Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gerd/symptoms-causes/syc-20361940

  Acid reflux happens when the sphincter muscle at the lower end of the esophagus relaxes at the wrong time, allowing stomach acid to back up into the esophagus. This can cause heartburn and other symptoms. Frequent or constant reflux can lead to GERD. […] Gastroesophageal reflux disease happens when stomach acid flows back up into the esophagus and causes heartburn. It’s often called GERD for short. This backwash is known as acid reflux, and it can irritate the lining of the esophagus. […] Many people experience acid reflux now and then. However, when acid reflux happens repeatedly over time, it can cause GERD. […] Common symptoms of GERD include: A burning sensation in the chest, often called heartburn. Heartburn usually happens after eating and might be worse at night or while lying down. Backwash of food or sour liquid in the throat. Upper belly or chest pain. Trouble swallowing, called dysphagia. Sensation of a lump in the throat.

• #2 Acid Reflux & GERD: Symptoms, What It Is, Causes, Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17019-acid-reflux-gerd

  Acid reflux might happen after a large, rich meal, or when you lie down too soon after dinner. Stomach acid rises into your esophagus, causing heartburn and other symptoms. Occasional acid reflux is manageable at home, but chronic acid reflux (GERD) might need treatment. GERD can damage your esophagus tissues over time. […] Chronic acid reflux can really affect your quality of life, and it can also do real damage to your tissues. […] GERD stands for gastroesophageal reflux disease. […] Acid reflux is considered chronic when you’ve had it at least twice a week for several weeks. […] Symptoms of acid reflux and GERD may include: Backwash. You might notice acid, food or liquids backwashing from your stomach into your throat after eating. This is also called regurgitation. You might notice the sour taste of the acid. A burning feeling. Acid literally burns the tissues in your esophagus. If it feels like it’s in your chest, it’s called heartburn. If it feels closer to your stomach, you might call it acid indigestion. Noncardiac chest pain. Some people feel pain in their esophagus that doesn’t feel like burning. Esophagus pain triggers the same nerves as heart-related pain does, so it might feel like that. Nausea. Acid overflow or backwash may make you feel queasy or make you lose your appetite. Although you may have eaten a while ago, it may feel like there’s still more food to digest. Sore throat. If acid rises into your throat, it can make it sore. It might feel like there’s a lump in your throat, or like it’s hard to swallow. Reflux into your throat often happens at night. Asthma symptoms. GERD can trigger asthma-like symptoms, like chronic coughing, wheezing and shortness of breath. If acid particles get into your airways, it can make them contract.

• #2 Symptoms & Causes of GER & GERD – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/acid-reflux-ger-gerd-adults/symptoms-causes

  Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) commonly cause symptoms such as heartburn, a painful, burning feeling in the middle of your chest, behind your breastbone, rising from the lower tip of your breastbone toward your throat […] regurgitation, or stomach contents coming back up through your esophagus and into your throat or mouth, which may cause you to taste food or stomach acid. However, not all adults with GERD have heartburn or regurgitation. Other symptoms may include chest pain […] nausea […] problems swallowing or pain while swallowing […] symptoms of complications in the mouth, throat, or lungs, such as chronic cough or hoarseness. Symptoms of GERD may include chronic cough. You should see a doctor if you think you have GERD, or if your symptoms dont get better with over-the-counter medicines or lifestyle changes. You should also see a doctor if you have symptoms that could be related to GERD complications or other serious health problems, such as chest pain […] loss of appetite […] persistent vomiting […] problems swallowing or pain while swallowing […] signs of bleeding in the digestive tract, such as vomit that contains blood or looks like coffee grounds […] stool that contains blood or looks black and tarry […] unexplained weight loss.

• #3 Gastroesophageal reflux disease | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/stomach-liver-and-gastrointestinal-tract/gastro-oesophageal-reflux-disease-gord/

  GORD causes symptoms such as heartburn and an unpleasant taste in the back of the mouth. It may just be an occasional nuisance for some people, but for others it can be a severe, lifelong problem. […] Symptoms of GORD can include: heartburn (an uncomfortable burning sensation in the chest that often occurs after eating), acid reflux (where stomach acid comes back up into your mouth and causes an unpleasant, sour taste), oesophagitis (a sore, inflamed oesophagus), bad breath, bloating and belching, feeling or being sick, pain when swallowing and/or difficulty swallowing. […] The main symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) are heartburn and acid reflux. […] Acid reflux is where acid and other stomach contents are brought back up (regurgitated) into your throat and mouth. It usually causes an unpleasant, sour taste at the back of your mouth.

• #3 Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gerd/symptoms-causes/syc-20361940

  If you have nighttime acid reflux, you also might experience: An ongoing cough. Inflammation of the vocal cords, known as laryngitis. New or worsening asthma. […] GERD is caused by frequent acid reflux or reflux of nonacidic content from the stomach. […] If the sphincter does not relax as is typical or it weakens, stomach acid can flow back into the esophagus. This constant backwash of acid irritates the lining of the esophagus, often causing it to become inflamed. […] Over time, long-lasting inflammation in the esophagus can cause: Inflammation of the tissue in the esophagus, known as esophagitis. Stomach acid can break down tissue in the esophagus. This can cause inflammation, bleeding and sometimes an open sore, called an ulcer. Esophagitis can cause pain and make swallowing difficult.

• #4 GERD (Acid Reflux): Symptoms, Treatment, Causes and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/gerd

  Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is when the contents of your stomach persistently move back up into your esophagus. These contents sometimes contain excessive acid and may cause irritation and pain. […] Many people may experience acid reflux, indigestion, or heartburn from time to time. However, if you experience acid reflux symptoms more than twice per week, you may have gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). […] GERD affects about 20% of people in the United States. If left untreated, it may lead to serious complications. […] The most common symptom of GERD is persistent heartburn, which may involve: a burning feeling in your stomach that may rise to your chest, neck, and throat; a sour or bitter taste at the back of your mouth; regurgitation of food or liquid from your stomach into your mouth.

• #5 GERD Symptoms: Signs of Acid Reflux Disease – GERDHelp.com

  https://www.gerdhelp.com/about-gerd/symptoms/

  GERD can look and feel different for each patient. Although chronic reflux can entail a wide range of symptoms, they can be broadly grouped as typical or atypical depending on their severity. […] Mild sufferers may experience heartburn and regurgitation on occasion, perhaps after indulging in a heavy meal or greasy or acidic foods. […] Severe chronic GERD sufferers can experience symptoms as often as several times a week or even daily. […] Typical or common GERD symptoms include the following: Heartburn, Difficulty swallowing, Excessive salivation, Regurgitation, Gas and bloating, Pain or discomfort in the chest, Intolerance of certain foods and liquids, Bad breath or a sour taste in the mouth. […] Atypical or other less common GERD symptoms include the following: Hoarseness or laryngitis, Frequent swallowing, Asthma or asthma-like symptoms, Excessive clearing of the throat, Chronic dry, irritated, or sore throat, Persistent cough, Burning in the mouth or throat (acid taste in the mouth), Dental erosions or therapy-resistant gum disease or inflammation, Discomfort in the ears and nose, Trouble sleeping. […] Having heartburn or reflux from time to time is normal. Reflux that becomes chronic and impacts your lifestyle is not normal. […] If you suffer reflux symptoms more than twice a week, you may have GERD.

• #6

  https://www.aurorahealthcare.org/services/gastroenterology-colorectal-surgery/gastroesohageal-reflux-gerd

  When acid reflux starts to happen frequently and you have other symptoms, you may have developed gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). […] Symptoms of GERD start with frequent heartburn and may also include: A sour taste in the mouth, Regurgitation (when stomach contents back up into the mouth), Nausea, Burping, Bloating, Dry cough or throat clearing repeatedly, Sore throat, hoarseness or laryngitis, Shortness of breath, Asthma, Wearing away of tooth enamel, Trouble swallowing or feeling like there’s a lump in the throat, Chest pain (severe chest pain could be something more serious than gastroesophageal reflux disease and requires immediate medical help). […] When babies have acid reflux or gastroesophageal reflux disease, they may be fussy or arch their backs during feedings. They may spit up more than normal and even vomit. They may not gain weight well. If your child has these acid reflux or GERD symptoms especially if they aren’t gaining as much weight as they should they should be evaluated by their pediatrician.

• #7 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

  https://www.aaaai.org/conditions-treatments/related-conditions/gastroesophageal-reflux-disease

  Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a digestive disorder that occurs when acidic stomach juices, or food and fluids back up from the stomach into the esophagus. GERD affects people of all ages from infants to older adults. […] Symptoms Everyone has experienced gastroesophageal reflux. It happens when you burp, have an acid taste in your mouth or have heartburn. However, if these symptoms interfere with your daily life it is time to see your physician. […] Other symptoms that occur less frequently but can indicate that you could have GERD are: Acid regurgitation (retasting your food after eating) Difficulty or pain when swallowing Sudden excess of saliva Chronic sore throat Laryngitis or hoarseness Inflammation of the gums Cavities Bad breath A recurrent or chronic cough Chest pain (seek immediate medical help) […] If you have both GERD and asthma, managing your GERD will help control your asthma symptoms. […] Studies have shown that people with asthma and GERD saw a decrease in asthma symptoms (and asthma medication use) after treating their reflux disease.

• #8 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6140167/

  Notably, GERD is a common cause of non-cardiac chest pain. It is important to distinguish between the underlying cause of the chest pain because of the potentially serious implications of cardiac chest pain and varied diagnostic and treatment algorithms based on etiology. […] Although classic symptoms of GERD are easily recognized, extraesophageal manifestations of GERD are also common but not always recognized. Extraesophageal symptoms are more likely due to reflux into the larynx, resulting in throat clearing and hoarseness. […] It is important to screen patients for alarm symptoms associated with GERD as these should prompt endoscopic evaluation. Alarm symptoms may suggest a possible underlying malignancy. […] GERD symptoms should be considered as distinct from dyspepsia. Dyspepsia is defined as epigastric discomfort, without heartburn or acid regurgitation, lasting longer than one month.

• #9 Atypical Presentations of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2008/0815/p483.html

  Classic reflux symptoms are not always present in patients with GERD. A significant number of patients with GERD present with atypical or extraesophageal symptoms. […] GERD may manifest atypically as respiratory, nasopharyngeal, or cardiac symptoms. Classic reflux symptoms are absent in 40 to 60 percent of patients with asthma, 57 to 94 percent of patients with ear, nose, and throat (ENT) symptoms, and 43 to 75 percent of patients with chronic cough in whom reflux is suspected as the primary etiology. […] Patients with alarm symptoms should undergo prompt endoscopy regardless of whether other symptoms are typical or atypical. […] Although cause-and-effect relationships between GERD and atypical symptoms are not always clear, one proposed explanation involves direct contact and microaspiration of small amounts of noxious gastric contents into the larynx and upper bronchial tree, which triggers local irritation and cough.

• #10 The Stages of GERD | Cooper University Health Care

  https://www.cooperhealth.org/services/gastroesophageal-reflux-disease-gerd/stages-of-gerd

  The stages of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), occurs when the contents of the stomach flow back up into the esophagus (reflux). Although GERD is common, the condition is chronic and knowing what stage of GERD you have is important for ensuring you receive the proper treatment. The stage of GERD is determined by the frequency and severity of your symptoms. […] Receiving the appropriate treatment for your particular stage of GERD is important for keeping your condition from getting worse. GERD is considered a chronic disease and may not be entirely curable. Working with your doctor on a treatment plan that aligns with your stage of GERD will help manage your symptoms and halt the progression of the condition. […] Stage 1 GERD may include; Heartburn, Chest pain, Feeling like there is a lump at the back of your throat, Regurgitation of food or liquid.

• #11 Advanced stages of GERD: Progression, diagnosis, risks

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/advanced-stages-of-gerd

  Advanced stages of GERD involve worsening symptoms and can lead to complications that will also need treatment. These include asthma, chronic cough, and laryngitis. […] Gastroesophageal reflux disease, commonly called GERD, is a chronic condition that happens when the acids in the stomach back up into the esophagus. There are several stages of GERD, ranging from mild to severe. […] The symptoms a person experiences help a doctor with staging GERD in a person. […] There are four stages of GERD. […] About 10% of people living with unmanaged reflux will advance to stage 4 GERD. […] Advanced stages of GERD occur when a persons acid reflux goes untreated for a long period of time. About 15% of people living with GERD are at stage 3, while about 10% of people living with GERD will progress to stage 4.

• #12 4 Stages of GERD – Houston Heartburn and Reflux Center

  https://houstonheartburn.com/four-stages-of-gerd/

  Reflux disease is a chronic and progressive condition. Treatment options depend on the disease stage. The disease stage is determined by the severity of reflux into the esophagus. This in turns depends on how frequent and how long are the reflux episodes. The longer and the more frequent acid reflux episodes are the more significant is the damage to the esophagus. GERD is also associated with a spectrum of symptoms that ranges from mild heartburn to severe chest pain mimicking a heart attack. […] Patients experience mild symptoms once or twice a month. […] Patients experience more frequent symptoms requiring daily prescription acid suppressive medications. Untreated GERD symptoms affect patient daily activities and are associated with esophageal inflammation. […] Patients with severe GERD have poorly controlled symptoms on prescription medications. Their quality of life is substantially lower. Patients are more likely to have erosive esophageal inflammation. […] Stage 4 is the result of many years of untreated severe reflux. 10% of patients with long-term GERD progress to stage 4. They develop a pre-cancerous condition called Barrett’s esophagus. Barrett’s esophagus may progress to cancer if untreated.

• #13 GERD (Acid Reflux): Symptoms, Treatment, Causes and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/gerd

  GERD may start as mild and infrequent symptoms (stage 1) and progress to moderate symptoms that present at least twice per week (stage 2). Unmanaged GERD could advance to habitual and severe acid reflux symptoms with a persistent cough and changes to your voice (stage 3). […] Although rare, some people may enter a fourth stage with severe symptoms that turn into precancerous lesions in the esophagus (food pipe) and throat.

• #14

  https://www.painscale.com/article/progression-and-possible-complications-of-gastroesophageal-reflux-disease-gerd

  Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a chronic condition in which stomach acid backflows into the esophagus. GERD is a chronic and severe form of acid reflux that occurs at least twice per week or has a duration of weeks to months with each occurrence. […] GERD has four stages, each with different symptoms and treatment options. Determining the stage is essential in receiving the most effective treatment. Stages of GERD are determined by severity and frequency. […] The first stage of GERD is typically characterized by chest pain, heartburn, lump sensation in the back of the throat, and infrequent regurgitation (less than once per week). […] The second stage of GERD presents the same symptoms as the first stage; however, symptoms occur several times a week and result in significant esophageal inflammation.

• #15 The Stages of GERD | Cooper University Health Care

  https://www.cooperhealth.org/services/gastroesophageal-reflux-disease-gerd/stages-of-gerd

  Stage 2 GERD occurs in about a third of people who have the condition and includes symptoms that occur several times a week. […] Stage 3 presents a more significant problem both in the symptoms of GERD and the ongoing and severe inflammation in the esophagus. Approximately 15% of those who have GERD are in stage 3 and experience significant symptoms that may occur several times a week or even daily. […] Stage 4 GERD represents the most serious consequence of long-term reflux, and approximately 10% of people who have GERD will progress to this stage if their reflux remains uncontrolled over time. […] Those who have stage 4 GERD may suffer from complications that result in esophageal strictures, Barretts esophagus or even esophageal cancers.

• #16 20 GERD (Acid Reflux) Symptoms, Types & Heartburn Relief

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/what_are_the_types_of_gerd/article_em.htm

  The two main types of GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease or heartburn) are 1) recurrent but nonprogressive GERD and 2) progressive GERD. […] When acid reflux happens more than twice weekly, is chronic, or causes uncomfortable symptoms or damage, it is considered to be GERD, which stands for gastroesophageal reflux disease. […] Progressive GERD can result in severe complications, such as strictures or Barrett esophagus. […] Symptoms of GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) include: Heartburn: burning pain or discomfort in the chest, stomach, abdomen, or throat. […] Symptoms are more frequent in moderate GERD. […] Symptoms are poorly controlled even with prescription medicines in severe GERD. […] About 10% of patients with chronic GERD will develop stage 4. […] If untreated, a precancerous condition called Barretts esophagus may develop.

• #17

  https://www.painscale.com/article/progression-and-possible-complications-of-gastroesophageal-reflux-disease-gerd

  In addition to the symptoms experienced with mild to moderate GERD, severe GERD may cause a chronic cough, sore throat, and hoarse voice. These symptoms frequently occur numerous times each week or on a daily basis. […] The fourth stage of GERD indicates other possible complications are present. In addition to the above symptoms, food may also get stuck in the esophagus while eating (dysphagia). […] GERD may present various complications, especially if left untreated. […] Potential complications of GERD include the following: Esophagitis occurs when the lining of the esophagus becomes irritated and inflamed. […] Esophageal strictures result from stomach acid causing scar tissue to form on the lower esophagus. […] Barretts esophagus involves tissue changes in the lining of the lower esophagus when it is regularly exposed to stomach acid. […] Esophageal cancer may develop as a result of prolonged and repetitive exposure to stomach acid. […] Tooth decay can occur due to steady exposure to stomach acid.

• #18 Advanced stages of GERD: Progression, diagnosis, risks

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/advanced-stages-of-gerd

  Symptoms of stages 3 and 4 are similar, and include: regurgitation of liquid or food, heartburn, chronic cough, sore throat, hoarse voice. […] At stage 4, a person may also develop dysphagia, which means food gets stuck in the esophagus when eating. […] Finally, advanced GERD can cause complications, such as asthma or Barretts esophagus, which can cause additional symptoms such as: loss of appetite, pain in the chest, problems with swallowing or pain when swallowing, persistent vomiting, unexplained weight loss, bloody, black, or tarry stool, which indicate bleeding in the digestive tract, vomit that looks bloody or as though it contains coffee grounds. […] Advanced stages of GERD increase a persons risk of developing potentially serious complications. […] Advanced stages of GERD typically present with worsening and more frequent symptoms as well as a higher risk of developing complications.

• #19 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease | The University of Kansas Health System

  https://www.kansashealthsystem.com/care/conditions/gastroesophageal-reflux-disease

  After several years of untreated severe GERD symptoms, the esophagus can develop a precancerous condition known as Barretts esophagus. Precancerous lesions can progress into esophageal cancer without treatment. […] Many people with GERD find that certain foods trigger their GERD symptoms, such as fried, fatty or spicy foods. If acid reflux is mild and flares up only in response to specific foods, simple dietary changes may be enough to control your GERD symptoms. […] People with GERD may face decades of medication use, which can carry its own set of risks and inconveniences. Many of those who take daily medication to control their GERD symptoms may be unaware that a long-lasting correction of the problem is within reach. Surgical correction may offer a better long-term outlook than symptom control alone.

• #20 Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gerd/symptoms-causes/syc-20361940

  Narrowing of the esophagus, called an esophageal stricture. Damage to the lower esophagus from stomach acid causes scar tissue to form. The scar tissue narrows the food pathway, leading to problems with swallowing. […] Precancerous changes to the esophagus, known as Barrett esophagus. Damage from acid can cause changes in the tissue lining the lower esophagus. These changes are associated with an increased risk of esophageal cancer.

• #21 Acid Reflux & GERD: Symptoms, What It Is, Causes, Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17019-acid-reflux-gerd

  GERD symptoms may be worse: At night or while lying down. After a large or fatty meal. After bending over. After smoking or drinking alcohol. […] Possible complications include: Esophagitis. Esophagitis is inflammation in the lining of your esophagus. Chronic esophagitis can cause chronic pain and complications, like ulcers in your esophagus. After a long time, it can cause tissue changes like scarring or intestinal metaplasia, a precancerous condition. Barrett’s esophagus. Barrett’s esophagus is the name for intestinal metaplasia of your esophagus. It means that the tissues lining your esophagus change to look like intestinal lining. This change happens after long exposure to acid and inflammation. It’s a risk factor for esophageal cancer. Esophageal stricture. Your esophagus may also develop scar tissue to protect it from chronic inflammation and injury. Scar tissue can cause your esophagus to narrow. This is called stricture. Esophageal strictures can make it hard to swallow, which can make it hard to eat and drink. […] If you have severe GERD or it causes complications that medicine can’t help, you might need surgery. But surgery is usually minor and effective. It’s worth treating GERD to prevent its complications.

• #22 Gastroesophageal reflux disease | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/stomach-liver-and-gastrointestinal-tract/gastro-oesophageal-reflux-disease-gord/

  If you have GORD, you may also experience: a sore, inflamed oesophagus (oesophagitis), bad breath, bloating and belching, feeling or being sick, difficulty swallowing, which may feel like a piece of food is stuck low down in your throat, pain when swallowing, a sore throat and hoarseness, a persistent cough or wheezing, which may be worse at night, tooth decay and gum disease. […] If you have GORD for a long time, stomach acid can damage your oesophagus and cause further problems. […] The stomach acid that leaks into the oesophagus in people with GORD can damage the lining of the oesophagus (oesophagitis), which can cause ulcers to form. […] Repeated damage to the oesophagus by stomach acid can also cause it to become scarred and narrowed. […] Repeated episodes of GORD can sometimes lead to changes in the cells in the lining of your lower oesophagus. This is known as Barretts oesophagus. […] Its estimated that 1 in every 10 to 20 people with Barretts oesophagus will develop oesophageal cancer within 10 to 20 years.

• #23 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) – Digestive Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/digestive-disorders/esophageal-and-swallowing-disorders/gastroesophageal-reflux-disease-gerd

  In gastroesophageal reflux disease, stomach contents, including acid and bile, flow backward from the stomach into the esophagus, causing inflammation in the esophagus and pain in the bottom of the chest. […] The most typical symptom is heartburn (a burning pain behind the breastbone). […] Heartburn (a burning pain behind the breastbone) is the most obvious symptom of gastroesophageal reflux. Heartburn may be accompanied by regurgitation, in which the stomach contents reach the mouth. If stomach contents reach the mouth, they sometimes cause sore throat, hoarseness, cough, or a sensation of a lump in the throat. Rarely, stomach contents trickle into the lungs, causing cough and/or wheezing. People who have longstanding heartburn sometimes develop difficulty swallowing (dysphagia). […] Prolonged exposure of the lower part of the esophagus to repeated reflux may cause inflammation of the esophagus (esophagitis), ulcers of the esophagus (erosive esophagitis), narrowing of the esophagus (esophageal stricture), changes to the cells lining the esophagus (Barrett esophagus), and abnormal cells in the esophagus that may become cancerous.

• #24 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) – Digestive Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/digestive-disorders/esophageal-and-swallowing-disorders/gastroesophageal-reflux-disease-gerd

  Inflammation of the esophagus (esophagitis or erosive esophagitis) causes symptoms typical of gastroesophageal reflux disease but perhaps more severe. It also may cause pain with swallowing (odynophagia). […] Esophageal ulcers are open sores on the inner lining of the esophagus, a type of disruption of that surface. They can cause chest pain upon swallowing that is usually located behind the breastbone or just below it, similar to the location of heartburn. […] Narrowing (stricture) of the esophagus caused by reflux makes swallowing solid foods increasingly more difficult. […] Prolonged irritation causes the cells lining the esophagus to change, which results in a condition called Barrett esophagus. Changes may occur without symptoms. These abnormal cells are precancerous and can sometimes progress to cancer.

• #25 Acid Reflux Disease Symptoms, Causes, Tests, and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/heartburn-gerd/what-is-acid-reflux-disease

  Over the long term, acid reflux can lead to other health problems such as: Esophagitis, or inflammation of the esophageal lining, Barretts esophagus, or a change in esophageal tissue, which raises your chances of esophageal cancer, Esophageal stricture, which is when scar tissue forms, narrowing the esophagus, Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR), or when reflux reaches your throat, Worsened asthma or asthma-like symptoms. […] Acid reflux happens when stomach acid moves up into your esophagus, causing symptoms such as heartburn or regurgitation.

• #26 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1999/0301/p1161.html

  Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a chronic, relapsing condition with associated morbidity and an adverse impact on quality of life. The symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) vary from patient to patient, and multiple diagnostic tests and treatments are available. As many as 10 percent of Americans have episodes of heartburn (pyrosis) every day, and 44 percent have symptoms at least once a month. In all, GERD affects an estimated 25 to 35 percent of the U.S. population. The natural course of GERD involves a decrease in symptoms despite the persistence of reflux. Three fourths of conservatively treated patients experience a lessening of symptoms over many years, even though two thirds of them still have objective evidence of the disease. Esophagitis, a complication of GERD, tends to become a relapsing, chronic condition. It recurs in 50 to 80 percent of affected patients within six to 12 months after the discontinuation of pharmacologic therapy. Other complications of GERD include strictures, ulcerations and Barrett’s esophagus (progressive replacement of distal eroded squamous mucosa with metaplastic gastric epithelium). Patients with Barrett’s esophagus have a 30 to 125 times greater risk of developing adenocarcinoma of the esophagus (even though the overall risk remains quite low). Younger age at onset and longer duration of symptoms seem to increase the risk of malignancy. Treatment of GERD associated with Barrett’s esophagus has not been shown to eliminate the metaplasia of that condition or the risk of malignancy. Consequently, patients with Barrett’s esophagus require periodic endoscopic biopsy to assess esophageal tissue for malignant changes. When patients present with typical symptoms and no complications, the diagnosis of GERD is usually straightforward. The classic symptoms are heartburn and regurgitation, which may also include dysphagia. In the absence of classic symptoms, GERD becomes more difficult to diagnose. Other symptoms that may be caused by GERD are atypical chest pain, hoarseness, nausea, cough, odynophagia and asthma. Symptoms that may indicate a more serious problem, such as chest pain (possible cardiac causes), dysphagia, odynophagia and weight loss (possible esophageal stricture or cancer), require more extensive investigation before the diagnosis of GERD can be established. The management of GERD can be divided into five stages. Stages I through IV consist of medical management, and stage V entails surgical intervention. The ultimate goal of treatment is to minimize exposure of the esophagus to refluxate, thereby alleviating symptoms, healing the esophagus, preventing complications and maintaining remission. Most patients with GERD achieve adequate symptom control and esophageal healing through a combination of lifestyle modifications and drug therapy and therefore do not require surgical intervention. Surgery may be considered in patients who fail medical therapy or develop complications of GERD. Surgical intervention has been shown to provide long-term relief of symptoms in patients with GERD.

• #26

• #27 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/176595-clinical

  Regurgitation is an effortless return of gastric and/or esophageal contents into the pharynx. Regurgitation can induce respiratory complications if gastric contents spill into the tracheobronchial tree. […] Dysphagia occurs in approximately one third of patients. Patients with dysphagia experience a sensation that food is stuck, particularly in the retrosternal area. Dysphagia can be an advanced symptom and can be due to a primary underlying esophageal motility disorder, a motility disorder secondary to esophagitis, or stricture formation. […] Coughing and/or wheezing are respiratory symptoms resulting from the aspiration of gastric contents into the tracheobronchial tree or from the vagal reflex arc producing bronchoconstriction. Approximately 50% of patients who have GERD-induced asthma do not experience heartburn.

• #28 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/176595-clinical

  Hoarseness results from irritation of the vocal cords by the gastric refluxate and is often experienced by patients in the morning. […] Reflux is the most common cause of noncardiac chest pain, accounting for approximately 50% of cases. Patients can present to the emergency department with pain resembling a myocardial infarction. Reflux should be ruled out (using esophageal manometry and 24-hour pH testing if necessary) once a cardiac cause for the chest pain has been excluded. Alternatively, a therapeutic trial of a high-dose proton pump inhibitor (PPI) can be tried. […] Additional atypical symptoms from abnormal reflux include damage to the lungs (eg, pneumonia, asthma, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis), vocal cords (eg, laryngitis, cancer), ear (eg, otitis media), and teeth (eg, enamel decay).

• #29 The Not-So-Obvious Symptoms of GERD and Why It Should Be Treated | University of Utah Health

  https://healthcare.utah.edu/the-scope/health-library/all/2024/05/not-so-obvious-symptoms-of-gerd-and-why-it-should-be-treated

  Gastroesophageal reflux disease or GERD is a condition that impacts up to 20% of people. But many people aren’t even aware they have it or recognize its symptoms which can lead to really serious health issues if it’s left untreated. […] I mean it’s a very very common disease. And a lot of people either don’t know they have it because they have the silent symptoms which means no symptoms or they have atypical symptoms which means that they don’t present with the typical symptoms of GERD. […] The typical symptoms most people are quite aware of and that’s that heartburn sensation or „I have this like just burning sensation in the center of my chest.” […] Those are the really typical symptoms which are just heartburn and reflux that people will get. […] Atypical symptoms are . . . Really what it probably is is acid and like fluid contents from the stomach moving so high up into the esophagus that it’s actually spilling over into the windpipe.

• #30 Patient education: Gastroesophageal reflux disease in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/gastroesophageal-reflux-disease-in-adults-beyond-the-basics

  Barrett’s esophagus — Barrett’s esophagus occurs when the normal cells that line the lower esophagus (called squamous cells) are replaced by a different cell type (called intestinal cells). […] Lung and throat problems — If stomach acid backs up into the throat, this can cause inflammation of the vocal cords, a sore throat, or a hoarse voice. […] Dental problems — Repeated episodes of acid reflux can erode the enamel of the teeth over time.

• #31 GORD (reflux) – symptoms, treatments and causes | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/gord-reflux

  Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) happens when stomach acid leaks into your food pipe, causing symptoms or health complications. […] The most common symptoms are heartburn and regurgitation (stomach acid or food coming back up into your mouth or throat). […] GORD is common in Australia and can affect people of all ages, including children. […] The most common symptoms of GORD include heartburn and regurgitation. […] Heartburn is a burning pain or discomfort in your chest that may rise towards your neck. […] Regurgitation is when stomach acid or food comes back up into your mouth or throat, leaving a bitter or acidic taste. […] Other symptoms may include: difficulty swallowing (dysphagia), vomiting, bloating, burping or indigestion, chest pain, a cough that happens at night, wheezing and hoarseness, a feeling of a lump in your throat, tooth decay.

• #32

  https://www.aurorahealthcare.org/services/gastroenterology-colorectal-surgery/gastroesohageal-reflux-gerd

  Call your doctor right away if you have severe chest pain, bloody or dark stools or emesis (vomit), unexplained weight loss, trouble swallowing or a feeling that food is trapped, or a sensation of acid refluxed into the windpipe causing shortness of breath, coughing or hoarseness of the voice. […] The most common surgery for GERD is called fundoplication. It can be done as an open procedure or as a laparoscopic procedure. During the surgery, the top of the stomach is wrapped around the end of the esophagus. This creates pressure that helps keep stomach acid and food from flowing up the esophagus.

• #33 Symptoms & Causes of GER & GERD – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/acid-reflux-ger-gerd-adults/symptoms-causes

  Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) commonly cause symptoms such as heartburn, a painful, burning feeling in the middle of your chest, behind your breastbone, rising from the lower tip of your breastbone toward your throat […] regurgitation, or stomach contents coming back up through your esophagus and into your throat or mouth, which may cause you to taste food or stomach acid. However, not all adults with GERD have heartburn or regurgitation. Other symptoms may include chest pain […] nausea […] problems swallowing or pain while swallowing […] symptoms of complications in the mouth, throat, or lungs, such as chronic cough or hoarseness. Symptoms of GERD may include chronic cough. You should see a doctor if you think you have GERD, or if your symptoms dont get better with over-the-counter medicines or lifestyle changes. You should also see a doctor if you have symptoms that could be related to GERD complications or other serious health problems, such as chest pain […] loss of appetite […] persistent vomiting […] problems swallowing or pain while swallowing […] signs of bleeding in the digestive tract, such as vomit that contains blood or looks like coffee grounds […] stool that contains blood or looks black and tarry […] unexplained weight loss.

• #34 Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gerd/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20361959

  Surgery for GERD may involve a procedure to reinforce the lower esophageal sphincter. The procedure is called Nissen fundoplication. In this procedure, the surgeon wraps the top of the stomach around the lower esophagus. This reinforces the lower esophageal sphincter, making it less likely that acid might back up in the esophagus. […] Lifestyle changes may help reduce the frequency of acid reflux. Try to: Maintain a healthy weight. Excess pounds put pressure on the abdomen, pushing up the stomach and causing acid to reflux into the esophagus. […] Some complementary and alternative therapies, such as ginger, chamomile and slippery elm, may be recommended to treat GERD. However, none have been proved to treat GERD or reverse damage to the esophagus.

• #35 All About Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) | FAQ

  https://www.northlakegastro.com/gerd-faq

  The main symptoms of GERD are recurring acid regurgitation and heartburn. People who have GERD but don’t have heartburn may experience chest pain, a hoarse voice in the morning, or have issues with swallowing. […] Some other symptoms are the feeling of choking, dry cough, bad breath, vomiting, or a consistent sore throat. […] Children with GERD exhibit similar symptoms as adults. They may frequently vomit, refuse food, and experience respiratory problems. When lying down, they may consistently taste the sourness of acid. […] More signs in babies and children include choking, wheezing, bad breath, and irritability or trouble sleeping after eating. […] If you are obese or pregnant, have a hiatal hernia, or have a connective tissue disorder, you are more likely to develop GERD. […] If you already have GERD, there are some lifestyle choices that may aggravate it. Regularly smoking and drinking alcohol, for example, can increase your symptoms. Drinking coffee and tea can also aggravate GERD.

• #36 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) – Whole Health Library

  https://www.va.gov/wholehealthlibrary/tools/gastroesophageal-reflux-disease-gerd.asp

  In a large meta-analysis, placebo rates averaged about 20% for pharmaceuticals, indicating that any GERD intervention that one expects benefit will provide a positive response for 1 in 5 people independent of the mechanism of action. […] Primary prevention of GERD should be based on health screening and prevention recommendations that apply to all Veterans. […] It is clear that avoiding large meals and eating within 2-3 hours of bedtime can improve symptoms. […] In those with a previous personal history or family history of GERD, it may also be prudent to avoid potentially provocative medications, when possible. […] Many clinicians place people with GERD on medications with no real thought given to underlying causes, which end up never being addressed. […] However, this return of symptoms may be predictable and not necessarily indicative of continuing GERD pathology.

• #37

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=ut1904

  Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is the backward flow of stomach acid into the esophagus. […] This can also cause pain and swelling in your esophagus. (This is called esophagitis.) […] If you have mild GERD symptoms including heartburn, you may be able to control the problem with antacids or over-the-counter medicine. […] Your doctor may recommend over-the-counter medicine. For mild or occasional indigestion, antacids, such as Tums or Gaviscon, may help. […] Avoid foods that make your symptoms worse. These may include chocolate, mint, alcohol, pepper, spicy foods, high-fat foods, or drinks with caffeine in them, such as tea, coffee, colas, or energy drinks. […] If you have GERD symptoms at night, raise the head of your bed 15 to 20 centimetres (6 to 8 inches) by putting the frame on blocks or placing a foam wedge under the head of your mattress. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if: Your symptoms have not improved after 2 days. […] Food seems to catch in your throat or chest.

• #38 GERD: A practical approach | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/87/4/223

  Other symptoms of GERD include dyspepsia, nausea, bloating, sore throat, globus sensation, and epigastric pain. […] A systematic review discovered that symptoms of GERD are less frequent in the elderly. However, on average, the severity of disease in the elderly was found to be greater than that in younger patients. […] A subset of patients has extraesophageal symptoms of GERD such as asthma, laryngitis, pharyngitis, chronic cough, sinusitis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, dental erosions, and recurrent otitis media. […] If typical symptoms resolve with an initial trial of a PPI, GERD should be diagnosed and the patient should continue taking a PPI daily. […] In patients with chest pain, a cardiac condition should be ruled out before considering GERD. […] Endoscopy should be performed in any patient with the alarm symptoms described above, and also in patients whose symptoms do not respond to a PPI.

• #39 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

  https://lakecountyin.gov/departments/health/nursing-clinic/diseases-and-conditions/geriatric-conditions/gastroesophageal-reflux-disease-gerd-in-older-adults

  Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is a chronic condition where stomach acid frequently leaks into the esophagus, causing irritation and inflammation. […] GERD occurs when the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) a ring of muscle at the base of the esophagus fails to properly close, allowing stomach acid to flow back into the esophagus. This acid reflux can lead to symptoms such as heartburn, regurgitation, and chest pain. Chronic GERD can cause damage to the lining of the esophagus and lead to complications if left untreated. […] The symptoms of GERD in older adults can sometimes be less classic and may vary from person to person. Common symptoms include: 1. Heartburn: A burning sensation in the chest or throat, often occurring after meals or when lying down. 2. Regurgitation: The sensation of acid backing up into the throat or mouth, which may cause a sour taste or discomfort. 3. Chest Pain: Discomfort or pain in the chest, which may be mistaken for other conditions such as heart disease. It is important to differentiate between GERD-related chest pain and cardiac issues. 4. Dysphagia: Difficulty swallowing or a feeling of food being stuck in the throat or chest. 5. Chronic Cough or Sore Throat: Persistent cough, hoarseness, or sore throat, which can be caused by acid irritating the throat and airways. 6. Nausea and Vomiting: Frequent nausea or vomiting, especially if related to meals or positional changes. 7. Unexplained Weight Loss: Significant weight loss without an obvious cause, which may result from decreased appetite or difficulties eating due to GERD symptoms.

• #40 Gastroesophageal Reflux (GER) in Kids and Teens (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/gerd-reflux.html

  Gastroesophageal reflux (GER), or reflux, is when food and acid from the stomach go back up into the esophagus. This is often brief, and people don’t notice it happening. But sometimes it causes an uncomfortable feeling in the chest, neck, and throat, often called heartburn or acid indigestion. […] Reflux that happens a lot or causes problems like poor growth, vomiting, or damage to the esophagus is called GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease). GERD is more serious than GER and is sometimes treated with medicine. […] Common signs of reflux in kids include: heartburn, frequent burping or hiccups, pain or trouble with swallowing, nausea or vomiting often, especially after meals, a bad or acid taste in the mouth, the feeling of stomach acid coming up into the back of the throat, not wanting to eat or eating only small amounts.

• #41 Gastroesophageal Reflux (GER) in Kids and Teens (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/gerd-reflux.html

  Some symptoms may get worse if a child lies down after a meal. It’s OK to have reflux symptoms once in a while. But if they happen a lot, a child could have GERD. […] Repeated reflux of stomach acid into the esophagus can lead to: breathing problems like choking, wheezing, or asthma, repeated episodes of pneumonia, dental cavities (especially in the back teeth), despite good brushing, redness and irritation in the esophagus, called esophagitis, damage to the esophagus, which can make it hard to swallow, poor weight gain or losing weight. […] If symptoms continue, doctors might prescribe medicine, such as: antacids you can buy without a prescription, histamine (H2) blockers, proton pump inhibitors. […] Rarely, medical treatment alone doesn’t help enough. Then, a surgical procedure called fundoplication might be an option. The surgeon creates a valve at the top of the stomach by wrapping part of the stomach around the esophagus to strengthen the sphincter and prevent reflux. Most kids who need this surgery also have a neurological condition, like cerebral palsy.

• #42 GERD & Heartburn in Kids: Signs, Causes, & Treatment | CHOC

  https://choc.org/programs-services/gastroenterology/gerd/

  Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a chronic digestive disorder that occurs when gastric acid from the stomach abnormally flows back up into the esophagus. […] GERD is very common in infants, and is the most common cause of vomiting during infancy, as infants are more likely to experience weakness of the LES muscle, allowing it to relax when it should remain shut. […] Your child may be experiencing gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) if they experience: Symptoms that prevent them from feeding, include vomiting, coughing, or difficulty breathing. Signs & symptoms of GER more than 2 times a week over a few months. GER for more than 12 to 14 months. […] Heartburn, also called acid indigestion, is the most common symptom of GERD. Heartburn is described as a burning chest pain that begins behind the breastbone and moves upward to the neck and throat.

• #43 GERD & Heartburn in Kids: Signs, Causes, & Treatment | CHOC

  https://choc.org/programs-services/gastroenterology/gerd/

  Many children who are diagnosed with GERD will experience a dry cough, wheezing or trouble swallowing, instead of classic heartburn. […] Symptoms in children may include: Belching, Stomachache, Choking, Frequent cough, Coughing fits at night, Wheezing, Frequent upper respiratory infections (colds), Frequent ear infections, Rattling in the chest, Frequent sore throat in the morning, Sour taste in the mouth. […] The symptoms of GERD often resemble those of other gastrointestinal conditions, including eosinophilic esophagitis. […] Many infants who suffer from gastroesophageal reflux disease will “outgrow it” by the time they are about a year old, as the lower esophageal sphincter becomes stronger. For others, medications, lifestyle, and diet changes can minimize the reflux, vomiting and heartburn caused by GERD.

• #44 Acid Reflux Disease Symptoms, Causes, Tests, and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/heartburn-gerd/what-is-acid-reflux-disease

  A cough is a common symptom of acid reflux and GERD. […] It’s time to see your doctor if you have acid reflux symptoms two or more times a week or if medications don’t bring lasting relief. […] Symptoms such as heartburn are the key to the diagnosis of acid reflux disease, especially if lifestyle changes, antacids, or acid-blocking medications help reduce these symptoms. […] If medications don’t stop your acid reflux disease symptoms, and the symptoms are severely interfering with your life, your doctor could suggest surgery. […] Doctors only do these procedures as a last resort for treating acid reflux disease after medical treatment hasn’t helped. […] During pregnancy, temporary acid reflux is common. […] While acid reflux mostly affects your esophagus, it can sometimes reach your windpipe or airways.

• #45 Gastroesophageal reflux disease – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/gastroesophageal-reflux-disease

  Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a condition in which the stomach contents leak backward from the stomach into the esophagus (food pipe). GERD can irritate the food pipe and cause heartburn and other symptoms. […] The most common symptoms are a burning pain in the chest or the feeling that food is stuck behind the breastbone. […] Common symptoms of GERD include: Feeling that food is stuck behind the breastbone, Heartburn or a burning pain in the chest, Nausea after eating. […] Less common symptoms are: Bringing food back up (regurgitation), Cough or wheezing, Difficulty swallowing, Hiccups, Hoarseness or change in voice, Sore throat. […] Symptoms may get worse when you bend over or lie down, or after you eat. Symptoms may also be worse at night. […] Heartburn and gastroesophageal reflux can be caused by or made worse by pregnancy. […] Anti-reflux surgery may be an option for people whose symptoms do not go away with lifestyle changes and medicines. Heartburn and other symptoms should improve after surgery. But you may still need to take medicines for your heartburn.

• #46 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): Diagnosis & Treatment | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/digestive/esophageal-diseases/gastroesophageal-reflux-disease-gerd/treatment

  There are quite a few treatment options available for individuals suffering from GERD. […] In more severe stages of GERD, surgery may be considered. […] Your doctor may initially diagnose GERD by assessing your symptoms and seeing how well you respond to acid-reducing medications. […] Treatment for GERD includes dietary and lifestyle changes such as weight loss, not lying down after eating, avoiding eating before bed, smoking cessation, avoiding trigger foods, and/or elevating the head of the bed. […] Patients who do not respond to or do not wish to take medication long-term may be candidates for a variety of endoscopic or surgical GERD treatments. […] GERD can cause chest pain, but it is important to ensure it is not from your heart. […] Many people with GERD report feeling a burning sensation in the upper chest, commonly known as heartburn.

• #47 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): Diagnosis & Treatment | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/digestive/esophageal-diseases/gastroesophageal-reflux-disease-gerd/treatment

  It takes time to heal from GERD, depending on the severity of symptoms and the amount of damage to the esophagus. […] If you are started on a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) for GERD, your symptoms can take up to 8 weeks to resolve. […] In some cases, symptoms of acid reflux may be permanent or improved by following your doctor’s instructions and adopting healthy lifestyle choices. […] If you have severe disease with changes to your esophagus including Esophagitis (inflammation and redness of the lower esophagus) or Barretts Esophagus, you likely will need to remain on medications called proton pump inhibitors (PPI). […] Many look to over-the-counter (OTC) medication like Histamine 2 blockers and antacids to control and neutralize stomach acid.

• #48 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/conditions-services/esophageal-diseases/gastroesophageal-reflux-disease

  Surgery can be offered to all patients with GERD, but should be strongly considered for: Patients that do not experience relief of symptoms with medications. […] A number of patients with GERD may be appropriate candidates for surgical treatment with an anti-reflux procedure. This procedure tightens the valve located between the stomach and the esophagus, called the lower esophageal sphincter, which prevents the stomach contents and acid from refluxing back into the esophagus.

• #49 Refractory Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Diagnosis and Management

  https://www.jnmjournal.org/view.html?uid=1890&vmd=Full

  Much variability exists in the current literature regarding the definition of refractory GERD. […] Suboptimal symptom control in patients with proven GERD despite optimized antisecretory therapy warrants further investigation aimed at determining whether refractory GERD symptoms are secondary to inadequate reflux control versus alternate non-GERD esophageal and/or non-esophageal disorders. […] When pH-impedance monitoring is abnormal and refractory GERD is diagnosed, the treatment plan should be re-evaluated and management should be optimized with the goal of better reflux control to improve symptoms and subsequently quality of life, and prevent GERD-related complications. […] Identification and management of refractory GERD can reduce likelihood of undesirable effects of longstanding abnormal acid exposure, including erosive esophagitis, peptic stricture, BE, and esophageal adenocarcinoma.

• #50 Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gerd/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20361959

  A healthcare professional might be able to diagnose GERD based on a history of symptoms and a physical examination. […] An upper endoscopy uses a tiny camera on the end of a flexible tube to visually examine the upper digestive system. The camera helps provide a view of the inside of the esophagus and stomach. Test results may not show when reflux is present, but an endoscopy may find inflammation of the esophagus or other complications. […] A technique known as diaphragmatic breathing may help improve GERD symptoms for some people. […] GERD can usually be controlled with medicine. But if medicines don’t help or you wish to avoid long-term medicine use, a healthcare professional might recommend: Fundoplication. The surgeon wraps the top of the stomach around the lower esophageal sphincter, to tighten the muscle and prevent reflux.

• #51 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6140167/

  Ambulatory pH monitoring is considered the gold standard in the diagnosis of acid reflux. […] GERD patients should be assessed for alarm features, as these should prompt urgent endoscopic evaluation. […] The only proven lifestyle modification for the management of GERD is head of bed (HOB) elevation. […] Medication therapy for GERD is targeted at symptom reduction and minimizing mucosal damage from acid reflux. […] Proton pump inhibitors are the most potent class of antacid medications. […] In GERD patients refractory to twice daily PPI dosing, there is some evidence to show that adding a nighttime H2 blocker can be beneficial. […] The use of anti-reflux surgery (fundoplication) has been controversial. […] GERD is a common clinical problem with significant morbidity and potentially decreased quality of life. Early recognition of symptoms is integral to preventing complications of GERD.

• #52 Atypical Presentations of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2008/0815/p483.html

  If atypical symptoms improve or resolve, expert opinion is to taper antisecretory therapy to once-daily PPIs or H2-receptor antagonists at the lowest effective dose over three to six months. […] Surgical intervention via Nissen fundoplication is an option for patients who are unresponsive to aggressive antisecretory therapy.

• #53 How Do I Know If My GERD Is Getting Better?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/gerd/how-do-i-know-if-my-gerd-is-getting-better

  Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common disorder where stomach acid frequently refluxes (spills up) into your esophagus. […] Common symptoms include heartburn and regurgitation. […] As GERD progresses, you may notice your symptoms, such as heartburn and regurgitation, happening more frequently. They might progress from once or twice per week to every day. […] You may also start to notice new symptoms that you didn’t have before, such as: hoarseness or frequent throat clearing, coughing, chest pain, nausea, difficulty swallowing or painful swallowing. […] Let your doctor know if you’re experiencing new symptoms or if your symptoms are becoming more frequent. They may change your treatment plan. Leaving GERD untreated can lead to serious complications such as esophagitis and Barrett’s esophagus.

• #54 The Best Ways to Monitor and Track Symptoms of GERD | Banner

  https://www.bannerhealth.com/healthcareblog/teach-me/how-to-monitor-and-document-your-gerd-symptoms

  GERD is a condition where stomach acid backs up into the esophagus. Over time, it can irritate the esophagus and cause complications like Barretts esophagus, where the lining of the esophagus changes. Plus, heartburn and other symptoms can interfere with your sleep and your activities. […] Step one in tracking your GERD symptoms is knowing what to watch for. Along with heartburn, GERD can cause: Regurgitation, where stomach contents reach the throat or mouth. With it, you may notice a sour or bitter taste. Chest pain. Since the pain of GERD can feel like a heart attack, get medical care right away if you have chest pain. Trouble swallowing or the feeling that something is stuck in your throat, called dysphagia. A cough thats not linked to respiratory problems and isnt getting better. A hoarse voice, especially in the morning. Bad breath in the morning. Nausea or vomiting.

• #55 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/conditions-services/esophageal-diseases/gastroesophageal-reflux-disease

  GERD can produce a broad variety of symptoms, including: […] Gastrointestinal reflux disease (GERD) is more than just heartburn. Untreated, GERD can develop into more serious conditions, including cancer for a small percentage of individuals. […] GERD can lead to more serious conditions if not diagnosed and treated properly. If you have experienced GERD for a number of years, it is important to have your esophagus checked for changes. […] If you have GERD, you have a higher risk for Barretts esophagus. People with this condition can develop a rare type of esophageal cancer. Although the overall risk for esophageal cancer is extremely low, we recommend getting a screening test called a surveillance esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) every three to five years if you have GERD. […] If you have GERD and your symptoms still bother you even though you take medication, you may be a candidate for surgery.

• #56 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/patient-education/gastroesophageal-reflux-disease-gerd

  GERD can cause esophagitis (ee-SAH-fuh-JY-tis). This when the lining in your esophagus is inflamed (red and swollen). If you do not treat esophagitis, it can cause ulcers (sores), bleeding, and narrowing in your esophagus. It may also increase your risk for esophageal cancer. […] The symptoms of GERD may include: Heartburn that usually happens 30 to 60 minutes after eating. Regurgitation. Trouble swallowing. Chest pain. Cough. Sore throat. Feeling like you have a lump in your throat.

• #57 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6140167/

  Left untreated, GERD can result in several serious complications, including esophagitis and Barretts esophagus. […] Patients with persistent acid reflux may be at risk for Barretts esophagus, defined as intestinal metaplasia of the esophagus. […] GERD is usually diagnosed clinically with classic symptoms and response to acid suppression. Heartburn with or without regurgitation is typically sufficient to suspect GERD, particularly when these symptoms are worse postprandially or when recumbent. […] In some patients, reflux symptoms will persist despite treatment with high-dose PPIs. Additional tests may be warranted to evaluate for other causes of their symptoms and to screen for possible complications of GERD. […] The most utilized diagnostic test for the evaluation of GERD and its possible complications is the upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, or esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD).

• #58 What doctors wish patients knew about GERD | American Medical Association

  https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/public-health/what-doctors-wish-patients-knew-about-gerd

  The types of conditions that reflux can lead to are precancerous changes or cancerous changes in the esophagus, Dr. Hubka said. Patients with GERD symptoms of five to 10 years with a hiatal hernia and reflux at night are at risk of developing precancerous Barretts esophagus. […] Patients with GERD can experience disruptions in their sleep. That is why we recommend patients with undertreated reflux to elevate the head of their bed to help gravity with nocturnal or nightly reflux, Dr. Hubka said. […] One very important thing to remember is that when patients have classic symptoms of reflux such as heartburn, regurgitation and if the esophageal lining changes from normal lining to Barrett’s esophagus, those symptoms may disappear. […] That is true especially when it’s associated with a hiatal hernia, said Dr. Hubka. […] All patients who are experiencing reflux should consult their primary care physician, Dr. Hubka said. If they develop additional symptoms such as difficulty swallowing or regurgitation of food, they should for certain both contact their primary care physician and seek help of a specialist.

• #59 Patient education: Gastroesophageal reflux disease in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/gastroesophageal-reflux-disease-in-adults-beyond-the-basics

  Gastroesophageal reflux, also called „acid reflux,” occurs when the stomach contents back up into the esophagus and/or mouth. Occasional reflux is normal and can happen in healthy infants, children, and adults, most often after eating a large meal. Most episodes are brief and do not cause bothersome symptoms or complications. […] By contrast, people with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) experience bothersome symptoms or damage to the esophagus as a result of acid reflux. Symptoms of GERD can include heartburn, regurgitation, and difficulty or pain with swallowing. […] The most common symptoms of GERD are: Heartburn – This typically feels like a burning sensation in the center of the chest, which sometimes spreads to the throat. It most often happens after a large meal. […] Regurgitation – This is when stomach contents (acid mixed with bits of undigested food) flow back into your mouth or throat.

• #60

• #61 Refractory Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Diagnosis and Management

  https://www.jnmjournal.org/view.html?uid=1890&vmd=Full

  Persistent esophageal symptoms despite seemingly adequate acid suppressive therapy is the starting point for evaluation to determine if GERD evidence exists. Refractory GERD is diagnosed when abnormal reflux metrics persist on endoscopy and/or pH impedance monitoring performed on optimized GERD therapy in patients with previously proven GERD.

Zobacz więcej