugs will help you feel better, but using them can hinder your recovery or make symptoms worse. […] Get physically healthy. Eat well and exercise. To relieve stress, try activities like meditation, yoga or Tai Chi.

• #88 Depression (major depressive disorder) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/symptoms-causes/syc-20356007

  There’s no sure way to prevent depression. However, these strategies may help. […] Take steps to control stress, to increase your resilience and boost your self-esteem. […] Reach out to family and friends, especially in times of crisis, to help you weather rough spells. […] Get treatment at the earliest sign of a problem to help prevent depression from worsening. […] Consider getting long-term maintenance treatment to help prevent a relapse of symptoms.

• #89 Depression: Causes, Symptoms, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9290-depression

  You cant always prevent depression, but you can help reduce your risk by: […] Maintaining a healthy sleep routine. […] Managing stress with healthy coping mechanisms. […] Practicing regular self-care activities such as exercise, meditation and yoga. […] If youve had depression before, you may be more likely to experience it again. If you have depression symptoms, get help as soon as possible.

• #90 Depression: What It Is, Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/depression

  Depression isnt generally considered to be preventable. Its hard to recognize what causes it, which means preventing it is more difficult. […] But once youve experienced a depressive episode, you may be better prepared to prevent a future episode by learning which lifestyle changes and treatments are helpful. […] Techniques that may help include: regular exercise, getting plenty of sleep, maintaining treatments, reducing stress, building strong relationships with others. […] Other techniques and ideas may also help you prevent depression.

• #91 Depression (major depressive disorder) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/symptoms-causes/syc-20356007

  There’s no sure way to prevent depression. However, these strategies may help. […] Take steps to control stress, to increase your resilience and boost your self-esteem. […] Reach out to family and friends, especially in times of crisis, to help you weather rough spells. […] Get treatment at the earliest sign of a problem to help prevent depression from worsening. […] Consider getting long-term maintenance treatment to help prevent a relapse of symptoms.

• #92 How to Prevent Depression: Tips & Strategies for Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/depression/understanding-depression-prevention

  Most experts think it cant be prevented. Others arent sure. […] Though doctors dont know that its possible to prevent depression altogether, you may be able to keep it from coming back if youve already had an episode. […] Other ideas to prevent depression involve medicine, lifestyle changes, and nutrition. Some studies have found that steps like these can reduce new episodes of depression by 25% or more, but scientists need to do more research on these approaches. […] Theres no sure way to prevent depression. But you can: Find ways to handle stress and improve your self-esteem. […] If you do have depression, you can do a few things to keep it from getting worse. […] Talk to your therapist or doctor about medicine that can stop depression from coming back.

• #93 Depression: Causes, Symptoms, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9290-depression

  You cant always prevent depression, but you can help reduce your risk by: […] Maintaining a healthy sleep routine. […] Managing stress with healthy coping mechanisms. […] Practicing regular self-care activities such as exercise, meditation and yoga. […] If youve had depression before, you may be more likely to experience it again. If you have depression symptoms, get help as soon as possible.

• #94 Overview – Depression in adults – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/depression-in-adults/overview/

  Depression is more than simply feeling unhappy or fed up for a few days. […] The good news is that with the right treatment and support, most people with depression can make a full recovery. […] It’s important to seek help from a GP if you think you may be depressed. […] The sooner you see a doctor, the sooner you can be on the way to recovery. […] Treatment for depression can involve a combination of lifestyle changes, talking therapies and medicine. […] Many people with depression benefit by making lifestyle changes, such as getting more exercise, cutting down on alcohol, giving up smoking and eating healthily. […] Reading a self-help book or joining a support group are also worthwhile.

• #95 Major depressive disorder: hypothesis, mechanism, prevention and treatment | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-024-01738-y

  MDD is a disease with a high prevalence worldwide, and preventing its occurrence and recurrence is crucial. Lifestyle medicine is an evolving medical specialty that aims to prevent chronic, noncommunicable diseases through lifestyle interventions. The goal of lifestyle medicine is to prevent the occurrence and recurrence of disease by improving sleep hygiene and diet, increasing physical exercise, avoiding sedentary behavior, increasing social support, and improving mood. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have demonstrated that the occurrence and recurrence of MDD can be prevented by means of lifestyle medicine; we summarize these reports in this section. […] Improving sleep is an important strategy to prevent the occurrence of depression. Insomnia is included in the diagnostic criteria for MDD. However, few studies have examined whether treating insomnia can prevent the exacerbation of depressive symptoms. Treating insomnia can prevent the worsening of depressive symptoms, and cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is a recommended intervention for treating insomnia to improve sleep and mood.

• #96 Depression: Causes, Symptoms, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9290-depression

  You cant always prevent depression, but you can help reduce your risk by: […] Maintaining a healthy sleep routine. […] Managing stress with healthy coping mechanisms. […] Practicing regular self-care activities such as exercise, meditation and yoga. […] If youve had depression before, you may be more likely to experience it again. If you have depression symptoms, get help as soon as possible.

• #97 Prevention of Depression – Can You Prevent Depression?

  https://www.brainsway.com/knowledge-center/can-you-prevent-depression/

  Major depression, also known simply as depression, is a common mood disorder defined by symptoms of low mood and an inability to feel pleasure (also known as anhedonia). […] But what about prevention of depression? Can steps be taken ahead of time to protect against its development? […] Studies have found several factors that help safeguard against depression, helping individuals avoid this burdensome condition. […] Learning how to manage the stressors in one’s life—and teaching one’s children how to do so—can have a protective effect against different mental health issues, particularly depression and anxiety. […] Developing greater awareness of the underlying issues of one’s depression can help work through the pain and trauma that may have contributed to its appearance. […] Nutrition and exercise have been found to protect against the appearance of mental health disorders, such as depression.

• #98 Depression (major depressive disorder) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/symptoms-causes/syc-20356007

  There’s no sure way to prevent depression. However, these strategies may help. […] Take steps to control stress, to increase your resilience and boost your self-esteem. […] Reach out to family and friends, especially in times of crisis, to help you weather rough spells. […] Get treatment at the earliest sign of a problem to help prevent depression from worsening. […] Consider getting long-term maintenance treatment to help prevent a relapse of symptoms.

• #99 Depression | NAMI

  https://www.nami.org/about-mental-illness/mental-health-conditions/depression/

  Depressive disorder, frequently referred to simply as depression, is more than just feeling sad or going through a rough patch. It’s a serious mental health condition that requires understanding and medical care. Left untreated, depression can be devastating for those who have it and their families. Fortunately, with early detection, diagnosis and a treatment plan consisting of medication, psychotherapy and healthy lifestyle choices, many people can and do get better. […] Many treatment options are available for depression, but how well treatment works depends on the type of depression and its severity. For most people, psychotherapy and medications give better results together than either alone, but this is something to review with your mental health care provider. […] Leading a balanced lifestyle can help you manage symptoms of depression. Here are some suggestions from people who have lived experience with depression: Learn all you can. Learn about the many treatment options available. Connect with other people experiencing depression in support groups or meetings.

• #100 Overview – Depression in adults – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/depression-in-adults/overview/

  Depression is more than simply feeling unhappy or fed up for a few days. […] The good news is that with the right treatment and support, most people with depression can make a full recovery. […] It’s important to seek help from a GP if you think you may be depressed. […] The sooner you see a doctor, the sooner you can be on the way to recovery. […] Treatment for depression can involve a combination of lifestyle changes, talking therapies and medicine. […] Many people with depression benefit by making lifestyle changes, such as getting more exercise, cutting down on alcohol, giving up smoking and eating healthily. […] Reading a self-help book or joining a support group are also worthwhile.

• #101 Late-Life Depression Prevention | LLDRC

  https://lldep.pitt.edu/evidence-for-preventing-depression-in-late-life/

  There is a common misconception that depression is a normal part of getting older, but there is no reason to accept depression when there are research-backed ways to keep depression at bay. […] Isolation is a key predictor of suicide in older adults, and can create the conditions for depression to occur in adults who are not already depressed. […] Routine screening at regular intervals is key to prevention and treatment. […] The research literature is clear that exercise is important for both physical and mental health. […] Taking care of physical problems in a timely manner is an important tool in fighting depression. […] Observing proper sleep hygiene by going to bed at a set time each night, limiting electronics, alcohol and caffeine before bed, and getting sunlight during the day can help get sleep back on track.

• #102 Depression | NAMI

  https://www.nami.org/about-mental-illness/mental-health-conditions/depression/

  Recognize early symptoms. Identify possible warning signs and triggers that may aggravate your depression symptoms. With this knowledge, you can recognize an emerging episode and get the help you need as soon as possible. […] Avoid drugs and alcohol. These substances can disturb emotional balance and interact with medications. You may think using alcohol or drugs will help you feel better, but using them can hinder your recovery or make symptoms worse. […] Get physically healthy. Eat well and exercise. To relieve stress, try activities like meditation, yoga or Tai Chi.

• #103 How to Avoid Depression: Prevent Relapse and Avoid Triggers

  https://www.healthline.com/health/how-to-avoid-depression

  Exercising regularly is one of the best things you can do for your mental health. Exercise can help in the treatment and prevention of depression in several key ways: […] Making it a habit is the best way to maintain the fitness level that is most effective in preventing depression. […] Even if cutting it out completely isnt realistic for your lifestyle, limiting social media time can help prevent depression. […] Research has shown that a lack of social support can contribute to worsening depression symptoms. […] Chronic stress is one of the most avoidable common causes of depression. Learning how to manage and cope with stress is essential to improve mental health. […] If youve already experienced one depressive episode, theres a higher chance youll experience another. Thats why maintaining your treatment plan is so important.

• #104 How to Prevent Depression: Tips & Strategies for Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/depression/understanding-depression-prevention

  Most experts think it cant be prevented. Others arent sure. […] Though doctors dont know that its possible to prevent depression altogether, you may be able to keep it from coming back if youve already had an episode. […] Other ideas to prevent depression involve medicine, lifestyle changes, and nutrition. Some studies have found that steps like these can reduce new episodes of depression by 25% or more, but scientists need to do more research on these approaches. […] Theres no sure way to prevent depression. But you can: Find ways to handle stress and improve your self-esteem. […] If you do have depression, you can do a few things to keep it from getting worse. […] Talk to your therapist or doctor about medicine that can stop depression from coming back.

• #105 Depression (major depressive disorder) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/symptoms-causes/syc-20356007

  There’s no sure way to prevent depression. However, these strategies may help. […] Take steps to control stress, to increase your resilience and boost your self-esteem. […] Reach out to family and friends, especially in times of crisis, to help you weather rough spells. […] Get treatment at the earliest sign of a problem to help prevent depression from worsening. […] Consider getting long-term maintenance treatment to help prevent a relapse of symptoms.

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