Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/adhd/symptoms-causes/syc-20350889

  Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, also called ADHD, is a long-term condition that affects millions of children. It often continues into adulthood. ADHD includes a mix of ongoing problems. These can include having a hard time paying attention, being hyperactive and being impulsive. […] Children with ADHD also may have low self-esteem and troubled relationships and do poorly in school. Symptoms sometimes lessen with age. Some people never completely outgrow their ADHD symptoms but they can learn strategies to be successful. […] The main features of ADHD include not paying attention and being hyperactive and impulsive. ADHD symptoms usually start before age 12. In some children, they can be seen as early as 3 years of age. ADHD symptoms can be mild, moderate or severe. Symptoms need to be seen in two or more settings, such as at home and at school. The symptoms cause problems with development and daily life and may continue into adulthood.

• #2 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: What You Need to Know – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

  https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-what-you-need-to-know

  Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a developmental disorder marked by persistent symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Symptoms begin in childhood and can interfere with daily life, including social relationships and school or work performance. […] People with ADHD may experience an ongoing pattern of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. ADHD symptoms must begin in childhood (before age 12). Symptoms often continue into the teen years and adulthood. […] Signs of inattention can include frequent difficulty with paying attention to details, concentrating on tasks or activities, listening when spoken to directly, following instructions, organizing tasks and activities, completing tasks that require sustained attention, losing things, getting easily distracted, and forgetting about daily activities.

• #3 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Childhood: Overview, Diagnosis and Treatment | Journal of Ethics | American Medical Association

  https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-childhood-overview-diagnosis-and-treatment/2007-06

  Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurobehavioral disorder of childhood and among the most prevalent chronic health conditions affecting school-age children. ADHD is characterized by some combination of hyperactivity, impulsivity and inattention. Children with ADHD may experience functional difficulties in every aspect of their lives, including behavior, academic achievement, and interpersonal relationships with family and peers. ADHD was originally thought to be a condition that resolved in adolescence, but new evidence suggests that this is not the case for the majority of children. For up to 65 percent of patients diagnosed in childhood, the symptoms persist into the teenage years and, for some, into adulthood. […] The criteria for establishing an ADHD diagnosis are as follows: Either A or B. A. Six or more of the following symptoms of inattention have persisted for at least six months to a degree that is maladaptive and inconsistent with developmental level. B. Six or more of the following symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity have persisted for at least six months to a degree that is maladaptive and inconsistent with developmental level. Along with the DSM-IV criteria, the symptoms must have been present before the age of seven, be found in two or more settings, and result in significant impairment in social, academic or occupational functioning.

• #4 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/learning-and-developmental-disorders/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd

  Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a syndrome of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. The 3 types of ADHD are predominantly inattentive, predominantly hyperactive/impulsive, and combined. Diagnosis is made by clinical criteria. Treatment usually includes pharmacotherapy with stimulant or other medication, behavioral therapy, and educational interventions. […] ADHD affects an estimated 5 to 15% of children. However, many experts think ADHD is overdiagnosed, largely because criteria are applied inaccurately. […] Overall, ADHD is approximately twice as common in boys, although the ratios vary by type. The predominantly hyperactive/impulsive type occurs more frequently in boys; the predominantly inattentive type occurs with approximately equal frequency in both sexes. ADHD tends to run in families.

• #5 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Childhood: Overview, Diagnosis and Treatment | Journal of Ethics | American Medical Association

  https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-childhood-overview-diagnosis-and-treatment/2007-06

  Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurobehavioral disorder of childhood and among the most prevalent chronic health conditions affecting school-age children. ADHD is characterized by some combination of hyperactivity, impulsivity and inattention. Children with ADHD may experience functional difficulties in every aspect of their lives, including behavior, academic achievement, and interpersonal relationships with family and peers. ADHD was originally thought to be a condition that resolved in adolescence, but new evidence suggests that this is not the case for the majority of children. For up to 65 percent of patients diagnosed in childhood, the symptoms persist into the teenage years and, for some, into adulthood. […] The criteria for establishing an ADHD diagnosis are as follows: Either A or B. A. Six or more of the following symptoms of inattention have persisted for at least six months to a degree that is maladaptive and inconsistent with developmental level. B. Six or more of the following symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity have persisted for at least six months to a degree that is maladaptive and inconsistent with developmental level. Along with the DSM-IV criteria, the symptoms must have been present before the age of seven, be found in two or more settings, and result in significant impairment in social, academic or occupational functioning.

• #6 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder

  ADHD occurs with other disorders about two-thirds of the time. […] ADHD is often comorbid with disruptive, impulse control, and conduct disorders. […] ADHD arises from brain maldevelopment especially in the prefrontal executive networks that can arise either from genetic factors or from acquired disruptions to the development of these networks and regions involved in executive functioning and self-regulation. […] ADHD has a heritability rate of 70-80%. […] ADHD is diagnosed by an assessment of a person’s behavioural and mental development, including ruling out the effects of drugs, medications, and other medical or psychiatric problems as explanations for the symptoms. […] The management of ADHD typically involves counseling or medications, either alone or in combination. […] Medications used include stimulants, atomoxetine, alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists, and sometimes antidepressants.

• #7 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) – PsychDB

  https://www.psychdb.com/child/adhd

  ADHD symptoms can negatively impact the ability to drive safely in both adolescents and adults. […] ADHD is associated with deficits in executive function, including: inhibitory control, working memory, and effortful attention. […] Between 50 to 90% of school-aged children with ADHD have at least one other comorbid psychiatric disorder, most commonly: anxiety disorders, oppositional defiant disorder, and language disorders. […] The heritability of ADHD is about 76% (based on monozygotic twin studies). […] Parents with ADHD have a 50% chance of having a child with ADHD. […] Close to 25% of children with ADHD have parents who meet the formal diagnostic criteria for ADHD. […] First-degree relatives of diagnosed ADHD individuals have a 30 to 40% chance. […] ADHD is likely overdiagnosed.

• #8 Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/adhd/symptoms-causes/syc-20350889

  Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, also called ADHD, is a long-term condition that affects millions of children. It often continues into adulthood. ADHD includes a mix of ongoing problems. These can include having a hard time paying attention, being hyperactive and being impulsive. […] Children with ADHD also may have low self-esteem and troubled relationships and do poorly in school. Symptoms sometimes lessen with age. Some people never completely outgrow their ADHD symptoms but they can learn strategies to be successful. […] The main features of ADHD include not paying attention and being hyperactive and impulsive. ADHD symptoms usually start before age 12. In some children, they can be seen as early as 3 years of age. ADHD symptoms can be mild, moderate or severe. Symptoms need to be seen in two or more settings, such as at home and at school. The symptoms cause problems with development and daily life and may continue into adulthood.

• #9 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: What You Need to Know – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

  https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-what-you-need-to-know

  Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a developmental disorder marked by persistent symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Symptoms begin in childhood and can interfere with daily life, including social relationships and school or work performance. […] People with ADHD may experience an ongoing pattern of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. ADHD symptoms must begin in childhood (before age 12). Symptoms often continue into the teen years and adulthood. […] Signs of inattention can include frequent difficulty with paying attention to details, concentrating on tasks or activities, listening when spoken to directly, following instructions, organizing tasks and activities, completing tasks that require sustained attention, losing things, getting easily distracted, and forgetting about daily activities.

• #10 Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/adhd/symptoms-causes/syc-20350889

  Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, also called ADHD, is a long-term condition that affects millions of children. It often continues into adulthood. ADHD includes a mix of ongoing problems. These can include having a hard time paying attention, being hyperactive and being impulsive. […] Children with ADHD also may have low self-esteem and troubled relationships and do poorly in school. Symptoms sometimes lessen with age. Some people never completely outgrow their ADHD symptoms but they can learn strategies to be successful. […] The main features of ADHD include not paying attention and being hyperactive and impulsive. ADHD symptoms usually start before age 12. In some children, they can be seen as early as 3 years of age. ADHD symptoms can be mild, moderate or severe. Symptoms need to be seen in two or more settings, such as at home and at school. The symptoms cause problems with development and daily life and may continue into adulthood.

• #11 Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/adhd/symptoms-causes/syc-20350889

  ADHD occurs more often in boys than in girls. Behaviors can be different in boys and girls. For example, boys may be more hyperactive and girls may tend to quietly not pay attention. […] There are three types of ADHD: Predominately inattentive, Predominately hyperactive and impulsive, Combined. […] A child who shows a pattern of inattention may often fail to pay close attention to details or make careless mistakes in schoolwork. […] A child who shows a pattern of hyperactive and impulsive symptoms may often fidget with or tap hands or feet, or squirm in the seat. […] ADHD can make life hard for children. Children with ADHD often have trouble in the classroom, which can lead to failing grades and being judged by other children and adults. […] ADHD does not cause other mental health or developmental problems. But children with ADHD are more likely than others to also have conditions such as oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, learning disabilities, substance use disorders, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, mood disorders, autism spectrum disorder, tic disorders.

• #12 Symptoms of ADHD | Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/adhd/signs-symptoms/index.html

  ADHD symptoms can present as mostly inattentive, mostly hyperactive-impulsive, or a combination of both types of symptoms. […] The symptoms continue, can be severe, and can cause difficulty at school, at home, or with friends. […] A child with ADHD might daydream a lot, forget or lose things a lot, squirm or fidget, talk too much, make careless mistakes or take unnecessary risks, have a hard time resisting temptation, have trouble taking turns, have difficulty getting along with others. […] Based on the types of symptoms, three kinds (presentations) of ADHD can occur: Predominantly Inattentive Presentation, Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Presentation, Combined Presentation (a combination of inattentive and hyper-impulsive symptoms). […] Because symptoms can change over time, the presentation may change over time as well.

• #13 Attention Deficit Disorder – Lanc UK

  https://www.lanc.org.uk/related-conditions/attention-deficit-disorder-adhd/

  Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) is a term used for people who have excessive difficulties with concentration without the presence of other ADHD symptoms such as excessive impulsiveness or hyperactivity. […] ADD is more common in girls but it can occur quite often in boys also. […] Some children with ADD are also impulsive but have never been hyperactive. This impulsiveness can adversely affect their social skills interaction. […] ADD has a very different presentation from the hyperactive impulsive type of ADHD but it frequently co-occurs within the same family, with some children of the family having ADHD and some ADD. […] A diagnosis of ADD is a clinical diagnosis where the clinician is satisfied that there is excessive difficulty with the majority of the inattentive ADD criteria.

• #14 Inattentive ADHD: What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15253-inattentive-adhd

  Inattentive ADHD (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder) is a common type of ADHD that targets your focus and organization, but you may have few or no symptoms of hyperactivity. It affects both children and adults. If you have this type, you may forget to complete chores, find it difficult to pay attention when someone’s talking to you, or struggle at work or in school meeting deadlines. Treatment options are available. […] The condition interferes with your quality of life by intruding on your day-to-day functioning. Treatment is available for inattentive ADHD in both children and adults. […] The symptoms of inattentive ADHD include having trouble or difficulty with the following behaviors: Paying attention to the details and/or making frequent mistakes while doing tasks. Staying focused on long-winded tasks (like reading, listening to a presentation, etc.). Listening to others. Following through on tasks or obligations. You can easily lose focus in the middle of a task. Managing time and meeting deadlines. Performing tasks that need significant brain power, like filling out forms or writing reports. Keeping track of common items needed to complete everyday tasks (pencil, wallet, keys, phone, etc.). Staying in the moment without distractions. Remembering to complete routine tasks (chores, errands, appointments, etc.).

• #15 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4784-attention-deficithyperactivity-disorder-adhd

  ADHD stands for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Its a neurodevelopmental disorder, which means it affects how your brain develops. Symptoms begin before age 12 and include fidgeting, difficulty paying attention and losing things. ADHD is treatable with medications and therapies that manage symptoms and make daily life easier. […] ADHD symptoms begin in childhood (commonly between ages 3 and 6) and may continue into adulthood. But some people dont get a diagnosis until theyre adults. Theres no cure for ADHD, but treatments like medications and behavioral therapies can help manage symptoms. […] ADHD symptoms fall into two big groups: Inattention symptoms and Hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms. […] You may notice your child: Avoids tasks that require focusing for a long time, Doesnt pay attention to details or makes seemingly careless mistakes, Forgets to do things theyre supposed to, Gets easily distracted by things going on around them, or sometimes their own thoughts, Has difficulty with organizing things, like toys in their room, supplies in their backpack or steps in a project, Has trouble staying focused on things theyre doing, including listening to presentations or reading a long passage, Loses things they need, like school papers or eyeglasses, Seems distracted or like theyre daydreaming when someone is directly talking to them, Starts a task easily enough but then gets sidetracked and doesnt finish it.

• #16 ADHD Symptoms in Children: Signs, Diagnosis, and Type

  https://www.webmd.com/add-adhd/childhood-adhd/adhd-symptoms

  You may notice your child is impatient and finds it hard to wait to talk or do something. While this can be normal for kids, in children with ADHD, things like this happen a lot at home, school, or when they’re with friends. […] Impulsivity can lead to accidents, such as knocking things over or bumping into people. Kids may also do risky things without stopping to think about what might happen. For instance, they may climb and put themselves in danger. Acting first without thinking may also mess with the child’s ability to behave like other children who are the same age or developmental level. […] This type of ADHD usually happens when your child shows symptoms of inattention, along with hyperactivity and impulsivity. In fact, it is the most common type because children often have different symptoms from the three groups.

• #17 Symptoms of ADHD | Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/adhd/signs-symptoms/index.html

  ADHD symptoms can present as mostly inattentive, mostly hyperactive-impulsive, or a combination of both types of symptoms. […] The symptoms continue, can be severe, and can cause difficulty at school, at home, or with friends. […] A child with ADHD might daydream a lot, forget or lose things a lot, squirm or fidget, talk too much, make careless mistakes or take unnecessary risks, have a hard time resisting temptation, have trouble taking turns, have difficulty getting along with others. […] Based on the types of symptoms, three kinds (presentations) of ADHD can occur: Predominantly Inattentive Presentation, Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Presentation, Combined Presentation (a combination of inattentive and hyper-impulsive symptoms). […] Because symptoms can change over time, the presentation may change over time as well.

• #18 About ADHD – Symptoms, Causes and Treatment – CHADD

  https://chadd.org/about-adhd/overview/

  These symptoms can change over time, so children may fit different presentations as they get older. […] More than 75 percent of children with ADHD continue to experience significant symptoms in adulthood. […] Children with ADHD often experience delays in independent functioning and may behave younger than their peers. […] Many children affected by ADHD can also have mild delays in language, motor skills or social development that are not part of ADHD but often co-occur. […] Children with ADHD are at risk for potentially serious problems in adolescence and adulthood: academic failure or delays, driving problems, difficulties with peers and social situations, risky sexual behavior, and substance abuse. […] As noted above, ADHD persists from childhood to adolescence in the vast majority of cases (50-80 percent), although the hyperactivity may lessen over time.

• #19 Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/adhd/symptoms-causes/syc-20350889

  ADHD occurs more often in boys than in girls. Behaviors can be different in boys and girls. For example, boys may be more hyperactive and girls may tend to quietly not pay attention. […] There are three types of ADHD: Predominately inattentive, Predominately hyperactive and impulsive, Combined. […] A child who shows a pattern of inattention may often fail to pay close attention to details or make careless mistakes in schoolwork. […] A child who shows a pattern of hyperactive and impulsive symptoms may often fidget with or tap hands or feet, or squirm in the seat. […] ADHD can make life hard for children. Children with ADHD often have trouble in the classroom, which can lead to failing grades and being judged by other children and adults. […] ADHD does not cause other mental health or developmental problems. But children with ADHD are more likely than others to also have conditions such as oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, learning disabilities, substance use disorders, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, mood disorders, autism spectrum disorder, tic disorders.

• #20 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: What You Need to Know – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

  https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-what-you-need-to-know

  Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a developmental disorder marked by persistent symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Symptoms begin in childhood and can interfere with daily life, including social relationships and school or work performance. […] People with ADHD may experience an ongoing pattern of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. ADHD symptoms must begin in childhood (before age 12). Symptoms often continue into the teen years and adulthood. […] Signs of inattention can include frequent difficulty with paying attention to details, concentrating on tasks or activities, listening when spoken to directly, following instructions, organizing tasks and activities, completing tasks that require sustained attention, losing things, getting easily distracted, and forgetting about daily activities.

• #21 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4784-attention-deficithyperactivity-disorder-adhd

  ADHD stands for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Its a neurodevelopmental disorder, which means it affects how your brain develops. Symptoms begin before age 12 and include fidgeting, difficulty paying attention and losing things. ADHD is treatable with medications and therapies that manage symptoms and make daily life easier. […] ADHD symptoms begin in childhood (commonly between ages 3 and 6) and may continue into adulthood. But some people dont get a diagnosis until theyre adults. Theres no cure for ADHD, but treatments like medications and behavioral therapies can help manage symptoms. […] ADHD symptoms fall into two big groups: Inattention symptoms and Hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms. […] You may notice your child: Avoids tasks that require focusing for a long time, Doesnt pay attention to details or makes seemingly careless mistakes, Forgets to do things theyre supposed to, Gets easily distracted by things going on around them, or sometimes their own thoughts, Has difficulty with organizing things, like toys in their room, supplies in their backpack or steps in a project, Has trouble staying focused on things theyre doing, including listening to presentations or reading a long passage, Loses things they need, like school papers or eyeglasses, Seems distracted or like theyre daydreaming when someone is directly talking to them, Starts a task easily enough but then gets sidetracked and doesnt finish it.

• #22 Patient education: Symptoms and diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/symptoms-and-diagnosis-of-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-in-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  Similar to the hyperactive symptoms, impulsive symptoms are typically seen by the time a child is four years old and increase during the next three to four years to peak in severity when the child is seven to eight years of age. However, impulsive symptoms usually continue to be a problem throughout the life of the individual. […] Inattention may take many forms, including forgetfulness, being easily distracted, losing or misplacing things, disorganization, underachievement in school, poor follow-through with assignments or tasks, poor concentration, and poor attention to detail. […] Because of the developmental demands on a child (eg, needing to pay attention, sit still), these problems may become more obvious in school when the child is eight to nine years old, although the child may have symptoms at a younger age when at home. Inattention is most likely to persist through adolescence and potentially into adulthood.

• #23 Developmental Course of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and its Predictors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3565715/

  Although ADHD is most typically diagnosed during school years, there is an increasing tendency for it to be identified in preschoolers. Behavioral manifestations of ADHD, such as high activity levels, poor inhibitory control, and short attention span, are normative in healthy preschool children. However, in clinical cases, they are more pronounced and result in high rates of precarious behavior and physical injury, unmanageable conduct across many settings, including home and classroom, and poor performance in preschool. […] Most ADHD preschoolers present with the combined ADHD subtype. The predominantly hyperactive-impulsive subtype is more common in preschoolers than in older children, as hyperactivity tends to decrease with age. The predominantly inattentive subtype, on the other hand, is rare in this age group, and inattention symptoms become more apparent as the child grows older.

• #24 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: What You Need to Know – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

  https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-what-you-need-to-know

  Signs of hyperactivity and impulsivity can include fidgeting, moving around when expected to remain seated, running or climbing at inappropriate times, being constantly on the go, being unable to quietly play, talking excessively, answering questions before they are fully asked, struggling to wait or be patient, and interrupting or intruding on others. […] ADHD symptoms may change as a person gets older. Children show hyperactivity and impulsivity as the most common symptoms. As academic and social demands increase, symptoms of inattention often become more prominent. […] Adolescents usually show less hyperactivity and may appear as restless or fidgeting. Symptoms of inattention and impulsivity typically continue and may cause academic, organizational, or relationship challenges. […] Adults can show inattention, restlessness, and impulsivity, although, in some people, those symptoms become less severe and less impairing.

• #25 ADHD Symptoms in Children: Signs, Diagnosis, and Type

  https://www.webmd.com/add-adhd/childhood-adhd/adhd-symptoms

  You might be able to notice hyperactivity in preschoolers. Sometimes, as kids get older, symptoms can get better. […] Kids with hyperactivity may: Fidget and squirm when seated, Get up often to walk or run around, Run or climb a lot at the wrong time (In teens, this may seem like restlessness.), Have trouble playing quietly or doing quiet hobbies, Be always „on the go”, Talk too much. […] Toddlers and preschoolers with ADHD may seem to be constantly in motion jumping on furniture and having trouble taking part in group activities that call for them to sit still. For instance, they may have a hard time listening to a story. School-age children can have similar habits, but you may notice them less often. […] Hyperactivity in teens may make them appear restless or uneasy. They may also have a hard time doing quiet activities.

• #26 Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Children, Adolescents and Teens | Phoenix Children’s Hospital

  https://phoenixchildrens.org/specialties-conditions/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd-children-adolescents-and-teens

  Impulsivity: Often interrupts others, Has difficulty waiting for his or her turn in school and/or social games, Tends to blurt out answers instead of waiting to be called upon, Takes frequent risks, and often without thinking before acting. […] Hyperactivity: Seems to be in constant motion; runs or climbs, at times with no apparent goal except motion, Has difficulty remaining in his/her seat even when it is expected, Fidgets with hands or squirms when in his or her seat; fidgeting excessively, Talks excessively, Has difficulty engaging in quiet activities, Loses or forgets things repeatedly and often, Inability to stay on task; shifts from one task to another without bringing any to completion. […] The symptoms of ADHD may resemble other medical conditions or behavior problems. Keep in mind that many of these symptoms may occur in children and teens who do not have ADHD. A key element in diagnosis is that the symptoms must significantly impair adaptive functioning in both home and school environments.

• #27 Patient education: Symptoms and diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/symptoms-and-diagnosis-of-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-in-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  Hyperactive behavior is defined as excessive fidgetiness or talking, difficulty remaining seated when required to do so, difficulty playing quietly, and frequent restlessness or always seeming to be „on the go.” […] These symptoms are usually seen by the time a child is four years old and typically increase over the next three to four years. The symptoms may peak in severity when the child is seven to eight years of age, after which they often begin to decline. By the adolescent years, the hyperactive symptoms may be less noticeable, although ADHD can continue to be present. […] Impulsive behavior almost always occurs with hyperactivity in younger children. It can cause difficulty waiting turns, blurting out answers too quickly, disruptive classroom behavior, intruding or interrupting others’ activities, rejection by classmates, and unintentional injury.

• #28 ADHD Changes in Children as They Grow and Develop

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/family-resources-education/700childrens/2018/05/adhd-as-a-child-develops

  Despite the generally chronic nature of ADHD, symptoms of the disorder, as well as impairment the disorder causes, often change over time. Hyperactive symptoms (e.g., running or climbing excessively; talking excessively; appearing on the go or driven by a motor) tend to decline the most, usually in later childhood and early adolescence, at which time obvious hyperactivity is often replaced by restlessness. Impulsive behaviors may also improve as children age, though consequences for the impulsivity that remains may become more serious (e.g., increased risk for automobile accidents and substance use). Inattentive symptoms of ADHD, on the other hand, appear the most stable over time. While an individuals attention span may improve gradually with age, this may not be adequate to meet daily demands. […] Although we know that symptoms of ADHD are likely to persist into adulthood, the good news is that effective treatment strategies (i.e., medication and use of environmental supports) are available to help adolescents and adults improve their ability to meet daily expectations.

• #29 Developmental Course of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and its Predictors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3565715/

  To outline the key features of the developmental progression of ADHD and to consider the most prominent influences on its developmental course and outcomes. […] Presentation of ADHD and associated impairments evolve across development, as do outcome predictors. In early development, in addition to genetics, some forms of prenatal adversity increase the risk for ADHD. In preschool years, symptom severity, cognitive function, and family factors become significant predictors of school age outcomes. These continue to predict long-term outcomes in school aged children, and comorbidity emerges as another significant long-term outcome predictor at this stage. […] Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common psychiatric disorder with a childhood onset, defined by age-inappropriate symptoms of inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity. Its clinical presentation evolves across the lifespan, and the individuals developmental stage largely determines the disorders impact on his/her everyday functioning.

• #30 Developmental Course of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and its Predictors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3565715/

  Although ADHD is most typically diagnosed during school years, there is an increasing tendency for it to be identified in preschoolers. Behavioral manifestations of ADHD, such as high activity levels, poor inhibitory control, and short attention span, are normative in healthy preschool children. However, in clinical cases, they are more pronounced and result in high rates of precarious behavior and physical injury, unmanageable conduct across many settings, including home and classroom, and poor performance in preschool. […] Most ADHD preschoolers present with the combined ADHD subtype. The predominantly hyperactive-impulsive subtype is more common in preschoolers than in older children, as hyperactivity tends to decrease with age. The predominantly inattentive subtype, on the other hand, is rare in this age group, and inattention symptoms become more apparent as the child grows older.

• #31 Preschoolers and ADHD – CHADD

  https://chadd.org/for-parents/preschoolers-and-adhd/

  At times preschoolers may have difficulty paying attention, following directions, and waiting or taking their turn. These behaviors can be common and age appropriate or they may indicate the need for an Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) evaluation. […] Yes. Children as young as age 4 can be diagnosed with ADHD. According to the 2010-2011 National Survey of Childrens Health, approximately 194,000 preschoolers (2-5 years of age) had a current ADHD diagnosis. Some children outgrow the symptoms, but others may not. Research shows that 3-year-olds who show symptoms of ADHD are much more likely to meet the diagnostic criteria for ADHD by age 13. […] Preschoolers with ADHD are more likely to be suspended from school or daycare because of their disruptive behavior. These kids have more trouble learning concepts at school, and many get special education placements at a very young age when compared to children without ADHD.

• #32 Is it ADHD or Typical Toddler Behavior? Ten Early Signs of ADHD Risk in Preschool Age Children | Kennedy Krieger Institute

  https://www.kennedykrieger.org/stories/Is-it-adhd-or-typical-toddler-behavior-ten-early-signs-adhd-risk-preschool-age-children

  In preschool-aged children (3-4 years), Dr. Mahone recommends that parents look for the following signs that are associated with an ADHD diagnosis when children reach school age: Dislikes or avoids activities that require paying attention for more than one or two minutes, Loses interest and starts doing something else after engaging in an activity for a few moments, Talks a lot more and makes more noise than other children of the same age, Climbs on things when instructed not to do so, Cannot hop on one foot by age 4, Nearly always restless — wants to constantly kick or jiggle feet or twist around in his/her seat. Insists that he/she „must” get up after being seated for more than a few minutes, Gets into dangerous situations because of fearlessness, Warms up too quickly to strangers, Frequently aggressive with playmates; has been removed from preschool/daycare for aggression, Has been injured (e.g., received stitches) because of moving too fast or running when instructed not to do so.

• #33 Developmental Course of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and its Predictors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3565715/

  Preschool ADHD persists into school age in 60-80% of cases, with the combined subtype showing most persistence; however ADHD subtypes tend to be unstable over time, with many children shifting between them. […] Most ADHD diagnoses are made in school-aged children, as cases are usually identified and referred because of classroom disruptiveness and/or academic difficulties. Most current knowledge regarding ADHD derives from research on this age group. Briefly, school aged children with ADHD tend to be impaired in terms of academic achievement, family interactions and peer relationships, and have elevated rates of psychiatric comorbidity. About 70% of children with ADHD have at least one other comorbid disorder, the most common comorbidities being ODD, anxiety disorders, and learning disorders.

• #34 Preschoolers and ADHD – CHADD

  https://chadd.org/for-parents/preschoolers-and-adhd/

  To be diagnosed with ADHD, a child must have a specified number of symptoms for at least 6 months that show up in more than one area of life. […] A diagnosis of ADHD is based on The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM 5). The manual lists three presentations of ADHD: Inattentive, Hyperactive-Impulsive and Combined and the symptoms for each. […] These symptoms can change over time, so children may fit different presentations as they age. […] Preschoolers with ADHD are more likely to have difficulties in daycare or school, including problems with peer relationships, learning, and a higher risk of injuries. An early diagnosis is important so that your child can get the needed help to minimize these problems. […] When it comes to treatment for preschool and kindergarten-aged children, the AAP calls for behavioral treatments first and medication only when needed. Behavioral therapy from child and adolescent therapists who specialize in ADHD will provide both the parents and the children techniques to teach and reinforce positive behaviors and skills.

• #35 Developmental Course of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and its Predictors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3565715/

  Preschool ADHD persists into school age in 60-80% of cases, with the combined subtype showing most persistence; however ADHD subtypes tend to be unstable over time, with many children shifting between them. […] Most ADHD diagnoses are made in school-aged children, as cases are usually identified and referred because of classroom disruptiveness and/or academic difficulties. Most current knowledge regarding ADHD derives from research on this age group. Briefly, school aged children with ADHD tend to be impaired in terms of academic achievement, family interactions and peer relationships, and have elevated rates of psychiatric comorbidity. About 70% of children with ADHD have at least one other comorbid disorder, the most common comorbidities being ODD, anxiety disorders, and learning disorders.

• #36 Patient education: Symptoms and diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/symptoms-and-diagnosis-of-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-in-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  Hyperactive behavior is defined as excessive fidgetiness or talking, difficulty remaining seated when required to do so, difficulty playing quietly, and frequent restlessness or always seeming to be „on the go.” […] These symptoms are usually seen by the time a child is four years old and typically increase over the next three to four years. The symptoms may peak in severity when the child is seven to eight years of age, after which they often begin to decline. By the adolescent years, the hyperactive symptoms may be less noticeable, although ADHD can continue to be present. […] Impulsive behavior almost always occurs with hyperactivity in younger children. It can cause difficulty waiting turns, blurting out answers too quickly, disruptive classroom behavior, intruding or interrupting others’ activities, rejection by classmates, and unintentional injury.

• #37 Parents Guide to ADHD in Children | Child Mind Institute

  https://childmind.org/guide/parents-guide-to-adhd/

  Children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) find it unusually difficult to concentrate on tasks, to pay attention, to sit still, and to control impulsive behavior. […] Symptoms of ADHD are divided into two groups: inattentive behaviors and hyperactive and impulsive behaviors. […] Inattentive symptoms of ADHD: Makes careless mistakes, Is easily distracted, Doesn’t seem to be listening when spoken to directly, Has difficulty following instructions, Has trouble organizing, Avoids or dislikes sustained effort, Is forgetful, always losing things. […] Hyperactive or impulsive symptoms of ADHD: Fidgeting or squirming, trouble staying in one place or waiting his turn, Excessive running and climbing, Trouble playing quietly, Extreme impatience, Always seems to be “on the go” or “driven by a motor”, Excessive talking or interrupting, blurting out answers.

• #38 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4784-attention-deficithyperactivity-disorder-adhd

  ADHD stands for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Its a neurodevelopmental disorder, which means it affects how your brain develops. Symptoms begin before age 12 and include fidgeting, difficulty paying attention and losing things. ADHD is treatable with medications and therapies that manage symptoms and make daily life easier. […] ADHD symptoms begin in childhood (commonly between ages 3 and 6) and may continue into adulthood. But some people dont get a diagnosis until theyre adults. Theres no cure for ADHD, but treatments like medications and behavioral therapies can help manage symptoms. […] ADHD symptoms fall into two big groups: Inattention symptoms and Hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms. […] You may notice your child: Avoids tasks that require focusing for a long time, Doesnt pay attention to details or makes seemingly careless mistakes, Forgets to do things theyre supposed to, Gets easily distracted by things going on around them, or sometimes their own thoughts, Has difficulty with organizing things, like toys in their room, supplies in their backpack or steps in a project, Has trouble staying focused on things theyre doing, including listening to presentations or reading a long passage, Loses things they need, like school papers or eyeglasses, Seems distracted or like theyre daydreaming when someone is directly talking to them, Starts a task easily enough but then gets sidetracked and doesnt finish it.

• #39 Patient education: Symptoms and diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/symptoms-and-diagnosis-of-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-in-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  Similar to the hyperactive symptoms, impulsive symptoms are typically seen by the time a child is four years old and increase during the next three to four years to peak in severity when the child is seven to eight years of age. However, impulsive symptoms usually continue to be a problem throughout the life of the individual. […] Inattention may take many forms, including forgetfulness, being easily distracted, losing or misplacing things, disorganization, underachievement in school, poor follow-through with assignments or tasks, poor concentration, and poor attention to detail. […] Because of the developmental demands on a child (eg, needing to pay attention, sit still), these problems may become more obvious in school when the child is eight to nine years old, although the child may have symptoms at a younger age when at home. Inattention is most likely to persist through adolescence and potentially into adulthood.

• #40 Developmental Course of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and its Predictors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3565715/

  Preschool ADHD persists into school age in 60-80% of cases, with the combined subtype showing most persistence; however ADHD subtypes tend to be unstable over time, with many children shifting between them. […] Most ADHD diagnoses are made in school-aged children, as cases are usually identified and referred because of classroom disruptiveness and/or academic difficulties. Most current knowledge regarding ADHD derives from research on this age group. Briefly, school aged children with ADHD tend to be impaired in terms of academic achievement, family interactions and peer relationships, and have elevated rates of psychiatric comorbidity. About 70% of children with ADHD have at least one other comorbid disorder, the most common comorbidities being ODD, anxiety disorders, and learning disorders.

• #41 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: What You Need to Know – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

  https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-what-you-need-to-know

  Signs of hyperactivity and impulsivity can include fidgeting, moving around when expected to remain seated, running or climbing at inappropriate times, being constantly on the go, being unable to quietly play, talking excessively, answering questions before they are fully asked, struggling to wait or be patient, and interrupting or intruding on others. […] ADHD symptoms may change as a person gets older. Children show hyperactivity and impulsivity as the most common symptoms. As academic and social demands increase, symptoms of inattention often become more prominent. […] Adolescents usually show less hyperactivity and may appear as restless or fidgeting. Symptoms of inattention and impulsivity typically continue and may cause academic, organizational, or relationship challenges. […] Adults can show inattention, restlessness, and impulsivity, although, in some people, those symptoms become less severe and less impairing.

• #42 The Signs of ADHD in Children and in Adults

  https://www.healthline.com/health/adhd/signs

  Compared to children, teens may show less hyperactivity and instead may appear restless or fidgety. Inattention and impulsivity can cause academic, organizational, or relationship challenges. […] In teenagers with ADHD, other symptoms that may appear include: trouble with task organization and time management; frequently making mistakes while doing work; frequently forgetting things or losing personal items; frequently avoiding mentally taxing tasks; experiencing increased frustration and emotional sensitivity; increased conflict with parents due to ADHD symptoms affecting the home life. […] While these symptoms of inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and impulsivity can sometimes cause teenagers with ADHD to appear immature, they have nothing to do with a child’s maturity level. […] ADHD is a neurodevelopmental condition that causes a person to experience inattention, hyperactivity-impulsivity, or a mixture of both. […] In children, ADHD symptoms can sometimes be misunderstood by parents and caretakers, while untreated ADHD in adults can cause symptoms that significantly interfere with daily functioning.

• #43 The Signs of ADHD in Children and in Adults

  https://www.healthline.com/health/adhd/signs

  Compared to children, teens may show less hyperactivity and instead may appear restless or fidgety. Inattention and impulsivity can cause academic, organizational, or relationship challenges. […] In teenagers with ADHD, other symptoms that may appear include: trouble with task organization and time management; frequently making mistakes while doing work; frequently forgetting things or losing personal items; frequently avoiding mentally taxing tasks; experiencing increased frustration and emotional sensitivity; increased conflict with parents due to ADHD symptoms affecting the home life. […] While these symptoms of inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and impulsivity can sometimes cause teenagers with ADHD to appear immature, they have nothing to do with a child’s maturity level. […] ADHD is a neurodevelopmental condition that causes a person to experience inattention, hyperactivity-impulsivity, or a mixture of both. […] In children, ADHD symptoms can sometimes be misunderstood by parents and caretakers, while untreated ADHD in adults can cause symptoms that significantly interfere with daily functioning.

• #44 ADHD Changes in Children as They Grow and Develop

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/family-resources-education/700childrens/2018/05/adhd-as-a-child-develops

  Despite the generally chronic nature of ADHD, symptoms of the disorder, as well as impairment the disorder causes, often change over time. Hyperactive symptoms (e.g., running or climbing excessively; talking excessively; appearing on the go or driven by a motor) tend to decline the most, usually in later childhood and early adolescence, at which time obvious hyperactivity is often replaced by restlessness. Impulsive behaviors may also improve as children age, though consequences for the impulsivity that remains may become more serious (e.g., increased risk for automobile accidents and substance use). Inattentive symptoms of ADHD, on the other hand, appear the most stable over time. While an individuals attention span may improve gradually with age, this may not be adequate to meet daily demands. […] Although we know that symptoms of ADHD are likely to persist into adulthood, the good news is that effective treatment strategies (i.e., medication and use of environmental supports) are available to help adolescents and adults improve their ability to meet daily expectations.

• #45 Developmental Course of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and its Predictors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3565715/

  Our current understanding of ADHD beyond childhood derives chiefly from several large prospective long-term follow up studies that followed cohorts of children with ADHD and healthy control children into adolescence and adulthood. Overall, these studies have suggested that roughly 1/3 of children with ADHD show remission by adulthood, while the rest continue to have either the full syndrome or significant symptoms that fall short of the diagnostic criteria. […] The factors predicting persistence of childhood ADHD into adolescence and adulthood have included: severity of and impairment from childhood ADHD; comorbid childhood CD, ODD, mood, and anxiety disorders; IQ; poor school and social functioning and behavioral problems; and parental psychopathology and conflict. […] In terms of functional adult outcomes, perhaps the most important determinant is persistence of ADHD. As adults, those with persisting ADHD showed more impairment in major life domains, such as occupation, education, home responsibilities, romantic relationships, social functioning, and community activities, and had higher comorbidity rates than those considered in remission.

• #46 ADHD Symptoms in Children: Signs, Diagnosis, and Type

  https://www.webmd.com/add-adhd/childhood-adhd/adhd-symptoms

  As they grow older, some teens who’ve had the disorder since childhood may have periods of anxiety or depression. When there are more demands at school or home, ADHD symptoms may get worse. […] A child with hyperactive behavior may get symptoms of other disruptive disorders, such as oppositional defiant disorder. […] If you’re concerned, talk to your child’s doctor about your treatment options. Medications, behavioral therapy, and other treatments can help. […] ADHD symptoms can affect each child differently, depending on several things not limited to but including age, gender, and type of ADHD. Symptoms of ADHD not paying attention, being in constant motion, and doing things before thinking are easy to confuse with how young children often behave. If you think your kid may be showing childhood ADHD symptoms, it’s important to speak with their doctor or mental health specialist right away. Some kids will outgrow their ADHD, but for others, their ADHD symptoms can last into young adulthood and even beyond.

• #47 Developmental Course of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and its Predictors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3565715/

  Our current understanding of ADHD beyond childhood derives chiefly from several large prospective long-term follow up studies that followed cohorts of children with ADHD and healthy control children into adolescence and adulthood. Overall, these studies have suggested that roughly 1/3 of children with ADHD show remission by adulthood, while the rest continue to have either the full syndrome or significant symptoms that fall short of the diagnostic criteria. […] The factors predicting persistence of childhood ADHD into adolescence and adulthood have included: severity of and impairment from childhood ADHD; comorbid childhood CD, ODD, mood, and anxiety disorders; IQ; poor school and social functioning and behavioral problems; and parental psychopathology and conflict. […] In terms of functional adult outcomes, perhaps the most important determinant is persistence of ADHD. As adults, those with persisting ADHD showed more impairment in major life domains, such as occupation, education, home responsibilities, romantic relationships, social functioning, and community activities, and had higher comorbidity rates than those considered in remission.

• #48 ADHD Changes in Children as They Grow and Develop

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/family-resources-education/700childrens/2018/05/adhd-as-a-child-develops

  Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a developmental disorder that involves delays in how well a person is able to control, or regulate, his or her own attention, behavior and emotion. […] A person with ADHD will also become better at self-regulating over time, but will typically remain delayed compared to other people of the same age. For example, a 16-year-old with ADHD will have more self-control than he did when he was 5, but probably wont have as much self-control as the next 16-year-old. As a result, both kids and adolescents with ADHD often appear immature compared to their peers. […] ADHD is typically a chronic disorder, meaning that most children (50 to 80 percent) with ADHD continue to meet criteria for the diagnosis as they move into adolescence, and many (35 to 65 percent) continue to meet criteria as adults. Further, only a small number (10 to 20 percent) of children with ADHD will have no symptoms or impairment as adults. In other words, relatively few people appear to fully outgrow ADHD in adulthood.

• #49 Developmental Course of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and its Predictors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3565715/

  Our current understanding of ADHD beyond childhood derives chiefly from several large prospective long-term follow up studies that followed cohorts of children with ADHD and healthy control children into adolescence and adulthood. Overall, these studies have suggested that roughly 1/3 of children with ADHD show remission by adulthood, while the rest continue to have either the full syndrome or significant symptoms that fall short of the diagnostic criteria. […] The factors predicting persistence of childhood ADHD into adolescence and adulthood have included: severity of and impairment from childhood ADHD; comorbid childhood CD, ODD, mood, and anxiety disorders; IQ; poor school and social functioning and behavioral problems; and parental psychopathology and conflict. […] In terms of functional adult outcomes, perhaps the most important determinant is persistence of ADHD. As adults, those with persisting ADHD showed more impairment in major life domains, such as occupation, education, home responsibilities, romantic relationships, social functioning, and community activities, and had higher comorbidity rates than those considered in remission.

• #50 Developmental Course of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and its Predictors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3565715/

  Severity of childhood and adolescent ADHD is another factor that has been reported to predict adult impairment in the above major life domains. Persistence and severity of ADHD at every developmental stage were associated with adult antisocial problems and criminality, while childhood behavioral problems, such as ODD and CD were themselves associated with ADHD persistence into adulthood. […] ADHD is a highly heritable disorder, with twin studies suggesting a heritability estimate of .76. However, a number of early developmental risk factors have also emerged as significant predictors of ADHD and its symptoms. […] Findings are equivocal as to whether stimulant treatment impacts outcomes. The Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD (MTA), the largest treatment study to date, found that treatment was not a significant determinant of long-term outcome.

• #51 Developmental Course of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and its Predictors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3565715/

  Our current understanding of ADHD beyond childhood derives chiefly from several large prospective long-term follow up studies that followed cohorts of children with ADHD and healthy control children into adolescence and adulthood. Overall, these studies have suggested that roughly 1/3 of children with ADHD show remission by adulthood, while the rest continue to have either the full syndrome or significant symptoms that fall short of the diagnostic criteria. […] The factors predicting persistence of childhood ADHD into adolescence and adulthood have included: severity of and impairment from childhood ADHD; comorbid childhood CD, ODD, mood, and anxiety disorders; IQ; poor school and social functioning and behavioral problems; and parental psychopathology and conflict. […] In terms of functional adult outcomes, perhaps the most important determinant is persistence of ADHD. As adults, those with persisting ADHD showed more impairment in major life domains, such as occupation, education, home responsibilities, romantic relationships, social functioning, and community activities, and had higher comorbidity rates than those considered in remission.

• #52 Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/adhd/symptoms-causes/syc-20350889

  ADHD occurs more often in boys than in girls. Behaviors can be different in boys and girls. For example, boys may be more hyperactive and girls may tend to quietly not pay attention. […] There are three types of ADHD: Predominately inattentive, Predominately hyperactive and impulsive, Combined. […] A child who shows a pattern of inattention may often fail to pay close attention to details or make careless mistakes in schoolwork. […] A child who shows a pattern of hyperactive and impulsive symptoms may often fidget with or tap hands or feet, or squirm in the seat. […] ADHD can make life hard for children. Children with ADHD often have trouble in the classroom, which can lead to failing grades and being judged by other children and adults. […] ADHD does not cause other mental health or developmental problems. But children with ADHD are more likely than others to also have conditions such as oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, learning disabilities, substance use disorders, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, mood disorders, autism spectrum disorder, tic disorders.

• #53 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4784-attention-deficithyperactivity-disorder-adhd

  ADHD is genetic. This means your child is born with certain gene changes that cause differences in their brain development (neurodivergence). […] Without proper treatment, your child may have: Low self-esteem, Poor grades and an inability to reach their full potential, Difficulty in social situations, partly due to peers teasing them or not wanting to hang out with them, An increased risk of developing substance use disorders when theyre older, Frequent driving accidents and injuries, Trouble getting and keeping a job when theyre older. […] Healthcare providers diagnose ADHD based on the presence and absence of certain symptoms. They use the criteria listed in the DSM-5-TR. […] ADHD treatments fall into two main groups: behavioral interventions (which teach practical skills) and medications. The exact treatment plan varies according to a persons age and individual needs. […] ADHD doesnt go away but doesnt have to be an impairing condition. You cant outgrow it, but treatment can help manage your symptoms.

• #54 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/learning-and-developmental-disorders/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd

  Core symptoms and signs of ADHD involve inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. […] Inattention tends to appear when a child is involved in tasks that require vigilance, rapid reaction time, visual and perceptual search, and systematic and sustained listening. […] Impulsivity refers to hasty actions that have the potential for a negative outcome. […] Hyperactivity involves excessive motor activity. Children, particularly younger ones, may have trouble sitting quietly when expected to. […] Inattention and impulsivity impede development of academic skills and thinking and reasoning strategies, motivation for school, and adjustment to social demands. […] Overall, approximately 20 to 60% of children with ADHD have learning disabilities, but some school dysfunction occurs in most children with ADHD due to inattention and impulsivity.

• #55 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder

  According to the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) and its text revision (DSM-5-TR), symptoms must be present for six months or more to a degree that is much greater than others of the same age. […] ADHD is divided into three primary presentations: predominantly inattentive (ADHD-PI or ADHD-I), predominantly hyperactive-impulsive (ADHD-PH or ADHD-HI), and combined presentation (ADHD-C). […] Symptoms are expressed differently and more subtly as the individual ages. […] Difficulties managing anger are more common in children with ADHD, as are delays in speech, language and motor development. […] People with ADHD of all ages are more likely to have problems with social skills, such as social interaction and forming and maintaining friendships.

• #56 About ADHD – Symptoms, Causes and Treatment – CHADD

  https://chadd.org/about-adhd/overview/

  More than two-thirds of children with ADHD have at least one other co-existing condition. […] ADHD symptoms, themselves, may contribute to family conflict. Even though family stress does not cause ADHD, it can change the way the ADHD presents itself and result in additional problems such as antisocial behavior. […] ADHD is clearly a brain-based disorder.

• #57 ADHD in Children: Signs, Symptoms and Help for ADHD in Kids

  https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/adhd/adhd-in-children

  Whether or not your childs symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity are due to ADHD, they can cause many problems if left untreated. Children who cant focus and control themselves may struggle in school, get into frequent trouble, and find it hard to get along with others or make friends. These frustrations and difficulties can lead to low self-esteem as well as friction and stress for the whole family. […] If your child struggles with symptoms that look like ADHD, dont wait to seek professional help. You can treat your childs symptoms of hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity without having a diagnosis of attention deficit disorder. Options to start with include getting your child into therapy, implementing a better diet and exercise plan, and modifying the home environment to minimize distractions.

• #58 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) – PsychDB

  https://www.psychdb.com/child/adhd

  Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder, usually first diagnosed in childhood, characterized by inattention, impulsivity, and/or hyperactivity. […] The general prevalence of ADHD is estimated at between 5-9% (average 7%) for children and adolescents, 3-5% for adults, and a world-wide prevalence of 5%. […] Although ADHD is classically considered to be a life-long condition, between one-third to one-half of individuals’ symptoms will remit by adulthood. […] Childhood ADHD has been found to be associated with worse educational (lower grades, truancy), occupational economic, social, and health related outcomes. […] ADHD in children is linked to a 2 times greater risk for accidental injuries of all types. […] Adolescents with ADHD have a higher risk of earlier substance use, and greater difficulty with substance use.

• #59 Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/adhd/symptoms-causes/syc-20350889

  ADHD occurs more often in boys than in girls. Behaviors can be different in boys and girls. For example, boys may be more hyperactive and girls may tend to quietly not pay attention. […] There are three types of ADHD: Predominately inattentive, Predominately hyperactive and impulsive, Combined. […] A child who shows a pattern of inattention may often fail to pay close attention to details or make careless mistakes in schoolwork. […] A child who shows a pattern of hyperactive and impulsive symptoms may often fidget with or tap hands or feet, or squirm in the seat. […] ADHD can make life hard for children. Children with ADHD often have trouble in the classroom, which can lead to failing grades and being judged by other children and adults. […] ADHD does not cause other mental health or developmental problems. But children with ADHD are more likely than others to also have conditions such as oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, learning disabilities, substance use disorders, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, mood disorders, autism spectrum disorder, tic disorders.

• #60 About ADHD – Symptoms, Causes and Treatment – CHADD

  https://chadd.org/about-adhd/overview/

  More than two-thirds of children with ADHD have at least one other co-existing condition. […] ADHD symptoms, themselves, may contribute to family conflict. Even though family stress does not cause ADHD, it can change the way the ADHD presents itself and result in additional problems such as antisocial behavior. […] ADHD is clearly a brain-based disorder.

• #61 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/learning-and-developmental-disorders/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd

  Core symptoms and signs of ADHD involve inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. […] Inattention tends to appear when a child is involved in tasks that require vigilance, rapid reaction time, visual and perceptual search, and systematic and sustained listening. […] Impulsivity refers to hasty actions that have the potential for a negative outcome. […] Hyperactivity involves excessive motor activity. Children, particularly younger ones, may have trouble sitting quietly when expected to. […] Inattention and impulsivity impede development of academic skills and thinking and reasoning strategies, motivation for school, and adjustment to social demands. […] Overall, approximately 20 to 60% of children with ADHD have learning disabilities, but some school dysfunction occurs in most children with ADHD due to inattention and impulsivity.

• #62 Patient education: Symptoms and diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/symptoms-and-diagnosis-of-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-in-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  Other psychological and developmental disorders exist in as many as one-half of children with ADHD. These can be difficult to distinguish from ADHD because there are frequently overlapping symptoms. […] Learning disorders occur in 20 to 50 percent of children with ADHD and may cause difficulty with performance in school. […] Disruptive behavior disorders include ODD and CD, and affect up to 40 percent of people with ADHD. […] Anxiety and mood disorders include depression, anxiety, and bipolar (manic depressive) disorder. […] Caregivers who suspect that their child has ADHD should begin by talking to the child’s teacher and/or school staff. […] The next step is to make an appointment with the child’s health care provider. The provider will evaluate the child and determine if further testing or evaluation is needed, and if ADHD or another condition is a possible cause of symptoms. […] After the diagnosis is made and treatment begins, the caregiver, teacher, and health care provider will continue to monitor the child to ensure that treatment is effective and the diagnosis is correct.

• #63 Patient education: Symptoms and diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/symptoms-and-diagnosis-of-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-in-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  Other psychological and developmental disorders exist in as many as one-half of children with ADHD. These can be difficult to distinguish from ADHD because there are frequently overlapping symptoms. […] Learning disorders occur in 20 to 50 percent of children with ADHD and may cause difficulty with performance in school. […] Disruptive behavior disorders include ODD and CD, and affect up to 40 percent of people with ADHD. […] Anxiety and mood disorders include depression, anxiety, and bipolar (manic depressive) disorder. […] Caregivers who suspect that their child has ADHD should begin by talking to the child’s teacher and/or school staff. […] The next step is to make an appointment with the child’s health care provider. The provider will evaluate the child and determine if further testing or evaluation is needed, and if ADHD or another condition is a possible cause of symptoms. […] After the diagnosis is made and treatment begins, the caregiver, teacher, and health care provider will continue to monitor the child to ensure that treatment is effective and the diagnosis is correct.

• #64 Patient education: Symptoms and diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/symptoms-and-diagnosis-of-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-in-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  Other psychological and developmental disorders exist in as many as one-half of children with ADHD. These can be difficult to distinguish from ADHD because there are frequently overlapping symptoms. […] Learning disorders occur in 20 to 50 percent of children with ADHD and may cause difficulty with performance in school. […] Disruptive behavior disorders include ODD and CD, and affect up to 40 percent of people with ADHD. […] Anxiety and mood disorders include depression, anxiety, and bipolar (manic depressive) disorder. […] Caregivers who suspect that their child has ADHD should begin by talking to the child’s teacher and/or school staff. […] The next step is to make an appointment with the child’s health care provider. The provider will evaluate the child and determine if further testing or evaluation is needed, and if ADHD or another condition is a possible cause of symptoms. […] After the diagnosis is made and treatment begins, the caregiver, teacher, and health care provider will continue to monitor the child to ensure that treatment is effective and the diagnosis is correct.

• #65 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/mental-health/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd/

• #66 Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/adhd/symptoms-causes/syc-20350889

  ADHD occurs more often in boys than in girls. Behaviors can be different in boys and girls. For example, boys may be more hyperactive and girls may tend to quietly not pay attention. […] There are three types of ADHD: Predominately inattentive, Predominately hyperactive and impulsive, Combined. […] A child who shows a pattern of inattention may often fail to pay close attention to details or make careless mistakes in schoolwork. […] A child who shows a pattern of hyperactive and impulsive symptoms may often fidget with or tap hands or feet, or squirm in the seat. […] ADHD can make life hard for children. Children with ADHD often have trouble in the classroom, which can lead to failing grades and being judged by other children and adults. […] ADHD does not cause other mental health or developmental problems. But children with ADHD are more likely than others to also have conditions such as oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, learning disabilities, substance use disorders, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, mood disorders, autism spectrum disorder, tic disorders.

• #67 Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Kids: A Quick Guide

  https://childmind.org/guide/quick-guide-to-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd/

  ADHD is usually treated with a combination of behavioral therapy and medication. […] Children with ADHD are often prescribed what’s called a stimulant. This medication will help them be calm, focus and control their impulses. […] For many children, symptoms of ADHD will decrease or disappear once they’re young adults. Some adults still struggle with symptoms of ADHD, especially inattention and impulse control. […] Children with ADHD are often diagnosed with oppositional defiant disorder, anxiety or depression. Some children may also be diagnosed with Tourette’s syndrome. ADHD treatments are most effective when any other mental health conditions are also treated at the same time.

• #68 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/142

  As a result, ADHD can limit academic, interpersonal, and (ultimately) occupational success and can also lead to greater risk-taking and accidents. […] In addition, people with ADHD are more likely to have co-existing mental and behavioural disorders such as oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, substance use disorders, and possibly anxiety and mood disorders, such as depression and mania. […] Key diagnostic factors include the inability to give close attention to details or making 'careless’ mistakes in schoolwork, work, or other activities, and difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play activities. […] Other diagnostic factors include mild mood symptoms (dysphoria, mood lability, irritability, boredom), anxiety, and difficulty with peer interactions. […] Risk factors include family history of ADHD, male sex, low birth weight, and maternal nicotine use during pregnancy.

• #69 ADHD Changes in Children as They Grow and Develop

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/family-resources-education/700childrens/2018/05/adhd-as-a-child-develops

  Despite the generally chronic nature of ADHD, symptoms of the disorder, as well as impairment the disorder causes, often change over time. Hyperactive symptoms (e.g., running or climbing excessively; talking excessively; appearing on the go or driven by a motor) tend to decline the most, usually in later childhood and early adolescence, at which time obvious hyperactivity is often replaced by restlessness. Impulsive behaviors may also improve as children age, though consequences for the impulsivity that remains may become more serious (e.g., increased risk for automobile accidents and substance use). Inattentive symptoms of ADHD, on the other hand, appear the most stable over time. While an individuals attention span may improve gradually with age, this may not be adequate to meet daily demands. […] Although we know that symptoms of ADHD are likely to persist into adulthood, the good news is that effective treatment strategies (i.e., medication and use of environmental supports) are available to help adolescents and adults improve their ability to meet daily expectations.

• #70 Symptoms of ADHD | Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/adhd/signs-symptoms/index.html

  ADHD symptoms can present as mostly inattentive, mostly hyperactive-impulsive, or a combination of both types of symptoms. […] The symptoms continue, can be severe, and can cause difficulty at school, at home, or with friends. […] A child with ADHD might daydream a lot, forget or lose things a lot, squirm or fidget, talk too much, make careless mistakes or take unnecessary risks, have a hard time resisting temptation, have trouble taking turns, have difficulty getting along with others. […] Based on the types of symptoms, three kinds (presentations) of ADHD can occur: Predominantly Inattentive Presentation, Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Presentation, Combined Presentation (a combination of inattentive and hyper-impulsive symptoms). […] Because symptoms can change over time, the presentation may change over time as well.

• #71 Patient education: Symptoms and diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/symptoms-and-diagnosis-of-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-in-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  Hyperactive behavior is defined as excessive fidgetiness or talking, difficulty remaining seated when required to do so, difficulty playing quietly, and frequent restlessness or always seeming to be „on the go.” […] These symptoms are usually seen by the time a child is four years old and typically increase over the next three to four years. The symptoms may peak in severity when the child is seven to eight years of age, after which they often begin to decline. By the adolescent years, the hyperactive symptoms may be less noticeable, although ADHD can continue to be present. […] Impulsive behavior almost always occurs with hyperactivity in younger children. It can cause difficulty waiting turns, blurting out answers too quickly, disruptive classroom behavior, intruding or interrupting others’ activities, rejection by classmates, and unintentional injury.

• #72 ADHD Changes in Children as They Grow and Develop

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/family-resources-education/700childrens/2018/05/adhd-as-a-child-develops

  Despite the generally chronic nature of ADHD, symptoms of the disorder, as well as impairment the disorder causes, often change over time. Hyperactive symptoms (e.g., running or climbing excessively; talking excessively; appearing on the go or driven by a motor) tend to decline the most, usually in later childhood and early adolescence, at which time obvious hyperactivity is often replaced by restlessness. Impulsive behaviors may also improve as children age, though consequences for the impulsivity that remains may become more serious (e.g., increased risk for automobile accidents and substance use). Inattentive symptoms of ADHD, on the other hand, appear the most stable over time. While an individuals attention span may improve gradually with age, this may not be adequate to meet daily demands. […] Although we know that symptoms of ADHD are likely to persist into adulthood, the good news is that effective treatment strategies (i.e., medication and use of environmental supports) are available to help adolescents and adults improve their ability to meet daily expectations.

• #73 ADHD Changes in Children as They Grow and Develop

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/family-resources-education/700childrens/2018/05/adhd-as-a-child-develops

  Despite the generally chronic nature of ADHD, symptoms of the disorder, as well as impairment the disorder causes, often change over time. Hyperactive symptoms (e.g., running or climbing excessively; talking excessively; appearing on the go or driven by a motor) tend to decline the most, usually in later childhood and early adolescence, at which time obvious hyperactivity is often replaced by restlessness. Impulsive behaviors may also improve as children age, though consequences for the impulsivity that remains may become more serious (e.g., increased risk for automobile accidents and substance use). Inattentive symptoms of ADHD, on the other hand, appear the most stable over time. While an individuals attention span may improve gradually with age, this may not be adequate to meet daily demands. […] Although we know that symptoms of ADHD are likely to persist into adulthood, the good news is that effective treatment strategies (i.e., medication and use of environmental supports) are available to help adolescents and adults improve their ability to meet daily expectations.

• #74 ADHD Changes in Children as They Grow and Develop

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/family-resources-education/700childrens/2018/05/adhd-as-a-child-develops

  Despite the generally chronic nature of ADHD, symptoms of the disorder, as well as impairment the disorder causes, often change over time. Hyperactive symptoms (e.g., running or climbing excessively; talking excessively; appearing on the go or driven by a motor) tend to decline the most, usually in later childhood and early adolescence, at which time obvious hyperactivity is often replaced by restlessness. Impulsive behaviors may also improve as children age, though consequences for the impulsivity that remains may become more serious (e.g., increased risk for automobile accidents and substance use). Inattentive symptoms of ADHD, on the other hand, appear the most stable over time. While an individuals attention span may improve gradually with age, this may not be adequate to meet daily demands. […] Although we know that symptoms of ADHD are likely to persist into adulthood, the good news is that effective treatment strategies (i.e., medication and use of environmental supports) are available to help adolescents and adults improve their ability to meet daily expectations.

• #75 Patient education: Symptoms and diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/symptoms-and-diagnosis-of-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-in-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  Similar to the hyperactive symptoms, impulsive symptoms are typically seen by the time a child is four years old and increase during the next three to four years to peak in severity when the child is seven to eight years of age. However, impulsive symptoms usually continue to be a problem throughout the life of the individual. […] Inattention may take many forms, including forgetfulness, being easily distracted, losing or misplacing things, disorganization, underachievement in school, poor follow-through with assignments or tasks, poor concentration, and poor attention to detail. […] Because of the developmental demands on a child (eg, needing to pay attention, sit still), these problems may become more obvious in school when the child is eight to nine years old, although the child may have symptoms at a younger age when at home. Inattention is most likely to persist through adolescence and potentially into adulthood.

• #76 About Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) | Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/adhd/about/index.html

  ADHD is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders of childhood. […] Symptoms start in childhood and often last into adulthood. […] Children with ADHD may have trouble paying attention, controlling impulsive behaviors (may act without thinking about what the result will be), or be overly active. […] However, for children with ADHD the symptoms continue, can be severe, and can cause difficulty at school, at home, or with friends. […] Symptoms can change over time and might increase when the demands of daily life increase. […] Diagnosing ADHD usually includes a checklist for rating ADHD symptoms and taking a history of the child from parents, teachers, and sometimes, the child. […] ADHD can last into adulthood. […] Symptoms may look different at older ages, for example, hyperactivity may appear as extreme restlessness.

• #77 Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/adhd/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350895

  In general, a diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is made if the core symptoms of ADHD start early in life before age 12 and create major problems at home and at school on an ongoing basis. […] Signs of ADHD can sometimes be noticed in preschoolers or even younger children. But diagnosing the condition in very young children is harder. That’s because developmental conditions such as language delays can be mistaken for ADHD. […] Standard treatments for ADHD in children include medicines, behavior therapy, counseling and education services. These treatments can lessen many of the symptoms of ADHD, but they don’t cure it. Treatment also can help prevent some complications caused by ADHD. It may take some time to find what works best for your child. […] Stimulant medicines, also called psychostimulants, are currently the most prescribed medicines for ADHD. Stimulants appear to boost and balance levels of brain chemicals called neurotransmitters. The medicines help lessen the symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity.

• #78 5 things parents and teachers need to know about ADHD – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/5-things-parents-and-teachers-need-to-know-about-adhd-2017102712643

  There are great treatments available for children with ADHD. There are a variety of research-backed therapies that can help relieve symptoms of ADHD. Some of the most effective approaches combine several therapies, for example: Medication: Many parents are fearful of trying medication, but ADHD medications are some of the most well-studied across all areas of medicine. Stimulant medications (such as Ritalin, Adderall, or Concerta) are the most commonly prescribed. These drugs stimulate the parts of the brain that are understimulated. These parts of the brain are related to thinking and attention. The goals of these medications are to reduce hyperactivity/impulsivity and increase focus/attention. Behavior therapy: Behavior therapy teaches the child to be aware of, monitor, and eventually modify disruptive behaviors. The therapist will teach social skills, such as waiting your turn, reading facial expressions, sharing, asking for help, and reacting appropriately when teased. Cognitive behavioral therapy emphasizes mindfulness, and teaches a child to be aware of her thoughts and emotions as a way of improving attention and focus. Education and training: Knowing oneself, or one’s child, can help parents understand how ADHD and its symptoms affect the family unit. Parents and teachers can learn tools that can help the child learn new, pro-social, and positive behaviors. Adults can learn how to cope with inappropriate behaviors and encourage positive ones. This can help reduce ADHD symptoms. ADHD coaching: A coach can help students with ADHD work toward goals, see change as a positive thing, improve productivity and functioning, and keep a student accountable. This is particularly useful for older kids.

• #79 Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/adhd/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350895

  In general, a diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is made if the core symptoms of ADHD start early in life before age 12 and create major problems at home and at school on an ongoing basis. […] Signs of ADHD can sometimes be noticed in preschoolers or even younger children. But diagnosing the condition in very young children is harder. That’s because developmental conditions such as language delays can be mistaken for ADHD. […] Standard treatments for ADHD in children include medicines, behavior therapy, counseling and education services. These treatments can lessen many of the symptoms of ADHD, but they don’t cure it. Treatment also can help prevent some complications caused by ADHD. It may take some time to find what works best for your child. […] Stimulant medicines, also called psychostimulants, are currently the most prescribed medicines for ADHD. Stimulants appear to boost and balance levels of brain chemicals called neurotransmitters. The medicines help lessen the symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity.

• #80 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/attention-deficithyperactivity-disorder-adhd

  There are three types of medication used to control the symptoms of ADHD: Stimulants, Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, Alpha-2 adrenergic agonists. […] Stimulants are the medicines used most often to treat ADHD. These drugs stimulate parts of the brain that increase attention span, decrease impulsiveness, keep you awake, and make you feel like you have had enough to eat. […] Atomoxetine (Strattera) is the first non-stimulant medication to be approved by the FDA to treat ADHD. Norepinephrine is a chemical in the brain that is important in controlling attention and impulses. Often, children who take atomoxetine are less active and impulsive. […] Two types of long-acting alpha-2 agonists have been approved by the FDA for the treatment of ADHD in children: clonidine and guanfacine. These medications affect the level of dopamine and norepinepherine in the brain, but do this differently than stimulants and norepinepherine reuptake inhibitors. Clinical trials of these medications show improvements in ADHD symptoms.

• #81 5 things parents and teachers need to know about ADHD – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/5-things-parents-and-teachers-need-to-know-about-adhd-2017102712643

  There are great treatments available for children with ADHD. There are a variety of research-backed therapies that can help relieve symptoms of ADHD. Some of the most effective approaches combine several therapies, for example: Medication: Many parents are fearful of trying medication, but ADHD medications are some of the most well-studied across all areas of medicine. Stimulant medications (such as Ritalin, Adderall, or Concerta) are the most commonly prescribed. These drugs stimulate the parts of the brain that are understimulated. These parts of the brain are related to thinking and attention. The goals of these medications are to reduce hyperactivity/impulsivity and increase focus/attention. Behavior therapy: Behavior therapy teaches the child to be aware of, monitor, and eventually modify disruptive behaviors. The therapist will teach social skills, such as waiting your turn, reading facial expressions, sharing, asking for help, and reacting appropriately when teased. Cognitive behavioral therapy emphasizes mindfulness, and teaches a child to be aware of her thoughts and emotions as a way of improving attention and focus. Education and training: Knowing oneself, or one’s child, can help parents understand how ADHD and its symptoms affect the family unit. Parents and teachers can learn tools that can help the child learn new, pro-social, and positive behaviors. Adults can learn how to cope with inappropriate behaviors and encourage positive ones. This can help reduce ADHD symptoms. ADHD coaching: A coach can help students with ADHD work toward goals, see change as a positive thing, improve productivity and functioning, and keep a student accountable. This is particularly useful for older kids.

• #82 Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Children, Adolescents and Teens | Phoenix Children’s Hospital

  https://phoenixchildrens.org/specialties-conditions/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd-children-adolescents-and-teens

  Specific treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder will be determined by your child’s doctor based on your child’s age, overall health, and medical history, Extent of your child’s symptoms, Your child’s tolerance for specific medications or therapies, Expectations for the course of the condition, Your opinion or preference. […] Major components of treatment for children with ADHD include parental support and education in behavioral training, appropriate school placement, and medication. Treatment with a psychostimulant is highly effective in most children with ADHD. […] Preventive measures to reduce the incidence of ADHD in children are not known at this time. However, early detection and intervention can reduce the severity of symptoms, decrease the interference of behavioral symptoms on school functioning, enhance the child’s normal growth and development, and improve the quality of life experienced by children or adolescents with ADHD.

• #83 ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder): What Is It?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/adhd

  Many ADHD symptoms can be typical childhood behaviors, so it can be hard to know what’s ADHD-related and what’s not. […] While ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder, it’s not considered a learning disability. However, ADHD symptoms can make it harder for you to learn. […] To help relieve any effect on children learning, teachers can map out individual guidelines for a student with ADHD. This may include allowing extra time for assignments and tests or developing a personal reward system. […] Although it’s not technically a learning disability, ADHD can have long-term effects. […] People with ADHD sometimes have other mental health conditions, such as depression and anxiety. […] People with ADHD can find it hard to keep up with daily tasks, maintain relationships, and so on. This can increase the risk of anxiety.

• #84 ADHD in children and young people

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/adhd-children-teenagers/

  If support at home and at school is not helping your child, you may want to ask for an ADHD assessment. Speak to a GP or SENCO to request a referral for an ADHD assessment. The assessment will be with one or more ADHD specialists, such as a paediatrician, or a child and adolescent psychiatrist. If your child is diagnosed with ADHD, the specialist will discuss what this means and what happens next, including what treatment and support may be available. […] There are different ways to support a child or young person with ADHD, including lifestyle changes, changes at school and at home, or medicines. It depends on their symptoms, and not every child needs help or support from a health professional. ADHD medicines must be started and monitored by an ADHD specialist. Children and teenagers may need to try more than one medicine to find out what works for them. Talking therapies such as cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) might be recommended to help a child or young person with ADHD with problem solving and expressing their feelings.

• #85 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/learning-and-developmental-disorders/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd

  Diagnosis of ADHD is clinical and is based on comprehensive medical, developmental, educational, and psychological evaluations. […] DSM-5-TR diagnostic criteria include 9 symptoms and signs of inattention and 9 of hyperactivity and impulsivity. Diagnosis using these criteria requires 6 symptoms and signs from one or each group. […] Treatment recommendations for children with ADHD vary by age. […] Randomized trials show that in school-aged children, behavioral therapy alone is less effective than therapy with stimulant medications alone, while the combination is best. […] Traditional classrooms and academic activities often exacerbate symptoms and signs in children with untreated or inadequately treated ADHD. […] Although hyperactivity symptoms and signs tend to diminish with age, adolescents and adults may display residual difficulties.

• #86 About Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) | Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/adhd/about/index.html

  In most cases, ADHD is best treated with a combination of behavior therapy and medication. […] For preschool-aged children (4-5 years of age) with ADHD, behavior therapy, particularly training for parents, is recommended as the first line of treatment before medication is tried. […] Effective treatment plans will include close monitoring, follow-ups, and making changes, if needed, along the way.

• #87 Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/adhd/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350895

  Children with ADHD often benefit from behavior therapy, social skills training, parent skills training and counseling. These may be provided by a psychiatrist, psychologist, social worker or other mental health professional. Some children with ADHD also may have other mental health conditions such as anxiety or depression. Counseling may help both ADHD and the other condition. […] Your child should see a healthcare professional regularly while being treated for ADHD. If symptoms are much better and stable, visits usually take place every 3 to 6 months.

• #88 Developmental Course of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and its Predictors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3565715/

  ADHD is often a lifelong condition, whose presentation evolves across development. Fortunately, about 1/3 of children no longer have disabling symptoms by adulthood and show relatively unimpaired functioning. Research has identified predictors of ADHD persistence and functional outcomes at different developmental stages. In addition to genetics, there are early developmental factors that increase risk for ADHD. In preschool years, symptom severity, cognitive function, and family factors become significant predictors of school age outcomes. These continue to predict long-term outcomes in school aged children, while comorbidity emerges as another significant predictor of long-term outcomes at this stage.

• #89 5 things parents and teachers need to know about ADHD – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/5-things-parents-and-teachers-need-to-know-about-adhd-2017102712643

  There are great treatments available for children with ADHD. There are a variety of research-backed therapies that can help relieve symptoms of ADHD. Some of the most effective approaches combine several therapies, for example: Medication: Many parents are fearful of trying medication, but ADHD medications are some of the most well-studied across all areas of medicine. Stimulant medications (such as Ritalin, Adderall, or Concerta) are the most commonly prescribed. These drugs stimulate the parts of the brain that are understimulated. These parts of the brain are related to thinking and attention. The goals of these medications are to reduce hyperactivity/impulsivity and increase focus/attention. Behavior therapy: Behavior therapy teaches the child to be aware of, monitor, and eventually modify disruptive behaviors. The therapist will teach social skills, such as waiting your turn, reading facial expressions, sharing, asking for help, and reacting appropriately when teased. Cognitive behavioral therapy emphasizes mindfulness, and teaches a child to be aware of her thoughts and emotions as a way of improving attention and focus. Education and training: Knowing oneself, or one’s child, can help parents understand how ADHD and its symptoms affect the family unit. Parents and teachers can learn tools that can help the child learn new, pro-social, and positive behaviors. Adults can learn how to cope with inappropriate behaviors and encourage positive ones. This can help reduce ADHD symptoms. ADHD coaching: A coach can help students with ADHD work toward goals, see change as a positive thing, improve productivity and functioning, and keep a student accountable. This is particularly useful for older kids.

• #90 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder

  ADHD does not show physical signs that can be detected by a lab test. Typical ADHD symptoms may overlap with those of other physical and psychological disorders. […] Children with ADHD typically display problems in multiple areas, such as school, at home, and with peers. However, impairment may be more noticeable in some areas than others. Children with ADHD usually have problems in many areas, not just one. […] ADHD can’t be cured. But it can be successfully managed. […] In most cases, ADHD is best treated with a combination of medications and counseling. Effective treatment of childhood ADHD involves four different treatment strategies: Behavioral Parent Training, Behavioral School Intervention, Medication. […] More than half of kids who have ADHD will continue to have symptoms as young adults.

• #91 Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/adhd/symptoms-causes/syc-20350889

  Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, also called ADHD, is a long-term condition that affects millions of children. It often continues into adulthood. ADHD includes a mix of ongoing problems. These can include having a hard time paying attention, being hyperactive and being impulsive. […] Children with ADHD also may have low self-esteem and troubled relationships and do poorly in school. Symptoms sometimes lessen with age. Some people never completely outgrow their ADHD symptoms but they can learn strategies to be successful. […] The main features of ADHD include not paying attention and being hyperactive and impulsive. ADHD symptoms usually start before age 12. In some children, they can be seen as early as 3 years of age. ADHD symptoms can be mild, moderate or severe. Symptoms need to be seen in two or more settings, such as at home and at school. The symptoms cause problems with development and daily life and may continue into adulthood.

• #92 Developmental Course of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and its Predictors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3565715/

  ADHD is often a lifelong condition, whose presentation evolves across development. Fortunately, about 1/3 of children no longer have disabling symptoms by adulthood and show relatively unimpaired functioning. Research has identified predictors of ADHD persistence and functional outcomes at different developmental stages. In addition to genetics, there are early developmental factors that increase risk for ADHD. In preschool years, symptom severity, cognitive function, and family factors become significant predictors of school age outcomes. These continue to predict long-term outcomes in school aged children, while comorbidity emerges as another significant predictor of long-term outcomes at this stage.

Zobacz więcej