Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://www.aurorahealthcare.org/services/heart-vascular/conditions/coronary-artery-disease/causes

  Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common type of heart disease. It affects more than 20 million adults in the U.S. Its also the leading cause of death nationwide. […] By understanding the causes of coronary artery disease, you can effectively lower your risk of developing it. […] Most often, atherosclerosis causes coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis occurs when a waxy substance called plaque builds up in your coronary arteries. Over time, the plaque buildup narrows your coronary arteries and restricts blood flow. […] Your lifestyle how you eat, exercise and even manage stress all affect your risk of developing coronary artery disease. […] Some specific foods have been directly linked to plaque buildup and heart damage, including saturated fats, trans fats, sodium, and sugar.

• #2 Coronary artery disease – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronary-artery-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20350613

  Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a common type of heart disease. […] A buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on the artery walls, a condition called atherosclerosis, usually causes coronary artery disease. […] Coronary artery disease is caused by the buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on the walls of the heart arteries. This condition is called atherosclerosis. The buildup is called plaque. Plaque can cause the arteries to narrow, blocking blood flow. The plaque also can burst, causing a blood clot. […] Some causes of atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease are: Diabetes or insulin resistance, High blood pressure, Lack of exercise, Smoking or tobacco use. […] Coronary artery disease risk factors you can’t control include: Age. Getting older increases the risk of damaged and narrowed arteries. Birth sex. Men are generally at greater risk of coronary artery disease. However, the risk for women increases after menopause. Family history. A family history of heart disease makes you more likely to get coronary artery disease.

• #3 About Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) | Heart Disease | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/heart-disease/about/coronary-artery-disease.html

  Coronary artery disease (CAD) is caused by plaque buildup in the walls of the arteries that supply blood to the heart. […] CAD is caused by plaque buildup in the walls of the arteries that supply blood to the heart (called coronary arteries) and other parts of the body. […] Plaque buildup causes the inside of the arteries to narrow over time, which can partially or totally block the blood flow. This process is called atherosclerosis.

• #4 Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16898-coronary-artery-disease

  Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a narrowing or blockage of your coronary arteries, which supply oxygen-rich blood to your heart. This happens because, over time, plaque (including cholesterol) buildup in these arteries limits how much blood can reach your heart muscle. […] Atherosclerosis causes coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis is the gradual buildup of plaque in arteries throughout your body. When the plaque affects blood flow in your coronary arteries, you have coronary artery disease. […] Plaque consists of cholesterol, waste products, calcium and fibrin (a substance that helps your blood clot). As plaque collects along your artery walls, your arteries become narrow and stiff. […] People who have plaque buildup in their coronary arteries often have buildup elsewhere in their body, too. This can lead to conditions like carotid artery disease and peripheral artery disease (PAD).

• #5 Coronary artery disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease

  Coronary artery disease (CAD), also called coronary heart disease (CHD), or ischemic heart disease (IHD), is a type of heart disease involving the reduction of blood flow to the cardiac muscle due to a build-up of atheromatous plaque in the arteries of the heart. […] Atherosclerosis is a type of arteriosclerosis which is the „chronic inflammation of the arteries which causes them to harden and accumulate cholesterol plaques (atheromatous plaques) on the artery walls”. […] CAD has several well-determined risk factors contributing to atherosclerosis. These risk factors for CAD include „smoking, diabetes, high blood pressure (hypertension), abnormal (high) amounts of cholesterol and other fat in the blood (dyslipidemia), type 2 diabetes and being overweight or obese (having excess body fat)” due to lack of exercise and a poor diet.

• #6 Atherosclerosis and Coronary Artery Disease

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/atherosclerosis-and-coronary-artery-disease

  Atherosclerosis can create life-threatening blockages — without you ever feeling a thing. […] When atherosclerosis affects arteries that carry blood to the heart muscle, its called coronary artery disease, or CAD. […] Many of us have heard that clogged arteries lead to heart attacks. But how does atherosclerosis cause coronary artery disease? […] First, the coronary arteries smooth interior surface is damaged. High blood pressure, abnormal cholesterol levels, cigarette smoking, and diabetes are the most common reasons why. […] LDL — or „bad” cholesterol — then starts to build up in the coronary arterys wall. […] Over the course of years, continuing buildup of cholesterol and the bodys response to it create a plaque. […] Most people who have a heart attack will have at least one or more of the following risk factors that contribute to atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease: Cigarette smoking, High cholesterol, Obesity, Lack of physical activity, High blood pressure, Diabetes, Low fruit and vegetable consumption, Poor socioeconomic status.

• #7 Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/153647-overview

  Atherosclerotic coronary heart disease is the single leading cause of death of men and women in the United States and, in fact, around the world. Atherosclerosis is the principal cause of coronary artery disease (CAD), in which atherosclerotic changes are present within the walls of the coronary arteries. […] A complex and incompletely understood interaction is observed between the critical cellular elements of the atherosclerotic lesion. These cellular elements include endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, platelets, and leukocytes. Interrelated biologic processes that contribute to atherogenesis and the clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis are as follows: Vasomotor function, Thrombogenicity of the blood vessel wall, State of activation of the coagulation cascade, The fibrinolytic system, Smooth muscle cells (SMC) migration and proliferation, Cellular inflammation.

• #8 Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/153647-overview

  In his response-to-injury hypothesis, Ross postulated that atherosclerosis begins with endothelial injury, making the endothelium susceptible to the accumulation of lipids and the deposition of thrombus. The mechanisms of atherogenesis remain uncertain, but the response-to-injury hypothesis is the most widely accepted proposal. […] The most atherogenic type of lipid is the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) component of total serum cholesterol. The endothelium’s ability to modify lipoproteins may be particularly important in atherogenesis. […] A number of large epidemiologic studies in North America and Europe have identified numerous risk factors for the development and progression of atherosclerosis. These factors, which can be classified as either modifiable or nonmodifiable, include the following: Hyperlipidemia and dyslipidemia, Hypertension, Cigarette and tobacco use, Air pollution, Diabetes mellitus, Age, Sex, Family history, Obesity, Sedentary lifestyle, Sleep disorders, such as obstructive sleep apnea, Chronic kidney disease, Auto-immune inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus. […] The presence of risk factors accelerates the rate of development of atherosclerosis. Diabetes causes endothelial dysfunction, decreases endothelial thromboresistance, and increases platelet activity, thus accelerating atherosclerosis.

• #9 Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): Causes, Symptoms, Risks – UDS

  https://udshealth.com/blog/coronary-artery-disease-guide-causes-symptoms-prevention/

  This condition is often exacerbated by several contributing factors. High levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesteroloften referred to as bad cholesterolare particularly harmful, as LDL tends to deposit within the arterial walls. On the other hand, low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, or good cholesterol, reduce the bodys ability to remove excess cholesterol. Elevated blood pressure can damage the arterial walls, making it easier for plaque to form. Smoking introduces harmful chemicals into the bloodstream that damage blood vessels and contribute to inflammation and plaque buildup. […] Diabetes, particularly when poorly managed, increases CAD risk by accelerating atherosclerosis. Obesity and a sedentary lifestyle also play significant roles, as both are associated with poor lipid profiles, high blood pressure, and insulin resistance. Inflammation, whether due to chronic conditions like lupus or external factors such as pollution, may also trigger or worsen the development of CAD.

• #10 Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/153647-overview

  Atherosclerotic coronary heart disease is the single leading cause of death of men and women in the United States and, in fact, around the world. Atherosclerosis is the principal cause of coronary artery disease (CAD), in which atherosclerotic changes are present within the walls of the coronary arteries. […] A complex and incompletely understood interaction is observed between the critical cellular elements of the atherosclerotic lesion. These cellular elements include endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, platelets, and leukocytes. Interrelated biologic processes that contribute to atherogenesis and the clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis are as follows: Vasomotor function, Thrombogenicity of the blood vessel wall, State of activation of the coagulation cascade, The fibrinolytic system, Smooth muscle cells (SMC) migration and proliferation, Cellular inflammation.

• #11 Coronary Heart Disease – Causes, Symptoms and Treatments

  https://nowpatient.com/conditions/coronary-heart-disease

  Coronary heart disease is a chronic and progressive condition that can lead to significant complications such as heart failure, arrhythmias, and even sudden cardiac death. […] The pathophysiology of coronary heart disease (CHD) involves a complex interplay of various factors, primarily driven by atherosclerosis. […] Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory process characterized by the buildup of fatty plaques within the walls of the coronary arteries. […] Endothelial dysfunction leads to increased permeability, recruitment of inflammatory cells, and the release of pro-inflammatory molecules. […] The accumulation of LDL particles triggers an inflammatory response within the arterial wall. […] These immune cells release cytokines, growth factors, and enzymes that further promote inflammation and contribute to the progression of atherosclerosis.

• #12 Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16898-coronary-artery-disease

  Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a narrowing or blockage of your coronary arteries, which supply oxygen-rich blood to your heart. This happens because, over time, plaque (including cholesterol) buildup in these arteries limits how much blood can reach your heart muscle. […] Atherosclerosis causes coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis is the gradual buildup of plaque in arteries throughout your body. When the plaque affects blood flow in your coronary arteries, you have coronary artery disease. […] Plaque consists of cholesterol, waste products, calcium and fibrin (a substance that helps your blood clot). As plaque collects along your artery walls, your arteries become narrow and stiff. […] People who have plaque buildup in their coronary arteries often have buildup elsewhere in their body, too. This can lead to conditions like carotid artery disease and peripheral artery disease (PAD).

• #13 Coronary Heart Disease – Causes, Symptoms and Treatments

  https://nowpatient.com/conditions/coronary-heart-disease

  Coronary heart disease is a chronic and progressive condition that can lead to significant complications such as heart failure, arrhythmias, and even sudden cardiac death. […] The pathophysiology of coronary heart disease (CHD) involves a complex interplay of various factors, primarily driven by atherosclerosis. […] Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory process characterized by the buildup of fatty plaques within the walls of the coronary arteries. […] Endothelial dysfunction leads to increased permeability, recruitment of inflammatory cells, and the release of pro-inflammatory molecules. […] The accumulation of LDL particles triggers an inflammatory response within the arterial wall. […] These immune cells release cytokines, growth factors, and enzymes that further promote inflammation and contribute to the progression of atherosclerosis.

• #14 Coronary artery disease | Heart and Stroke Foundation

  https://www.heartandstroke.ca/heart-disease/conditions/coronary-artery-disease

  Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common form of heart disease. It occurs when one or more of the coronary arteries becomes narrow or blocked. […] The process is often called hardening of the arteries or atherosclerosis. […] Over many years, plaque builds up on artery walls. Plaque is a sticky, yellow substance made of fatty substances like cholesterol, as well as calcium and waste products from your cells. It narrows and clogs the arteries, slowing the flow of blood. This condition is called atherosclerosis, which may begin as early as childhood. […] The factors that cause plaque to build up are: Damage or injury to the inner layer of the coronary arteries caused by the risk factors listed above. […] Plaque accumulating at the site of the injury in a process called atherosclerosis or hardening of the arteries.

• #15 Coronary Heart Disease – Causes and Prevention | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/coronary-heart-disease/causes

  Coronary heart disease may have more than one cause, including plaque buildup or problems that affect how the heart’s blood vessels work. […] Plaque buildup in the large arteries on the hearts surface is the leading cause of coronary heart disease. […] Some people may have coronary heart disease if the blood vessels in their heart do not respond correctly when the heart needs more oxygen-rich blood. […] Plaque buildup in the arteries is called atherosclerosis. […] The buildup causes the arteries to harden and become narrower over time. […] This can lower or block blood flow to the heart muscle. […] Sometimes, the hearts blood vessels do not respond to signals that the heart needs more oxygen-rich blood. […] The cause of these problems is unclear, but it may involve damage or injury to the walls of the arteries or tiny blood vessels from long-term inflammation, high blood pressure, or diabetes.

• #16 What Is Coronary Artery Disease? Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/coronary-artery-disease

  Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common type of heart disease. […] What Causes Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)? Starting as early as childhood, plaque a combination of cholesterol, fat, and other substances starts to stick to the walls lining your blood vessels. […] It builds up over time. That makes arteries harder and narrower, which doctors call atherosclerosis. […] In some cases, plaque can break or rupture. As a result, blood cells called platelets will try to repair the artery, forming a blood clot. […] Like gunk in a clogged drainpipe, this buildup prevents a free flow of blood through the arteries. Blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the heart. Myocardial ischemia is when your heart muscle doesn’t get enough blood, and it can lead to shortness of breath and chest pain (angina).

• #17 Coronary artery disease: Causes, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/184130

  Coronary artery disease (CAD) develops when plaque builds up in the coronary arteries and they become narrow or blocked. […] CAD, or coronary heart disease, tends to develop when cholesterol builds up on the artery walls, creating plaques. […] Underlying health conditions, such as high cholesterol and diabetes, and physical damage to arteries can cause plaque buildup and lead to CAD. […] The plaque deposits consist of cholesterol and other inflammatory products from cells. The buildup of plaque is called atherosclerosis. […] If pieces of plaque break off or rupture, platelets cluster in the area, forming a blood clot. Blood clots can block the artery and reduce or block blood flow. This may lead to a heart attack. […] CAD occurs when fatty plaque deposits build up in the arteries that supply blood to the heart.

• #18 Coronary Heart Disease – Causes, Symptoms and Treatments

  https://nowpatient.com/conditions/coronary-heart-disease

  Over time, the fatty streaks within the arterial wall undergo further changes. […] Vulnerable plaques are characterized by a thin fibrous cap, a large lipid core, and a high degree of inflammation. […] These plaques are prone to rupture, leading to the formation of blood clots or thrombi. […] Plaque rupture exposes the underlying thrombogenic material, including tissue factor and collagen, leading to platelet activation and aggregation. […] The thrombus formation leads to acute coronary syndromes, such as unstable angina or myocardial infarction, resulting in reduced blood flow and oxygen supply to the heart muscle. […] It is important to note that the pathophysiology of CHD is influenced by various risk factors, including hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, smoking, and genetic predisposition.

• #19 Overview of Coronary Artery Disease – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/coronary-artery-disease/overview-of-coronary-artery-disease

  Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death in both sexes, accounting for approximately one third of all deaths, and substantial numbers of these occur in low resource areas. Mortality from coronary artery disease is approximately 5 times higher in men than in women, but the mortality difference declines with age. […] Usually, coronary artery disease is due to coronary artery atherosclerosis: Subintimal deposition of atheromas in large and medium-sized coronary arteries. […] Less often, coronary artery disease is due to coronary artery spasm. Vascular endothelial dysfunction can promote atherosclerosis and contribute to coronary artery spasm. Endothelial dysfunction is also recognized as a cause of angina in the absence of epicardial coronary artery stenosis or spasm. Rare causes include coronary artery embolism, dissection, aneurysm (eg, in Kawasaki disease), and vasculitis (eg, in Takayasu arteritis).

• #20 Overview of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) – Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/coronary-artery-disease/overview-of-coronary-artery-disease-cad

  Coronary artery disease is almost always due to the gradual buildup of cholesterol and other fatty materials (called atheroma or atherosclerotic plaque) in the wall of a coronary artery. This process is called atherosclerosis and can affect many arteries, not just those of the heart. […] The most common reason for abnormal reduction in blood flow to the heart is Atherosclerosis. […] Other causes of abnormal blood flow reduction to the heart include spasm of a coronary artery, which can occur spontaneously or result from use of certain drugs such as cocaine and nicotine, endothelial dysfunction, which means that a coronary blood vessel does not widen (dilate) in response to a need for increased blood flow (such as during exercise), resulting in less blood flow than the heart needs, birth defects (for example, coronary artery abnormalities), coronary artery dissection (a tear running down the lining of a coronary artery), systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus), inflammation of the arteries (arteritis), a blood clot that traveled from a heart chamber into one of the coronary arteries, and physical damage (due to an injury or radiation therapy).

• #21 Coronary Heart Disease – Causes and Prevention | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/coronary-heart-disease/causes

  Damage to the inner walls of the larger coronary arteries can cause them to spasm (suddenly tighten), which is called a vasospasm. […] Coronary heart disease is largely preventable. […] Studies show that heart-healthy living quitting smoking or never starting, eating healthy foods, and being physically active throughout life can prevent or delay coronary heart disease and its complications in most people. […] Risk factors for coronary heart disease begin in childhood. […] Therefore, its important to develop healthy living habits in childhood, including good nutrition and physical activity, to prevent risk factors from developing. […] Some children can develop atherosclerosis or even have a heart attack or stroke if they have a genetic condition called familial hypercholesterolemia.

• #22 Coronary Artery Disease: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment Ada

  https://ada.com/conditions/coronary-artery-disease/

  A heart attack or angina may also occur if the artery spasms and becomes narrower due to the irritation caused by a thrombus. […] In a small number of cases, coronary artery disease can result from a spasm of the coronary artery. […] In some people, coronary artery disease is the result of endothelial dysfunction in the coronary arteries.

• #23 Coronary Heart Disease – Causes and Prevention | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/coronary-heart-disease/causes

  Coronary heart disease may have more than one cause, including plaque buildup or problems that affect how the heart’s blood vessels work. […] Plaque buildup in the large arteries on the hearts surface is the leading cause of coronary heart disease. […] Some people may have coronary heart disease if the blood vessels in their heart do not respond correctly when the heart needs more oxygen-rich blood. […] Plaque buildup in the arteries is called atherosclerosis. […] The buildup causes the arteries to harden and become narrower over time. […] This can lower or block blood flow to the heart muscle. […] Sometimes, the hearts blood vessels do not respond to signals that the heart needs more oxygen-rich blood. […] The cause of these problems is unclear, but it may involve damage or injury to the walls of the arteries or tiny blood vessels from long-term inflammation, high blood pressure, or diabetes.

• #24 Coronary Artery Disease: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment Ada

  https://ada.com/conditions/coronary-artery-disease/

  A heart attack or angina may also occur if the artery spasms and becomes narrower due to the irritation caused by a thrombus. […] In a small number of cases, coronary artery disease can result from a spasm of the coronary artery. […] In some people, coronary artery disease is the result of endothelial dysfunction in the coronary arteries.

• #25 Overview of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) – Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/coronary-artery-disease/overview-of-coronary-artery-disease-cad

  Coronary artery disease is almost always due to the gradual buildup of cholesterol and other fatty materials (called atheroma or atherosclerotic plaque) in the wall of a coronary artery. This process is called atherosclerosis and can affect many arteries, not just those of the heart. […] The most common reason for abnormal reduction in blood flow to the heart is Atherosclerosis. […] Other causes of abnormal blood flow reduction to the heart include spasm of a coronary artery, which can occur spontaneously or result from use of certain drugs such as cocaine and nicotine, endothelial dysfunction, which means that a coronary blood vessel does not widen (dilate) in response to a need for increased blood flow (such as during exercise), resulting in less blood flow than the heart needs, birth defects (for example, coronary artery abnormalities), coronary artery dissection (a tear running down the lining of a coronary artery), systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus), inflammation of the arteries (arteritis), a blood clot that traveled from a heart chamber into one of the coronary arteries, and physical damage (due to an injury or radiation therapy).

• #26 Overview of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) – Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/coronary-artery-disease/overview-of-coronary-artery-disease-cad

  Coronary artery disease is almost always due to the gradual buildup of cholesterol and other fatty materials (called atheroma or atherosclerotic plaque) in the wall of a coronary artery. This process is called atherosclerosis and can affect many arteries, not just those of the heart. […] The most common reason for abnormal reduction in blood flow to the heart is Atherosclerosis. […] Other causes of abnormal blood flow reduction to the heart include spasm of a coronary artery, which can occur spontaneously or result from use of certain drugs such as cocaine and nicotine, endothelial dysfunction, which means that a coronary blood vessel does not widen (dilate) in response to a need for increased blood flow (such as during exercise), resulting in less blood flow than the heart needs, birth defects (for example, coronary artery abnormalities), coronary artery dissection (a tear running down the lining of a coronary artery), systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus), inflammation of the arteries (arteritis), a blood clot that traveled from a heart chamber into one of the coronary arteries, and physical damage (due to an injury or radiation therapy).

• #27 Overview of Coronary Artery Disease – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/coronary-artery-disease/overview-of-coronary-artery-disease

  Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death in both sexes, accounting for approximately one third of all deaths, and substantial numbers of these occur in low resource areas. Mortality from coronary artery disease is approximately 5 times higher in men than in women, but the mortality difference declines with age. […] Usually, coronary artery disease is due to coronary artery atherosclerosis: Subintimal deposition of atheromas in large and medium-sized coronary arteries. […] Less often, coronary artery disease is due to coronary artery spasm. Vascular endothelial dysfunction can promote atherosclerosis and contribute to coronary artery spasm. Endothelial dysfunction is also recognized as a cause of angina in the absence of epicardial coronary artery stenosis or spasm. Rare causes include coronary artery embolism, dissection, aneurysm (eg, in Kawasaki disease), and vasculitis (eg, in Takayasu arteritis).

• #28 Overview of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) – Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/coronary-artery-disease/overview-of-coronary-artery-disease-cad

  Coronary artery disease is almost always due to the gradual buildup of cholesterol and other fatty materials (called atheroma or atherosclerotic plaque) in the wall of a coronary artery. This process is called atherosclerosis and can affect many arteries, not just those of the heart. […] The most common reason for abnormal reduction in blood flow to the heart is Atherosclerosis. […] Other causes of abnormal blood flow reduction to the heart include spasm of a coronary artery, which can occur spontaneously or result from use of certain drugs such as cocaine and nicotine, endothelial dysfunction, which means that a coronary blood vessel does not widen (dilate) in response to a need for increased blood flow (such as during exercise), resulting in less blood flow than the heart needs, birth defects (for example, coronary artery abnormalities), coronary artery dissection (a tear running down the lining of a coronary artery), systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus), inflammation of the arteries (arteritis), a blood clot that traveled from a heart chamber into one of the coronary arteries, and physical damage (due to an injury or radiation therapy).

• #29 Coronary Artery Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK564304/

  Coronary artery disease (CAD) is multifactorial. Etiologic factors can be broadly categorized into nonmodifiable and modifiable. Nonmodifiable factors include gender, age, family history, and genetics. Modifiable risk factors include hypertension, smoking, obesity, lipid levels, and psychosocial variables. […] In the Western world, a faster-paced lifestyle has led people to eat more fast foods and unhealthy meals, which has paved the way for the increased prevalence of IHD. […] Smoking remains the number one cause of cardiovascular disease. […] Men are more predisposed to CAD than women. Hypercholesterolemia remains an important modifiable risk factor for CAD. Increased low-density lipoproteins (LDL) raise CAD risk, and elevated high-density lipoproteins (HDL) decrease CAD incidence.

• #30 Coronary Artery Disease CAD- Ischaemic Heart Disease – Heart Foundation NZ

  https://www.heartfoundation.org.nz/your-heart/heart-conditions/coronary-artery-disease

  Controllable risk factors include: smoking, cholesterol, blood pressure, diabetes, exercise, weight, diet, stress/anxiety, alcohol intake. […] Uncontrollable risk factors include: age, gender, ethnicity, mental health history, family history. […] Coronary artery disease can lead to a number of other heart conditions, including: angina, heart attack, heart rhythm problems, heart failure. […] You cant cure coronary artery disease, but there are things you can do to stop it getting worse. […] Suggested lifestyle changes may include: quitting smoking, moving more, making heart-healthy eating and drinking choices, losing weight, reducing your stress levels. […] If you have angina or if youve already had a heart attack, your doctor may suggest one of the following procedures. […] Angioplasty is a treatment that uses a special balloon to widen a narrow or blocked artery and restore blood flow to the heart.

• #31 Coronary artery disease – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronary-artery-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20350613

  Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a common type of heart disease. […] A buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on the artery walls, a condition called atherosclerosis, usually causes coronary artery disease. […] Coronary artery disease is caused by the buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on the walls of the heart arteries. This condition is called atherosclerosis. The buildup is called plaque. Plaque can cause the arteries to narrow, blocking blood flow. The plaque also can burst, causing a blood clot. […] Some causes of atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease are: Diabetes or insulin resistance, High blood pressure, Lack of exercise, Smoking or tobacco use. […] Coronary artery disease risk factors you can’t control include: Age. Getting older increases the risk of damaged and narrowed arteries. Birth sex. Men are generally at greater risk of coronary artery disease. However, the risk for women increases after menopause. Family history. A family history of heart disease makes you more likely to get coronary artery disease.

• #32

  https://www.mountelizabeth.com.sg/conditions-diseases/coronary-artery-disease/symptoms-causes

  Coronary artery disease is one of the most common heart diseases in Singapore. It develops when fatty deposits, called plaque, build up in the blood vessels that supply blood and oxygen to the heart. This buildup is also known as atherosclerosis. […] In coronary artery disease, heart arteries become narrowed or blocked due to a build-up of fatty plaque deposits. […] This disease can be attributed to a number of risk factors. […] Non-modifiable risk factors are those that cannot be changed. They include: Age. As you get older, your arteries are more likely to be damaged or narrow. Gender. Overall, men face a higher risk of developing coronary artery disease. However, the risk for women increases significantly after menopause. Family history. If a close family member developed heart disease, especially at a young age, you face a higher risk. Ethnicity. If you are of South Asian, African or Caribbean descent, you face a greater risk of developing cardiovascular disease.

• #33 Coronary artery disease – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronary-artery-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20350613

  Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a common type of heart disease. […] A buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on the artery walls, a condition called atherosclerosis, usually causes coronary artery disease. […] Coronary artery disease is caused by the buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on the walls of the heart arteries. This condition is called atherosclerosis. The buildup is called plaque. Plaque can cause the arteries to narrow, blocking blood flow. The plaque also can burst, causing a blood clot. […] Some causes of atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease are: Diabetes or insulin resistance, High blood pressure, Lack of exercise, Smoking or tobacco use. […] Coronary artery disease risk factors you can’t control include: Age. Getting older increases the risk of damaged and narrowed arteries. Birth sex. Men are generally at greater risk of coronary artery disease. However, the risk for women increases after menopause. Family history. A family history of heart disease makes you more likely to get coronary artery disease.

• #34 What causes coronary heart disease? – Conquering CHDsearchhamburger-close

  https://www.conqueringchd.org/what-causes-coronary-heart-disease/

  Blood vessel inflammation: In some cases, inflammation of blood vessels from other chronic issues like diabetes, high blood pressure, or chronic inflammation can cause the narrowing of blood vessels. This is often an indirect cause of coronary heart disease, or a patient may have a higher chance of developing CHD later on. […] Other risk factors: A person’s age, occupation, and family history also highly impact their chance of developing coronary heart disease. Though CHD can start developing in a person from a young age, it typically doesn’t become a risk until after a certain age threshold. For men, the risk increases after the age of 45. For women, after the age of 55. […] With air pollution being one of the top factors of increased high blood pressure, environment also plays a key factor. Atherosclerosis can also develop in patients who work in high-stress environments, experience poor sleep, or sit for long periods of time.

• #35 Coronary artery disease – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronary-artery-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20350613

  Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a common type of heart disease. […] A buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on the artery walls, a condition called atherosclerosis, usually causes coronary artery disease. […] Coronary artery disease is caused by the buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on the walls of the heart arteries. This condition is called atherosclerosis. The buildup is called plaque. Plaque can cause the arteries to narrow, blocking blood flow. The plaque also can burst, causing a blood clot. […] Some causes of atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease are: Diabetes or insulin resistance, High blood pressure, Lack of exercise, Smoking or tobacco use. […] Coronary artery disease risk factors you can’t control include: Age. Getting older increases the risk of damaged and narrowed arteries. Birth sex. Men are generally at greater risk of coronary artery disease. However, the risk for women increases after menopause. Family history. A family history of heart disease makes you more likely to get coronary artery disease.

• #36 Coronary Artery Disease – Causes, Symptoms and Risk factors | Dr Raghu

  https://drraghu.com/resources/coronary-artery-disease/basics-about-heart/

  Risk for damaged or narrowed arteries increases with age. […] Men are at greater risk of developing CAD. In women, risk increases after menopause. […] Risk increases if any family member has coronary artery disease. […] People who have the habit of smoking and who are exposed to smoke are at increased risk of CAD. […] High blood pressure: It results in the narrowing and hardening of the walls of arteries. […] It can increase the risk of atherosclerosis. […] High degree of association 2 to 4-fold greater risk. […] Overweight increases the risk of CAD. […] Reduced physical activity, high stress and unhealthy diet also contribute to the development of CAD. […] Sleep apnea may cause an increase in the blood pressure and high strain on the heart, leading to CAD. […] CRP levels are increased mostly if there is any inflammation in the body. It is a risk factor for CAD.

• #37 Coronary artery disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease

  Smoking and obesity are associated with about 36% and 20% of cases, respectively. […] High levels of cholesterol in the bloodstream lead to atherosclerosis. With increased levels of LDL in the bloodstream, „LDL particles will form deposits and accumulate within the arterial walls, which will lead to the development of plaques, restricting blood flow”. […] The heritability of coronary artery disease has been estimated between 40% and 60%. […] Several unconventional risk factors have also been studied including high serum fibrinogen, high c-reactive protein (CRP), chronic inflammatory conditions, hypovitaminosis D, high lipoprotein A levels, serum homocysteine etc. […] The consumption of trans fat (commonly found in hydrogenated products such as margarine) has been shown to cause a precursor to atherosclerosis and increase the risk of coronary artery disease. […] A more controversial link is that between Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection and atherosclerosis.

• #38 Coronary Artery Disease (Atherosclerosis) | University of Ottawa Heart Institute

  https://www.ottawaheart.ca/heart-condition/coronary-artery-disease-atherosclerosis

  Coronary artery disease is caused by a combination of genetic and lifestyle factors. These are called risk factors. The following risk factors are important to be aware of, but are not considered to be controllable: […] In coronary artery disease, there is a blockage in the arteries that supply blood and oxygen to the heart. The most common cause is atherosclerosis which is a buildup of plaque inside the walls of the arteries. […] Plaque buildup can start at an early age and is caused by a combination of genetic and lifestyle factors that are called risk factors. As plaque builds up over time, the arteries become increasingly narrow. Eventually, blood flow to parts of the heart is slowed or blocked. […] Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a condition which affects the arteries that supply the heart with blood. It is usually caused by atherosclerosis which is a buildup of plaque inside the artery walls.

• #39

  https://www.mountelizabeth.com.sg/conditions-diseases/coronary-artery-disease/symptoms-causes

  Coronary artery disease is one of the most common heart diseases in Singapore. It develops when fatty deposits, called plaque, build up in the blood vessels that supply blood and oxygen to the heart. This buildup is also known as atherosclerosis. […] In coronary artery disease, heart arteries become narrowed or blocked due to a build-up of fatty plaque deposits. […] This disease can be attributed to a number of risk factors. […] Non-modifiable risk factors are those that cannot be changed. They include: Age. As you get older, your arteries are more likely to be damaged or narrow. Gender. Overall, men face a higher risk of developing coronary artery disease. However, the risk for women increases significantly after menopause. Family history. If a close family member developed heart disease, especially at a young age, you face a higher risk. Ethnicity. If you are of South Asian, African or Caribbean descent, you face a greater risk of developing cardiovascular disease.

• #40 Coronary heart disease | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cardiovascular-disease/heart-disease/coronary-heart-disease/

  Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a term used to describe what happens when the blood flow to the heart is interrupted or reduced. It is also known as ischaemic heart disease. […] Often, the reduction or blockage in blood flow is caused by atherosclerosis. This is when a fatty material called atheroma builds up inside the coronary arteries. This can narrow the coronary arteries, reducing the blood flow. […] If a piece of atheroma breaks off, this can cause a blockage and cut off blood supply to the heart. This is known as a heart attack. […] There are various risk factors for heart disease, some of which you have control over and others that you dont. […] Uncontrollable risk factors for heart disease include: age, family history of heart disease or stroke, ethnicity, being post-menopausal.

• #41 Coronary artery disease – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronary-artery-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20350613

  Coronary artery disease risk factors you can control are: Smoking. If you smoke, quit. Smoking is bad for heart health. People who smoke have a much greater risk of heart disease. […] High blood pressure. Uncontrolled high blood pressure can make arteries hard and stiff. This can lead to atherosclerosis, which causes coronary artery disease. […] Cholesterol. Too much „bad” cholesterol in the blood can increase the risk of atherosclerosis. […] Diabetes. Diabetes increases the risk of coronary artery disease. […] Obesity. Too much body fat is bad for overall health. […] Unhealthy diet. Eating foods with a lot of saturated fat, trans fat, salt and sugar can increase the risk of coronary artery disease. […] Risk factors often happen together. One risk factor may trigger another. When grouped together, some risk factors make you even more likely to develop coronary artery disease.

• #42

  https://www.advocatehealth.com/health-services/advocate-heart-institute/programs-and-treatments/coronary-artery-disease-program/causes

  Smoking is the number one cause of preventable death in the U.S. And its a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. It constricts your blood vessels, causing your heart to work even harder. […] While stress alone isnt considered a root cause of coronary artery disease, chronic stress can increase your overall risk. […] Nearly half of all Americans have one of the three major risk factors for coronary artery disease: smoking, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. […] Cholesterol is the main component in plaque. Your liver naturally produces all the cholesterol you need, but you may consume extra cholesterol in the food you eat. As cholesterol increases in your blood, it can form fatty deposits (plaque) in your arteries. This plaque buildup is the primary cause of coronary artery disease.

• #43 Coronary Artery Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK564304/

  Coronary artery disease (CAD) is multifactorial. Etiologic factors can be broadly categorized into nonmodifiable and modifiable. Nonmodifiable factors include gender, age, family history, and genetics. Modifiable risk factors include hypertension, smoking, obesity, lipid levels, and psychosocial variables. […] In the Western world, a faster-paced lifestyle has led people to eat more fast foods and unhealthy meals, which has paved the way for the increased prevalence of IHD. […] Smoking remains the number one cause of cardiovascular disease. […] Men are more predisposed to CAD than women. Hypercholesterolemia remains an important modifiable risk factor for CAD. Increased low-density lipoproteins (LDL) raise CAD risk, and elevated high-density lipoproteins (HDL) decrease CAD incidence.

• #44 Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): Causes, Symptoms, Risks – UDS

  https://udshealth.com/blog/coronary-artery-disease-guide-causes-symptoms-prevention/

  This condition is often exacerbated by several contributing factors. High levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesteroloften referred to as bad cholesterolare particularly harmful, as LDL tends to deposit within the arterial walls. On the other hand, low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, or good cholesterol, reduce the bodys ability to remove excess cholesterol. Elevated blood pressure can damage the arterial walls, making it easier for plaque to form. Smoking introduces harmful chemicals into the bloodstream that damage blood vessels and contribute to inflammation and plaque buildup. […] Diabetes, particularly when poorly managed, increases CAD risk by accelerating atherosclerosis. Obesity and a sedentary lifestyle also play significant roles, as both are associated with poor lipid profiles, high blood pressure, and insulin resistance. Inflammation, whether due to chronic conditions like lupus or external factors such as pollution, may also trigger or worsen the development of CAD.

• #45 Main Causes of Coronary Heart Disease | Spatz3

  https://www.spatzmedical.com/blog/main-causes-coronary-heart-diseases/

  High levels of LDL cholesterol are one of the most significant risk factors for CHD. LDL cholesterol is often referred to as bad cholesterol because it can build up in the walls of the coronary arteries, forming plaque. […] High blood pressure, also known as hypertension, is another major risk factor for CHD. […] Smoking is another major risk factor for CHD. […] Diabetes is another major risk factor for CHD. […] Obesity and physical inactivity are also major risk factors for CHD. […] A family history of heart disease is another major risk factor for CHD. […] Finally, age is also a major risk factor for CHD. As a person gets older, the risk of CHD increases. Age is a significant risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD), as the likelihood of developing CHD increases as one gets older.

• #46

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/coronary-heart-disease/causes/

  Coronary heart disease (CHD) is usually caused by a build-up of fatty deposits (atheroma) on the walls of the arteries around the heart (coronary arteries). […] Your risk of developing atherosclerosis is significantly increased if you: […] Smoking is a major risk factor for coronary heart disease. […] High blood pressure (hypertension) puts a strain on your heart and can lead to CHD. […] Cholesterol is a fat made by the liver from the saturated fat in your diet. It’s essential for healthy cells, but too much in the blood can lead to CHD. […] Like cholesterol, lipoprotein (a), also known as LP(a), is a combination of fat and protein made by the liver. It’s a known risk factor for cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis. […] A high blood sugar level may lead to diabetes, which can more than double your risk of developing CHD. […] Diabetes can lead to CHD because it may cause the lining of blood vessels to become thicker, which can restrict blood flow. […] If a thrombosis develops in a coronary artery it prevents the blood supply from reaching the heart muscle. This usually leads to a heart attack.

• #47 Overview of Coronary Artery Disease – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/coronary-artery-disease/overview-of-coronary-artery-disease

  Risk factors for coronary artery disease are the same as risk factors for atherosclerosis: Older age, Male sex, Family history of early coronary artery disease, High blood levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, High blood levels of lipoprotein a, Low blood levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, Diabetes mellitus (particularly type 2), Smoking, Obesity, Physical inactivity, High level of apoprotein B (apo B), High blood levels of C-reactive protein (CRP). […] Smoking may be a stronger predictor of myocardial infarction in females. Genetic factors play a role, and several systemic disorders (eg, hypertension, hypothyroidism) and metabolic disorders (eg, hyperhomocysteinemia) contribute to risk. […] High blood levels of C-reactive protein indicate plaque instability and inflammation and may be a stronger predictor of risk of ischemic events than high levels of LDL. High blood levels of triglycerides and insulin (reflecting insulin resistance) may be risk factors, but data are less clear. CAD risk is also increased by a diet high in fat and calories and low in phytochemicals, fiber, and vitamins C, D, and E; by a diet relatively low in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids; and by poor stress management.

• #48

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/coronary-heart-disease/causes/

  Coronary heart disease (CHD) is usually caused by a build-up of fatty deposits (atheroma) on the walls of the arteries around the heart (coronary arteries). […] Your risk of developing atherosclerosis is significantly increased if you: […] Smoking is a major risk factor for coronary heart disease. […] High blood pressure (hypertension) puts a strain on your heart and can lead to CHD. […] Cholesterol is a fat made by the liver from the saturated fat in your diet. It’s essential for healthy cells, but too much in the blood can lead to CHD. […] Like cholesterol, lipoprotein (a), also known as LP(a), is a combination of fat and protein made by the liver. It’s a known risk factor for cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis. […] A high blood sugar level may lead to diabetes, which can more than double your risk of developing CHD. […] Diabetes can lead to CHD because it may cause the lining of blood vessels to become thicker, which can restrict blood flow. […] If a thrombosis develops in a coronary artery it prevents the blood supply from reaching the heart muscle. This usually leads to a heart attack.

• #49

  https://www.mountelizabeth.com.sg/conditions-diseases/coronary-artery-disease/symptoms-causes

  Modifiable risk factors are those you can take measures to change. They include: Smoking. People who smoke are 2 to 4 times more likely to get heart disease. Unhealthy eating habits. A diet high in saturated fat, trans fat, salt and sugar increases the risk of coronary artery disease. It also contributes to other risk factors such as obesity. Sedentary lifestyle. Lack of physical activity contributes to coronary artery disease and contributes to several risk factors such as obesity. High cholesterol. High levels of cholesterol in your blood can increase the risk of plaque formation and atherosclerosis. Obesity. Excessive body weight worsens the effect of other risk factors. Stress. Poorly managed stress may damage your arteries and worsen the effect of other risk factors. Diabetes. High blood sugar can damage your heart’s blood vessels. People with diabetes are also more likely to have other conditions that increase their risk for heart disease. Hypertension (High blood pressure). This can cause your arteries to thicken or harden, which narrows the arteries and reduces blood flow. […] Coronary artery disease can lead to: Heart arrhythmia (irregular heartbeats) Heart attack (myocardial infarction) Heart failure.

• #50

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/coronary-heart-disease-chd/causes/

  The main cause of coronary heart disease (CHD) is a build-up of a fatty substance in the arteries around your heart (coronary arteries). […] Your risk of developing atherosclerosis is much higher if you: […] The risk is higher if a male relative under 55 or a female relative under 65 has CHD. […] Cholesterol is a fat made by the liver from the saturated fat in your diet. Your body needs some cholesterol, but too much in the blood can lead to CHD. […] High blood pressure (hypertension) puts a strain on your heart and can lead to CHD. […] Smoking is a major risk factor for CHD. Nicotine and carbon monoxide (from the smoke) put a strain on your heart by making it work faster. They also increase your risk of blood clots. […] Diabetes can double your risk of developing CHD. It may cause the lining of your blood vessels to become thicker. This can restrict blood flow. […] If you get a clot in a coronary artery, it prevents the blood supply from reaching the heart muscle. This may cause a heart attack.

• #51 Coronary Artery Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK564304/

  Coronary artery disease (CAD) is multifactorial. Etiologic factors can be broadly categorized into nonmodifiable and modifiable. Nonmodifiable factors include gender, age, family history, and genetics. Modifiable risk factors include hypertension, smoking, obesity, lipid levels, and psychosocial variables. […] In the Western world, a faster-paced lifestyle has led people to eat more fast foods and unhealthy meals, which has paved the way for the increased prevalence of IHD. […] Smoking remains the number one cause of cardiovascular disease. […] Men are more predisposed to CAD than women. Hypercholesterolemia remains an important modifiable risk factor for CAD. Increased low-density lipoproteins (LDL) raise CAD risk, and elevated high-density lipoproteins (HDL) decrease CAD incidence.

• #52

  https://www.advocatehealth.com/health-services/advocate-heart-institute/programs-and-treatments/coronary-artery-disease-program/causes

  Smoking is the number one cause of preventable death in the U.S. And its a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. It constricts your blood vessels, causing your heart to work even harder. […] While stress alone isnt considered a root cause of coronary artery disease, chronic stress can increase your overall risk. […] Nearly half of all Americans have one of the three major risk factors for coronary artery disease: smoking, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. […] Cholesterol is the main component in plaque. Your liver naturally produces all the cholesterol you need, but you may consume extra cholesterol in the food you eat. As cholesterol increases in your blood, it can form fatty deposits (plaque) in your arteries. This plaque buildup is the primary cause of coronary artery disease.

• #53

  https://www.mountelizabeth.com.sg/conditions-diseases/coronary-artery-disease/symptoms-causes

  Modifiable risk factors are those you can take measures to change. They include: Smoking. People who smoke are 2 to 4 times more likely to get heart disease. Unhealthy eating habits. A diet high in saturated fat, trans fat, salt and sugar increases the risk of coronary artery disease. It also contributes to other risk factors such as obesity. Sedentary lifestyle. Lack of physical activity contributes to coronary artery disease and contributes to several risk factors such as obesity. High cholesterol. High levels of cholesterol in your blood can increase the risk of plaque formation and atherosclerosis. Obesity. Excessive body weight worsens the effect of other risk factors. Stress. Poorly managed stress may damage your arteries and worsen the effect of other risk factors. Diabetes. High blood sugar can damage your heart’s blood vessels. People with diabetes are also more likely to have other conditions that increase their risk for heart disease. Hypertension (High blood pressure). This can cause your arteries to thicken or harden, which narrows the arteries and reduces blood flow. […] Coronary artery disease can lead to: Heart arrhythmia (irregular heartbeats) Heart attack (myocardial infarction) Heart failure.

• #54

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/coronary-heart-disease-chd/causes/

  The main cause of coronary heart disease (CHD) is a build-up of a fatty substance in the arteries around your heart (coronary arteries). […] Your risk of developing atherosclerosis is much higher if you: […] The risk is higher if a male relative under 55 or a female relative under 65 has CHD. […] Cholesterol is a fat made by the liver from the saturated fat in your diet. Your body needs some cholesterol, but too much in the blood can lead to CHD. […] High blood pressure (hypertension) puts a strain on your heart and can lead to CHD. […] Smoking is a major risk factor for CHD. Nicotine and carbon monoxide (from the smoke) put a strain on your heart by making it work faster. They also increase your risk of blood clots. […] Diabetes can double your risk of developing CHD. It may cause the lining of your blood vessels to become thicker. This can restrict blood flow. […] If you get a clot in a coronary artery, it prevents the blood supply from reaching the heart muscle. This may cause a heart attack.

• #55

  https://www.advocatehealth.com/health-services/advocate-heart-institute/programs-and-treatments/coronary-artery-disease-program/causes

  Smoking is the number one cause of preventable death in the U.S. And its a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. It constricts your blood vessels, causing your heart to work even harder. […] While stress alone isnt considered a root cause of coronary artery disease, chronic stress can increase your overall risk. […] Nearly half of all Americans have one of the three major risk factors for coronary artery disease: smoking, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. […] Cholesterol is the main component in plaque. Your liver naturally produces all the cholesterol you need, but you may consume extra cholesterol in the food you eat. As cholesterol increases in your blood, it can form fatty deposits (plaque) in your arteries. This plaque buildup is the primary cause of coronary artery disease.

• #56

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/coronary-heart-disease/causes/

  Coronary heart disease (CHD) is usually caused by a build-up of fatty deposits (atheroma) on the walls of the arteries around the heart (coronary arteries). […] Your risk of developing atherosclerosis is significantly increased if you: […] Smoking is a major risk factor for coronary heart disease. […] High blood pressure (hypertension) puts a strain on your heart and can lead to CHD. […] Cholesterol is a fat made by the liver from the saturated fat in your diet. It’s essential for healthy cells, but too much in the blood can lead to CHD. […] Like cholesterol, lipoprotein (a), also known as LP(a), is a combination of fat and protein made by the liver. It’s a known risk factor for cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis. […] A high blood sugar level may lead to diabetes, which can more than double your risk of developing CHD. […] Diabetes can lead to CHD because it may cause the lining of blood vessels to become thicker, which can restrict blood flow. […] If a thrombosis develops in a coronary artery it prevents the blood supply from reaching the heart muscle. This usually leads to a heart attack.

• #57

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/coronary-heart-disease-chd/causes/

  The main cause of coronary heart disease (CHD) is a build-up of a fatty substance in the arteries around your heart (coronary arteries). […] Your risk of developing atherosclerosis is much higher if you: […] The risk is higher if a male relative under 55 or a female relative under 65 has CHD. […] Cholesterol is a fat made by the liver from the saturated fat in your diet. Your body needs some cholesterol, but too much in the blood can lead to CHD. […] High blood pressure (hypertension) puts a strain on your heart and can lead to CHD. […] Smoking is a major risk factor for CHD. Nicotine and carbon monoxide (from the smoke) put a strain on your heart by making it work faster. They also increase your risk of blood clots. […] Diabetes can double your risk of developing CHD. It may cause the lining of your blood vessels to become thicker. This can restrict blood flow. […] If you get a clot in a coronary artery, it prevents the blood supply from reaching the heart muscle. This may cause a heart attack.

• #58 Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/coronary-artery-disease-7368534

  High blood pressure can increase pressure within already damaged coronary arteries, which can further cause more damage. High cholesterol can worsen plaque buildup through greater levels of cholesterol in the blood. High blood sugar worsens inflammation throughout the body, which can accelerate damage to the coronary arteries. […] CAD causes permanent damage to the heart and its blood vessels, so it cannot be reversed.

• #59 Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/153647-overview

  In his response-to-injury hypothesis, Ross postulated that atherosclerosis begins with endothelial injury, making the endothelium susceptible to the accumulation of lipids and the deposition of thrombus. The mechanisms of atherogenesis remain uncertain, but the response-to-injury hypothesis is the most widely accepted proposal. […] The most atherogenic type of lipid is the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) component of total serum cholesterol. The endothelium’s ability to modify lipoproteins may be particularly important in atherogenesis. […] A number of large epidemiologic studies in North America and Europe have identified numerous risk factors for the development and progression of atherosclerosis. These factors, which can be classified as either modifiable or nonmodifiable, include the following: Hyperlipidemia and dyslipidemia, Hypertension, Cigarette and tobacco use, Air pollution, Diabetes mellitus, Age, Sex, Family history, Obesity, Sedentary lifestyle, Sleep disorders, such as obstructive sleep apnea, Chronic kidney disease, Auto-immune inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus. […] The presence of risk factors accelerates the rate of development of atherosclerosis. Diabetes causes endothelial dysfunction, decreases endothelial thromboresistance, and increases platelet activity, thus accelerating atherosclerosis.

• #60

  https://www.aurorahealthcare.org/services/heart-vascular/conditions/coronary-artery-disease/causes

  Obesity is defined as excess body fat. Carrying extra weight can put more stress on your blood vessels, causing your heart to work even harder to pump blood through your body. Additionally, obesity is linked to high cholesterol, high blood pressure and diabetes, all major risk factors for coronary artery disease. […] Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the U.S. And its a significant risk factor for coronary artery disease. […] Stress raises your adrenaline, which, combined with coronary artery disease, can lead to heart damage. […] High blood pressure is frequently called the silent killer because it often doesnt cause any symptoms. […] As cholesterol increases in your bloodstream, it builds up in your arteries as fatty deposits called plaque. This plaque buildup is the most common cause of coronary artery disease.

• #61

  https://www.advocatehealth.com/health-services/advocate-heart-institute/programs-and-treatments/coronary-artery-disease-program/causes

  Diabetes is also a major risk factor for coronary heart disease. In diabetes, your body either doesnt make enough insulin or doesnt use it correctly. […] Sleep apnea is often associated with high blood pressure, heart arrhythmias and heart failure. […] If a family member has or had heart disease or another heart condition, it increases your risk for coronary artery disease. […] As you get older, your risk of heart disease increases. Adults over 65 are more likely to develop coronary artery disease, especially if they also have other risk factors. […] Knowing your risk factors is the first step in preventing coronary artery disease.

• #62 Coronary Artery Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK564304/

  Markers of inflammation are also substantial risk factors for CAD. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) is considered the best predictor of CAD in some studies, although its practical uses are controversial. […] Research indicates that obesity is linked to increased cardiovascular disease risk and a higher prevalence of cardiovascular conditions. […] The current obesity guidelines do not provide specific recommendations for waist circumference cut-off values in patients with CAD and a normal BMI.

• #63 Cardiovascular Disease: Types, Causes & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21493-cardiovascular-disease

  Cardiovascular disease includes heart or blood vessel issues, including: […] The causes of cardiovascular disease can vary depending on the specific type. For example, atherosclerosis (plaque buildup in your arteries) causes coronary artery disease and peripheral artery disease. […] Coronary artery disease, scarring of your heart muscle, genetic problems or medications can cause arrhythmias. […] Aging, infections and rheumatic disease can cause valve diseases. […] You may be more likely to develop cardiovascular disease if you have risk factors such as: High blood pressure (hypertension). […] High cholesterol (hyperlipidemia). […] Tobacco use (including vaping). […] Type 2 diabetes. […] Family history of heart disease. […] Lack of physical activity. […] Having excess weight or obesity.

• #64

  https://www.mountelizabeth.com.sg/conditions-diseases/coronary-artery-disease/symptoms-causes

  Modifiable risk factors are those you can take measures to change. They include: Smoking. People who smoke are 2 to 4 times more likely to get heart disease. Unhealthy eating habits. A diet high in saturated fat, trans fat, salt and sugar increases the risk of coronary artery disease. It also contributes to other risk factors such as obesity. Sedentary lifestyle. Lack of physical activity contributes to coronary artery disease and contributes to several risk factors such as obesity. High cholesterol. High levels of cholesterol in your blood can increase the risk of plaque formation and atherosclerosis. Obesity. Excessive body weight worsens the effect of other risk factors. Stress. Poorly managed stress may damage your arteries and worsen the effect of other risk factors. Diabetes. High blood sugar can damage your heart’s blood vessels. People with diabetes are also more likely to have other conditions that increase their risk for heart disease. Hypertension (High blood pressure). This can cause your arteries to thicken or harden, which narrows the arteries and reduces blood flow. […] Coronary artery disease can lead to: Heart arrhythmia (irregular heartbeats) Heart attack (myocardial infarction) Heart failure.

• #65

  https://www.aurorahealthcare.org/services/heart-vascular/conditions/coronary-artery-disease/causes

  Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common type of heart disease. It affects more than 20 million adults in the U.S. Its also the leading cause of death nationwide. […] By understanding the causes of coronary artery disease, you can effectively lower your risk of developing it. […] Most often, atherosclerosis causes coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis occurs when a waxy substance called plaque builds up in your coronary arteries. Over time, the plaque buildup narrows your coronary arteries and restricts blood flow. […] Your lifestyle how you eat, exercise and even manage stress all affect your risk of developing coronary artery disease. […] Some specific foods have been directly linked to plaque buildup and heart damage, including saturated fats, trans fats, sodium, and sugar.

• #66

  https://www.mountelizabeth.com.sg/conditions-diseases/coronary-artery-disease/symptoms-causes

  Modifiable risk factors are those you can take measures to change. They include: Smoking. People who smoke are 2 to 4 times more likely to get heart disease. Unhealthy eating habits. A diet high in saturated fat, trans fat, salt and sugar increases the risk of coronary artery disease. It also contributes to other risk factors such as obesity. Sedentary lifestyle. Lack of physical activity contributes to coronary artery disease and contributes to several risk factors such as obesity. High cholesterol. High levels of cholesterol in your blood can increase the risk of plaque formation and atherosclerosis. Obesity. Excessive body weight worsens the effect of other risk factors. Stress. Poorly managed stress may damage your arteries and worsen the effect of other risk factors. Diabetes. High blood sugar can damage your heart’s blood vessels. People with diabetes are also more likely to have other conditions that increase their risk for heart disease. Hypertension (High blood pressure). This can cause your arteries to thicken or harden, which narrows the arteries and reduces blood flow. […] Coronary artery disease can lead to: Heart arrhythmia (irregular heartbeats) Heart attack (myocardial infarction) Heart failure.

• #67 Coronary artery disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease

  Smoking and obesity are associated with about 36% and 20% of cases, respectively. […] High levels of cholesterol in the bloodstream lead to atherosclerosis. With increased levels of LDL in the bloodstream, „LDL particles will form deposits and accumulate within the arterial walls, which will lead to the development of plaques, restricting blood flow”. […] The heritability of coronary artery disease has been estimated between 40% and 60%. […] Several unconventional risk factors have also been studied including high serum fibrinogen, high c-reactive protein (CRP), chronic inflammatory conditions, hypovitaminosis D, high lipoprotein A levels, serum homocysteine etc. […] The consumption of trans fat (commonly found in hydrogenated products such as margarine) has been shown to cause a precursor to atherosclerosis and increase the risk of coronary artery disease. […] A more controversial link is that between Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection and atherosclerosis.

• #68 Cardiovascular Disease: Types, Causes & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21493-cardiovascular-disease

  Diet high in sodium, sugar and fat. […] Overuse of alcohol. […] Misuse of prescription or recreational drugs. […] Preeclampsia or toxemia. […] Gestational diabetes. […] Chronic inflammatory or autoimmune conditions. […] Chronic kidney disease. […] Cardiovascular diseases are conditions that affect your heart and blood vessels. Without appropriate treatment, heart disease can lead to heart attacks or strokes. […] You can make lifestyle changes or take medications to manage cardiovascular disease. Earlier diagnosis can help with effective treatment. Many people live a full and active life with a cardiovascular disease.

• #69

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds)

  coronary heart disease a disease of the blood vessels supplying the heart muscle; […] Heart attacks and strokes are usually acute events and are mainly caused by a blockage that prevents blood from flowing to the heart or brain. […] Cessation of tobacco use, reduction of salt in the diet, eating more fruit and vegetables, regular physical activity and avoiding harmful use of alcohol have been shown to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. […] There are also a number of underlying determinants of CVDs. These are a reflection of the major forces driving social, economic and cultural change globalization, urbanization and population ageing. […] In addition, drug treatment of hypertension, diabetes and high blood lipids are necessary to reduce cardiovascular risk and prevent heart attacks and strokes among people with these conditions. […] Evidence from 18 countries has shown that hypertension programmes can be implemented efficiently and cost-effectively at the primary care level which will ultimately result in reduced coronary heart disease and stroke.

• #70

  https://www.aurorahealthcare.org/services/heart-vascular/conditions/coronary-artery-disease/causes

  Obesity is defined as excess body fat. Carrying extra weight can put more stress on your blood vessels, causing your heart to work even harder to pump blood through your body. Additionally, obesity is linked to high cholesterol, high blood pressure and diabetes, all major risk factors for coronary artery disease. […] Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the U.S. And its a significant risk factor for coronary artery disease. […] Stress raises your adrenaline, which, combined with coronary artery disease, can lead to heart damage. […] High blood pressure is frequently called the silent killer because it often doesnt cause any symptoms. […] As cholesterol increases in your bloodstream, it builds up in your arteries as fatty deposits called plaque. This plaque buildup is the most common cause of coronary artery disease.

• #71

  https://www.advocatehealth.com/health-services/advocate-heart-institute/programs-and-treatments/coronary-artery-disease-program/causes

  Smoking is the number one cause of preventable death in the U.S. And its a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. It constricts your blood vessels, causing your heart to work even harder. […] While stress alone isnt considered a root cause of coronary artery disease, chronic stress can increase your overall risk. […] Nearly half of all Americans have one of the three major risk factors for coronary artery disease: smoking, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. […] Cholesterol is the main component in plaque. Your liver naturally produces all the cholesterol you need, but you may consume extra cholesterol in the food you eat. As cholesterol increases in your blood, it can form fatty deposits (plaque) in your arteries. This plaque buildup is the primary cause of coronary artery disease.

• #72 What Is Coronary Artery Disease? Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/coronary-artery-disease

  If a plaque grows so large that it stops blood flow to the heart muscle, you could have a heart attack. But most of the time, heart attacks happen from the smaller plaques that rupture. […] Coronary artery disease becomes more likely as you get older or if it runs in your family. Other risk factors include high cholesterol (especially LDL, or bad cholesterol) and triglycerides, high blood pressure, atherosclerosis (hardening or thickening of the arteries), smoking or vaping, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis or inflammatory bowel disease, kidney disease, HIV or AIDS, obesity and being overweight, lack of exercise, stress, depression, and anger, unhealthy diet, too much alcohol, sleep disorders, including sleep apnea, sleep loss, and anemia. […] Coronary artery disease can lead to other serious and sometimes life-threatening conditions, such as angina (chest pain). Over time, coronary artery disease will cause plaque to build up inside your arteries and make them more narrow.

• #73 Heart disease: Types, causes, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/237191

  In some cases, there is a genetic cause. However, some lifestyle factors and medical conditions can also increase the risk. These include: high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, a high intake of alcohol, overweight and obesity, diabetes, a family history of heart disease, dietary choices, age, a history of preeclampsia during pregnancy, low activity levels, sleep apnea, high stress and anxiety levels, leaky heart valves. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) mentions poverty and stress as two key factors contributing to a global increase in heart and cardiovascular disease.

• #74 What Is Coronary Artery Disease? Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/coronary-artery-disease

  If a plaque grows so large that it stops blood flow to the heart muscle, you could have a heart attack. But most of the time, heart attacks happen from the smaller plaques that rupture. […] Coronary artery disease becomes more likely as you get older or if it runs in your family. Other risk factors include high cholesterol (especially LDL, or bad cholesterol) and triglycerides, high blood pressure, atherosclerosis (hardening or thickening of the arteries), smoking or vaping, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis or inflammatory bowel disease, kidney disease, HIV or AIDS, obesity and being overweight, lack of exercise, stress, depression, and anger, unhealthy diet, too much alcohol, sleep disorders, including sleep apnea, sleep loss, and anemia. […] Coronary artery disease can lead to other serious and sometimes life-threatening conditions, such as angina (chest pain). Over time, coronary artery disease will cause plaque to build up inside your arteries and make them more narrow.

• #75 Causes and Risk Factors of Heart Disease

  https://www.health.com/heart-disease-causes-7094403

  People who have a kidney disease diagnosis are also at an increased risk for developing heart disease. Your kidneys are responsible for filtering out your blood. When your kidneys become impaired, harmful waste can build up in your blood vesselsincluding cholesterol and calcium deposits, which can lead to a blockage in your arteries. […] Autoimmune conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, Crohns disease, or lupus cause inflammation in your body. If these conditions progress, inflammation can reach the heart and affect the functioning of your blood vessels. Research also suggests that people with autoimmune conditions also have traditional risk factors of heart disease, such as diabetes and high blood pressure. […] The primary damage to your arteries function is plaque build-up. Plaque can develop because of high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and smoking. Other conditions such as diabetes, kidney disease, and autoimmune diseases can also raise your risk of heart disease.

• #76 Causes and Risk Factors of Heart Disease

  https://www.health.com/heart-disease-causes-7094403

  People who have a kidney disease diagnosis are also at an increased risk for developing heart disease. Your kidneys are responsible for filtering out your blood. When your kidneys become impaired, harmful waste can build up in your blood vesselsincluding cholesterol and calcium deposits, which can lead to a blockage in your arteries. […] Autoimmune conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, Crohns disease, or lupus cause inflammation in your body. If these conditions progress, inflammation can reach the heart and affect the functioning of your blood vessels. Research also suggests that people with autoimmune conditions also have traditional risk factors of heart disease, such as diabetes and high blood pressure. […] The primary damage to your arteries function is plaque build-up. Plaque can develop because of high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and smoking. Other conditions such as diabetes, kidney disease, and autoimmune diseases can also raise your risk of heart disease.

• #77 Cardiovascular Disease: Types, Causes & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21493-cardiovascular-disease

  Diet high in sodium, sugar and fat. […] Overuse of alcohol. […] Misuse of prescription or recreational drugs. […] Preeclampsia or toxemia. […] Gestational diabetes. […] Chronic inflammatory or autoimmune conditions. […] Chronic kidney disease. […] Cardiovascular diseases are conditions that affect your heart and blood vessels. Without appropriate treatment, heart disease can lead to heart attacks or strokes. […] You can make lifestyle changes or take medications to manage cardiovascular disease. Earlier diagnosis can help with effective treatment. Many people live a full and active life with a cardiovascular disease.

• #78 What Is Coronary Artery Disease? Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/coronary-artery-disease

  If a plaque grows so large that it stops blood flow to the heart muscle, you could have a heart attack. But most of the time, heart attacks happen from the smaller plaques that rupture. […] Coronary artery disease becomes more likely as you get older or if it runs in your family. Other risk factors include high cholesterol (especially LDL, or bad cholesterol) and triglycerides, high blood pressure, atherosclerosis (hardening or thickening of the arteries), smoking or vaping, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis or inflammatory bowel disease, kidney disease, HIV or AIDS, obesity and being overweight, lack of exercise, stress, depression, and anger, unhealthy diet, too much alcohol, sleep disorders, including sleep apnea, sleep loss, and anemia. […] Coronary artery disease can lead to other serious and sometimes life-threatening conditions, such as angina (chest pain). Over time, coronary artery disease will cause plaque to build up inside your arteries and make them more narrow.

• #79 Causes and Risk Factors of Heart Disease

  https://www.health.com/heart-disease-causes-7094403

  People who have a kidney disease diagnosis are also at an increased risk for developing heart disease. Your kidneys are responsible for filtering out your blood. When your kidneys become impaired, harmful waste can build up in your blood vesselsincluding cholesterol and calcium deposits, which can lead to a blockage in your arteries. […] Autoimmune conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, Crohns disease, or lupus cause inflammation in your body. If these conditions progress, inflammation can reach the heart and affect the functioning of your blood vessels. Research also suggests that people with autoimmune conditions also have traditional risk factors of heart disease, such as diabetes and high blood pressure. […] The primary damage to your arteries function is plaque build-up. Plaque can develop because of high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and smoking. Other conditions such as diabetes, kidney disease, and autoimmune diseases can also raise your risk of heart disease.

• #80

  https://www.aurorahealthcare.org/services/heart-vascular/conditions/coronary-artery-disease/causes

  In diabetes, your body either doesnt use insulin correctly or doesnt make enough of it. […] Sleep apnea is often associated with heart arrhythmias, high blood pressure and heart failure. […] If you have a family member with heart disease or another heart condition, it increases your risk of coronary artery disease. […] Heart disease risk increases with age. Males have a higher overall risk of coronary artery disease. […] Knowing your risk factors is the first step in coronary artery disease prevention.

• #81

  https://www.advocatehealth.com/health-services/advocate-heart-institute/programs-and-treatments/coronary-artery-disease-program/causes

  Diabetes is also a major risk factor for coronary heart disease. In diabetes, your body either doesnt make enough insulin or doesnt use it correctly. […] Sleep apnea is often associated with high blood pressure, heart arrhythmias and heart failure. […] If a family member has or had heart disease or another heart condition, it increases your risk for coronary artery disease. […] As you get older, your risk of heart disease increases. Adults over 65 are more likely to develop coronary artery disease, especially if they also have other risk factors. […] Knowing your risk factors is the first step in preventing coronary artery disease.

• #82 Coronary Artery Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK564304/

  Markers of inflammation are also substantial risk factors for CAD. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) is considered the best predictor of CAD in some studies, although its practical uses are controversial. […] Research indicates that obesity is linked to increased cardiovascular disease risk and a higher prevalence of cardiovascular conditions. […] The current obesity guidelines do not provide specific recommendations for waist circumference cut-off values in patients with CAD and a normal BMI.

• #83 Overview of Coronary Artery Disease – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/coronary-artery-disease/overview-of-coronary-artery-disease

  Risk factors for coronary artery disease are the same as risk factors for atherosclerosis: Older age, Male sex, Family history of early coronary artery disease, High blood levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, High blood levels of lipoprotein a, Low blood levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, Diabetes mellitus (particularly type 2), Smoking, Obesity, Physical inactivity, High level of apoprotein B (apo B), High blood levels of C-reactive protein (CRP). […] Smoking may be a stronger predictor of myocardial infarction in females. Genetic factors play a role, and several systemic disorders (eg, hypertension, hypothyroidism) and metabolic disorders (eg, hyperhomocysteinemia) contribute to risk. […] High blood levels of C-reactive protein indicate plaque instability and inflammation and may be a stronger predictor of risk of ischemic events than high levels of LDL. High blood levels of triglycerides and insulin (reflecting insulin resistance) may be risk factors, but data are less clear. CAD risk is also increased by a diet high in fat and calories and low in phytochemicals, fiber, and vitamins C, D, and E; by a diet relatively low in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids; and by poor stress management.

• #84 Coronary artery disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease

  Smoking and obesity are associated with about 36% and 20% of cases, respectively. […] High levels of cholesterol in the bloodstream lead to atherosclerosis. With increased levels of LDL in the bloodstream, „LDL particles will form deposits and accumulate within the arterial walls, which will lead to the development of plaques, restricting blood flow”. […] The heritability of coronary artery disease has been estimated between 40% and 60%. […] Several unconventional risk factors have also been studied including high serum fibrinogen, high c-reactive protein (CRP), chronic inflammatory conditions, hypovitaminosis D, high lipoprotein A levels, serum homocysteine etc. […] The consumption of trans fat (commonly found in hydrogenated products such as margarine) has been shown to cause a precursor to atherosclerosis and increase the risk of coronary artery disease. […] A more controversial link is that between Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection and atherosclerosis.

• #85

  https://www.everlywell.com/blog/heart-health/what-causes-coronary-heart-disease/?srsltid=AfmBOopP9MQclvyMdZRNmlPabWvuMS8k2qu-gGXbiJdUjHDJ48owxqsX

  A diet with high fructose corn syrup, sucrose, and added sugars has an increased impact on the risk of CHD. […] Additional modifiable risk factors not classically associated with CHD include other chronic diseases such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, chronic kidney disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, inflammatory bowel disease, thyroid disease, and vitamin D deficiency.

• #86 Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://asianheartinstitute.org/blog/coronary-artery-disease-cad-symptoms-causes-and-treatment/

  Coronary artery disease is typically brought on by inflammation and cholesterol buildup (plaques) in the heart arteries. […] The accumulation of lipids, cholesterol, and other substances on the inner walls of the heart vessels is the first sign of coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis is the term for this illness. The accumulation is known as plaque. Blood flow can be obstructed by narrowed arteries due to plaque. Additionally, the plaque may rupture and cause a blood clot. In addition to excessive cholesterol, the following factors may increase your risk of getting coronary artery disease: Diabetes (insulin resistance), High blood pressure, Sedentary lifestyle, Smoking/tobacco use, Excessive alcohol intake, Heart muscle scarring, Genetic predisposition, Abnormal kidney function, Infections, Thyroid disorders, Rheumatic heart disease, Aging, Injury to heart muscles, Heart attacks, Autoimmune diseases, Pregnancy, Chemotherapy, High blood pressure, Abnormal heart rhythm.

• #87 Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/153647-overview

  Atherosclerotic coronary heart disease is the single leading cause of death of men and women in the United States and, in fact, around the world. Atherosclerosis is the principal cause of coronary artery disease (CAD), in which atherosclerotic changes are present within the walls of the coronary arteries. […] A complex and incompletely understood interaction is observed between the critical cellular elements of the atherosclerotic lesion. These cellular elements include endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, platelets, and leukocytes. Interrelated biologic processes that contribute to atherogenesis and the clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis are as follows: Vasomotor function, Thrombogenicity of the blood vessel wall, State of activation of the coagulation cascade, The fibrinolytic system, Smooth muscle cells (SMC) migration and proliferation, Cellular inflammation.

• #88 Coronary Heart Disease – Causes, Symptoms and Treatments

  https://nowpatient.com/conditions/coronary-heart-disease

  Coronary heart disease is a chronic and progressive condition that can lead to significant complications such as heart failure, arrhythmias, and even sudden cardiac death. […] The pathophysiology of coronary heart disease (CHD) involves a complex interplay of various factors, primarily driven by atherosclerosis. […] Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory process characterized by the buildup of fatty plaques within the walls of the coronary arteries. […] Endothelial dysfunction leads to increased permeability, recruitment of inflammatory cells, and the release of pro-inflammatory molecules. […] The accumulation of LDL particles triggers an inflammatory response within the arterial wall. […] These immune cells release cytokines, growth factors, and enzymes that further promote inflammation and contribute to the progression of atherosclerosis.

• #89 Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/153647-overview

  Atherosclerotic coronary heart disease is the single leading cause of death of men and women in the United States and, in fact, around the world. Atherosclerosis is the principal cause of coronary artery disease (CAD), in which atherosclerotic changes are present within the walls of the coronary arteries. […] A complex and incompletely understood interaction is observed between the critical cellular elements of the atherosclerotic lesion. These cellular elements include endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, platelets, and leukocytes. Interrelated biologic processes that contribute to atherogenesis and the clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis are as follows: Vasomotor function, Thrombogenicity of the blood vessel wall, State of activation of the coagulation cascade, The fibrinolytic system, Smooth muscle cells (SMC) migration and proliferation, Cellular inflammation.

• #90 Coronary Heart Disease – Causes, Symptoms and Treatments

  https://nowpatient.com/conditions/coronary-heart-disease

  Coronary heart disease is a chronic and progressive condition that can lead to significant complications such as heart failure, arrhythmias, and even sudden cardiac death. […] The pathophysiology of coronary heart disease (CHD) involves a complex interplay of various factors, primarily driven by atherosclerosis. […] Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory process characterized by the buildup of fatty plaques within the walls of the coronary arteries. […] Endothelial dysfunction leads to increased permeability, recruitment of inflammatory cells, and the release of pro-inflammatory molecules. […] The accumulation of LDL particles triggers an inflammatory response within the arterial wall. […] These immune cells release cytokines, growth factors, and enzymes that further promote inflammation and contribute to the progression of atherosclerosis.

• #91 Coronary Heart Disease – Causes, Symptoms and Treatments

  https://nowpatient.com/conditions/coronary-heart-disease

  Coronary heart disease is a chronic and progressive condition that can lead to significant complications such as heart failure, arrhythmias, and even sudden cardiac death. […] The pathophysiology of coronary heart disease (CHD) involves a complex interplay of various factors, primarily driven by atherosclerosis. […] Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory process characterized by the buildup of fatty plaques within the walls of the coronary arteries. […] Endothelial dysfunction leads to increased permeability, recruitment of inflammatory cells, and the release of pro-inflammatory molecules. […] The accumulation of LDL particles triggers an inflammatory response within the arterial wall. […] These immune cells release cytokines, growth factors, and enzymes that further promote inflammation and contribute to the progression of atherosclerosis.

• #92 Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/153647-overview

  Atherosclerotic coronary heart disease is the single leading cause of death of men and women in the United States and, in fact, around the world. Atherosclerosis is the principal cause of coronary artery disease (CAD), in which atherosclerotic changes are present within the walls of the coronary arteries. […] A complex and incompletely understood interaction is observed between the critical cellular elements of the atherosclerotic lesion. These cellular elements include endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, platelets, and leukocytes. Interrelated biologic processes that contribute to atherogenesis and the clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis are as follows: Vasomotor function, Thrombogenicity of the blood vessel wall, State of activation of the coagulation cascade, The fibrinolytic system, Smooth muscle cells (SMC) migration and proliferation, Cellular inflammation.

• #93 Coronary Heart Disease – Causes, Symptoms and Treatments

  https://nowpatient.com/conditions/coronary-heart-disease

  Over time, the fatty streaks within the arterial wall undergo further changes. […] Vulnerable plaques are characterized by a thin fibrous cap, a large lipid core, and a high degree of inflammation. […] These plaques are prone to rupture, leading to the formation of blood clots or thrombi. […] Plaque rupture exposes the underlying thrombogenic material, including tissue factor and collagen, leading to platelet activation and aggregation. […] The thrombus formation leads to acute coronary syndromes, such as unstable angina or myocardial infarction, resulting in reduced blood flow and oxygen supply to the heart muscle. […] It is important to note that the pathophysiology of CHD is influenced by various risk factors, including hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, smoking, and genetic predisposition.

• #94 Coronary Heart Disease – Causes, Symptoms and Treatments

  https://nowpatient.com/conditions/coronary-heart-disease

  Over time, the fatty streaks within the arterial wall undergo further changes. […] Vulnerable plaques are characterized by a thin fibrous cap, a large lipid core, and a high degree of inflammation. […] These plaques are prone to rupture, leading to the formation of blood clots or thrombi. […] Plaque rupture exposes the underlying thrombogenic material, including tissue factor and collagen, leading to platelet activation and aggregation. […] The thrombus formation leads to acute coronary syndromes, such as unstable angina or myocardial infarction, resulting in reduced blood flow and oxygen supply to the heart muscle. […] It is important to note that the pathophysiology of CHD is influenced by various risk factors, including hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, smoking, and genetic predisposition.

• #95 Coronary artery disease: Causes, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/184130

  Coronary artery disease (CAD) develops when plaque builds up in the coronary arteries and they become narrow or blocked. […] CAD, or coronary heart disease, tends to develop when cholesterol builds up on the artery walls, creating plaques. […] Underlying health conditions, such as high cholesterol and diabetes, and physical damage to arteries can cause plaque buildup and lead to CAD. […] The plaque deposits consist of cholesterol and other inflammatory products from cells. The buildup of plaque is called atherosclerosis. […] If pieces of plaque break off or rupture, platelets cluster in the area, forming a blood clot. Blood clots can block the artery and reduce or block blood flow. This may lead to a heart attack. […] CAD occurs when fatty plaque deposits build up in the arteries that supply blood to the heart.

• #96 Coronary artery disease – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronary-artery-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20350613

  Coronary artery disease risk factors you can control are: Smoking. If you smoke, quit. Smoking is bad for heart health. People who smoke have a much greater risk of heart disease. […] High blood pressure. Uncontrolled high blood pressure can make arteries hard and stiff. This can lead to atherosclerosis, which causes coronary artery disease. […] Cholesterol. Too much „bad” cholesterol in the blood can increase the risk of atherosclerosis. […] Diabetes. Diabetes increases the risk of coronary artery disease. […] Obesity. Too much body fat is bad for overall health. […] Unhealthy diet. Eating foods with a lot of saturated fat, trans fat, salt and sugar can increase the risk of coronary artery disease. […] Risk factors often happen together. One risk factor may trigger another. When grouped together, some risk factors make you even more likely to develop coronary artery disease.

• #97

  https://www.advocatehealth.com/health-services/advocate-heart-institute/programs-and-treatments/coronary-artery-disease-program/causes

  Smoking is the number one cause of preventable death in the U.S. And its a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. It constricts your blood vessels, causing your heart to work even harder. […] While stress alone isnt considered a root cause of coronary artery disease, chronic stress can increase your overall risk. […] Nearly half of all Americans have one of the three major risk factors for coronary artery disease: smoking, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. […] Cholesterol is the main component in plaque. Your liver naturally produces all the cholesterol you need, but you may consume extra cholesterol in the food you eat. As cholesterol increases in your blood, it can form fatty deposits (plaque) in your arteries. This plaque buildup is the primary cause of coronary artery disease.

• #98

  https://www.aurorahealthcare.org/services/heart-vascular/conditions/coronary-artery-disease/causes

  Obesity is defined as excess body fat. Carrying extra weight can put more stress on your blood vessels, causing your heart to work even harder to pump blood through your body. Additionally, obesity is linked to high cholesterol, high blood pressure and diabetes, all major risk factors for coronary artery disease. […] Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the U.S. And its a significant risk factor for coronary artery disease. […] Stress raises your adrenaline, which, combined with coronary artery disease, can lead to heart damage. […] High blood pressure is frequently called the silent killer because it often doesnt cause any symptoms. […] As cholesterol increases in your bloodstream, it builds up in your arteries as fatty deposits called plaque. This plaque buildup is the most common cause of coronary artery disease.

• #99 Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/coronary-artery-disease-7368534

  High blood pressure can increase pressure within already damaged coronary arteries, which can further cause more damage. High cholesterol can worsen plaque buildup through greater levels of cholesterol in the blood. High blood sugar worsens inflammation throughout the body, which can accelerate damage to the coronary arteries. […] CAD causes permanent damage to the heart and its blood vessels, so it cannot be reversed.

• #100

  https://www.mountelizabeth.com.sg/conditions-diseases/coronary-artery-disease/symptoms-causes

  Modifiable risk factors are those you can take measures to change. They include: Smoking. People who smoke are 2 to 4 times more likely to get heart disease. Unhealthy eating habits. A diet high in saturated fat, trans fat, salt and sugar increases the risk of coronary artery disease. It also contributes to other risk factors such as obesity. Sedentary lifestyle. Lack of physical activity contributes to coronary artery disease and contributes to several risk factors such as obesity. High cholesterol. High levels of cholesterol in your blood can increase the risk of plaque formation and atherosclerosis. Obesity. Excessive body weight worsens the effect of other risk factors. Stress. Poorly managed stress may damage your arteries and worsen the effect of other risk factors. Diabetes. High blood sugar can damage your heart’s blood vessels. People with diabetes are also more likely to have other conditions that increase their risk for heart disease. Hypertension (High blood pressure). This can cause your arteries to thicken or harden, which narrows the arteries and reduces blood flow. […] Coronary artery disease can lead to: Heart arrhythmia (irregular heartbeats) Heart attack (myocardial infarction) Heart failure.

• #101

  https://www.advocatehealth.com/health-services/advocate-heart-institute/programs-and-treatments/coronary-artery-disease-program/causes

  Smoking is the number one cause of preventable death in the U.S. And its a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. It constricts your blood vessels, causing your heart to work even harder. […] While stress alone isnt considered a root cause of coronary artery disease, chronic stress can increase your overall risk. […] Nearly half of all Americans have one of the three major risk factors for coronary artery disease: smoking, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. […] Cholesterol is the main component in plaque. Your liver naturally produces all the cholesterol you need, but you may consume extra cholesterol in the food you eat. As cholesterol increases in your blood, it can form fatty deposits (plaque) in your arteries. This plaque buildup is the primary cause of coronary artery disease.

• #102 Coronary Heart Disease – Causes, Symptoms and Treatments

  https://nowpatient.com/conditions/coronary-heart-disease

  These risk factors can exacerbate endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and plaque formation, accelerating the progression of atherosclerosis and increasing the likelihood of complications associated with CHD. […] Understanding the pathophysiology of CHD helps in developing targeted prevention strategies, identifying potential therapeutic targets, and advancing diagnostic and treatment approaches for this prevalent cardiovascular condition. […] Coronary heart disease (CHD) is influenced by a wide range of risk factors, both modifiable and non-modifiable. […] Identifying these risk factors is crucial in assessing an individual’s likelihood of developing CHD and implementing preventive measures. […] Modifiable risk factors include hypertension, hyperlipidemia and dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, smoking, and obesity and sedentary lifestyle.

• #103

  https://abcnews.go.com/Health/HeartDiseaseOverview/story?id=4210085

  Coronary artery disease is alarmingly common in our society. […] The coronary arteries, unfortunately, are prone to become diseased, and by 'diseased’ we mean thickening of the wall of the artery itself. […] This often begins very early in life, and, in fact, a lot of the concern about the diets that our teenagers are eating today has to do with the early formation of disease in these arteries, or thickening of the walls of the coronary arteries. […] The risk factors that we know about are very well understood. That is high blood pressure, high blood sugar or diabetes, cigarette smoking, lack of exercise, and of course, high cholesterol in the bloodstream. […] One thing that makes this so difficult to describe is that this is a silent disease. It develops often for decades before one develops symptoms, and so if we could really look inside the heart, we’d see that many people have coronary artery disease at a very young age, even in soldiers killed in battle in their late teen years or early twenties, often thickening of the coronary arteries has already occurred. […] But the symptomatic manifestations, when we really know we have it, often begins in the fifth, sixth, or seventh decade of life, and it’s a major cause of death and disability in the older population in developed countries.

• #104 Coronary Artery Disease – Coronary Heart Disease | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/consumer-healthcare/what-is-cardiovascular-disease/coronary-artery-disease

  Coronary heart disease is a common term for the buildup of plaque in the heart’s arteries that could lead to heart attack or ischemic stroke. […] However, coronary heart disease, or CHD, is actually a result of coronary artery disease, or CAD. […] The traditional risk factors for coronary artery disease are high LDL cholesterol, low HDL cholesterol, high blood pressure, family history, diabetes, smoking and obesity. […] Research shows that children and youth are increasingly at risk for CAD. […] Living a healthy lifestyle that combines good nutrition, weight management and getting plenty of physical activity can play a big role in avoiding CAD.

• #105 What Causes Coronary Heart Disease? (video) – Scripps Health

  https://www.scripps.org/news_items/7254-what-causes-blocked-arteries-video

  Coronary artery disease is the most common form of heart disease in the United States. […] When a person has coronary artery disease, deposits of cholesterol, fat and calcium called plaque build up in the walls of the arteries. […] Your risk of coronary heart disease may be higher than average if you have a family history of heart disease, stroke or other circulation problems, but lifestyle also plays a role. […] Moreover, coronary artery disease can begin at a relatively young age. Studies suggest that plaque can begin forming in the arteries as early as your 20s or 30s. […] Treatments for coronary artery disease depend on the severity of blockages in the arteries, along with the patients health profile and medical history. […] If significant blockages affect one or more arteries, treatment may be needed to open the artery and restore blood flow to the heart. […] Genetic factors probably play a large role, but we do believe that if we make some lifestyle changes, stop smoking, get blood pressure and cholesterol under control starting at an early age, we certainly give ourselves the best opportunity to avoid developing these problems.

• #106 Coronary Heart Disease – Causes and Prevention | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/coronary-heart-disease/causes

  Damage to the inner walls of the larger coronary arteries can cause them to spasm (suddenly tighten), which is called a vasospasm. […] Coronary heart disease is largely preventable. […] Studies show that heart-healthy living quitting smoking or never starting, eating healthy foods, and being physically active throughout life can prevent or delay coronary heart disease and its complications in most people. […] Risk factors for coronary heart disease begin in childhood. […] Therefore, its important to develop healthy living habits in childhood, including good nutrition and physical activity, to prevent risk factors from developing. […] Some children can develop atherosclerosis or even have a heart attack or stroke if they have a genetic condition called familial hypercholesterolemia.

• #107 Coronary Heart Disease – Causes and Prevention | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/coronary-heart-disease/causes

  Damage to the inner walls of the larger coronary arteries can cause them to spasm (suddenly tighten), which is called a vasospasm. […] Coronary heart disease is largely preventable. […] Studies show that heart-healthy living quitting smoking or never starting, eating healthy foods, and being physically active throughout life can prevent or delay coronary heart disease and its complications in most people. […] Risk factors for coronary heart disease begin in childhood. […] Therefore, its important to develop healthy living habits in childhood, including good nutrition and physical activity, to prevent risk factors from developing. […] Some children can develop atherosclerosis or even have a heart attack or stroke if they have a genetic condition called familial hypercholesterolemia.

• #108 Coronary Heart Disease – Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute

  https://www.victorchang.edu.au/heart-disease/coronary-heart-disease

  Coronary heart disease is commonly caused by a build-up of plaque in the walls of the arteries of the heart. […] Research shows that coronary heart disease begins when the inner layers of the coronary arteries are damaged. This can be caused by; Smoking, High blood pressure, High cholesterol, High levels of sugar in the blood eg. diabetes, Lack of exercise, Blood vessel inflammation. […] If the inner walls of an artery are damaged, a plaque build-up (made up of cholesterol) will accumulate where the artery has been injured. This process is called atherosclerosis. Over time, the plaque will harden. If the plaque ruptures, blood cells called platelets will try to repair the injured section but may clump together and cause a blood clot, which can lead to a heart attack. […] To reduce the likelihood of developing coronary heart disease, you can do the following: Keep your blood pressure in check, Monitor your cholesterol level and take medication if it is high, Remain in a healthy weight range, Quit smoking, Manage stress levels, Eat a healthy diet, Exercise regularly, starting with daily walking. […] There are some risk factors of coronary heart disease that cannot be controlled. These include age, gender and family history.

• #109 Coronary Heart Disease – Causes, Symptoms and Treatments

  https://nowpatient.com/conditions/coronary-heart-disease

  Non-modifiable risk factors include age and gender, family history and genetics, and ethnicity and race. […] By identifying and modifying modifiable risk factors through lifestyle changes, medication, and appropriate management of underlying conditions, it is possible to reduce the risk of developing CHD. […] Prevention strategies for coronary heart disease (CHD) focus on reducing risk factors and adopting a heart-healthy lifestyle. […] By implementing these strategies, individuals can significantly lower their risk of developing CHD.

• #110 Overview of Coronary Artery Disease – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/coronary-artery-disease/overview-of-coronary-artery-disease

  Prevention of coronary artery disease involves modifying atherosclerosis risk factors: Smoking cessation, Weight loss, Healthful diet, Regular exercise, Modification of serum lipid levels, Reduction of salt intake, Control of hypertension, Control of diabetes. […] Modification of serum lipid levels (particularly with statins) may slow or even partially reverse the progression of CAD.

• #111 Coronary Heart Disease – Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute

  https://www.victorchang.edu.au/heart-disease/coronary-heart-disease

  Coronary heart disease is commonly caused by a build-up of plaque in the walls of the arteries of the heart. […] Research shows that coronary heart disease begins when the inner layers of the coronary arteries are damaged. This can be caused by; Smoking, High blood pressure, High cholesterol, High levels of sugar in the blood eg. diabetes, Lack of exercise, Blood vessel inflammation. […] If the inner walls of an artery are damaged, a plaque build-up (made up of cholesterol) will accumulate where the artery has been injured. This process is called atherosclerosis. Over time, the plaque will harden. If the plaque ruptures, blood cells called platelets will try to repair the injured section but may clump together and cause a blood clot, which can lead to a heart attack. […] To reduce the likelihood of developing coronary heart disease, you can do the following: Keep your blood pressure in check, Monitor your cholesterol level and take medication if it is high, Remain in a healthy weight range, Quit smoking, Manage stress levels, Eat a healthy diet, Exercise regularly, starting with daily walking. […] There are some risk factors of coronary heart disease that cannot be controlled. These include age, gender and family history.

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