Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression

  Depression is a common mental disorder. […] Globally, an estimated 5% of adults suffer from depression. […] An estimated 3.8% of the population experience depression, including 5% of adults (4% among men and 6% among women), and 5.7% of adults older than 60 years. […] Approximately 280 million people in the world have depression. […] Depression is about 50% more common among women than among men. […] Worldwide, more than 10% of pregnant women and women who have just given birth experience depression. […] More than 700 000 people die due to suicide every year. […] Although there are known, effective treatments for mental disorders, more than 75% of people in low- and middle-income countries receive no treatment. […] Depression can cause difficulties in all aspects of life, including in the community and at home, work and school.

• #2

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/depression

  Depressive disorder, or depression, is a common mental health condition that can happen to anyone. It is estimated that more than 75% of people experiencing mental disorders in low- and middle-income countries receive no treatment. In 2019, an estimated 280 million people, including 5% of all adults, experienced depression. Depression is more common among women than men. Worldwide, more than 10% of pregnant women and women who have just given birth experience depression. […] Depression can cause difficulties in all aspects of life, including performance at school, productivity at work, relationships with family, friends and community. […] Researchers estimate that 12 billion productive work days are lost every year to depression and anxiety alone, at a cost of nearly US$ 1 trillion. […] People with depression are at increased risk of suicide. Research also shows strong relationships between depression and physical health, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes and respiratory diseases.

• #3 Major depression in adults: Epidemiology – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/major-depression-in-adults-epidemiology

  Major depression in adults: Epidemiology […] Depression is a major public health problem associated with increased functional disability and mortality. In the United States in 2010, the estimated annual economic consequences of major depressive disorder, including direct medical costs and workplace costs, exceeded 200 billion dollars. […] This topic reviews the epidemiology of major depression in adults. The clinical features, course of illness, assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of depression are discussed separately.

• #4 Cross-national epidemiology of DSM-IV major depressive episode | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1741-7015-9-90

  Major depression is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide, yet epidemiologic data are not available for many countries, particularly low- to middle-income countries. […] The average lifetime and 12-month prevalence estimates of DSM-IV MDE were 14.6% and 5.5% in the ten high-income and 11.1% and 5.9% in the eight low- to middle-income countries. […] MDE is a significant public-health concern across all regions of the world and is strongly linked to social conditions. […] The 12-month prevalence of DSM-IV major depressive episode (MDE) in 18 countries ranged from 2.2% (Japan) to 10.4% (Brazil). […] Almost all studies find that gender, age and marital status are associated with depression. […] The current report presents data on the prevalence, age of onset and sociodemographic correlates of MDE in 18 countries participating in the WHO WMH Survey Initiative.

• #5 Major Depressive Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559078/

  Major depressive disorder is a highly prevalent psychiatric disorder. It has a lifetime prevalence of about 5 to 17 percent, with the average being 12 percent. The prevalence rate is almost double in women than in men. This difference has been considered to be due to the hormonal differences, childbirth effects, different psychosocial stressors in men and women, and behavioral model of learned helplessness. Though the mean age of onset is about 40 years, recent surveys show trends of increasing incidence in younger population due to the use of alcohol and other drugs of abuse. […] MDD is more common in people without close interpersonal relationships, and who are divorced or separated, or widowed. No difference in the prevalence of MDD has been found among races and socioeconomic status. Individuals with MDD often have comorbid disorders such as substance use disorders, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. The presence of these comorbid disorders in those diagnosed with MDD increases their risk of suicide. In older adults, depression is prevalent among those with comorbid medical illnesses. Depression is found to be more prevalent in rural areas than in urban areas.

• #6 Major depressive disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder

  Major depression is about twice as common in women as in men, although it is unclear why this is so, and whether factors unaccounted for are contributing to this. The relative increase in occurrence is related to pubertal development rather than chronological age, reaches adult ratios between the ages of 15 and 18, and appears associated with psychosocial more than hormonal factors. In 2019, major depressive disorder was identified (using either the DSM-IV-TR or ICD-10) in the Global Burden of Disease Study as the fifth most common cause of years lived with disability and the 18th most common for disability-adjusted life years. […] People are most likely to develop their first depressive episode between the ages of 30 and 40, and there is a second, smaller peak of incidence between ages 50 and 60. The risk of major depression is increased with neurological conditions such as stroke, Parkinson’s disease, or multiple sclerosis, and during the first year after childbirth (Postpartum depression). It is also more common after cardiovascular illnesses, and is related more to those with a poor cardiac disease outcome than to a better one. Depressive disorders are more common in urban populations than in rural ones and the prevalence is increased in groups with poorer socioeconomic factors, e.g., homelessness. Depression is common among those over 65 years of age and increases in frequency beyond this age. The risk of depression increases in relation to the frailty of the individual. Depression is one of the most important factors which negatively impact quality of life in adults, as well as the elderly. Both symptoms and treatment among the elderly differ from those of the rest of the population.

• #7 National, State-Level, and County-Level Prevalence Estimates of Adults Aged ≥18 Years Self-Reporting a Lifetime Diagnosis of Depression — United States, 2020 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/72/wr/mm7224a1.htm

  Depression is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. […] During 2020, 18.4% of U.S. adults reported having ever been diagnosed with depression; state-level age-standardized estimates ranged from 12.7% in Hawaii to 27.5% in West Virginia. Model-based age-standardized county-level prevalence estimates ranged from 10.7% to 31.9%, and there was considerable state-level and county-level variability. […] The age-standardized prevalence of depression among U.S. adults was 18.5%. […] Among states, the age-standardized prevalence of depression ranged from 12.7% in Hawaii to 27.5% in West Virginia (median = 19.9%). […] Among counties, the model-based age-standardized estimates ranged from 10.7% (Aleutians East Borough County, Alaska) to 31.9% (Logan County, West Virginia) (median = 21.8%).

• #8 National, State-Level, and County-Level Prevalence Estimates of Adults Aged ≥18 Years Self-Reporting a Lifetime Diagnosis of Depression — United States, 2020 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/72/wr/mm7224a1.htm

  During 2020, approximately one in five U.S. adults reported having ever received a diagnosis of depression by a health care provider, with prevalence of depression higher in women, younger adults, and adults with lower education levels. […] There was considerable geographic variation in the prevalence of depression, with the highest state and county estimates of depression observed along the Appalachian and southern Mississippi Valley regions. […] This report provides current estimates of national, state-level, and county-level prevalence of adults reporting a lifetime diagnosis of depression. These estimates can help decision-makers guide resource allocation to areas where the need is greatest, which might include consideration of evidence-based interventions and practices such as those recommended by CPSTF and SAMHSA.

• #9 Mental Illness Surveillance Among Adults in the United States

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/su6003a1.htm

  Mental illnesses account for a larger proportion of disability in developed countries than any other group of illnesses, including cancer and heart disease. In 2004, an estimated 25% of adults in the United States reported having a mental illness in the previous year. […] Data from the CDC 2005–2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey indicate that 6.8% of adults had moderate to severe depression in the 2 weeks before completing the survey. […] Future surveillance should pay particular attention to changes in the prevalence of depression both nationwide and at the state and county levels. […] The most common mental illnesses in adults are anxiety and mood disorders. […] The prevalence of current depression varies substantially by state (from 4.3% in North Dakota to 13.7% in Mississippi and West Virginia), as does the prevalence of serious psychological distress (from 1.9% in Utah to 9.4% in Tennessee).

• #10 National Study of Mental Health and Wellbeing, 2020-2022 | Australian Bureau of Statistics

  https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/health/mental-health/national-study-mental-health-and-wellbeing/latest-release

  42.9% of people aged 16-85 years had experienced a mental disorder at some time in their life. […] 21.5% of people had a 12-month mental disorder, with Anxiety being the most common group (17.2% of people aged 16-85 years). […] In 2020-2022, of the 19.8 million Australians aged 16-85 years, 42.9% (8.5 million people) had experienced a mental disorder at some time in their life: 28.8% (5.7 million people) had experienced an Anxiety disorder such as Social Phobia or Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, 16.0% (3.2 million people) had experienced an Affective disorder such as a Depressive Episode, and 19.6% (3.9 million people) had experienced a Substance Use disorder. […] In 2020-2022, one in five Australians (21.5% or 4.3 million people) had a 12-month mental disorder: 17.2% (3.4 million people) had a 12-month Anxiety disorder, 7.5% (1.5 million people) had a 12-month Affective disorder, and 3.3% (647,900 people) had a 12-month Substance Use disorder.

• #11 Depression and Suicide: Overview, Etiology of Depression and Suicidality, Epidemiology of Depression and Suicide

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/805459-overview

  An estimated 21.0 million US adults experienced at least one major depressive episode in 2021. […] In the same year, suicide was the 11th leading cause of death in the United States, with 48,183 deaths. This is about one death every 11 minutes. The number of people who think about or attempt suicide is even higher. In 2021, an estimated 12.3 million American adults seriously thought about suicide, 3.5 million planned a suicide attempt, and 1.7 million attempted suicide. […] According to the National Institute of Mental Health, 8.3% of all US adults (21.0 million) had at least one major depressive episode in 2021. Adult females had a higher prevalence of depressive episodes than adult males (10.3% vs 6.2%). Individuals aged 18-25 had the highest prevalence of major depressive episodes at 18.6%.

• #12 Depression and Suicide: Overview, Etiology of Depression and Suicidality, Epidemiology of Depression and Suicide

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/805459-overview

  Among adolescents in the United States, an estimated 5.0 million (20.1%) aged 12-17 had at least one major depressive episode in 2021. The prevalence of major depressive episode was higher among adolescent females (29.2%) compared to adolescent males (11.5%). […] Globally, an estimated 703,000 people take their own lives annually. […] Suicide rates among American Indian and Alaskan natives aged 15-34 years are almost twice the national average for this age range. […] The risk of suicide is increased by concurrent illness, alcohol and drug abuse, access to lethal means, hopelessness, pessimism, isolation, and impulsivity, and the risk is reduced by help-seeking behavior, access to psychiatric treatment, and availability of family and other social supports. […] More women than men seek treatment for depression, but this is not necessarily reflective of the true incidence of the disease.

• #13 Depression and Suicide: Overview, Etiology of Depression and Suicidality, Epidemiology of Depression and Suicide

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/805459-overview

  Although depression is more often diagnosed in women, more men than women die as a result of suicide by a factor of 4.5:1. […] Suicide is estimated to be the eleventh leading cause of death in all age ranges in the United States. Rates of suicide are highest in people ages 85 and older. […] Although no profession or occupation is immune to depression, it is recognized that certain occupations and professions may be more susceptible to depression and suicide.

• #14 Cross-national epidemiology of DSM-IV major depressive episode | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1741-7015-9-90

  The percentage of the screen-positive respondents who had lifetime MDE was also higher in high-income (28.1%) than in low- to middle-income (19.8%) countries. […] The pooled 12-month prevalence of MDE was similar in high-income (5.5%) and low- to middle-income (5.9%) countries. […] The associations between age group and MDE varied considerably between countries. […] Marital status was a consistently significant correlate of MDE. […] The results reported here have several other limitations, relating more generally to the WMH findings. […] The measure of MDE also had inherent limitations. […] Despite these limitations, the WMH data provide useful new information about the epidemiology of MDE.

• #15

  https://journals.lww.com/epidem/abstract/1991/03000/suspected_risk_factors_for_depression_among_adults.6.aspx

  We examined suspected risk factors for depression among adults ages 1844 years. The risk of major depression was higher for women as compared with men (RR = 1.5), and for the maritally separated or divorced versus all other adults (RR = 1.9), but at lower levels for employed men and women as compared with the unemployed (RR = 0.6). Sex and marital separation or divorce also were associated with increased risk of a less specific and severe depressive syndrome; working for pay was associated with lower risk. In addition, risk of the depressive syndrome was lower for Hispanic Americans versus all other persons (RR = 0.3), and there was an important interaction of age and sex. With increasing age, women were at increasingly higher risk for the depressive syndrome, as compared with men. Finally, the risk of simple depression was higher for women than for men (RR = 1.8), but was not strongly associated with other suspected risk factors under study once sex was taken into account.

• #16 Recommendation: Depression and Suicide Risk in Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/screening-depression-suicide-risk-adults

  The USPSTF recommends screening for depression in all adults regardless of risk factors. […] Women, young adults, multiracial individuals, and Native American/Alaska Native individuals have higher rates of depression. […] Suicide risk varies by age, sex, and race and ethnicity. […] The highest suicide rates for women occur between the ages of 45 and 54 years, while for men the highest rates occur after age 65 years. […] The USPSTF found no evidence on the optimal frequency of screening for depression. […] The USPSTF is committed to mitigating the health inequities that prevent many people from fully benefiting from preventive services.

• #17 Trends in the prevalence of depression and anxiety disorders among working-age Canadian adults between 2000 and 2016

  https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/82-003-x/2020012/article/00002-eng.htm

  Average annual MDE prevalence was 5.4% (95% CI: 4.7% to 6.0%) among employed participants, 11.7% (95% CI: 10.4% to 13.0%) among unemployed participants and 9.8% (95% CI: 8.5% to 11.2%) among participants not participating in the labour force. […] No statistically significant trend in depression prevalence between 2000 and 2016 was seen for any labour force group. […] This study suggests that between the early 2000s and 2016 MDE prevalence remained relatively stable while anxiety disorder prevalence increased modestly. […] MDE prevalence remained stable between 2000 and 2016, although there was a modest increase in self-reported medically diagnosed anxiety disorders. […] The higher initial prevalence estimates among unemployed participants and those not participating in the labour force have known implications for individual socioeconomic mobility and for macro-level labour force functioning.

• #18 The epidemiology of major depression among adults in Norway: an observational study on the concurrence between population surveys and registry data – a NCDNOR project | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-024-18754-w

  There was a strong association between scores on screening for major depression in the general population surveys and being recorded in central health registries. There was a low sensitivity of these registries, and there was some variation in how sensitive the central health registries were in picking up depression, especially for males and older people. However, the stability of the measures over time suggests we may get an impression of the prevalence of major depression in the general population by using data from the central health registries. A combination of primary care data, prescription data and specialist care data have a higher sensitivity. […] Major depression is one of the most common disorders with a life-time prevalence of 5-17%. The prevalence varies between groups: traditionally, more depressive symptoms are reported by females than by males, and more females than males are diagnosed with and treated for major depression, although this can vary. Several studies have shown social gradients in depressive symptoms with lower socio-economic status (SES) being associated with more depressive symptoms.

• #19 Depression Epidemiology and Its Treatment Evolution

  https://www.psychiatrist.com/jcp/depression-epidemiology-treatment-evolution/

  Approximately 1 in 5 US adults have at least one episode of major depression in their lifetime. Of those who do, the majority will relapse over the long term and many will have psychosocial disabilities and reduced functioning. […] In the United States, 8% of adults experience a major depressive episode in any 12-month period and about 20% have at least one episode in their lifetime. […] Researchers noted that the risk for major depressive episode is elevated for those who are female, poor, disabled, unemployed, or unmarried. […] Depression exacts a heavy psychosocial toll. People with major depression have substantial long-term psychosocial disability and functional impairment and have at least some depressive symptoms more than half of the time. […] The WHO places depression as the third-highest in terms of disease burden in the world. […] Clinicians now have a wide variety of treatment options for patients who present with depression. […] Depression is a leading cause of disability, affecting 121 million people.

• #20 Mental Illness Surveillance Among Adults in the United States

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/su6003a1.htm

  During 2004–2008, a total of 14.5% of PRAMS respondents reported symptoms of postpartum depression. […] Both NHIS and optional modules of BRFSS use the Kessler-6 scale to identify persons who experienced psychological distress during the 30 days before the survey. […] The prevalence of nursing home residents with a primary diagnosis of mental illness in 2004 increased with age, ranging from 18.7% among those aged 65–74 years to 23.5% among those aged 85 years.

• #21 WATCH: More PA Doctors Support for Universal Postpartum Depression Screenings | Department of Health | Commonwealth of Pennsylvania

  https://www.pa.gov/agencies/health/newsroom/watch–more-pa-doctors-support-for-universal-postpartum-depressi.html

  Postpartum depression affects at least one in eight mothers across the country. It not only impacts the well-being of Pennsylvania mothers, but also profoundly influences their families and communities. […] The reason why universal screening is so important is because we don’t know which people are at risk. […] It’s important because it’s a common condition that affects anywhere from 10 to 20 percent of patients. Not only does it impact the patient’s health, but there’s also serious impact on the baby’s health, as well as impact for society in general. […] The sooner that we can recognize that patients are experiencing depression, the sooner we can get treatment started, which not only is important for the bonding between the patient and the baby, but also important for the benefit of society and reduced health care costs.

• #22 Major depressive disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder

  Major depression was the leading cause of disease burden in North America and other high-income countries, and the fourth-leading cause worldwide as of 2006. In the year 2030, it is predicted to be the second-leading cause of disease burden worldwide after HIV, according to the WHO. Delay or failure in seeking treatment after relapse and the failure of health professionals to provide treatment are two barriers to reducing disability. […] Major depression frequently co-occurs with other psychiatric problems. The 1990–92 National Comorbidity Survey (US) reported that half of those with major depression also have lifetime anxiety and its associated disorders, such as generalized anxiety disorder. Anxiety symptoms can have a major impact on the course of a depressive illness, with delayed recovery, increased risk of relapse, greater disability and increased suicidal behavior. Depressed people have increased rates of alcohol and substance use, particularly dependence, and around a third of individuals diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) develop comorbid depression. Post-traumatic stress disorder and depression often co-occur. Depression may also coexist with ADHD, complicating the diagnosis and treatment of both. Depression is also frequently comorbid with alcohol use disorder and personality disorders. Depression can also be exacerbated during particular months (usually winter) in those with seasonal affective disorder. While overuse of digital media has been associated with depressive symptoms, using digital media may also improve mood in some situations. […] Depression and pain often co-occur. One or more pain symptoms are present in 65% of people who have depression, and anywhere from 5 to 85% of people who are experiencing pain will also have depression, depending on the setting—a lower prevalence in general practice, and higher in specialty clinics. Depression is often underrecognized, and therefore undertreated, in patients presenting with pain. Depression often coexists with physical disorders common among the elderly, such as stroke, other cardiovascular diseases, Parkinson’s disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

• #23 Depression among Older Adults in Indonesia: Prevalence, Role of Chronic Conditions and Other Associated Factors

  https://clinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com/VOLUME/18/ELOCATOR/e174501792207010/FULLTEXT/

  Our findings regarding stroke showed an increased prevalence of depression significantly, which has also been demonstrated by other studies. […] The prevalence of post-stroke depression was around 31.1%, with more women affected by it. […] The higher number of depression in stroke patients may also be mediated by long-term hospitalization, isolation, and problems adapting to new conditions, such as significant disability and communication difficulties. […] The prevalence of depression among older adults in Indonesia is still very high. Many factors contribute to depression, such as living in Java and other regions, being dependent, having moderate to low subjective economic status, having no life satisfaction, being self-perceived as unhealthy, and having experienced stroke, arthritis, hearing impairment, insomnia, dependency (IADL) and falls.

• #24 AI Model Predicts Depression in Patients with COPD, Study Suggests

  https://www.hcplive.com/view/ai-model-predicts-depression-in-patients-with-copd-study-suggests

  AI models, like XGBoost, improve depression prediction in COPD patients, surpassing traditional statistical methods in accuracy and scope. […] The study analyzed data from 2921 COPD patients, identifying significant demographic and health differences between those with and without depression. […] Significant differences were noted across demographic characteristics, comorbidities, and health status between participants with and without depression. […] These findings indicate that AI models like XGBoost can prevent the development of a vicious cycle between COPD and depression, as well as enhance overall outcomes. […] By deploying online prediction tools and integrating them into clinical practice, healthcare providers can efficiently and accurately assess whether COPD patients are at risk of depression and implement appropriate interventions and treatments.

• #25 Nearly One in Ten Americans Reports Having Depression | Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health

  https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/news/nearly-one-ten-americans-reports-having-depression

  In 2020, past 12-month depression was prevalent among nearly one in ten Americans and almost one in five adolescents and young adults. […] Major depression is the most common mental disorder in the U.S. and is the strongest risk factor for suicide behavior. […] Our study updates the depression prevalence estimates for the U.S. population through the year 2020 and confirms escalating increases in depression from 2015 through 2019, reflecting a public health crisis that was intensifying in the U.S. even before the onset of the pandemic. […] In 2020, 9 percent of Americans aged 12 or older experienced a past-year major depressive episode. Depression was more common among young adults aged 18 to 25 years at slightly more than 17 percent, and adolescents aged 12 to 17 years (17 percent). […] The prevalence of depression among non-Hispanic white individuals exceeded that of all other race/ethnic groups. Depression also was consistently higher among women compared to men, and among adults who were not currently or previously married. […] The elevated level and concentration of untreated depression among adolescents and young adults are especially problematic because untreated depression early in life is predictive of an increased risk of subsequent additional mental health problems.

• #26 Major Depressive Disorder in Adults – Diagnosis and Management – Province of British Columbia

  https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/health/practitioner-professional-resources/bc-guidelines/depression-in-adults

  Approximately 11% of Canadians meet criteria for MDD at some point in their lives and approximately 4% of Canadians suffer from MDD within any given year. About 2% of people with depression commit suicide, and 50% of these individuals will have been in contact with their general practitioner in the month preceding the suicide. […] This guideline provides recommendations on how to diagnose and manage major depressive disorder (MDD) in the primary care setting for non-pregnant patients aged 19 65 years.

• #27 Trends in the prevalence of depression and anxiety disorders among working-age Canadian adults between 2000 and 2016

  https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/82-003-x/2020012/article/00002-eng.htm

  Defined by the presence of depressive symptoms, MDE prevalence was found to be stable among all labour force groups between 2000 and 2016. […] The reported MDE stability that included the economic recession period counters some previous literature that observed prevalence increases among working populations. […] Assuming that there is a consistent change in prevalence among the two-year CCHS cycles beginning in 2007, anxiety disorder diagnosis prevalence increased at a rate of approximately 0.26% to 0.55% per year among all labour force groups.

• #28 Depression | Mental Health America

  https://mhanational.org/conditions/depression/

  Major depression is one of the most common mental illnesses, affecting more than 8% (21 million) of American adults each year. […] While most individuals with depression have a full remission of the disorder with effective treatment, only about a third (35%) of those suffering from severe depression seek treatment from a mental health professional. […] Depression is more likely to occur along with certain illnesses, such as heart disease, cancer, Parkinson’s disease, diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, Multiple Sclerosis, and hormonal disorders. […] Depression is very treatable, with the overwhelming majority of those who seek treatment showing improvement. The most commonly used treatments are antidepressant medication, psychotherapy, or a combination of the two. […] The choice of treatment depends on the pattern, severity, persistence of depressive symptoms, and the history of the illness.

• #29

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression

  Depression results from a complex interaction of social, psychological, and biological factors. […] Prevention programmes have been shown to reduce depression. […] There are effective treatments for depression. […] Psychological treatments are the first treatments for depression. […] Effective psychological treatments for depression include: behavioural activation, cognitive behavioural therapy, interpersonal psychotherapy, problem-solving therapy. […] Antidepressant medications include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), such as fluoxetine. […] WHOs Mental health action plan 20132030 highlights the steps required to provide appropriate interventions for people with mental disorders including depression. […] Depression and self-harm/suicide are among the priority conditions covered by WHOs Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP).

• #30 The Prevalence and National Burden of Treatment-Resistant Depression and Major Depressive Disorder in the United States

  https://www.psychiatrist.com/jcp/prevalence-national-burden-treatment-resistant-depression-major-depressive-disorder-in-us/

  The estimated 12-month prevalence of medication-treated MDD in the United States was 8.9 million adults, and 2.8 million (30.9%) had TRD. […] TRD is associated with disproportionate health care costs and unemployment, suggesting potentially large economic and societal gains with effective management. […] In this study, the annual prevalence of TRD was estimated at 30.9% among adults with medication-treated MDD, representing 2.8 million adults or 1.1% of the US adult population. […] The national economic burden of TRD was estimated as $43.8 billion annually and accounted for 47.2% of the burden of medication-treated MDD. […] Effective management of TRD, a disproportionately burdensome condition, may bring large economic and societal gains.

• #31 The epidemiology of major depression among adults in Norway: an observational study on the concurrence between population surveys and registry data – a NCDNOR project | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-024-18754-w

  The specificity of the central health registries for major depression seemed to be high, with values above 0.92 for all groups and studies. The sensitivity of the health registries was, however, low with values ranging from very low in the specialist care registry to low in the primary care database. The highest sensitivity was found when combining all three registries, which captured 11-26% of the major depression, the lowest values among older males and the highest sensitivity among younger females. […] This study illustrates a close relationship between score on either the HSCL or HADS scale in general population surveys and records in central health registries, be it in primary care, by filling prescriptions for antidepressants or in specialist care. Even if there is a low sensitivity of the registries and there is some group variation in how sensitive the central health registries are for picking up major depression, the stability of the measures over time indicates that following a combination of primary care data, prescription data and specialist care data from the central health registries may give a valid impression of the prevalence in the general population.

• #32 Munin: The epidemiology of major depression among adults in Norway: an observational study on the concurrence between population surveys and registry data – a NCDNOR project

  https://munin.uit.no/handle/10037/34877

  The epidemiology of major depression among adults in Norway: an observational study on the concurrence between population surveys and registry data a NCDNOR project […] Mental health problems, and major depression in particular, are important public health issues. […] We aimed to investigate how well these registries capture the epidemiology of major depression in the population. […] There was a strong association between scores on screening for major depression in the general population surveys and being recorded in central health registries. […] However, the stability of the measures over time suggests we may get an impression of the prevalence of major depression in the general population by using data from the central health registries.

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