Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Epidemiology, Causes, and Management of Gastro-esophageal Reflux Disease: A Systematic Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10658748/

  Our comprehensive systematic review aimed to examine gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), a disorder that occurs when stomach contents flow back into the esophagus. […] Millions of individuals worldwide suffer from GERD, a common clinical condition. […] GERD is a common gastrointestinal disorder, affecting around 20% of adults in Western cultures. […] The prevalence in the US ranges from 18.1% to 27.8%, with a slightly higher rate in men. […] GERD is a frequent digestive illness around the world, with a prevalence range of 18.1%-27.8% in North America. […] In the US, the rate of GERD symptoms is over 20%, with 110,000 hospitalizations each year. […] With regional fluctuation, the overall frequency of GERD symptoms is roughly 13%. […] The prevalence range in the US is 6%-30%, with variation depending on the questionnaire utilized. […] GERD is a prevalent disease in the Western world, affecting 10%-20% of the population. […] In the US, the rising obesity epidemic is correlated with an increased prevalence of GERD.

• #2 A narrative review of the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) – Boulton – Annals of Esophagus

  https://aoe.amegroups.org/article/view/6041/html

  Over the years gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) has become a common disease worldwide affecting most countries and their populations. […] GERD is increasing in its prevalence worldwide and is defined as a disease that develops due to a chronic retrograde flow of gastric contents from the stomach into the esophagus, oral cavity or lungs. […] The incidence of GERD is high in the general population, it is estimated to affect up to 20% of the population worldwide. […] Nowadays GERD is found to be the most common diagnosis made in a gastroenterology practice. […] A study in 2014 identified and reported the prevalence of GERD at 10-20% in Europe and the USA, but less than 5% in Asia. […] The prevalence of GERD is reported to be higher in western countries compared to eastern countries.

• #3 Global Prevalence and Risk Factors of Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Disease (GORD): Systematic Review with Meta-analysis | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-62795-1

  Although gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) is a common medical complaint, there is currently no consensus on the global prevalence of GORD. […] The global pooled prevalence of GORD was 13.98% and varied greatly according to region (12.88% in Latin America and the Caribbean to 19.55% in North America) and country (4.16% in China to 22.40% in Turkey). […] Using the United Nations 2017 Revision of World Population Prospects, the estimated number of individuals suffering from GORD globally is 1.03 billion. […] This systematic review and meta-analysis revealed that although a substantial proportion (13.98%) of the global population suffers from GORD, there are significant variations between regions and countries. […] A recent systematic review and meta-analysis conducted by Eusebi et al. 2017 included 108 studies and assessed the global prevalence of, and risk factors for, gastric reflux symptoms rather the prevalence of GORD.

• #4 Global Prevalence and Risk Factors of Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Disease (GORD): Systematic Review with Meta-analysis | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-62795-1

  Subjects with a moderate/high intake of carbonated drinks had a higher pooled prevalence of GORD than those with low/none intake (18.60% vs 14.54%, respectively). […] Pooling prevalence of GORD according to intake of coffee/tea revealed a higher GORD prevalence in subjects with a moderate/high intake of coffee/tea (21.02%) than those with a low/none intake (16.92%). […] This comprehensive systematic review has demonstrated the significant global burden of GORD with approximately 1.03 billion individuals suffering from the condition globally. […] It has also confirmed substantial variations in the pooled prevalence of GORD between regions and countries.

• #5 Presentation and Epidemiology of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5797499/

  Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is the most prevalent gastrointestinal disorder in the United States, and leads to substantial morbidity, though associated mortality is rare. The prevalence of GERD symptoms appeared to increase until 1999. Risk factors for complications of GERD include advanced age, male sex, white race, abdominal obesity, and tobacco use. Most patients with GERD presents with heartburn and effortless regurgitation. […] GERD is exceedingly common, ranking as the most frequent gastrointestinal diagnosis associated with outpatient clinic visits in the United States (US), with nearly 9 million visits in 2009. […] The pooled prevalence of at least weekly GERD symptoms reported from population-based studies worldwide is approximately 13%, but there is considerable geographic variation.

• #6 Update on the epidemiology of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: a systematic review | Gut

  https://gut.bmj.com/content/63/6/871

  Objective To update the findings of the 2005 systematic review of population-based studies assessing the epidemiology of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD). […] Results 16 studies of GERD epidemiology published since the original review were found to be suitable for inclusion (15 reporting prevalence and one reporting incidence), and were added to the 13 prevalence and two incidence studies found previously. The range of GERD prevalence estimates was 18.1%27.8% in North America, 8.8%25.9% in Europe, 2.5%7.8% in East Asia, 8.7%33.1% in the Middle East, 11.6% in Australia and 23.0% in South America. Incidence per 1000 person-years was approximately 5 in the overall UK and US populations, and 0.84 in paediatric patients aged 117years in the UK. Evidence suggests an increase in GERD prevalence since 1995 (p0.0001), particularly in North America and East Asia. […] Conclusions GERD is prevalent worldwide, and disease burden may be increasing. Prevalence estimates show considerable geographic variation, but only East Asia shows estimates consistently lower than 10%.

• #7 Diagnostic and therapeutic management in gastroesophageal reflux disease: consensus of the Polish Society of Gastroenterology – Polish Archives of Internal Medicine

  https://www.mp.pl/paim/issue/article/16196/

  GERD prevalence is estimated at approximately 20%, based on the occurrence of heartburn and / or regurgitation 1-2 times a week. […] The prevalence of GERD is estimated at 8.8%25.9% in Europe, 2.5%7.8% in Asia, 8.7%33.1% in the Middle East, 11.6% in Australia, and 23% in South Africa. […] About 2540% of American adults report heartburn at least once a month, and about 7%10% of patients experience heartburn every day. […] In Poland, among 850 people aged 21-76, GERD symptoms were reported by 36% of the respondents. […] GERD has a negative impact on the patients quality of life. […] Reduced productivity and physical activity are especially reported by patients with frequent symptoms. […] GERD is equally common among men and women but complications are more common in men: erosive esophagitis (about 2 times more often), Barretts esophagus (BE) (about 10 times), and esophageal adenocarcinoma (about 8 times).

• #8 Update on the epidemiology of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: a systematic review | Gut

  https://gut.bmj.com/content/63/6/871

  Objective To update the findings of the 2005 systematic review of population-based studies assessing the epidemiology of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD). […] Results 16 studies of GERD epidemiology published since the original review were found to be suitable for inclusion (15 reporting prevalence and one reporting incidence), and were added to the 13 prevalence and two incidence studies found previously. The range of GERD prevalence estimates was 18.1%27.8% in North America, 8.8%25.9% in Europe, 2.5%7.8% in East Asia, 8.7%33.1% in the Middle East, 11.6% in Australia and 23.0% in South America. Incidence per 1000 person-years was approximately 5 in the overall UK and US populations, and 0.84 in paediatric patients aged 117years in the UK. Evidence suggests an increase in GERD prevalence since 1995 (p0.0001), particularly in North America and East Asia. […] Conclusions GERD is prevalent worldwide, and disease burden may be increasing. Prevalence estimates show considerable geographic variation, but only East Asia shows estimates consistently lower than 10%.

• #9 Diagnostic and therapeutic management in gastroesophageal reflux disease: consensus of the Polish Society of Gastroenterology – Polish Archives of Internal Medicine

  https://www.mp.pl/paim/issue/article/16196/

  GERD prevalence is estimated at approximately 20%, based on the occurrence of heartburn and / or regurgitation 1-2 times a week. […] The prevalence of GERD is estimated at 8.8%25.9% in Europe, 2.5%7.8% in Asia, 8.7%33.1% in the Middle East, 11.6% in Australia, and 23% in South Africa. […] About 2540% of American adults report heartburn at least once a month, and about 7%10% of patients experience heartburn every day. […] In Poland, among 850 people aged 21-76, GERD symptoms were reported by 36% of the respondents. […] GERD has a negative impact on the patients quality of life. […] Reduced productivity and physical activity are especially reported by patients with frequent symptoms. […] GERD is equally common among men and women but complications are more common in men: erosive esophagitis (about 2 times more often), Barretts esophagus (BE) (about 10 times), and esophageal adenocarcinoma (about 8 times).

• #10 Epidemiology of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Asia: A Systematic Review

  https://www.jnmjournal.org/view.html?uid=385&vmd=Full

  The prevalence of GERD has been increased in Eastern Asia, but still lower than those of the Western population. The prevalence of GERD in Southeast and Western Asia was higher than in Eastern Asia. […] The prevalence of endoscopic reflux esophagitis in Eastern Asia seemed to increase in participants who have received the medical check-up. […] In Asia, only few and limited studies have been reported regarding the proportion of extra-esophageal syndromes such as asthma, sleep disturbance, non-cardiac chest pain and dental erosion, which was found to be significantly higher in the GERD patient group than controls.

• #11 Diagnostic and therapeutic management in gastroesophageal reflux disease: consensus of the Polish Society of Gastroenterology – Polish Archives of Internal Medicine

  https://www.mp.pl/paim/issue/article/16196/

  GERD prevalence is estimated at approximately 20%, based on the occurrence of heartburn and / or regurgitation 1-2 times a week. […] The prevalence of GERD is estimated at 8.8%25.9% in Europe, 2.5%7.8% in Asia, 8.7%33.1% in the Middle East, 11.6% in Australia, and 23% in South Africa. […] About 2540% of American adults report heartburn at least once a month, and about 7%10% of patients experience heartburn every day. […] In Poland, among 850 people aged 21-76, GERD symptoms were reported by 36% of the respondents. […] GERD has a negative impact on the patients quality of life. […] Reduced productivity and physical activity are especially reported by patients with frequent symptoms. […] GERD is equally common among men and women but complications are more common in men: erosive esophagitis (about 2 times more often), Barretts esophagus (BE) (about 10 times), and esophageal adenocarcinoma (about 8 times).

• #12 The Changing Epidemiology of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Are Patients Getting Younger?

  https://www.jnmjournal.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.5056/jnm18140

  Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common disease globally with increasing prevalence and consequently greater burden on the Healthcare system. […] Over the last decade, there has been a significant increase in the proportion of younger patients with GERD, especially those within the age range of 30-39 years. […] The prevalence of GERD is 18.1-27.8% in North America, 8.8-25.9% in Europe, 2.5-7.8% in East Asia, 8.7-33.1% in the Middle East, 11.6% in Australia, and 23.0% in South America. […] As risk factors for GERD increasingly affect the general population, concerns have been raised that more young individuals will develop GERD and its potential consequences. […] The proportion of patients with GERD has increased in all age groups, with the exception of those who were aged 70 years in both the universal and Healthcare system datasets.

• #13 The Changing Epidemiology of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Are Patients Getting Younger?

  https://www.jnmjournal.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.5056/jnm18140

  Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common disease globally with increasing prevalence and consequently greater burden on the Healthcare system. […] Over the last decade, there has been a significant increase in the proportion of younger patients with GERD, especially those within the age range of 30-39 years. […] The prevalence of GERD is 18.1-27.8% in North America, 8.8-25.9% in Europe, 2.5-7.8% in East Asia, 8.7-33.1% in the Middle East, 11.6% in Australia, and 23.0% in South America. […] As risk factors for GERD increasingly affect the general population, concerns have been raised that more young individuals will develop GERD and its potential consequences. […] The proportion of patients with GERD has increased in all age groups, with the exception of those who were aged 70 years in both the universal and Healthcare system datasets.

• #14 Diagnostic and therapeutic management in gastroesophageal reflux disease: consensus of the Polish Society of Gastroenterology – Polish Archives of Internal Medicine

  https://www.mp.pl/paim/issue/article/16196/

  GERD prevalence is estimated at approximately 20%, based on the occurrence of heartburn and / or regurgitation 1-2 times a week. […] The prevalence of GERD is estimated at 8.8%25.9% in Europe, 2.5%7.8% in Asia, 8.7%33.1% in the Middle East, 11.6% in Australia, and 23% in South Africa. […] About 2540% of American adults report heartburn at least once a month, and about 7%10% of patients experience heartburn every day. […] In Poland, among 850 people aged 21-76, GERD symptoms were reported by 36% of the respondents. […] GERD has a negative impact on the patients quality of life. […] Reduced productivity and physical activity are especially reported by patients with frequent symptoms. […] GERD is equally common among men and women but complications are more common in men: erosive esophagitis (about 2 times more often), Barretts esophagus (BE) (about 10 times), and esophageal adenocarcinoma (about 8 times).

• #15 The Changing Epidemiology of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Are Patients Getting Younger?

  https://www.jnmjournal.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.5056/jnm18140

  Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common disease globally with increasing prevalence and consequently greater burden on the Healthcare system. […] Over the last decade, there has been a significant increase in the proportion of younger patients with GERD, especially those within the age range of 30-39 years. […] The prevalence of GERD is 18.1-27.8% in North America, 8.8-25.9% in Europe, 2.5-7.8% in East Asia, 8.7-33.1% in the Middle East, 11.6% in Australia, and 23.0% in South America. […] As risk factors for GERD increasingly affect the general population, concerns have been raised that more young individuals will develop GERD and its potential consequences. […] The proportion of patients with GERD has increased in all age groups, with the exception of those who were aged 70 years in both the universal and Healthcare system datasets.

• #16 Diagnostic and therapeutic management in gastroesophageal reflux disease: consensus of the Polish Society of Gastroenterology – Polish Archives of Internal Medicine

  https://www.mp.pl/paim/issue/article/16196/

  GERD prevalence is estimated at approximately 20%, based on the occurrence of heartburn and / or regurgitation 1-2 times a week. […] The prevalence of GERD is estimated at 8.8%25.9% in Europe, 2.5%7.8% in Asia, 8.7%33.1% in the Middle East, 11.6% in Australia, and 23% in South Africa. […] About 2540% of American adults report heartburn at least once a month, and about 7%10% of patients experience heartburn every day. […] In Poland, among 850 people aged 21-76, GERD symptoms were reported by 36% of the respondents. […] GERD has a negative impact on the patients quality of life. […] Reduced productivity and physical activity are especially reported by patients with frequent symptoms. […] GERD is equally common among men and women but complications are more common in men: erosive esophagitis (about 2 times more often), Barretts esophagus (BE) (about 10 times), and esophageal adenocarcinoma (about 8 times).

• #17 Diagnostic and therapeutic management in gastroesophageal reflux disease: consensus of the Polish Society of Gastroenterology – Polish Archives of Internal Medicine

  https://www.mp.pl/paim/issue/article/16196/

  GERD prevalence is estimated at approximately 20%, based on the occurrence of heartburn and / or regurgitation 1-2 times a week. […] The prevalence of GERD is estimated at 8.8%25.9% in Europe, 2.5%7.8% in Asia, 8.7%33.1% in the Middle East, 11.6% in Australia, and 23% in South Africa. […] About 2540% of American adults report heartburn at least once a month, and about 7%10% of patients experience heartburn every day. […] In Poland, among 850 people aged 21-76, GERD symptoms were reported by 36% of the respondents. […] GERD has a negative impact on the patients quality of life. […] Reduced productivity and physical activity are especially reported by patients with frequent symptoms. […] GERD is equally common among men and women but complications are more common in men: erosive esophagitis (about 2 times more often), Barretts esophagus (BE) (about 10 times), and esophageal adenocarcinoma (about 8 times).

• #18 Presentation and Epidemiology of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5797499/

  In the US, estimates of the prevalence of GERD symptoms have ranged from 6% to 30%, with heterogeneity related to the particular questionnaire used, including the threshold frequency and duration of symptoms required to be classified as GERD. The prevalence of at least weekly GERD symptoms in the US is approximately 20%. […] Importantly, the prevalence of GERD symptoms in North America, Europe, and Southeast Asia has increased approximately 50% relative to the baseline prevalence in the early to middle 1990s, but has plateaued since then. […] There are approximately 110,000 hospital admissions annually in the US for GERD. […] The predominant complications of GERD include dysphagia (including from peptic strictures, Schatzkis rings), bleeding from erosive esophagitis, and esophageal adenocarcinoma.

• #19 Epidemiology of gastroesophageal reflux disease | WHO FCTC

  https://portal-uat.who.int/fctcapps/fctcapps/fctc/kh/wts/wts-database/epidemiology-gastroesophageal-reflux-disease

  The prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) symptoms increased approximately 50% until the mid-1990s, when it plateaued. […] The incidence of complications related to GERD including hospitalization, esophageal strictures, esophageal adenocarcinoma, and mortality also increased during that time period, but the increase in esophageal adenocarcinoma has since slowed, and the incidence of strictures has decreased since the mid-1990s. […] GERD is responsible for the greatest direct costs in the United States of any gastrointestinal disease, and most of those expenditures are for pharmacotherapy. […] Risk factors for GERD include obesity, poor diet, lack of physical activity, consumption of tobacco and alcohol, and respiratory diseases.

• #20 Epidemiology of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Asia: A Systematic Review

  https://www.jnmjournal.org/view.html?uid=385&vmd=Full

  Epidemiology of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Asia: A Systematic Review […] From the population-based studies, the prevalence of symptom-based GERD in Eastern Asia was found to be 2.5%-4.8% before 2005 and 5.2%-8.5% from 2005 to 2010. In Southeast and Western Asia, it was 6.3%-18.3% after 2005, which was much higher than those in Eastern Asia. […] In summary, the prevalence of symptom-based GERD and endoscopic reflux esophagitis has increased in Asian countries. However, the prevalence of Barrett’s esophagus in Asia has not changed and also still rare. […] During the recent decade, several studies about prevalence of symptom-based GERD and endoscopic reflux esophagitis have revealed generally higher number of patients compared to other previous Asian studies. Time trend studies have also shown the increase of prevalence both in symptom based-GERD and endoscopic reflux esophagitis.

• #21 Epidemiology of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Asia: A Systematic Review

  https://www.jnmjournal.org/view.html?uid=385&vmd=Full

  The prevalence of GERD has been increased in Eastern Asia, but still lower than those of the Western population. The prevalence of GERD in Southeast and Western Asia was higher than in Eastern Asia. […] The prevalence of endoscopic reflux esophagitis in Eastern Asia seemed to increase in participants who have received the medical check-up. […] In Asia, only few and limited studies have been reported regarding the proportion of extra-esophageal syndromes such as asthma, sleep disturbance, non-cardiac chest pain and dental erosion, which was found to be significantly higher in the GERD patient group than controls.

• #22 Meta-analysis on the epidemiology of gastroesophageal reflux disease in China

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v28/i45/6410.htm

  Meta-analysis on the epidemiology of gastroesophageal reflux disease in China. The overall pooled prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) was 8.7% in China. Over the past two decades, the prevalence of GERD in China has increased from 6.0% to 10.6%. GERD was more common in people aged 40-60, with body mass index 24, and of Uygur ethnicity. The prevalence was higher in the west and east than in the centre, and there may be a local spatial autocorrelation between the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the southeast. GERD was correlated with gastric (r= 0.421,P = 0.041) and oesophageal tumours (r= 0.511,P = 0.011) in spatial distribution. […] The prevalence of GERD in China is rising. From 6.0% at the beginning of the 21st century to 10.6% at present, there was a significant difference in the prevalence among different periods (P= 0.019). […] The prevalence rate of GERD was higher in people who were over 40 years old, obese and of the Uygur population. The prevalence of GERD was positively correlated with that of oesophageal cancer in terms of spatial distribution.

• #23 Update on the epidemiology of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: a systematic review | Gut

  https://gut.bmj.com/content/63/6/871

  Objective To update the findings of the 2005 systematic review of population-based studies assessing the epidemiology of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD). […] Results 16 studies of GERD epidemiology published since the original review were found to be suitable for inclusion (15 reporting prevalence and one reporting incidence), and were added to the 13 prevalence and two incidence studies found previously. The range of GERD prevalence estimates was 18.1%27.8% in North America, 8.8%25.9% in Europe, 2.5%7.8% in East Asia, 8.7%33.1% in the Middle East, 11.6% in Australia and 23.0% in South America. Incidence per 1000 person-years was approximately 5 in the overall UK and US populations, and 0.84 in paediatric patients aged 117years in the UK. Evidence suggests an increase in GERD prevalence since 1995 (p0.0001), particularly in North America and East Asia. […] Conclusions GERD is prevalent worldwide, and disease burden may be increasing. Prevalence estimates show considerable geographic variation, but only East Asia shows estimates consistently lower than 10%.

• #24 Update on the epidemiology of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: a systematic review | Gut

  https://gut.bmj.com/content/63/6/871

  Objective To update the findings of the 2005 systematic review of population-based studies assessing the epidemiology of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD). […] Results 16 studies of GERD epidemiology published since the original review were found to be suitable for inclusion (15 reporting prevalence and one reporting incidence), and were added to the 13 prevalence and two incidence studies found previously. The range of GERD prevalence estimates was 18.1%27.8% in North America, 8.8%25.9% in Europe, 2.5%7.8% in East Asia, 8.7%33.1% in the Middle East, 11.6% in Australia and 23.0% in South America. Incidence per 1000 person-years was approximately 5 in the overall UK and US populations, and 0.84 in paediatric patients aged 117years in the UK. Evidence suggests an increase in GERD prevalence since 1995 (p0.0001), particularly in North America and East Asia. […] Conclusions GERD is prevalent worldwide, and disease burden may be increasing. Prevalence estimates show considerable geographic variation, but only East Asia shows estimates consistently lower than 10%.

• #25 Diagnosis and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease: recommendations of the Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología | Revista de Gastroenterología de México

  https://www.revistagastroenterologiamexico.org/en-diagnosis-treatment-gastroesophageal-reflux-disease-articulo-S2255534X16300482

  The international DIGEST study estimated that the prevalence of GERD symptoms is 7.7%, with heartburn as the most frequent (13.5%) of the digestive symptom group. […] In Latin America, there are very few reports in the literature on the prevalence of GERD. […] A systematic review evaluated prevalence studies in the region (a total of 8 studies, one in Argentina, 5 in Brazil, and 2 in Mexico), concluding that there was a 3 to 11.9% prevalence. […] There is very little information on GERD incidence, with no national reports and very few foreign ones. […] A 5% incidence of reflux esophagitis in endoscopies carried out on an open Chinese population was reported, along with a 22.5% incidence in patients with heartburn, whereas a 1.77 to 2.80% incidence of reflux was reported in Iran. […] Some of the most important risk factors for developing GERD are: heredity, overweight, central obesity, smoking, alcohol, and pregnancy.

• #26 Presentation and Epidemiology of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5797499/

  In 3 population-based studies of patients agreeing to undergo endoscopy regardless of symptoms, the prevalence of erosive esophagitis ranged from 6.4% in China to 15.5% in Sweden. […] Among individuals without symptoms of GERD, the prevalence of erosive esophagitis ranged from 6.1% in China to 9.5% in Sweden. […] Erosive esophagitis may frequently be a transient phenomenon. […] There are a number of well-recognized risk factors for GERD and its complications. […] In North America and in Europe, there is no association between sex and symptoms of GERD, but in South America and in the Middle East, women are approximately 40% more likely to report GERD symptoms than men. […] However, men are at greater risk than women for erosive esophagitis. […] Advancing age has been inconsistently associated with an increased risk for GERD symptoms.

• #27 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/176595-overview

  No sexual predilection exists: GERD is as common in men as in women. However, the male-to-female incidence ratio for esophagitis is 2:1-3:1. The male-to-female incidence ratio for Barrett esophagus is 10:1. White males are at a greater risk for Barrett esophagus and adenocarcinoma than other populations. […] GERD occurs in all age groups. The prevalence of GERD increases in people older than 40 years.

• #28 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/28304

  The incidence of reflux esophagitis is greatest in individuals aged 60 to 70 and slightly decreases thereafter. Similar to its prevalence in adults, GERD is also increasingly observed in the pediatric population. Nelson et al reported an incidence of GERD ranging from 12% to 50% in children aged 0 to 18 between 2000 and 2005. […] The prevalence of GERD increases throughout pregnancy, affecting 20% to 30% of women in the first trimester, 40% to 45% in the second trimester, and 60% in the third trimester. […] The association of GERD with overweight patients has an odds ratio of 1.33 and 95% confidence intervals of 1.07 to 1.64; the association with obese individuals has an odds ratio of 1.70 and a 95% confidence interval of 1.36 to 2.12. […] Several medications have been associated with symptoms of GERD, including drugs that modulate the lower esophageal sphincter pressure, including nitrates, calcium channel blocker agents, anticholinergics, -adrenergic agonists, theophylline, and morphine.

• #29 Presentation and Epidemiology of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5797499/

  In 3 population-based studies of patients agreeing to undergo endoscopy regardless of symptoms, the prevalence of erosive esophagitis ranged from 6.4% in China to 15.5% in Sweden. […] Among individuals without symptoms of GERD, the prevalence of erosive esophagitis ranged from 6.1% in China to 9.5% in Sweden. […] Erosive esophagitis may frequently be a transient phenomenon. […] There are a number of well-recognized risk factors for GERD and its complications. […] In North America and in Europe, there is no association between sex and symptoms of GERD, but in South America and in the Middle East, women are approximately 40% more likely to report GERD symptoms than men. […] However, men are at greater risk than women for erosive esophagitis. […] Advancing age has been inconsistently associated with an increased risk for GERD symptoms.

• #30 Presentation and Epidemiology of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5797499/

  However, advancing age is more strongly associated with complications of GERD. […] In the US, there appears to be similar prevalence of GERD symptoms among different races. […] However, whites are at greater risk for erosive esophagitis, strictures, Barretts esophagus, and esophageal adenocarcinoma.

• #31 Presentation and Epidemiology of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5797499/

  In 3 population-based studies of patients agreeing to undergo endoscopy regardless of symptoms, the prevalence of erosive esophagitis ranged from 6.4% in China to 15.5% in Sweden. […] Among individuals without symptoms of GERD, the prevalence of erosive esophagitis ranged from 6.1% in China to 9.5% in Sweden. […] Erosive esophagitis may frequently be a transient phenomenon. […] There are a number of well-recognized risk factors for GERD and its complications. […] In North America and in Europe, there is no association between sex and symptoms of GERD, but in South America and in the Middle East, women are approximately 40% more likely to report GERD symptoms than men. […] However, men are at greater risk than women for erosive esophagitis. […] Advancing age has been inconsistently associated with an increased risk for GERD symptoms.

• #32 Presentation and Epidemiology of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5797499/

  In 3 population-based studies of patients agreeing to undergo endoscopy regardless of symptoms, the prevalence of erosive esophagitis ranged from 6.4% in China to 15.5% in Sweden. […] Among individuals without symptoms of GERD, the prevalence of erosive esophagitis ranged from 6.1% in China to 9.5% in Sweden. […] Erosive esophagitis may frequently be a transient phenomenon. […] There are a number of well-recognized risk factors for GERD and its complications. […] In North America and in Europe, there is no association between sex and symptoms of GERD, but in South America and in the Middle East, women are approximately 40% more likely to report GERD symptoms than men. […] However, men are at greater risk than women for erosive esophagitis. […] Advancing age has been inconsistently associated with an increased risk for GERD symptoms.

• #33 Diagnostic and therapeutic management in gastroesophageal reflux disease: consensus of the Polish Society of Gastroenterology – Polish Archives of Internal Medicine

  https://www.mp.pl/paim/issue/article/16196/

  GERD prevalence is estimated at approximately 20%, based on the occurrence of heartburn and / or regurgitation 1-2 times a week. […] The prevalence of GERD is estimated at 8.8%25.9% in Europe, 2.5%7.8% in Asia, 8.7%33.1% in the Middle East, 11.6% in Australia, and 23% in South Africa. […] About 2540% of American adults report heartburn at least once a month, and about 7%10% of patients experience heartburn every day. […] In Poland, among 850 people aged 21-76, GERD symptoms were reported by 36% of the respondents. […] GERD has a negative impact on the patients quality of life. […] Reduced productivity and physical activity are especially reported by patients with frequent symptoms. […] GERD is equally common among men and women but complications are more common in men: erosive esophagitis (about 2 times more often), Barretts esophagus (BE) (about 10 times), and esophageal adenocarcinoma (about 8 times).

• #34 Reflux Esophagitis Pathology: Definition, Epidemiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1610393-overview

  A Swedish population-based, cross-sectional study compared the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux symptoms among English and Swedish populations and reported a higher prevalence of reflux symptoms occurring at least twice weekly in English populations compared with Swedish populations. […] With regard to sex-related differences, some studies report no sex predilection. Other studies indicate that males are more likely to develop severe forms of esophagitis and complications such as Barrett esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Conversely, females are more frequently affected by nonerosive reflux disease (NERD) and symptomatic GERD. The prevalence of reflux esophagitis increases with age, particularly in females after their 50s. […] As noted in adults, there is an increasing trend of GERD in the pediatric population too. Nelson et al reported an increased incidence of GERD that ranged from 12% to 50% in children aged 0-18 years between 2000 and 2005.

• #35 Self-Assessment Questions – Course #94902: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Adults – NetCE

  https://www.netce.com/studypoints.php?courseid=2881&printable=yes&page=printquestions

  Differences in GERD symptom expression have been suggested, with women more likely to have heartburn, regurgitation, belching, and extraesophageal symptoms than men. […] This suggests differences in upper GI response to reflux exposure, with greater sensitivity and symptoms in women despite less noxious acid exposure. […] However, men are more likely to develop pathologic changes of the esophagus. […] In patients who meet the criteria for GERD, symptoms can impose a serious negative burden on quality of life. […] Disruptive GERD (more than once weekly symptoms) increases patient time off from work and decreases work productivity. […] These patients often have sleep impairment and decreases in physical functioning compared with patients with infrequent symptoms. […] Nocturnal GERD has a greater negative impact on quality of life compared with daytime symptoms. […] One nationwide survey of 1,000 adults with heartburn at least once a week found that 79% reported nocturnal heartburn. […] The prevalence of GERD symptoms has increased in the past few decades.

• #36 Presentation and Epidemiology of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5797499/

  However, advancing age is more strongly associated with complications of GERD. […] In the US, there appears to be similar prevalence of GERD symptoms among different races. […] However, whites are at greater risk for erosive esophagitis, strictures, Barretts esophagus, and esophageal adenocarcinoma.

• #37 Presentation and Epidemiology of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5797499/

  However, advancing age is more strongly associated with complications of GERD. […] In the US, there appears to be similar prevalence of GERD symptoms among different races. […] However, whites are at greater risk for erosive esophagitis, strictures, Barretts esophagus, and esophageal adenocarcinoma.

• #38 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/176595-overview

  No sexual predilection exists: GERD is as common in men as in women. However, the male-to-female incidence ratio for esophagitis is 2:1-3:1. The male-to-female incidence ratio for Barrett esophagus is 10:1. White males are at a greater risk for Barrett esophagus and adenocarcinoma than other populations. […] GERD occurs in all age groups. The prevalence of GERD increases in people older than 40 years.

• #39 Global Prevalence and Risk Factors of Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Disease (GORD): Systematic Review with Meta-analysis | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-62795-1

  Stratified pooled prevalence of GORD by BMI showed an increase in GORD prevalence as BMI increased. […] The prevalence of GORD was highest in subjects with low education level (16.78%), followed by those with medium education level (11.52%), and the lowest GORD prevalence was seen in those with a high education level (8.98%). […] When the pooled prevalence of GORD was stratified according to marriage status, the highest prevalence of GORD was found in divorced/separated/widowed individuals (22.95%) followed by married individuals (15.98%), and the lowest GORD prevalence was seen in single individuals (12.85%). […] The pooled prevalence of GORD according to NSAIDs/aspirin use showed a significantly greater prevalence of GORD in subjects using NSAIDs/aspirin (24.47%) compared with those who do not (17.34%).

• #40 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/28304

  The incidence of reflux esophagitis is greatest in individuals aged 60 to 70 and slightly decreases thereafter. Similar to its prevalence in adults, GERD is also increasingly observed in the pediatric population. Nelson et al reported an incidence of GERD ranging from 12% to 50% in children aged 0 to 18 between 2000 and 2005. […] The prevalence of GERD increases throughout pregnancy, affecting 20% to 30% of women in the first trimester, 40% to 45% in the second trimester, and 60% in the third trimester. […] The association of GERD with overweight patients has an odds ratio of 1.33 and 95% confidence intervals of 1.07 to 1.64; the association with obese individuals has an odds ratio of 1.70 and a 95% confidence interval of 1.36 to 2.12. […] Several medications have been associated with symptoms of GERD, including drugs that modulate the lower esophageal sphincter pressure, including nitrates, calcium channel blocker agents, anticholinergics, -adrenergic agonists, theophylline, and morphine.

• #41 Epidemiology, Causes, and Management of Gastro-esophageal Reflux Disease: A Systematic Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10658748/

  Our comprehensive systematic review aimed to examine gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), a disorder that occurs when stomach contents flow back into the esophagus. […] Millions of individuals worldwide suffer from GERD, a common clinical condition. […] GERD is a common gastrointestinal disorder, affecting around 20% of adults in Western cultures. […] The prevalence in the US ranges from 18.1% to 27.8%, with a slightly higher rate in men. […] GERD is a frequent digestive illness around the world, with a prevalence range of 18.1%-27.8% in North America. […] In the US, the rate of GERD symptoms is over 20%, with 110,000 hospitalizations each year. […] With regional fluctuation, the overall frequency of GERD symptoms is roughly 13%. […] The prevalence range in the US is 6%-30%, with variation depending on the questionnaire utilized. […] GERD is a prevalent disease in the Western world, affecting 10%-20% of the population. […] In the US, the rising obesity epidemic is correlated with an increased prevalence of GERD.

• #42 Global Prevalence and Risk Factors of Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Disease (GORD): Systematic Review with Meta-analysis | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-62795-1

  The area of domicile also had a significant effect on the prevalence of GORD. The pooled prevalence of GORD in subjects living in an urban area was the highest (13.43%) followed by subjects living in a rural area (11.70%). […] The pooled prevalence of GORD according to smoking habits showed that subjects who currently smoke had a higher prevalence of GORD (18.40%) compared with ex-smokers (16.83%) and non-smokers (15.55%). […] Subjects with a low income had a significantly higher prevalence of GORD (11.69%) than those with a medium income (8.42%) and those with a high income (7.68%). […] The effect of dietary intake of certain food and drinks (spicy food, sweet food, meat/fish, carbonated drinks, fatty food, fried food, and coffee/tea) on the pooled prevalence of GORD was also investigated.

• #43 Prevalence of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and its associated risk factors among medical students: a nation-based cross-sectional study | BMC Gastroenterology | Full Text

  https://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12876-023-02899-w

  This study revealed that GERD family history is significantly associated with GERD and is an independent predictor of it. […] In the current study, 23.7% of medical students experienced high levels of perceived stress, and participants who experienced high levels of perceived stress were more likely to develop GERD. […] Stress, smoking, and family history were independent predictors of GERD.

• #44 Global Prevalence and Risk Factors of Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Disease (GORD): Systematic Review with Meta-analysis | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-62795-1

  The aim of the current review was to search the literature systematically using PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) 2009 guidelines and estimate the global prevalence of GORD, the prevalence of GORD according to geographical location and to identify risk factors associated with an increased risk of the condition. […] The pooled prevalence of GORD in females (17.17%) was moderately higher than in males (15.69%). […] The pooled prevalence of GORD according to age groups displayed an increase with increasing age between the age groups of 18-34 years (8.70%) and 35-59 years (14.53%). […] The pooled prevalence of GORD according to alcohol intake showed a similar GORD prevalence in those who do not drink alcohol or have a low intake of alcohol (15.95%) compared with those who have a moderate to high intake of alcohol (15.56%).

• #45 A narrative review of the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) – Boulton – Annals of Esophagus

  https://aoe.amegroups.org/article/view/6041/html

  Many papers have reported a trend in GERD symptoms in obese individuals indicating a link between obesity and GERD. […] An increased pressure around the abdomen also makes pregnant women at risk of GERD symptoms. […] Certain foods and drinks are associated with the incidence of reflux and studies have shown that consuming large amounts of fatty foods and chocolate cause episodes of reflux. […] Many categories of drugs are associated with increasing GERD symptoms, by causing mucosal damage lowering sphincter pressure or by affecting esophagogastric motility.

• #46 Global Prevalence and Risk Factors of Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Disease (GORD): Systematic Review with Meta-analysis | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-62795-1

  Subjects with a moderate/high intake of carbonated drinks had a higher pooled prevalence of GORD than those with low/none intake (18.60% vs 14.54%, respectively). […] Pooling prevalence of GORD according to intake of coffee/tea revealed a higher GORD prevalence in subjects with a moderate/high intake of coffee/tea (21.02%) than those with a low/none intake (16.92%). […] This comprehensive systematic review has demonstrated the significant global burden of GORD with approximately 1.03 billion individuals suffering from the condition globally. […] It has also confirmed substantial variations in the pooled prevalence of GORD between regions and countries.

• #47 Global Prevalence and Risk Factors of Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Disease (GORD): Systematic Review with Meta-analysis | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-62795-1

  Subjects with a moderate/high intake of carbonated drinks had a higher pooled prevalence of GORD than those with low/none intake (18.60% vs 14.54%, respectively). […] Pooling prevalence of GORD according to intake of coffee/tea revealed a higher GORD prevalence in subjects with a moderate/high intake of coffee/tea (21.02%) than those with a low/none intake (16.92%). […] This comprehensive systematic review has demonstrated the significant global burden of GORD with approximately 1.03 billion individuals suffering from the condition globally. […] It has also confirmed substantial variations in the pooled prevalence of GORD between regions and countries.

• #48 Prevalence of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and its associated risk factors among medical students: a nation-based cross-sectional study | BMC Gastroenterology | Full Text

  https://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12876-023-02899-w

  This study revealed that GERD family history is significantly associated with GERD and is an independent predictor of it. […] In the current study, 23.7% of medical students experienced high levels of perceived stress, and participants who experienced high levels of perceived stress were more likely to develop GERD. […] Stress, smoking, and family history were independent predictors of GERD.

• #49 Prevalence of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and its associated risk factors among medical students: a nation-based cross-sectional study | BMC Gastroenterology | Full Text

  https://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12876-023-02899-w

  This study revealed that GERD family history is significantly associated with GERD and is an independent predictor of it. […] In the current study, 23.7% of medical students experienced high levels of perceived stress, and participants who experienced high levels of perceived stress were more likely to develop GERD. […] Stress, smoking, and family history were independent predictors of GERD.

• #50 Global Prevalence and Risk Factors of Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Disease (GORD): Systematic Review with Meta-analysis | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-62795-1

  Stratified pooled prevalence of GORD by BMI showed an increase in GORD prevalence as BMI increased. […] The prevalence of GORD was highest in subjects with low education level (16.78%), followed by those with medium education level (11.52%), and the lowest GORD prevalence was seen in those with a high education level (8.98%). […] When the pooled prevalence of GORD was stratified according to marriage status, the highest prevalence of GORD was found in divorced/separated/widowed individuals (22.95%) followed by married individuals (15.98%), and the lowest GORD prevalence was seen in single individuals (12.85%). […] The pooled prevalence of GORD according to NSAIDs/aspirin use showed a significantly greater prevalence of GORD in subjects using NSAIDs/aspirin (24.47%) compared with those who do not (17.34%).

• #51 Global Prevalence and Risk Factors of Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Disease (GORD): Systematic Review with Meta-analysis | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-62795-1

  The area of domicile also had a significant effect on the prevalence of GORD. The pooled prevalence of GORD in subjects living in an urban area was the highest (13.43%) followed by subjects living in a rural area (11.70%). […] The pooled prevalence of GORD according to smoking habits showed that subjects who currently smoke had a higher prevalence of GORD (18.40%) compared with ex-smokers (16.83%) and non-smokers (15.55%). […] Subjects with a low income had a significantly higher prevalence of GORD (11.69%) than those with a medium income (8.42%) and those with a high income (7.68%). […] The effect of dietary intake of certain food and drinks (spicy food, sweet food, meat/fish, carbonated drinks, fatty food, fried food, and coffee/tea) on the pooled prevalence of GORD was also investigated.

• #52 Global Prevalence and Risk Factors of Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Disease (GORD): Systematic Review with Meta-analysis | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-62795-1

  Stratified pooled prevalence of GORD by BMI showed an increase in GORD prevalence as BMI increased. […] The prevalence of GORD was highest in subjects with low education level (16.78%), followed by those with medium education level (11.52%), and the lowest GORD prevalence was seen in those with a high education level (8.98%). […] When the pooled prevalence of GORD was stratified according to marriage status, the highest prevalence of GORD was found in divorced/separated/widowed individuals (22.95%) followed by married individuals (15.98%), and the lowest GORD prevalence was seen in single individuals (12.85%). […] The pooled prevalence of GORD according to NSAIDs/aspirin use showed a significantly greater prevalence of GORD in subjects using NSAIDs/aspirin (24.47%) compared with those who do not (17.34%).

• #53 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/28304

  The incidence of reflux esophagitis is greatest in individuals aged 60 to 70 and slightly decreases thereafter. Similar to its prevalence in adults, GERD is also increasingly observed in the pediatric population. Nelson et al reported an incidence of GERD ranging from 12% to 50% in children aged 0 to 18 between 2000 and 2005. […] The prevalence of GERD increases throughout pregnancy, affecting 20% to 30% of women in the first trimester, 40% to 45% in the second trimester, and 60% in the third trimester. […] The association of GERD with overweight patients has an odds ratio of 1.33 and 95% confidence intervals of 1.07 to 1.64; the association with obese individuals has an odds ratio of 1.70 and a 95% confidence interval of 1.36 to 2.12. […] Several medications have been associated with symptoms of GERD, including drugs that modulate the lower esophageal sphincter pressure, including nitrates, calcium channel blocker agents, anticholinergics, -adrenergic agonists, theophylline, and morphine.

• #54 A narrative review of the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) – Boulton – Annals of Esophagus

  https://aoe.amegroups.org/article/view/6041/html

  Many papers have reported a trend in GERD symptoms in obese individuals indicating a link between obesity and GERD. […] An increased pressure around the abdomen also makes pregnant women at risk of GERD symptoms. […] Certain foods and drinks are associated with the incidence of reflux and studies have shown that consuming large amounts of fatty foods and chocolate cause episodes of reflux. […] Many categories of drugs are associated with increasing GERD symptoms, by causing mucosal damage lowering sphincter pressure or by affecting esophagogastric motility.

• #55 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/28304

  The incidence of reflux esophagitis is greatest in individuals aged 60 to 70 and slightly decreases thereafter. Similar to its prevalence in adults, GERD is also increasingly observed in the pediatric population. Nelson et al reported an incidence of GERD ranging from 12% to 50% in children aged 0 to 18 between 2000 and 2005. […] The prevalence of GERD increases throughout pregnancy, affecting 20% to 30% of women in the first trimester, 40% to 45% in the second trimester, and 60% in the third trimester. […] The association of GERD with overweight patients has an odds ratio of 1.33 and 95% confidence intervals of 1.07 to 1.64; the association with obese individuals has an odds ratio of 1.70 and a 95% confidence interval of 1.36 to 2.12. […] Several medications have been associated with symptoms of GERD, including drugs that modulate the lower esophageal sphincter pressure, including nitrates, calcium channel blocker agents, anticholinergics, -adrenergic agonists, theophylline, and morphine.

• #56 Reflux Esophagitis Pathology: Definition, Epidemiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1610393-overview

  A Swedish population-based, cross-sectional study compared the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux symptoms among English and Swedish populations and reported a higher prevalence of reflux symptoms occurring at least twice weekly in English populations compared with Swedish populations. […] With regard to sex-related differences, some studies report no sex predilection. Other studies indicate that males are more likely to develop severe forms of esophagitis and complications such as Barrett esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Conversely, females are more frequently affected by nonerosive reflux disease (NERD) and symptomatic GERD. The prevalence of reflux esophagitis increases with age, particularly in females after their 50s. […] As noted in adults, there is an increasing trend of GERD in the pediatric population too. Nelson et al reported an increased incidence of GERD that ranged from 12% to 50% in children aged 0-18 years between 2000 and 2005.

• #57 Prevalence of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and its associated risk factors among medical students: a nation-based cross-sectional study | BMC Gastroenterology | Full Text

  https://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12876-023-02899-w

  Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common digestive problem in adults particularly medical students, who are one of the most vulnerable groups. […] Overall, 17.1% of participants reported symptoms of GERD. […] GERD is a frequent condition among Egyptian medical students, affecting around one-fifth of them. […] Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is predicted to impact 13.98% of the adult population worldwide. […] Many factors put medical students at increased risk for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), including an unhealthy diet, and excessive coffee intake. […] According to this study, it was found that 17.1% of medical students in Egypt had GERD, which is regarded as relatively high. […] The prevalence of GERD varies greatly over the world, ranging from 2.5 to 7.8% in East Asia, 8.7-33.1% in the Middle East, 8.8-25.9% in Europe, 18.1-27.8% in North America, 23.0% in South America, and 11.6% in Australia.

• #58 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Among Undergraduate Medical Students i | IJGM

  https://www.dovepress.com/gastroesophageal-reflux-disease-among-undergraduate-medical-students-i-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IJGM

  Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a prevalent gastrointestinal condition that has a detrimental impact on ones quality of life because of acid reflux causing damage to the esophagus. […] This study investigates the prevalence of GERD among medical students in Egypt and explores associated risk factors. […] The prevalence of GERD was found to be 28.4%, with heartburn and regurgitation being the most prevalent symptoms among participants. […] Univariate and multivariate logistic regression revealed family history of GERD and stress after medical school enrollment as significant predictors of GERD symptoms (p=0.043 and p=0.044, respectively). […] GERD has become increasingly common among medical students in Egypt. […] To address this, it is essential to implement counseling programs and raise awareness as initial steps toward reducing GERD prevalence.

• #59 Prevalence and Risk Factors of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

  https://www.e-dmj.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.4093/dmj.2016.40.4.297

  The prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in Korea appears to be increasing. […] Some studies have shown that T2DM is a risk factor for symptomatic GERD. […] The aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence and risk factors (including autonomic neuropathy) of GERD in patients with T2DM. […] The prevalence of GERD (32.6% vs. 35.9%, P=0.266) and GERD symptoms (58.8% vs. 59.2%, P=0.503) was not significantly different between T2DM patients and controls. […] The prevalence of GERD in patients with T2DM showed no difference from that of controls. […] GERD was also not associated with peripheral and cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy, age, or duration of DM in patients with T2DM. […] The prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is reported as 10% to 20% in Western countries, whereas Asian countries have a lower prevalence.

• #60 Prevalence and Risk Factors of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

  https://www.e-dmj.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.4093/dmj.2016.40.4.297

  Recent studies have shown that the prevalence of GERD is increasing in Asia. […] A Korean study reported a prevalence of 18% for erosive esophagitis among patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) who underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) due to various GI symptoms. […] Some studies have shown that T2DM is a risk factor for symptomatic GERD, and a higher prevalence (28%) of abnormal GE reflux appeared among asymptomatic diabetic patients than among the general population. […] However, in the present study, the occurrence rate of GERD of 32.6% in the T2DM group and 35.9% in the control group indicated no significant correlation between the presence of diabetes and GERD. […] Typical GERD symptoms showed a prevalence of 58.8% in the T2DM group and 59.2% in the control group, again indicating no correlation. […] The present study confirmed that the presence of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy and peripheral neuropathy in T2DM patients with GERD and T2DM patients without GERD did not affect the prevalence of GERD.

• #61 Epidemiology of gastroesophageal reflux disease | WHO FCTC

  https://portal-uat.who.int/fctcapps/fctcapps/fctc/kh/wts/wts-database/epidemiology-gastroesophageal-reflux-disease

  The prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) symptoms increased approximately 50% until the mid-1990s, when it plateaued. […] The incidence of complications related to GERD including hospitalization, esophageal strictures, esophageal adenocarcinoma, and mortality also increased during that time period, but the increase in esophageal adenocarcinoma has since slowed, and the incidence of strictures has decreased since the mid-1990s. […] GERD is responsible for the greatest direct costs in the United States of any gastrointestinal disease, and most of those expenditures are for pharmacotherapy. […] Risk factors for GERD include obesity, poor diet, lack of physical activity, consumption of tobacco and alcohol, and respiratory diseases.

• #62 Healthcare Resource Utilization and Costs Among Patients With Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, Barrett’s Esophagus, and Barrett’s Esophagus-Related Neoplasia in the United States | Published in Journal of Health Economics and Outcomes Research

  https://jheor.org/article/68191-healthcare-resource-utilization-and-costs-among-patients-with-gastroesophageal-reflux-disease-barrett-s-esophagus-and-barrett-s-esophagus-related-ne

  Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a risk factor for Barretts esophagus (BE) and BE-related neoplasia (BERN). […] Approximately 25% to 35% of adults in the United States have GERD and, of these patients, 10% to 20% develop BE with a prevalence of 1.6% in the general population. […] Barretts esophagus remains the only known precursor to EAC, one of the most lethal cancers in the United States with a median survival time of 15 months. […] In 2018, the annual healthcare expenditures for esophageal disorders exceeded $12 billion in the United States. […] As the incidence of BE and EAC continues to increase over time, the associated economic burden is likely to increase, necessitating an up-to-date evaluation. […] The aim of this study was to evaluate healthcare resource utilization (HRU) and direct healthcare costs associated with GERD, BE, and BERN.

• #63 The Prevalence and Impact of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease – About GERD

  https://aboutgerd.org/what-is/prevalence/

  Over the past several years, healthcare professionals have become increasingly interested in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) because of its prevalence and impact on the community. […] Studies suggest that approximately one-third of the population has GERD, according to the American Gastroenterological Association. […] A review study published in the journal Gut reports the following range of GERD prevalence estimates in global populations: 18 to 28% North America 9 to 26% Europe 3 to 8% East Asia 9 to 33% Middle East 12% Australia 23% South America. […] According to a recent study on the burden of chronic gastrointestinal disorders, GERD was found to be the most expensive, with direct and indirect costs totaling $10 billion per year.

• #64 The Clinical Relevance of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Laryngopharyngeal Reflux in Clinical Practice | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/61811

  Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) emerges when defense mechanisms fail, leading to the reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus. The prevalence of GERD in the primary care setting seems to be even more evident when one considers that, in the United States, 4.6 million office encounters annually are primarily for GERD, whereas 9.1 million encounters include GERD in the top 3 diagnoses for the encounter. GERD constitutes also the most frequently first-listed gastrointestinal diagnosis in ambulatory care visits. […] In population-based studies, 19.8% of North Americans complain of GERD symptoms, including heartburn and regurgitation, at least weekly. Likewise, in the late 1990s, GERD accounted for $9.3 to $12.1 billion in direct annual healthcare costs in the United States, higher than any other digestive disease. Consequently, acid-suppressive agents are still the leading pharmaceutical expenditure in the United States.

• #65 The Clinical Relevance of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Laryngopharyngeal Reflux in Clinical Practice | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/61811

  Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) emerges when defense mechanisms fail, leading to the reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus. The prevalence of GERD in the primary care setting seems to be even more evident when one considers that, in the United States, 4.6 million office encounters annually are primarily for GERD, whereas 9.1 million encounters include GERD in the top 3 diagnoses for the encounter. GERD constitutes also the most frequently first-listed gastrointestinal diagnosis in ambulatory care visits. […] In population-based studies, 19.8% of North Americans complain of GERD symptoms, including heartburn and regurgitation, at least weekly. Likewise, in the late 1990s, GERD accounted for $9.3 to $12.1 billion in direct annual healthcare costs in the United States, higher than any other digestive disease. Consequently, acid-suppressive agents are still the leading pharmaceutical expenditure in the United States.

• #66 The Clinical Relevance of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Laryngopharyngeal Reflux in Clinical Practice | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/61811

  Estimates of the economic burden of extraesophageal reflux have shown that expenditures for extraesophageal manifestations of reflux could surpass $50 billion, 86% of which could be attributable to pharmaceutical costs. […] Epidemiological studies have shown that the prevalence of laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) may be extremely high, that it has certain characteristics of an outbreak and that it is one of the most common causes of patient visits to their family medicine physicians, but also to otolaryngologists, gastroenterologists, pediatricians, pulmonologists, allergists, and psychiatrists. […] The Montreal Classification gave the most recent consensus definition of GERD. This document defines GERD as heartburn symptoms or complications resulting from the reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus, up to the oral cavity, and lungs.

• #67 Diagnostic and therapeutic management in gastroesophageal reflux disease: consensus of the Polish Society of Gastroenterology – Polish Archives of Internal Medicine

  https://www.mp.pl/paim/issue/article/16196/

  GERD prevalence is estimated at approximately 20%, based on the occurrence of heartburn and / or regurgitation 1-2 times a week. […] The prevalence of GERD is estimated at 8.8%25.9% in Europe, 2.5%7.8% in Asia, 8.7%33.1% in the Middle East, 11.6% in Australia, and 23% in South Africa. […] About 2540% of American adults report heartburn at least once a month, and about 7%10% of patients experience heartburn every day. […] In Poland, among 850 people aged 21-76, GERD symptoms were reported by 36% of the respondents. […] GERD has a negative impact on the patients quality of life. […] Reduced productivity and physical activity are especially reported by patients with frequent symptoms. […] GERD is equally common among men and women but complications are more common in men: erosive esophagitis (about 2 times more often), Barretts esophagus (BE) (about 10 times), and esophageal adenocarcinoma (about 8 times).

• #68 Diagnostic and therapeutic management in gastroesophageal reflux disease: consensus of the Polish Society of Gastroenterology – Polish Archives of Internal Medicine

  https://www.mp.pl/paim/issue/article/16196/

  GERD prevalence is estimated at approximately 20%, based on the occurrence of heartburn and / or regurgitation 1-2 times a week. […] The prevalence of GERD is estimated at 8.8%25.9% in Europe, 2.5%7.8% in Asia, 8.7%33.1% in the Middle East, 11.6% in Australia, and 23% in South Africa. […] About 2540% of American adults report heartburn at least once a month, and about 7%10% of patients experience heartburn every day. […] In Poland, among 850 people aged 21-76, GERD symptoms were reported by 36% of the respondents. […] GERD has a negative impact on the patients quality of life. […] Reduced productivity and physical activity are especially reported by patients with frequent symptoms. […] GERD is equally common among men and women but complications are more common in men: erosive esophagitis (about 2 times more often), Barretts esophagus (BE) (about 10 times), and esophageal adenocarcinoma (about 8 times).

• #69 Self-Assessment Questions – Course #94902: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Adults – NetCE

  https://www.netce.com/studypoints.php?courseid=2881&printable=yes&page=printquestions

  Differences in GERD symptom expression have been suggested, with women more likely to have heartburn, regurgitation, belching, and extraesophageal symptoms than men. […] This suggests differences in upper GI response to reflux exposure, with greater sensitivity and symptoms in women despite less noxious acid exposure. […] However, men are more likely to develop pathologic changes of the esophagus. […] In patients who meet the criteria for GERD, symptoms can impose a serious negative burden on quality of life. […] Disruptive GERD (more than once weekly symptoms) increases patient time off from work and decreases work productivity. […] These patients often have sleep impairment and decreases in physical functioning compared with patients with infrequent symptoms. […] Nocturnal GERD has a greater negative impact on quality of life compared with daytime symptoms. […] One nationwide survey of 1,000 adults with heartburn at least once a week found that 79% reported nocturnal heartburn. […] The prevalence of GERD symptoms has increased in the past few decades.

• #70 Self-Assessment Questions – Course #94902: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Adults – NetCE

  https://www.netce.com/studypoints.php?courseid=2881&printable=yes&page=printquestions

  Differences in GERD symptom expression have been suggested, with women more likely to have heartburn, regurgitation, belching, and extraesophageal symptoms than men. […] This suggests differences in upper GI response to reflux exposure, with greater sensitivity and symptoms in women despite less noxious acid exposure. […] However, men are more likely to develop pathologic changes of the esophagus. […] In patients who meet the criteria for GERD, symptoms can impose a serious negative burden on quality of life. […] Disruptive GERD (more than once weekly symptoms) increases patient time off from work and decreases work productivity. […] These patients often have sleep impairment and decreases in physical functioning compared with patients with infrequent symptoms. […] Nocturnal GERD has a greater negative impact on quality of life compared with daytime symptoms. […] One nationwide survey of 1,000 adults with heartburn at least once a week found that 79% reported nocturnal heartburn. […] The prevalence of GERD symptoms has increased in the past few decades.

• #71 Self-Assessment Questions – Course #94902: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Adults – NetCE

  https://www.netce.com/studypoints.php?courseid=2881&printable=yes&page=printquestions

  Differences in GERD symptom expression have been suggested, with women more likely to have heartburn, regurgitation, belching, and extraesophageal symptoms than men. […] This suggests differences in upper GI response to reflux exposure, with greater sensitivity and symptoms in women despite less noxious acid exposure. […] However, men are more likely to develop pathologic changes of the esophagus. […] In patients who meet the criteria for GERD, symptoms can impose a serious negative burden on quality of life. […] Disruptive GERD (more than once weekly symptoms) increases patient time off from work and decreases work productivity. […] These patients often have sleep impairment and decreases in physical functioning compared with patients with infrequent symptoms. […] Nocturnal GERD has a greater negative impact on quality of life compared with daytime symptoms. […] One nationwide survey of 1,000 adults with heartburn at least once a week found that 79% reported nocturnal heartburn. […] The prevalence of GERD symptoms has increased in the past few decades.

• #72 Self-Assessment Questions – Course #94902: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Adults – NetCE

  https://www.netce.com/studypoints.php?courseid=2881&printable=yes&page=printquestions

  Differences in GERD symptom expression have been suggested, with women more likely to have heartburn, regurgitation, belching, and extraesophageal symptoms than men. […] This suggests differences in upper GI response to reflux exposure, with greater sensitivity and symptoms in women despite less noxious acid exposure. […] However, men are more likely to develop pathologic changes of the esophagus. […] In patients who meet the criteria for GERD, symptoms can impose a serious negative burden on quality of life. […] Disruptive GERD (more than once weekly symptoms) increases patient time off from work and decreases work productivity. […] These patients often have sleep impairment and decreases in physical functioning compared with patients with infrequent symptoms. […] Nocturnal GERD has a greater negative impact on quality of life compared with daytime symptoms. […] One nationwide survey of 1,000 adults with heartburn at least once a week found that 79% reported nocturnal heartburn. […] The prevalence of GERD symptoms has increased in the past few decades.

• #73 Presentation and Epidemiology of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5797499/

  In the US, estimates of the prevalence of GERD symptoms have ranged from 6% to 30%, with heterogeneity related to the particular questionnaire used, including the threshold frequency and duration of symptoms required to be classified as GERD. The prevalence of at least weekly GERD symptoms in the US is approximately 20%. […] Importantly, the prevalence of GERD symptoms in North America, Europe, and Southeast Asia has increased approximately 50% relative to the baseline prevalence in the early to middle 1990s, but has plateaued since then. […] There are approximately 110,000 hospital admissions annually in the US for GERD. […] The predominant complications of GERD include dysphagia (including from peptic strictures, Schatzkis rings), bleeding from erosive esophagitis, and esophageal adenocarcinoma.

• #74 Presentation and Epidemiology of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5797499/

  In 3 population-based studies of patients agreeing to undergo endoscopy regardless of symptoms, the prevalence of erosive esophagitis ranged from 6.4% in China to 15.5% in Sweden. […] Among individuals without symptoms of GERD, the prevalence of erosive esophagitis ranged from 6.1% in China to 9.5% in Sweden. […] Erosive esophagitis may frequently be a transient phenomenon. […] There are a number of well-recognized risk factors for GERD and its complications. […] In North America and in Europe, there is no association between sex and symptoms of GERD, but in South America and in the Middle East, women are approximately 40% more likely to report GERD symptoms than men. […] However, men are at greater risk than women for erosive esophagitis. […] Advancing age has been inconsistently associated with an increased risk for GERD symptoms.

• #75 Presentation and Epidemiology of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5797499/

  In 3 population-based studies of patients agreeing to undergo endoscopy regardless of symptoms, the prevalence of erosive esophagitis ranged from 6.4% in China to 15.5% in Sweden. […] Among individuals without symptoms of GERD, the prevalence of erosive esophagitis ranged from 6.1% in China to 9.5% in Sweden. […] Erosive esophagitis may frequently be a transient phenomenon. […] There are a number of well-recognized risk factors for GERD and its complications. […] In North America and in Europe, there is no association between sex and symptoms of GERD, but in South America and in the Middle East, women are approximately 40% more likely to report GERD symptoms than men. […] However, men are at greater risk than women for erosive esophagitis. […] Advancing age has been inconsistently associated with an increased risk for GERD symptoms.

• #76 Diagnostic and therapeutic management in gastroesophageal reflux disease: consensus of the Polish Society of Gastroenterology – Polish Archives of Internal Medicine

  https://www.mp.pl/paim/issue/article/16196/

  Erosive esophagitis was found in 6.4% of patients in China and 15.5% of patients in Sweden in populational studies of patients undergoing endoscopy, regardless of the reported symptoms. […] A prospective study found erosions in the esophagus in 26% of patients with non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) after 2 years, while in another study, erosive esophagitis was found in a follow-up endoscopy after 5 years in 10% of patients. […] GERD is a risk factor for BE, which affects approximately 2% of the population and may progress to esophageal adenocarcinoma. […] GERD increases the risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma (odds ratio [OR], 7.7; 95% CI, 5.311.4), especially in patients with long-term GERD and severe or daily symptoms. […] The risk, however, is low and accounts for less than 0.001% annually. […] The risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma in patients with BE is clearly greater in those with at least low-grade epithelial dysplasia.

• #77 Gastroesophageal reflux disease and heartburn Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/report/gastroesophageal-reflux-disease-and-heartburn

  Long-term use of PPIs has been linked to an increased risk of hip, wrist, and spine fractures. […] The hallmark symptoms of GERD may occur several times per day and include: Heartburn. A burning sensation in the chest and throat. […] Early diagnosis and treatment is best in order to avoid complications such as changes in the esophagus that can lead to cancer. […] The incidence of esophageal cancer is higher in people with Barrett esophagus. […] Only 10% of people with symptomatic GERD have Barrett esophagus. […] Periodic endoscopy is recommended for detecting cancer at an earlier stage in people who have been diagnosed with Barrett esophagus. […] The risks and benefits of long-term use of proton pump inhibitors: Expert review and best practice advice from the American Gastroenterological Association.

• #78 Diagnostic and therapeutic management in gastroesophageal reflux disease: consensus of the Polish Society of Gastroenterology – Polish Archives of Internal Medicine

  https://www.mp.pl/paim/issue/article/16196/

  Erosive esophagitis was found in 6.4% of patients in China and 15.5% of patients in Sweden in populational studies of patients undergoing endoscopy, regardless of the reported symptoms. […] A prospective study found erosions in the esophagus in 26% of patients with non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) after 2 years, while in another study, erosive esophagitis was found in a follow-up endoscopy after 5 years in 10% of patients. […] GERD is a risk factor for BE, which affects approximately 2% of the population and may progress to esophageal adenocarcinoma. […] GERD increases the risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma (odds ratio [OR], 7.7; 95% CI, 5.311.4), especially in patients with long-term GERD and severe or daily symptoms. […] The risk, however, is low and accounts for less than 0.001% annually. […] The risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma in patients with BE is clearly greater in those with at least low-grade epithelial dysplasia.

• #79 Diagnostic and therapeutic management in gastroesophageal reflux disease: consensus of the Polish Society of Gastroenterology – Polish Archives of Internal Medicine

  https://www.mp.pl/paim/issue/article/16196/

  Erosive esophagitis was found in 6.4% of patients in China and 15.5% of patients in Sweden in populational studies of patients undergoing endoscopy, regardless of the reported symptoms. […] A prospective study found erosions in the esophagus in 26% of patients with non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) after 2 years, while in another study, erosive esophagitis was found in a follow-up endoscopy after 5 years in 10% of patients. […] GERD is a risk factor for BE, which affects approximately 2% of the population and may progress to esophageal adenocarcinoma. […] GERD increases the risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma (odds ratio [OR], 7.7; 95% CI, 5.311.4), especially in patients with long-term GERD and severe or daily symptoms. […] The risk, however, is low and accounts for less than 0.001% annually. […] The risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma in patients with BE is clearly greater in those with at least low-grade epithelial dysplasia.

• #80 Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gerd/symptoms-causes/syc-20361940

  Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) happens when stomach acid flows back up into the esophagus and causes heartburn. It’s often called GERD for short. This backwash is known as acid reflux, and it can irritate the lining of the esophagus. […] GERD is caused by frequent acid reflux or reflux of nonacidic content from the stomach. […] Conditions that can increase the risk of GERD include obesity, bulging of the top of the stomach up above the diaphragm, known as a hiatal hernia, pregnancy, connective tissue disorders, such as scleroderma, and delayed stomach emptying. […] Over time, long-lasting inflammation in the esophagus can cause inflammation of the tissue in the esophagus, known as esophagitis. Stomach acid can break down tissue in the esophagus. This can cause inflammation, bleeding and sometimes an open sore, called an ulcer. […] Damage from acid can cause changes in the tissue lining the lower esophagus. These changes are associated with an increased risk of esophageal cancer.

• #81 Extra-Esophageal Manifestations of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Controversies Between Epidemiology and Clicnic

  https://openrespiratorymedicinejournal.com/VOLUME/6/PAGE/121/FULLTEXT/

  Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is widely associated with asthma, chronic cough, and laryngitis. […] Epidemiological studies have revealed that respiratory problems, such as asthma and cough, are more likely to occur in patients with GERD than in healthy subjects. […] GERD prevalence in patients with asthma has varied widely in different populations, ranging from 30% to 90%. […] In a systematic review that examined 28 studies, a 59.2% weighted-average prevalence of GERD symptoms was observed in patients with asthma, while only 38.1% of controls had these symptoms. […] A very careful study reported by Sontag et al. demonstrated a higher frequency and severity of daytime and nighttime reflux symptoms in asthmatic patients than in appropriate controls. […] In Norway, a recent cohort study in 58,000 subjects reported that asthmatic patients were about 60% more likely to show GERD symptoms than were controls after adjustment for confounding factors.

• #82 Extra-Esophageal Manifestations of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Controversies Between Epidemiology and Clicnic

  https://openrespiratorymedicinejournal.com/VOLUME/6/PAGE/121/FULLTEXT/

  Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is widely associated with asthma, chronic cough, and laryngitis. […] Epidemiological studies have revealed that respiratory problems, such as asthma and cough, are more likely to occur in patients with GERD than in healthy subjects. […] GERD prevalence in patients with asthma has varied widely in different populations, ranging from 30% to 90%. […] In a systematic review that examined 28 studies, a 59.2% weighted-average prevalence of GERD symptoms was observed in patients with asthma, while only 38.1% of controls had these symptoms. […] A very careful study reported by Sontag et al. demonstrated a higher frequency and severity of daytime and nighttime reflux symptoms in asthmatic patients than in appropriate controls. […] In Norway, a recent cohort study in 58,000 subjects reported that asthmatic patients were about 60% more likely to show GERD symptoms than were controls after adjustment for confounding factors.

• #83 Extra-Esophageal Manifestations of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Controversies Between Epidemiology and Clicnic

  https://openrespiratorymedicinejournal.com/VOLUME/6/PAGE/121/FULLTEXT/

  Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is widely associated with asthma, chronic cough, and laryngitis. […] Epidemiological studies have revealed that respiratory problems, such as asthma and cough, are more likely to occur in patients with GERD than in healthy subjects. […] GERD prevalence in patients with asthma has varied widely in different populations, ranging from 30% to 90%. […] In a systematic review that examined 28 studies, a 59.2% weighted-average prevalence of GERD symptoms was observed in patients with asthma, while only 38.1% of controls had these symptoms. […] A very careful study reported by Sontag et al. demonstrated a higher frequency and severity of daytime and nighttime reflux symptoms in asthmatic patients than in appropriate controls. […] In Norway, a recent cohort study in 58,000 subjects reported that asthmatic patients were about 60% more likely to show GERD symptoms than were controls after adjustment for confounding factors.

• #84 Reflux Esophagitis Pathology: Definition, Epidemiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1610393-overview

  Interestingly, a study out of Taiwan by Chen et al showed seasonal variation in the incidence of GERD. Investigators evaluated a total of 76,636 ambulatory care visits for the treatment of GERD between 2001 and 2006 and reported that the incidence of GERD increased in autumn and winter for each sex, age group, as well as combined groups.

• #85 Meta-analysis on the epidemiology of gastroesophageal reflux disease in China

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v28/i45/6410.htm

  Meta-analysis on the epidemiology of gastroesophageal reflux disease in China. The overall pooled prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) was 8.7% in China. Over the past two decades, the prevalence of GERD in China has increased from 6.0% to 10.6%. GERD was more common in people aged 40-60, with body mass index 24, and of Uygur ethnicity. The prevalence was higher in the west and east than in the centre, and there may be a local spatial autocorrelation between the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the southeast. GERD was correlated with gastric (r= 0.421,P = 0.041) and oesophageal tumours (r= 0.511,P = 0.011) in spatial distribution. […] The prevalence of GERD in China is rising. From 6.0% at the beginning of the 21st century to 10.6% at present, there was a significant difference in the prevalence among different periods (P= 0.019). […] The prevalence rate of GERD was higher in people who were over 40 years old, obese and of the Uygur population. The prevalence of GERD was positively correlated with that of oesophageal cancer in terms of spatial distribution.

• #86 Reflux Esophagitis Pathology: Definition, Epidemiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1610393-overview

  A Swedish population-based, cross-sectional study compared the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux symptoms among English and Swedish populations and reported a higher prevalence of reflux symptoms occurring at least twice weekly in English populations compared with Swedish populations. […] With regard to sex-related differences, some studies report no sex predilection. Other studies indicate that males are more likely to develop severe forms of esophagitis and complications such as Barrett esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Conversely, females are more frequently affected by nonerosive reflux disease (NERD) and symptomatic GERD. The prevalence of reflux esophagitis increases with age, particularly in females after their 50s. […] As noted in adults, there is an increasing trend of GERD in the pediatric population too. Nelson et al reported an increased incidence of GERD that ranged from 12% to 50% in children aged 0-18 years between 2000 and 2005.

• #87 Epidemiology of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Asia: A Systematic Review

  https://www.jnmjournal.org/view.html?uid=385&vmd=Full

  The prevalence of endoscopic reflux esophagitis in Eastern Asia increased from 3.4%-5.0% before 2000, to 4.3%-15.7% after 2005. […] The prevalence of GERD in Iran was 6.3%-18.3% from 2005 to 2010, which seemed more prevalent than in Eastern Asia. […] The prevalence in Western Asia was found to be the highest among the whole Asian region as represented by 20% in Turkey. […] The prevalence of GERD showed wide range results as followings: 12.4%-31.7% of symptom-based GERD, 2.3%-14.7% of NERD and 7.1%-20.8% of endoscopic reflux esophagitis. […] The prevalence of Barrett’s esophagus was reported as 0.06%-0.84% in medical check-up and 0.31%-2.00% in the referral hospital settings. […] The general low-fat diet of Asian, their smaller body mass and also their higher prevalence of Helicobacter pylori might be related with the lower prevalence of GERD compared to Western peoples.

• #88 Epidemiology of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Asia: A Systematic Review

  https://www.jnmjournal.org/view.html?uid=385&vmd=Full

  The prevalence of endoscopic reflux esophagitis in Eastern Asia increased from 3.4%-5.0% before 2000, to 4.3%-15.7% after 2005. […] The prevalence of GERD in Iran was 6.3%-18.3% from 2005 to 2010, which seemed more prevalent than in Eastern Asia. […] The prevalence in Western Asia was found to be the highest among the whole Asian region as represented by 20% in Turkey. […] The prevalence of GERD showed wide range results as followings: 12.4%-31.7% of symptom-based GERD, 2.3%-14.7% of NERD and 7.1%-20.8% of endoscopic reflux esophagitis. […] The prevalence of Barrett’s esophagus was reported as 0.06%-0.84% in medical check-up and 0.31%-2.00% in the referral hospital settings. […] The general low-fat diet of Asian, their smaller body mass and also their higher prevalence of Helicobacter pylori might be related with the lower prevalence of GERD compared to Western peoples.

• #89 English | World Gastroenterology Organisation

  https://www.worldgastroenterology.org/guidelines/gastroesophageal-reflux-disease/gastroesophageal-reflux-disease-english

  GERD is a global disease, and evidence suggests that its prevalence is increasing. Prevalence estimates show considerable geographic variation, but it is only in East Asia that prevalence estimates are currently consistently lower than 10%. The high prevalence of GERD, and hence of troublesome symptoms, has significant societal consequences, impacting adversely on work productivity and many other quality-of-life aspects for individual patients. […] Robust epidemiological studies are still lacking for developed countries, such as Japan, as well as from many emerging economies including Russia, India, and the African continent. There are also few data regarding the prevalence of GERD in pediatric populations, the incidence of GERD, its natural history, and its causes. […] Most epidemiological studies of the condition are symptom-based. As symptom-based diagnosis is challenging, the epidemiological data on the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux symptoms (GERS) are probably flawed. This is in part because the description and nomenclature of reflux symptoms varies between regions, and in part because upper gastrointestinal symptoms (dyspeptic symptoms) may be described similarly by patients who have a variety of upper gastrointestinal diagnoses, including peptic ulcer disease, nonulcer dyspepsia, dysmotility, or GERD. Nonetheless, it is instructive to report the prevalence of dyspeptic symptoms across the globe, as these data affect the pretest probability that upper gastrointestinal symptoms are attributable to gastroesophageal reflux.

• #90 English | World Gastroenterology Organisation

  https://www.worldgastroenterology.org/guidelines/gastroesophageal-reflux-disease/gastroesophageal-reflux-disease-english

  GERD is a global disease, and evidence suggests that its prevalence is increasing. Prevalence estimates show considerable geographic variation, but it is only in East Asia that prevalence estimates are currently consistently lower than 10%. The high prevalence of GERD, and hence of troublesome symptoms, has significant societal consequences, impacting adversely on work productivity and many other quality-of-life aspects for individual patients. […] Robust epidemiological studies are still lacking for developed countries, such as Japan, as well as from many emerging economies including Russia, India, and the African continent. There are also few data regarding the prevalence of GERD in pediatric populations, the incidence of GERD, its natural history, and its causes. […] Most epidemiological studies of the condition are symptom-based. As symptom-based diagnosis is challenging, the epidemiological data on the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux symptoms (GERS) are probably flawed. This is in part because the description and nomenclature of reflux symptoms varies between regions, and in part because upper gastrointestinal symptoms (dyspeptic symptoms) may be described similarly by patients who have a variety of upper gastrointestinal diagnoses, including peptic ulcer disease, nonulcer dyspepsia, dysmotility, or GERD. Nonetheless, it is instructive to report the prevalence of dyspeptic symptoms across the globe, as these data affect the pretest probability that upper gastrointestinal symptoms are attributable to gastroesophageal reflux.

• #91 English | World Gastroenterology Organisation

  https://www.worldgastroenterology.org/guidelines/gastroesophageal-reflux-disease/gastroesophageal-reflux-disease-english

  GERD is a global disease, and evidence suggests that its prevalence is increasing. Prevalence estimates show considerable geographic variation, but it is only in East Asia that prevalence estimates are currently consistently lower than 10%. The high prevalence of GERD, and hence of troublesome symptoms, has significant societal consequences, impacting adversely on work productivity and many other quality-of-life aspects for individual patients. […] Robust epidemiological studies are still lacking for developed countries, such as Japan, as well as from many emerging economies including Russia, India, and the African continent. There are also few data regarding the prevalence of GERD in pediatric populations, the incidence of GERD, its natural history, and its causes. […] Most epidemiological studies of the condition are symptom-based. As symptom-based diagnosis is challenging, the epidemiological data on the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux symptoms (GERS) are probably flawed. This is in part because the description and nomenclature of reflux symptoms varies between regions, and in part because upper gastrointestinal symptoms (dyspeptic symptoms) may be described similarly by patients who have a variety of upper gastrointestinal diagnoses, including peptic ulcer disease, nonulcer dyspepsia, dysmotility, or GERD. Nonetheless, it is instructive to report the prevalence of dyspeptic symptoms across the globe, as these data affect the pretest probability that upper gastrointestinal symptoms are attributable to gastroesophageal reflux.

• #92 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) – Gastrointestinal Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/esophageal-and-swallowing-disorders/gastroesophageal-reflux-disease-gerd

  Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is common. The prevalence varies widely depending on the population being studied; some estimates range from 10 to 20% of adults (1). […] Diagnosis is clinical, sometimes with endoscopy, with or without acid testing. […] Endoscopy, with cytologic washings and/or biopsy of abnormal areas, is the test of choice. Endoscopic biopsy is the only test that consistently detects the columnar mucosal changes of Barrett esophagus. […] Per the Lyon Consensus, grades C and D esophagitis are objective evidence of GERD (2). […] Barrett esophagus may or may not regress with medical or surgical therapy. […] Because Barrett esophagus is a precursor to adenocarcinoma, endoscopic surveillance for malignant transformation is recommended every 3 to 5 years in nondysplastic disease.

• #93 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) – Gastrointestinal Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/esophageal-and-swallowing-disorders/gastroesophageal-reflux-disease-gerd

  Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is common. The prevalence varies widely depending on the population being studied; some estimates range from 10 to 20% of adults (1). […] Diagnosis is clinical, sometimes with endoscopy, with or without acid testing. […] Endoscopy, with cytologic washings and/or biopsy of abnormal areas, is the test of choice. Endoscopic biopsy is the only test that consistently detects the columnar mucosal changes of Barrett esophagus. […] Per the Lyon Consensus, grades C and D esophagitis are objective evidence of GERD (2). […] Barrett esophagus may or may not regress with medical or surgical therapy. […] Because Barrett esophagus is a precursor to adenocarcinoma, endoscopic surveillance for malignant transformation is recommended every 3 to 5 years in nondysplastic disease.

• #94 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) – Gastrointestinal Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/esophageal-and-swallowing-disorders/gastroesophageal-reflux-disease-gerd

  Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is common. The prevalence varies widely depending on the population being studied; some estimates range from 10 to 20% of adults (1). […] Diagnosis is clinical, sometimes with endoscopy, with or without acid testing. […] Endoscopy, with cytologic washings and/or biopsy of abnormal areas, is the test of choice. Endoscopic biopsy is the only test that consistently detects the columnar mucosal changes of Barrett esophagus. […] Per the Lyon Consensus, grades C and D esophagitis are objective evidence of GERD (2). […] Barrett esophagus may or may not regress with medical or surgical therapy. […] Because Barrett esophagus is a precursor to adenocarcinoma, endoscopic surveillance for malignant transformation is recommended every 3 to 5 years in nondysplastic disease.

• #95 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) – Gastrointestinal Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/esophageal-and-swallowing-disorders/gastroesophageal-reflux-disease-gerd

  Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is common. The prevalence varies widely depending on the population being studied; some estimates range from 10 to 20% of adults (1). […] Diagnosis is clinical, sometimes with endoscopy, with or without acid testing. […] Endoscopy, with cytologic washings and/or biopsy of abnormal areas, is the test of choice. Endoscopic biopsy is the only test that consistently detects the columnar mucosal changes of Barrett esophagus. […] Per the Lyon Consensus, grades C and D esophagitis are objective evidence of GERD (2). […] Barrett esophagus may or may not regress with medical or surgical therapy. […] Because Barrett esophagus is a precursor to adenocarcinoma, endoscopic surveillance for malignant transformation is recommended every 3 to 5 years in nondysplastic disease.

• #96 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) – Gastrointestinal Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/esophageal-and-swallowing-disorders/gastroesophageal-reflux-disease-gerd

  Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is common. The prevalence varies widely depending on the population being studied; some estimates range from 10 to 20% of adults (1). […] Diagnosis is clinical, sometimes with endoscopy, with or without acid testing. […] Endoscopy, with cytologic washings and/or biopsy of abnormal areas, is the test of choice. Endoscopic biopsy is the only test that consistently detects the columnar mucosal changes of Barrett esophagus. […] Per the Lyon Consensus, grades C and D esophagitis are objective evidence of GERD (2). […] Barrett esophagus may or may not regress with medical or surgical therapy. […] Because Barrett esophagus is a precursor to adenocarcinoma, endoscopic surveillance for malignant transformation is recommended every 3 to 5 years in nondysplastic disease.

• #97 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) – Gastrointestinal Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/esophageal-and-swallowing-disorders/gastroesophageal-reflux-disease-gerd

  Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is common. The prevalence varies widely depending on the population being studied; some estimates range from 10 to 20% of adults (1). […] Diagnosis is clinical, sometimes with endoscopy, with or without acid testing. […] Endoscopy, with cytologic washings and/or biopsy of abnormal areas, is the test of choice. Endoscopic biopsy is the only test that consistently detects the columnar mucosal changes of Barrett esophagus. […] Per the Lyon Consensus, grades C and D esophagitis are objective evidence of GERD (2). […] Barrett esophagus may or may not regress with medical or surgical therapy. […] Because Barrett esophagus is a precursor to adenocarcinoma, endoscopic surveillance for malignant transformation is recommended every 3 to 5 years in nondysplastic disease.

• #98 Unveiling the intricacies: Insight into gastroesophageal reflux disease

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v31/i1/98479.htm

  Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) poses a substantial global health challenge, with prevalence rates exhibiting geographical variation. […] The global prevalence of GERD, despite its widespread discussion, remains uncertain due to several factors. Chief among these is the absence of a universally accepted definition of GERD. […] After reviewing research around the globe, many experts have employed heartburn and/or regurgitation occurring at least once a week as a threshold for GERD. […] GERD is among the most prevalent gastrointestinal motility disorders affecting individuals of all ages and is characterized by a range of uncomfortable symptoms, including chest pain, heartburn, sour taste in the mouth, bad breath (halitosis), vomiting, difficulty swallowing (dysphagia), and respiratory issues.

• #99 Unveiling the intricacies: Insight into gastroesophageal reflux disease

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v31/i1/98479.htm

  Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) poses a substantial global health challenge, with prevalence rates exhibiting geographical variation. […] The global prevalence of GERD, despite its widespread discussion, remains uncertain due to several factors. Chief among these is the absence of a universally accepted definition of GERD. […] After reviewing research around the globe, many experts have employed heartburn and/or regurgitation occurring at least once a week as a threshold for GERD. […] GERD is among the most prevalent gastrointestinal motility disorders affecting individuals of all ages and is characterized by a range of uncomfortable symptoms, including chest pain, heartburn, sour taste in the mouth, bad breath (halitosis), vomiting, difficulty swallowing (dysphagia), and respiratory issues.

• #100 English | World Gastroenterology Organisation

  https://www.worldgastroenterology.org/guidelines/gastroesophageal-reflux-disease/gastroesophageal-reflux-disease-english

  GERD is a global disease, and evidence suggests that its prevalence is increasing. Prevalence estimates show considerable geographic variation, but it is only in East Asia that prevalence estimates are currently consistently lower than 10%. The high prevalence of GERD, and hence of troublesome symptoms, has significant societal consequences, impacting adversely on work productivity and many other quality-of-life aspects for individual patients. […] Robust epidemiological studies are still lacking for developed countries, such as Japan, as well as from many emerging economies including Russia, India, and the African continent. There are also few data regarding the prevalence of GERD in pediatric populations, the incidence of GERD, its natural history, and its causes. […] Most epidemiological studies of the condition are symptom-based. As symptom-based diagnosis is challenging, the epidemiological data on the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux symptoms (GERS) are probably flawed. This is in part because the description and nomenclature of reflux symptoms varies between regions, and in part because upper gastrointestinal symptoms (dyspeptic symptoms) may be described similarly by patients who have a variety of upper gastrointestinal diagnoses, including peptic ulcer disease, nonulcer dyspepsia, dysmotility, or GERD. Nonetheless, it is instructive to report the prevalence of dyspeptic symptoms across the globe, as these data affect the pretest probability that upper gastrointestinal symptoms are attributable to gastroesophageal reflux.

• #101 Increasing global burden of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease | Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-020-0298-4

  A systematic review has used data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors Study to report the burden of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in 195 countries between 1990 and 2017. […] From 144 location-years of prevalence data, a mean estimate of age-standardized prevalence for all locations in 2017 was determined, ranging between 4,40814,035 cases per 100,000 population. […] Although global age-standardized prevalence was stable between 1990 and 2017, the all-age prevalence increased by 18.1%, suggesting that the epidemiology of GERD has not changed but that the burden of disease is increasing as a result of ageing and population growth.

• #102 Increasing global burden of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease | Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-020-0298-4

  A systematic review has used data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors Study to report the burden of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in 195 countries between 1990 and 2017. […] From 144 location-years of prevalence data, a mean estimate of age-standardized prevalence for all locations in 2017 was determined, ranging between 4,40814,035 cases per 100,000 population. […] Although global age-standardized prevalence was stable between 1990 and 2017, the all-age prevalence increased by 18.1%, suggesting that the epidemiology of GERD has not changed but that the burden of disease is increasing as a result of ageing and population growth.

• #103 Global Prevalence and Risk Factors of Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Disease (GORD): Systematic Review with Meta-analysis | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-62795-1

  Although gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) is a common medical complaint, there is currently no consensus on the global prevalence of GORD. […] The global pooled prevalence of GORD was 13.98% and varied greatly according to region (12.88% in Latin America and the Caribbean to 19.55% in North America) and country (4.16% in China to 22.40% in Turkey). […] Using the United Nations 2017 Revision of World Population Prospects, the estimated number of individuals suffering from GORD globally is 1.03 billion. […] This systematic review and meta-analysis revealed that although a substantial proportion (13.98%) of the global population suffers from GORD, there are significant variations between regions and countries. […] A recent systematic review and meta-analysis conducted by Eusebi et al. 2017 included 108 studies and assessed the global prevalence of, and risk factors for, gastric reflux symptoms rather the prevalence of GORD.

• #104 Update on the epidemiology of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: a systematic review | Gut

  https://gut.bmj.com/content/63/6/871

  Objective To update the findings of the 2005 systematic review of population-based studies assessing the epidemiology of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD). […] Results 16 studies of GERD epidemiology published since the original review were found to be suitable for inclusion (15 reporting prevalence and one reporting incidence), and were added to the 13 prevalence and two incidence studies found previously. The range of GERD prevalence estimates was 18.1%27.8% in North America, 8.8%25.9% in Europe, 2.5%7.8% in East Asia, 8.7%33.1% in the Middle East, 11.6% in Australia and 23.0% in South America. Incidence per 1000 person-years was approximately 5 in the overall UK and US populations, and 0.84 in paediatric patients aged 117years in the UK. Evidence suggests an increase in GERD prevalence since 1995 (p0.0001), particularly in North America and East Asia. […] Conclusions GERD is prevalent worldwide, and disease burden may be increasing. Prevalence estimates show considerable geographic variation, but only East Asia shows estimates consistently lower than 10%.

• #105 Presentation and Epidemiology of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5797499/

  In the US, estimates of the prevalence of GERD symptoms have ranged from 6% to 30%, with heterogeneity related to the particular questionnaire used, including the threshold frequency and duration of symptoms required to be classified as GERD. The prevalence of at least weekly GERD symptoms in the US is approximately 20%. […] Importantly, the prevalence of GERD symptoms in North America, Europe, and Southeast Asia has increased approximately 50% relative to the baseline prevalence in the early to middle 1990s, but has plateaued since then. […] There are approximately 110,000 hospital admissions annually in the US for GERD. […] The predominant complications of GERD include dysphagia (including from peptic strictures, Schatzkis rings), bleeding from erosive esophagitis, and esophageal adenocarcinoma.

• #106 Epidemiology of gastroesophageal reflux disease | WHO FCTC

  https://portal-uat.who.int/fctcapps/fctcapps/fctc/kh/wts/wts-database/epidemiology-gastroesophageal-reflux-disease

  The prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) symptoms increased approximately 50% until the mid-1990s, when it plateaued. […] The incidence of complications related to GERD including hospitalization, esophageal strictures, esophageal adenocarcinoma, and mortality also increased during that time period, but the increase in esophageal adenocarcinoma has since slowed, and the incidence of strictures has decreased since the mid-1990s. […] GERD is responsible for the greatest direct costs in the United States of any gastrointestinal disease, and most of those expenditures are for pharmacotherapy. […] Risk factors for GERD include obesity, poor diet, lack of physical activity, consumption of tobacco and alcohol, and respiratory diseases.

• #107 Global Prevalence and Risk Factors of Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Disease (GORD): Systematic Review with Meta-analysis | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-62795-1

  Stratified pooled prevalence of GORD by BMI showed an increase in GORD prevalence as BMI increased. […] The prevalence of GORD was highest in subjects with low education level (16.78%), followed by those with medium education level (11.52%), and the lowest GORD prevalence was seen in those with a high education level (8.98%). […] When the pooled prevalence of GORD was stratified according to marriage status, the highest prevalence of GORD was found in divorced/separated/widowed individuals (22.95%) followed by married individuals (15.98%), and the lowest GORD prevalence was seen in single individuals (12.85%). […] The pooled prevalence of GORD according to NSAIDs/aspirin use showed a significantly greater prevalence of GORD in subjects using NSAIDs/aspirin (24.47%) compared with those who do not (17.34%).

• #108 Global Prevalence and Risk Factors of Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Disease (GORD): Systematic Review with Meta-analysis | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-62795-1

  The area of domicile also had a significant effect on the prevalence of GORD. The pooled prevalence of GORD in subjects living in an urban area was the highest (13.43%) followed by subjects living in a rural area (11.70%). […] The pooled prevalence of GORD according to smoking habits showed that subjects who currently smoke had a higher prevalence of GORD (18.40%) compared with ex-smokers (16.83%) and non-smokers (15.55%). […] Subjects with a low income had a significantly higher prevalence of GORD (11.69%) than those with a medium income (8.42%) and those with a high income (7.68%). […] The effect of dietary intake of certain food and drinks (spicy food, sweet food, meat/fish, carbonated drinks, fatty food, fried food, and coffee/tea) on the pooled prevalence of GORD was also investigated.

• #109 Presentation and Epidemiology of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5797499/

  In the US, estimates of the prevalence of GERD symptoms have ranged from 6% to 30%, with heterogeneity related to the particular questionnaire used, including the threshold frequency and duration of symptoms required to be classified as GERD. The prevalence of at least weekly GERD symptoms in the US is approximately 20%. […] Importantly, the prevalence of GERD symptoms in North America, Europe, and Southeast Asia has increased approximately 50% relative to the baseline prevalence in the early to middle 1990s, but has plateaued since then. […] There are approximately 110,000 hospital admissions annually in the US for GERD. […] The predominant complications of GERD include dysphagia (including from peptic strictures, Schatzkis rings), bleeding from erosive esophagitis, and esophageal adenocarcinoma.

• #110 Diagnostic and therapeutic management in gastroesophageal reflux disease: consensus of the Polish Society of Gastroenterology – Polish Archives of Internal Medicine

  https://www.mp.pl/paim/issue/article/16196/

  Erosive esophagitis was found in 6.4% of patients in China and 15.5% of patients in Sweden in populational studies of patients undergoing endoscopy, regardless of the reported symptoms. […] A prospective study found erosions in the esophagus in 26% of patients with non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) after 2 years, while in another study, erosive esophagitis was found in a follow-up endoscopy after 5 years in 10% of patients. […] GERD is a risk factor for BE, which affects approximately 2% of the population and may progress to esophageal adenocarcinoma. […] GERD increases the risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma (odds ratio [OR], 7.7; 95% CI, 5.311.4), especially in patients with long-term GERD and severe or daily symptoms. […] The risk, however, is low and accounts for less than 0.001% annually. […] The risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma in patients with BE is clearly greater in those with at least low-grade epithelial dysplasia.

• #111 Extra-Esophageal Manifestations of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Controversies Between Epidemiology and Clicnic

  https://openrespiratorymedicinejournal.com/VOLUME/6/PAGE/121/FULLTEXT/

  Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is widely associated with asthma, chronic cough, and laryngitis. […] Epidemiological studies have revealed that respiratory problems, such as asthma and cough, are more likely to occur in patients with GERD than in healthy subjects. […] GERD prevalence in patients with asthma has varied widely in different populations, ranging from 30% to 90%. […] In a systematic review that examined 28 studies, a 59.2% weighted-average prevalence of GERD symptoms was observed in patients with asthma, while only 38.1% of controls had these symptoms. […] A very careful study reported by Sontag et al. demonstrated a higher frequency and severity of daytime and nighttime reflux symptoms in asthmatic patients than in appropriate controls. […] In Norway, a recent cohort study in 58,000 subjects reported that asthmatic patients were about 60% more likely to show GERD symptoms than were controls after adjustment for confounding factors.

• #112 Unveiling the intricacies: Insight into gastroesophageal reflux disease

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v31/i1/98479.htm

  Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) poses a substantial global health challenge, with prevalence rates exhibiting geographical variation. […] The global prevalence of GERD, despite its widespread discussion, remains uncertain due to several factors. Chief among these is the absence of a universally accepted definition of GERD. […] After reviewing research around the globe, many experts have employed heartburn and/or regurgitation occurring at least once a week as a threshold for GERD. […] GERD is among the most prevalent gastrointestinal motility disorders affecting individuals of all ages and is characterized by a range of uncomfortable symptoms, including chest pain, heartburn, sour taste in the mouth, bad breath (halitosis), vomiting, difficulty swallowing (dysphagia), and respiratory issues.

• #113 English | World Gastroenterology Organisation

  https://www.worldgastroenterology.org/guidelines/gastroesophageal-reflux-disease/gastroesophageal-reflux-disease-english

  GERD is a global disease, and evidence suggests that its prevalence is increasing. Prevalence estimates show considerable geographic variation, but it is only in East Asia that prevalence estimates are currently consistently lower than 10%. The high prevalence of GERD, and hence of troublesome symptoms, has significant societal consequences, impacting adversely on work productivity and many other quality-of-life aspects for individual patients. […] Robust epidemiological studies are still lacking for developed countries, such as Japan, as well as from many emerging economies including Russia, India, and the African continent. There are also few data regarding the prevalence of GERD in pediatric populations, the incidence of GERD, its natural history, and its causes. […] Most epidemiological studies of the condition are symptom-based. As symptom-based diagnosis is challenging, the epidemiological data on the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux symptoms (GERS) are probably flawed. This is in part because the description and nomenclature of reflux symptoms varies between regions, and in part because upper gastrointestinal symptoms (dyspeptic symptoms) may be described similarly by patients who have a variety of upper gastrointestinal diagnoses, including peptic ulcer disease, nonulcer dyspepsia, dysmotility, or GERD. Nonetheless, it is instructive to report the prevalence of dyspeptic symptoms across the globe, as these data affect the pretest probability that upper gastrointestinal symptoms are attributable to gastroesophageal reflux.

• #114 Increasing global burden of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease | Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-020-0298-4

  A systematic review has used data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors Study to report the burden of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in 195 countries between 1990 and 2017. […] From 144 location-years of prevalence data, a mean estimate of age-standardized prevalence for all locations in 2017 was determined, ranging between 4,40814,035 cases per 100,000 population. […] Although global age-standardized prevalence was stable between 1990 and 2017, the all-age prevalence increased by 18.1%, suggesting that the epidemiology of GERD has not changed but that the burden of disease is increasing as a result of ageing and population growth.

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