Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Frontiers | Chagas Disease: From Discovery to a Worldwide Health Problem

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2019.00166/full

  Carlos Chagas discovered American trypanosomiasis, also named Chagas disease (CD) in his honor, just over a century ago. He described the clinical aspects of the disease, characterized by its etiological agent (Trypanosoma cruzi) and identified its insect vector. […] Chagas disease (CD) is an anthropozoonosis caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, that affects about 6–8 million people worldwide and causes approximately 50,000 deaths per year. […] Also known as American trypanosomiasis, CD is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. […] T. cruzi is a hemoflagellate intracellular parasite that belongs to the order Kinetoplastida, family Trypanosomatidae. It is the causative agent of CD, possessing the capacity to infect any cell, mainly macrophages, fibroblasts and epithelial cells.

• #2

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/chagas-disease

  Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis, is a potentially life-threatening illness caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. […] Chagas disease is found mainly in endemic areas of 21 continental Latin American countries, where it is mostly transmitted when humans come into contact with faeces and/or urine of infected blood-sucking triatomine bugs (vector-borne transmission). […] The parasites enter the body when: i) the person inadvertently smears the bugs waste into the bite or another skin break, the eyes or the mouth; ii) by consumption of food that has been contaminated with waste from infected triatomine bugs, typically infecting groups of people (causing outbreaks or oral transmission) with a higher frequency of severe disease and number of deaths. […] Everywhere Chagas disease can be also transmitted through blood or blood product transfusion from infected donors; by congenital (mother to child) transmission during pregnancy or childbirth; by organ transplantation from infected donors; and also by laboratory accidents.

• #3 Frontiers | Chagas Disease: From Discovery to a Worldwide Health Problem

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2019.00166/full

  Carlos Chagas discovered American trypanosomiasis, also named Chagas disease (CD) in his honor, just over a century ago. He described the clinical aspects of the disease, characterized by its etiological agent (Trypanosoma cruzi) and identified its insect vector. […] Chagas disease (CD) is an anthropozoonosis caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, that affects about 6–8 million people worldwide and causes approximately 50,000 deaths per year. […] Also known as American trypanosomiasis, CD is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. […] T. cruzi is a hemoflagellate intracellular parasite that belongs to the order Kinetoplastida, family Trypanosomatidae. It is the causative agent of CD, possessing the capacity to infect any cell, mainly macrophages, fibroblasts and epithelial cells.

• #4 Chagas Disease: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21876-chagas-disease

  Chagas disease (also called American trypanosomiasis) is an illness you get from infection with a parasite. The parasite is spread by triatomine bugs (kissing bugs), mostly in Mexico and Central and South America. […] The parasite Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) causes Chagas. Its carried by triatomine bugs commonly called kissing bugs, chinche besuconas or vinchucas and spreads through their poop. […] Triatomines feed off the blood of mammals, including humans. […] When the bugs feed, they poop. If the poop carrying the parasite gets into the bite or your eyes, nose or mouth, it can get into your bloodstream. Once youre infected, the parasites can reproduce and move from your bloodstream to your tissues.

• #5 Chagas disease – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chagas-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20356212

  Chagas (CHAH-gus) disease is an illness caused infection with the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. The cause of Chagas disease is the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. The parasite spreads from an insect known as the triatomine bug, also called the „kissing bug.” The parasite can infect these insects when they swallow blood from an animal that is infected with the parasite. […] Infected bugs poop, called defecate, after feeding. The stool leaves parasites on the skin. The parasites can then enter the body through the eyes, mouth, a cut or scratch, or the wound from the bug’s bite. […] Scratching or rubbing the bite site, which often happens during sleep, helps the parasites enter the body. Once in the body, the parasites multiply and spread.

• #6 Chagas disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagas_disease

  Chagas disease is caused by infection with the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, which is typically introduced into humans through the bite of triatomine bugs, also called „kissing bugs”. […] T. cruzi can be transmitted by various triatomine bugs in the genera Triatoma, Panstrongylus, and Rhodnius. […] The primary vectors for human infection are the species of triatomine bugs that inhabit human dwellings, namely Triatoma infestans, Rhodnius prolixus, Triatoma dimidiata and Panstrongylus megistus. […] T. cruzi replicates in the insect’s intestinal tract and is shed in the bug’s feces. […] Chagas disease can be transmitted through the consumption of food or drink contaminated with triatomine insects or their feces. […] T. cruzi can be transmitted independent of the triatomine bug during blood transfusion, following organ transplantation, or across the placenta during pregnancy. […] Chagas disease is caused by infection with the protozoan parasite T. cruzi, which is typically introduced into humans through the bite of triatomine bugs, also called „kissing bugs”.

• #7 Chagas Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459272/

  Chagas disease, or American Trypanosomiasis, is a zoonotic illness caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, primarily found in Central and South America, Trinidad, and the southern United States, with rural areas being most affected due to the presence of the reduviid bug (also known as the triatomine or kissing bug), which serves as the vector. The disease is transmitted through contact with the bug’s infected feces entering an open wound, mucous membranes, or through other routes such as congenital transmission, blood transfusions, and organ transplants. […] Chagas disease is a vector-borne illness most commonly transmitted through contact with the contaminated feces and urine of the reduviid or kissing bug. This insect, in turn, carries the causative agent the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. […] The primary vectors in Mexico, Central America, and South America are Rhodnius prolixus and Triatoma dimidiata. […] Other mode transmissions include: Vertical transmission from mother to fetus leading to congenital Chagas disease, Organ transplantation, Transfusion of blood and blood products.

• #8 Chagas disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagas_disease

  Chagas disease is caused by infection with the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, which is typically introduced into humans through the bite of triatomine bugs, also called „kissing bugs”. […] T. cruzi can be transmitted by various triatomine bugs in the genera Triatoma, Panstrongylus, and Rhodnius. […] The primary vectors for human infection are the species of triatomine bugs that inhabit human dwellings, namely Triatoma infestans, Rhodnius prolixus, Triatoma dimidiata and Panstrongylus megistus. […] T. cruzi replicates in the insect’s intestinal tract and is shed in the bug’s feces. […] Chagas disease can be transmitted through the consumption of food or drink contaminated with triatomine insects or their feces. […] T. cruzi can be transmitted independent of the triatomine bug during blood transfusion, following organ transplantation, or across the placenta during pregnancy. […] Chagas disease is caused by infection with the protozoan parasite T. cruzi, which is typically introduced into humans through the bite of triatomine bugs, also called „kissing bugs”.

• #9 Chagas Disease: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21876-chagas-disease

  Chagas disease (also called American trypanosomiasis) is an illness you get from infection with a parasite. The parasite is spread by triatomine bugs (kissing bugs), mostly in Mexico and Central and South America. […] The parasite Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) causes Chagas. Its carried by triatomine bugs commonly called kissing bugs, chinche besuconas or vinchucas and spreads through their poop. […] Triatomines feed off the blood of mammals, including humans. […] When the bugs feed, they poop. If the poop carrying the parasite gets into the bite or your eyes, nose or mouth, it can get into your bloodstream. Once youre infected, the parasites can reproduce and move from your bloodstream to your tissues.

• #10 Chagas disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagas_disease

  Chagas disease is caused by infection with the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, which is typically introduced into humans through the bite of triatomine bugs, also called „kissing bugs”. […] T. cruzi can be transmitted by various triatomine bugs in the genera Triatoma, Panstrongylus, and Rhodnius. […] The primary vectors for human infection are the species of triatomine bugs that inhabit human dwellings, namely Triatoma infestans, Rhodnius prolixus, Triatoma dimidiata and Panstrongylus megistus. […] T. cruzi replicates in the insect’s intestinal tract and is shed in the bug’s feces. […] Chagas disease can be transmitted through the consumption of food or drink contaminated with triatomine insects or their feces. […] T. cruzi can be transmitted independent of the triatomine bug during blood transfusion, following organ transplantation, or across the placenta during pregnancy. […] Chagas disease is caused by infection with the protozoan parasite T. cruzi, which is typically introduced into humans through the bite of triatomine bugs, also called „kissing bugs”.

• #11 Frontiers | Chagas Disease: From Discovery to a Worldwide Health Problem

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2019.00166/full

  The vectorial route is considered the classic mode of T. cruzi transmission and the most interesting from an epidemiological point of view, due to its direct connection to social, cultural and economic aspects of a population. […] The oral transmission route was observed first in animal models in 1913 when it was proposed that reservoirs could acquire the parasite through feeding of contaminated bugs. […] CD has complex pathophysiology and a variable clinical presentation. After the primary T. cruzi infection, the acute phase is characterized by a high-grade parasitemia and is, in most cases, asymptomatic. […] The diagnosis of human CD can be performed at any stage of the disease and involves the analysis of clinical, epidemiological, and laboratory data. […] CD treatment involves both parasite-specific and symptomatic treatments. The drugs currently in use as antiparasitic therapy in CD, benznidazole and nifurtimox, are effective in the acute cases, in congenital cases, and in reactivation due to immunosuppression. […] The ancestral lineages of Trypanosoma cruzi were probably introduced to South America via bats ~7–10 million years ago. […] Although in 2019 marks 110 years since the discovery of CD, it is still one of the most important neglected tropical diseases.

• #12 Chagas disease – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chagas-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20356212

  Chagas (CHAH-gus) disease is an illness caused infection with the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. The cause of Chagas disease is the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. The parasite spreads from an insect known as the triatomine bug, also called the „kissing bug.” The parasite can infect these insects when they swallow blood from an animal that is infected with the parasite. […] Infected bugs poop, called defecate, after feeding. The stool leaves parasites on the skin. The parasites can then enter the body through the eyes, mouth, a cut or scratch, or the wound from the bug’s bite. […] Scratching or rubbing the bite site, which often happens during sleep, helps the parasites enter the body. Once in the body, the parasites multiply and spread.

• #13 Chagas disease – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chagas-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20356212

  Chagas (CHAH-gus) disease is an illness caused infection with the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. The cause of Chagas disease is the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. The parasite spreads from an insect known as the triatomine bug, also called the „kissing bug.” The parasite can infect these insects when they swallow blood from an animal that is infected with the parasite. […] Infected bugs poop, called defecate, after feeding. The stool leaves parasites on the skin. The parasites can then enter the body through the eyes, mouth, a cut or scratch, or the wound from the bug’s bite. […] Scratching or rubbing the bite site, which often happens during sleep, helps the parasites enter the body. Once in the body, the parasites multiply and spread.

• #14 About Chagas Disease | Chagas Disease | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/chagas/about/index.html

  Chagas disease is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. It usually spreads through contact with triatomine bugs. […] Chagas disease is a condition caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. The parasite is mainly found in rural areas of Mexico and Central and South America. […] Chagas disease can also spread through: A pregnant woman to her baby, Blood transfusions, Organ transplants, Consuming uncooked food contaminated with feces from infected bugs, Accidental exposure in a lab. […] The kissing bug, also known as triatomine bug, bites and sucks blood from infected animals or people. This is how the bug gets the T. cruzi parasites. […] After biting, bugs pass the parasite in their droppings. If these droppings get into someone’s body through a cut in the skin, or near the eyes or mouth, it can lead to infection. […] People might scratch or rub bug feces into a bite wound, their eyes, or mouth without realizing it, which allows the parasite to enter their body.

• #15 Chagas Disease: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21876-chagas-disease

  Chagas disease (also called American trypanosomiasis) is an illness you get from infection with a parasite. The parasite is spread by triatomine bugs (kissing bugs), mostly in Mexico and Central and South America. […] The parasite Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) causes Chagas. Its carried by triatomine bugs commonly called kissing bugs, chinche besuconas or vinchucas and spreads through their poop. […] Triatomines feed off the blood of mammals, including humans. […] When the bugs feed, they poop. If the poop carrying the parasite gets into the bite or your eyes, nose or mouth, it can get into your bloodstream. Once youre infected, the parasites can reproduce and move from your bloodstream to your tissues.

• #16 SciELO Brazil – Chagas disease: what is known and what is needed – A background article Chagas disease: what is known and what is needed – A background article

  https://www.scielo.br/j/mioc/a/J5P5DTw6G9QmDTDMZLv7jzB/

  Chagas disease began millions of years ago as an enzootic disease of wild animals and started to be transmitted to man accidentally in the form of an anthropozoonosis when man invaded wild ecotopes. […] Endemic Chagas disease became established as a zoonosis over the last 200-300 years through forest clearance for agriculture and livestock rearing and adaptation of triatomines to domestic environments and to man and domestic animals as a food source. […] It is estimated that 15 to 16 million people are infected with Trypanosoma cruzi in Latin America and 75 to 90 million people are exposed to infection. […] When T. cruzi is transmitted to man through the feces of triatomines, at bite sites or in mucosa, through blood transfusion or orally through contaminated food, it invades the bloodstream and lymphatic system and becomes established in the muscle and cardiac tissue, the digestive system and phagocytic cells.

• #17 Chagas Disease (American Trypanosomiasis): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/214581-overview

  T cruzi can be transmitted via transplantation of organs obtained from persons with chronic infection. […] The rate of congenital (transplacental) transmission from mothers with chronic T cruzi infection to their newborns is about 5%, with a range of 2-10% in various studies. […] The total number of new T cruzi infections per year was estimated to be 30,000, fully 9,000 of which result from congenital transmission. […] The usefulness of specific drug treatment in adults with chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infections has not been clearly demonstrated and is a matter of ongoing debate.

• #18 Chagas Disease – Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment & Prevention

  https://www.medindia.net/health/conditions/chagas-disease.htm

  Chagas disease is parasitic disease caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. […] As mentioned above, the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi causes Chagas disease. […] The triatomine bug is also called the kissing bug since it usually tends to bite the face. […] The triatomine gets infected with the parasite while feeding on infected persons or animals. […] Chagas disease also spreads through: Blood transfusion and organ transplantation from the donor to the recipient. […] Mother-to-baby. Around 1 to 10 % babies may acquire the infection from infected mothers. […] Eating contaminated food. […] The anti-parasite medications nifurtimox and benznidazole are used in the treatment of Chagas disease. […] Treatment of Chagas disease involves killing the parasite with medications and treating the symptoms.

• #19

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chagas-disease-(american-trypanosomiasis)

  More than 7 million people worldwide, mostly in Latin America, are estimated to be infected with Trypanosoma cruzi, the parasite that causes Chagas disease. […] Chagas disease is caused by the infection of a protozoan parasite (Trypanosoma cruzi). […] T. cruzi can also be transmitted by consumption of food or beverages contaminated with T. cruzi through, for example, contact with faeces or urine of infected triatomine bugs or common opossums; this kind of transmission typically causes outbreaks. […] The large number of triatomine bug species and wild animals (reservoirs) infected with T. cruzi throughout the Americas mean that the infection cannot be eradicated. […] There is no vaccine to prevent Chagas disease. […] The risk of T. cruzi transmission by transfusion has decreased sharply following the universal screening in all blood banks of continental Latin American countries, and progressively in other countries and continents.

• #20 Chagas Disease (American Trypanosomiasis): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/214581-overview

  T cruzi can be transmitted via transplantation of organs obtained from persons with chronic infection. […] The rate of congenital (transplacental) transmission from mothers with chronic T cruzi infection to their newborns is about 5%, with a range of 2-10% in various studies. […] The total number of new T cruzi infections per year was estimated to be 30,000, fully 9,000 of which result from congenital transmission. […] The usefulness of specific drug treatment in adults with chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infections has not been clearly demonstrated and is a matter of ongoing debate.

• #21 Foodborne Chagas disease causes severe symptoms and may be more common than we think » Emerging Pathogens Institute » University of Florida

  https://epi.ufl.edu/2024/06/07/foodborne-chagas-disease-causes-severe-symptoms-and-may-be-more-common-than-we-think/

  Foodborne cases of Chagas disease have been associated with drinking fruit juices, such as palm wine, sugar cane or tangerine juice, that have been contaminated by the parasite T. cruzi. […] While kissing bugs continue to play a major role in spreading Chagas disease, other routes like foodborne transmission receive little recognition despite having a significant impact. […] The most common type of foodborne transmission happens when kissing bugs contaminate food and drinks. […] Another route comes from animals carrying T. cruzi, such as raccoons, armadillos and various opossum species, that can contaminate food with their feces or secretions. […] In 2015, when the World Health Organization published its first estimates of the global impact of foodborne diseases, it did not include T. cruzi due to a lack of resources.

• #22

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chagas-disease-(american-trypanosomiasis)

  More than 7 million people worldwide, mostly in Latin America, are estimated to be infected with Trypanosoma cruzi, the parasite that causes Chagas disease. […] Chagas disease is caused by the infection of a protozoan parasite (Trypanosoma cruzi). […] T. cruzi can also be transmitted by consumption of food or beverages contaminated with T. cruzi through, for example, contact with faeces or urine of infected triatomine bugs or common opossums; this kind of transmission typically causes outbreaks. […] The large number of triatomine bug species and wild animals (reservoirs) infected with T. cruzi throughout the Americas mean that the infection cannot be eradicated. […] There is no vaccine to prevent Chagas disease. […] The risk of T. cruzi transmission by transfusion has decreased sharply following the universal screening in all blood banks of continental Latin American countries, and progressively in other countries and continents.

• #23 About Chagas Disease | Chagas Disease | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/chagas/about/index.html

  Chagas disease is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. It usually spreads through contact with triatomine bugs. […] Chagas disease is a condition caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. The parasite is mainly found in rural areas of Mexico and Central and South America. […] Chagas disease can also spread through: A pregnant woman to her baby, Blood transfusions, Organ transplants, Consuming uncooked food contaminated with feces from infected bugs, Accidental exposure in a lab. […] The kissing bug, also known as triatomine bug, bites and sucks blood from infected animals or people. This is how the bug gets the T. cruzi parasites. […] After biting, bugs pass the parasite in their droppings. If these droppings get into someone’s body through a cut in the skin, or near the eyes or mouth, it can lead to infection. […] People might scratch or rub bug feces into a bite wound, their eyes, or mouth without realizing it, which allows the parasite to enter their body.

• #24 Chagas Disease | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/c/chagas-disease.html

  Chagas disease is a disease caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. […] When people become infected by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, they can get Chagas disease. […] The feces of insects called triatomine, or kissing bugs, pass the parasite to humans. […] In addition to contact with feces from infected bugs, you can also get Chagas disease from: Blood transfusion, Organ transplant, Birth (mother-to-baby), Exposure in the lab, Uncooked food contaminated with feces from infected bugs. […] You can’t get Chagas disease from another person the way you can get a cold or the flu from someone else. […] In the chronic phase of the disease, the parasite causes disease by long-term effects on your heart or intestinal muscles. […] In the chronic phase of the disease, the parasite causes problems inside your heart muscle or intestine.

• #25 Chagas Disease | Texas DSHS

  https://www.dshs.texas.gov/notifiable-conditions/zoonosis-control/zoonosis-control-diseases-and-conditions/chagas-disease

  Chagas disease is also known as American trypanosomiasis. It is caused by infection with Trypanosoma cruzi, a single-celled parasite. The parasite is transmitted by several species of triatomine bugs (kissing bugs, cone-nose bug, vinchuca). […] The T. cruzi parasite is transmitted in the feces of blood-feeding triatomine bugs (also called reduviid bugs, kissing bugs, or cone-nosed bugs). The triatomine bug vectors usually become infected after feeding on an infected animal or, more rarely, a person. […] Chagas disease is not transmitted from person to person like a cold or the flu, or through casual contact with infected people or animals. […] Antiparasitic treatment is indicated for all acute infections, for chronic infections in children up to 18 years of age, for chronic infection in adults up to age 50 who have no indication of advanced cardiomyopathy, and for reactivated infections in immunocompromised patients.

• #26 Chagas Disease (American Trypanosomiasis): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/214581-overview

  Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis, is caused by infection with the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. […] T cruzi mostly is found in blood-sucking triatomine insects (kissing bugs) and small mammals in a sylvatic cycle that is enzootic from the southern and southwestern United States to central Argentina and Chile. […] New cases of vector-borne T cruzi infection usually occur in persons who live in primitive houses in areas where the sylvatic cycle is active. […] The living quarters are invaded by infected triatomines, which become domiciliary. […] Infected insects take blood meals from humans and their domestic animals and deposit parasite-laden feces. […] The parasites then are transmitted via contact with breaks in the skin, mucosal surfaces, or the conjunctivas.

• #27 Foodborne Chagas disease causes severe symptoms and may be more common than we think » Emerging Pathogens Institute » University of Florida

  https://epi.ufl.edu/2024/06/07/foodborne-chagas-disease-causes-severe-symptoms-and-may-be-more-common-than-we-think/

  Foodborne cases of Chagas disease have been associated with drinking fruit juices, such as palm wine, sugar cane or tangerine juice, that have been contaminated by the parasite T. cruzi. […] While kissing bugs continue to play a major role in spreading Chagas disease, other routes like foodborne transmission receive little recognition despite having a significant impact. […] The most common type of foodborne transmission happens when kissing bugs contaminate food and drinks. […] Another route comes from animals carrying T. cruzi, such as raccoons, armadillos and various opossum species, that can contaminate food with their feces or secretions. […] In 2015, when the World Health Organization published its first estimates of the global impact of foodborne diseases, it did not include T. cruzi due to a lack of resources.

• #28 Chagas Disease in Dogs: Causes, Treatment, Care, and FAQs | PetMD

  https://www.petmd.com/dog/conditions/infectious-parasitic/c_dg_chagas_disease

  Chagas disease is also known as Kissing Bug Disease or American Trypanosomiasis. Its caused by a blood parasite called Trypanosoma cruzi, which is transmitted by kissing bugs. […] Chagas disease in dogs is caused by a blood parasite called Trypanosoma cruzi. This parasite lives in the blood of hosts like raccoons, skunks, armadillos, coyotes, squirrels, and other mammals. Humans and domestic animals like dogs, cats, cattle, and horses can also be hosts. […] A kissing bug bites and feeds on blood from a host thats been infected with the parasite. The parasite infects the kissing bug, multiplies, and is pooped out. […] Once the parasite is in the new animal, it goes to the heart and starts to multiply in the muscle of the heart. This damages the heart and can lead to heart failure. Rarely, the parasite can travel to other areas like the spine or brain and damage the cells there, causing problems with nerve function.

• #29

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chagas-disease-(american-trypanosomiasis)

  More than 7 million people worldwide, mostly in Latin America, are estimated to be infected with Trypanosoma cruzi, the parasite that causes Chagas disease. […] Chagas disease is caused by the infection of a protozoan parasite (Trypanosoma cruzi). […] T. cruzi can also be transmitted by consumption of food or beverages contaminated with T. cruzi through, for example, contact with faeces or urine of infected triatomine bugs or common opossums; this kind of transmission typically causes outbreaks. […] The large number of triatomine bug species and wild animals (reservoirs) infected with T. cruzi throughout the Americas mean that the infection cannot be eradicated. […] There is no vaccine to prevent Chagas disease. […] The risk of T. cruzi transmission by transfusion has decreased sharply following the universal screening in all blood banks of continental Latin American countries, and progressively in other countries and continents.

• #30 Chagas Disease (American Trypanosomiasis): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/214581-overview

  Transmission also can occur congenitally, via blood transfusion and organ transplantation, and by ingestion of food and drink contaminated with feces from infected bugs. […] T cruzi infection is life-long. […] A minority of persons with long-standing T cruzi infection develop the serious cardiac and gastrointestinal problems that characterize chronic symptomatic Chagas disease. […] The infective forms of T cruzi are contained in the feces of the insect vectors and gain entry into its mammalian hosts through contamination. […] The consensus is that T cruzi can be divided into 6 discrete taxonomic units (DTUs; TcI through TcVI). […] The strains in each DTU show variability in geographic, epizootic, epidemiologic, and pathogenic characteristics. […] Historically, most transmission of T cruzi to humans has resulted from the contamination of vulnerable surfaces (eg, breaks in the skin, mucosae, and the conjunctivas) with the feces of infected vectors.

• #31 The history of Chagas disease | Parasites & Vectors | Full Text

  https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1756-3305-7-317

  The different pathologies of Chagas disease are caused by six discrete typing units (DTUs) of T. cruzi (TcI-TcVI), which have distinct geographical distributions and extensive genetic diversity. […] Based on the paleoparasitological data, it has been hypothesised that Chagas disease originated in the Andean region. […] The development of a domestic T. cruzi transmission cycle was facilitated by the ability of some species of triatomine bugs, in particular T. infestans, to adapt easily to more open vegetation and to develop a preference for human dwellings over time. […] Crucially, deforestation is strongly linked to an increase in the prevalence of Chagas disease. […] It is evident from the history of Chagas disease that anthropogenic environmental changes are the primary causes for the transmission of the infection to people. Deforestation seems to be the main factor as it brings people into closer contact with disease-carrying vectors.

• #32 Chagas Disease (American Trypanosomiasis): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/214581-overview

  Transmission also can occur congenitally, via blood transfusion and organ transplantation, and by ingestion of food and drink contaminated with feces from infected bugs. […] T cruzi infection is life-long. […] A minority of persons with long-standing T cruzi infection develop the serious cardiac and gastrointestinal problems that characterize chronic symptomatic Chagas disease. […] The infective forms of T cruzi are contained in the feces of the insect vectors and gain entry into its mammalian hosts through contamination. […] The consensus is that T cruzi can be divided into 6 discrete taxonomic units (DTUs; TcI through TcVI). […] The strains in each DTU show variability in geographic, epizootic, epidemiologic, and pathogenic characteristics. […] Historically, most transmission of T cruzi to humans has resulted from the contamination of vulnerable surfaces (eg, breaks in the skin, mucosae, and the conjunctivas) with the feces of infected vectors.

• #33 Chagas gastrointestinal disease – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/chagas-gastrointestinal-disease

  Chagas disease is caused by infection with the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi; the major manifestations are Chagas cardiomyopathy and gastrointestinal disease. […] Among individuals with the chronic indeterminate form of Chagas disease, approximately 30 percent progress over a period of one to three decades to clinically evident cardiac involvement, digestive involvement, or both. Gastrointestinal involvement is less common (10 to 21 percent). […] The likelihood of digestive involvement may vary by region. The digestive form is observed more frequently in the countries of the Southern Cone of South America and is rare in northern South America, Central America, and Mexico. […] A high prevalence has been observed in the central region of Brazil. This geographic pattern is thought to be due to the distribution of different T. cruzi genotypes.

• #34 The history of Chagas disease | Parasites & Vectors | Full Text

  https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1756-3305-7-317

  The different pathologies of Chagas disease are caused by six discrete typing units (DTUs) of T. cruzi (TcI-TcVI), which have distinct geographical distributions and extensive genetic diversity. […] Based on the paleoparasitological data, it has been hypothesised that Chagas disease originated in the Andean region. […] The development of a domestic T. cruzi transmission cycle was facilitated by the ability of some species of triatomine bugs, in particular T. infestans, to adapt easily to more open vegetation and to develop a preference for human dwellings over time. […] Crucially, deforestation is strongly linked to an increase in the prevalence of Chagas disease. […] It is evident from the history of Chagas disease that anthropogenic environmental changes are the primary causes for the transmission of the infection to people. Deforestation seems to be the main factor as it brings people into closer contact with disease-carrying vectors.

• #35 Chagas gastrointestinal disease – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/chagas-gastrointestinal-disease

  Chagas disease is caused by infection with the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi; the major manifestations are Chagas cardiomyopathy and gastrointestinal disease. […] Among individuals with the chronic indeterminate form of Chagas disease, approximately 30 percent progress over a period of one to three decades to clinically evident cardiac involvement, digestive involvement, or both. Gastrointestinal involvement is less common (10 to 21 percent). […] The likelihood of digestive involvement may vary by region. The digestive form is observed more frequently in the countries of the Southern Cone of South America and is rare in northern South America, Central America, and Mexico. […] A high prevalence has been observed in the central region of Brazil. This geographic pattern is thought to be due to the distribution of different T. cruzi genotypes.

• #36 Chagas Disease (American trypanosomiasis, kissing bug) Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis

  https://www.medicinenet.com/chagas_disease/article.htm

  Chagas disease is caused by a protozoan parasite named Trypanosoma cruzi. Infection of humans occurs when an insect vector (mainly Triatominae or kissing bugs, a subfamily of the family Reduviidae and sometimes referred to as reduviid bugs) deposits feces that contains the parasites on human skin. […] The parasites then enter the mammalian (human) host through the bug bite, or breaks in the skin or conjunctiva. Occasionally, the parasites enter through mucosal cells of the mouth or airway when ingested or inhaled. […] The bugs often bite and/or deposit feces near the eyes and lips; when the parasites enter the skin, swelling and redness (termed a chagoma) often develop. […] In some individuals, the parasites eventually go into the bloodstream and lodge in various organs, especially the muscular structure of the organs. The parasites multiply and eventually cause chronic symptoms related to the particular involved organ or organs that can include life-threatening cardiac failure, arrhythmias, poor gastrointestinal motility, meningoencephalitis, or death. […] The life cycle of T. cruzi is complex; it has multiple developmental stages in both the insect vector (Triatominae bugs, also termed triatomine bugs) and mammalian (human and animal) hosts.

• #37 Chagas Disease – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/extraintestinal-protozoa/chagas-disease

  Worldwide, an estimated 8 million people are chronically infected with T. cruzi. […] The incidence of T. cruzi infection has been decreasing in Latin America because of improved housing, screening of blood and organ donors, and other control measures. […] Chagas disease is most commonly spread when a Triatominae bug bites an infected person or animal, then bites another person. […] The parasites invade macrophages at the site of entry and transform into amastigotes that multiply by binary fission; the amastigotes develop into trypomastigotes, enter the bloodstream and tissue spaces, and infect other cells. […] Chronic Chagas disease develops in 20 to 30% of patients after the chronic indeterminate phase, which may last years or decades. The parasites are probably present in chronic disease; an autoimmune reaction also may contribute to organ damage.

• #38 Chagas disease – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/topics/chagas-disease

  Chagas disease may be etiologically treated in order to eliminate the infection T. cruzi with benznidazole or nifurtimox. […] The potential benefits of medication in chronic cases preventing or delaying the development of Chagas disease should be weighed against the long duration of treatment (up to 2 months), possible adverse reactions (occurring in up to 40% of treated patients), age, comorbidities, and other important characteristics of each patient. […] Chagas disease is associated with multiple social and environmental factors that expose millions of people to infection. Among the main risk factors for Chagas disease are living in poorly constructed housing – particularly in rural and suburban areas – having limited resources, residing in areas of poverty that are socially or economically unstable or have high rates of migration, and belonging to groups linked to seasonal farm work and crop harvests.

• #39 Chagas Disease Symptoms, Treatment, Cause & Pictures

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/chagas_disease_american_trypanosomiasis/article_em.htm

  Risk factors for Chagas disease include sleeping outdoors or in poorly constructed housing in rural areas where the right species of triatomine bugs live. […] The highest risk of exposure is in rural, impoverished areas where houses are built with mud bricks, dirt flooring, and thatched roofs. […] Chagas disease is not spread by contact with people or animals.

• #40 Chagas disease – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/topics/chagas-disease

  Chagas disease may be etiologically treated in order to eliminate the infection T. cruzi with benznidazole or nifurtimox. […] The potential benefits of medication in chronic cases preventing or delaying the development of Chagas disease should be weighed against the long duration of treatment (up to 2 months), possible adverse reactions (occurring in up to 40% of treated patients), age, comorbidities, and other important characteristics of each patient. […] Chagas disease is associated with multiple social and environmental factors that expose millions of people to infection. Among the main risk factors for Chagas disease are living in poorly constructed housing – particularly in rural and suburban areas – having limited resources, residing in areas of poverty that are socially or economically unstable or have high rates of migration, and belonging to groups linked to seasonal farm work and crop harvests.

• #41 Chagas disease – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/topics/chagas-disease

  Chagas disease may be etiologically treated in order to eliminate the infection T. cruzi with benznidazole or nifurtimox. […] The potential benefits of medication in chronic cases preventing or delaying the development of Chagas disease should be weighed against the long duration of treatment (up to 2 months), possible adverse reactions (occurring in up to 40% of treated patients), age, comorbidities, and other important characteristics of each patient. […] Chagas disease is associated with multiple social and environmental factors that expose millions of people to infection. Among the main risk factors for Chagas disease are living in poorly constructed housing – particularly in rural and suburban areas – having limited resources, residing in areas of poverty that are socially or economically unstable or have high rates of migration, and belonging to groups linked to seasonal farm work and crop harvests.

• #42 The history of Chagas disease | Parasites & Vectors | Full Text

  https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1756-3305-7-317

  The different pathologies of Chagas disease are caused by six discrete typing units (DTUs) of T. cruzi (TcI-TcVI), which have distinct geographical distributions and extensive genetic diversity. […] Based on the paleoparasitological data, it has been hypothesised that Chagas disease originated in the Andean region. […] The development of a domestic T. cruzi transmission cycle was facilitated by the ability of some species of triatomine bugs, in particular T. infestans, to adapt easily to more open vegetation and to develop a preference for human dwellings over time. […] Crucially, deforestation is strongly linked to an increase in the prevalence of Chagas disease. […] It is evident from the history of Chagas disease that anthropogenic environmental changes are the primary causes for the transmission of the infection to people. Deforestation seems to be the main factor as it brings people into closer contact with disease-carrying vectors.

• #43 ECDC report identifies key risk factors for carrying parasite that causes Chagas disease in non-endemic countries

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/news-events/ecdc-report-identifies-key-risk-factors-carrying-parasite-causes-chagas-disease-non

  The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) has released a new report addressing the risk factors associated with higher odds of carrying the parasite responsible for Chagas disease, in non-endemic regions such as Europe. […] Typically associated with Latin America, Chagas disease is now a growing concern in Europe due to congenital transmission and transmission via substances of human origin. […] Individuals born in Latin American countries, especially Bolivia, face a higher risk of carrying T. cruzi. […] In addition to geographical origins, the report highlights other important risk factors, such as a history of living in rural or poor housing conditions in endemic regions, having received blood transfusions or organ transplants in these areas, maternal origin from an endemic country, and having a family history of Chagas disease.

• #44 ECDC report identifies key risk factors for carrying parasite that causes Chagas disease in non-endemic countries

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/news-events/ecdc-report-identifies-key-risk-factors-carrying-parasite-causes-chagas-disease-non

  The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) has released a new report addressing the risk factors associated with higher odds of carrying the parasite responsible for Chagas disease, in non-endemic regions such as Europe. […] Typically associated with Latin America, Chagas disease is now a growing concern in Europe due to congenital transmission and transmission via substances of human origin. […] Individuals born in Latin American countries, especially Bolivia, face a higher risk of carrying T. cruzi. […] In addition to geographical origins, the report highlights other important risk factors, such as a history of living in rural or poor housing conditions in endemic regions, having received blood transfusions or organ transplants in these areas, maternal origin from an endemic country, and having a family history of Chagas disease.

• #45 SciELO Brazil – Chagas disease: what is known and what is needed – A background article Chagas disease: what is known and what is needed – A background article

  https://www.scielo.br/j/mioc/a/J5P5DTw6G9QmDTDMZLv7jzB/

  The determinants of Chagas disease result from the quantity of parasites in the initial infection; the infecting forms in the initial inoculum (number of trypomastigotes); the lineage of T. cruzi inoculated (I, II, Z3 or hybrid Z1/Z3); reinfection; the quality of the strains and clones (biodema); the specific clonal-histotropic receptors of the host; and the patient’s initial and late immune response. […] The parasites deposited on skin wounds or mucosa stimulate a local inflammatory reaction (inoculation chagoma or Romaa’s sign) with a lymphoreticular response. […] The clinical phases and forms of Chagas disease can be summarized as follows: Acute phase (Asymptomatic form, Moderate form, Severe form), Chronic phase (Indeterminate form, Cardiac form, Digestive form, Mixed form, Neuroautonomic form), Congenital form (Abortion, Prematurity, Organic lesions in the fetus).

• #46 Chagas disease: from Latin America to the world | RIP

  https://www.dovepress.com/chagas-disease-from-latin-america-to-the-world-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-RIP

  Chagas disease (CD), caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi), is the third most common parasitic infection worldwide, the most important in Latin America and is an emerging disease in Spain, the US, and other nonendemic countries. […] T. cruzi, the parasite that causes CD, is highly diverse and has a complex life cycle involving around 125 triatominae species and more than 100 mammal species, showing a patchy distribution. […] The parasite plays a fundamental role in the genesis and development of lesions in the host, inducing cell lysis, an inflammatory response, and fibrosis. […] Although several mechanisms of autoimmunity have been described as a cause of pathophysiological changes in patients with CD, there is no conclusive evidence that autoimmunity plays a role in its pathogenesis.

• #47 Chagas disease: from Latin America to the world | RIP

  https://www.dovepress.com/chagas-disease-from-latin-america-to-the-world-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-RIP

  Chagas disease (CD), caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi), is the third most common parasitic infection worldwide, the most important in Latin America and is an emerging disease in Spain, the US, and other nonendemic countries. […] T. cruzi, the parasite that causes CD, is highly diverse and has a complex life cycle involving around 125 triatominae species and more than 100 mammal species, showing a patchy distribution. […] The parasite plays a fundamental role in the genesis and development of lesions in the host, inducing cell lysis, an inflammatory response, and fibrosis. […] Although several mechanisms of autoimmunity have been described as a cause of pathophysiological changes in patients with CD, there is no conclusive evidence that autoimmunity plays a role in its pathogenesis.

• #48 Chagas disease: from Latin America to the world | RIP

  https://www.dovepress.com/chagas-disease-from-latin-america-to-the-world-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-RIP

  Chagas disease (CD), caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi), is the third most common parasitic infection worldwide, the most important in Latin America and is an emerging disease in Spain, the US, and other nonendemic countries. […] T. cruzi, the parasite that causes CD, is highly diverse and has a complex life cycle involving around 125 triatominae species and more than 100 mammal species, showing a patchy distribution. […] The parasite plays a fundamental role in the genesis and development of lesions in the host, inducing cell lysis, an inflammatory response, and fibrosis. […] Although several mechanisms of autoimmunity have been described as a cause of pathophysiological changes in patients with CD, there is no conclusive evidence that autoimmunity plays a role in its pathogenesis.

• #49 Chagas’ disease – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1423218/

  Chagas’ disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, is an important cause of morbidity in many countries in Latin America. The important modes of transmission are by the bite of the reduviid bug and blood transfusion. […] The mechanism of transformation and differentiation is currently being explored, and signal transduction pathways of the parasites may be involved in this process. […] In recent years the roles of tumor necrosis factor, gamma interferon, and the interleukins in the pathogenesis of this infection have been reported. […] Autoimmune, neurogenic, and microvascular factors may be important in the pathogenesis of the cardiomyopathy. […] The gastrointestinal tract is another important target, and „mega syndromes” are common manifestations.

• #50 Chagas’ disease – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1423218/

  Chagas’ disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, is an important cause of morbidity in many countries in Latin America. The important modes of transmission are by the bite of the reduviid bug and blood transfusion. […] The mechanism of transformation and differentiation is currently being explored, and signal transduction pathways of the parasites may be involved in this process. […] In recent years the roles of tumor necrosis factor, gamma interferon, and the interleukins in the pathogenesis of this infection have been reported. […] Autoimmune, neurogenic, and microvascular factors may be important in the pathogenesis of the cardiomyopathy. […] The gastrointestinal tract is another important target, and „mega syndromes” are common manifestations.

• #51 Chagas disease: from Latin America to the world | RIP

  https://www.dovepress.com/chagas-disease-from-latin-america-to-the-world-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-RIP

  Chagas disease (CD), caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi), is the third most common parasitic infection worldwide, the most important in Latin America and is an emerging disease in Spain, the US, and other nonendemic countries. […] T. cruzi, the parasite that causes CD, is highly diverse and has a complex life cycle involving around 125 triatominae species and more than 100 mammal species, showing a patchy distribution. […] The parasite plays a fundamental role in the genesis and development of lesions in the host, inducing cell lysis, an inflammatory response, and fibrosis. […] Although several mechanisms of autoimmunity have been described as a cause of pathophysiological changes in patients with CD, there is no conclusive evidence that autoimmunity plays a role in its pathogenesis.

• #52 Chagas’ disease – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1423218/

  Chagas’ disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, is an important cause of morbidity in many countries in Latin America. The important modes of transmission are by the bite of the reduviid bug and blood transfusion. […] The mechanism of transformation and differentiation is currently being explored, and signal transduction pathways of the parasites may be involved in this process. […] In recent years the roles of tumor necrosis factor, gamma interferon, and the interleukins in the pathogenesis of this infection have been reported. […] Autoimmune, neurogenic, and microvascular factors may be important in the pathogenesis of the cardiomyopathy. […] The gastrointestinal tract is another important target, and „mega syndromes” are common manifestations.

• #53 Chagas Disease – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/extraintestinal-protozoa/chagas-disease

  Worldwide, an estimated 8 million people are chronically infected with T. cruzi. […] The incidence of T. cruzi infection has been decreasing in Latin America because of improved housing, screening of blood and organ donors, and other control measures. […] Chagas disease is most commonly spread when a Triatominae bug bites an infected person or animal, then bites another person. […] The parasites invade macrophages at the site of entry and transform into amastigotes that multiply by binary fission; the amastigotes develop into trypomastigotes, enter the bloodstream and tissue spaces, and infect other cells. […] Chronic Chagas disease develops in 20 to 30% of patients after the chronic indeterminate phase, which may last years or decades. The parasites are probably present in chronic disease; an autoimmune reaction also may contribute to organ damage.

• #54 Chagas Disease (American Trypanosomiasis) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/214581-clinical

  It is not known which parasite characteristics or host factors cause some persons with chronic T cruzi infection to develop clinically apparent cardiac and gastrointestinal lesions (1030%), while others remain infected for life but do not develop symptoms related to the infection. […] This pattern of variable clinical penetrance is not particularly surprising, however, since it is similar to that observed in most other infectious diseases. […] Parasite strain, host immunogenetics, nutrition, age at first infection, other medical conditions, and various other factors may play roles in the pathogenesis of chronic symptomatic Chagas disease. […] There are no reliable predictors of whether an infected person in the indeterminate phase of T cruzi infection is likely to develop symptomatic disease, although this is an active area of research.

• #55 SciELO Brazil – Chagas disease: what is known and what is needed – A background article Chagas disease: what is known and what is needed – A background article

  https://www.scielo.br/j/mioc/a/J5P5DTw6G9QmDTDMZLv7jzB/

  The determinants of Chagas disease result from the quantity of parasites in the initial infection; the infecting forms in the initial inoculum (number of trypomastigotes); the lineage of T. cruzi inoculated (I, II, Z3 or hybrid Z1/Z3); reinfection; the quality of the strains and clones (biodema); the specific clonal-histotropic receptors of the host; and the patient’s initial and late immune response. […] The parasites deposited on skin wounds or mucosa stimulate a local inflammatory reaction (inoculation chagoma or Romaa’s sign) with a lymphoreticular response. […] The clinical phases and forms of Chagas disease can be summarized as follows: Acute phase (Asymptomatic form, Moderate form, Severe form), Chronic phase (Indeterminate form, Cardiac form, Digestive form, Mixed form, Neuroautonomic form), Congenital form (Abortion, Prematurity, Organic lesions in the fetus).

• #56 Chagas Disease (American Trypanosomiasis) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/214581-clinical

  It is not known which parasite characteristics or host factors cause some persons with chronic T cruzi infection to develop clinically apparent cardiac and gastrointestinal lesions (1030%), while others remain infected for life but do not develop symptoms related to the infection. […] This pattern of variable clinical penetrance is not particularly surprising, however, since it is similar to that observed in most other infectious diseases. […] Parasite strain, host immunogenetics, nutrition, age at first infection, other medical conditions, and various other factors may play roles in the pathogenesis of chronic symptomatic Chagas disease. […] There are no reliable predictors of whether an infected person in the indeterminate phase of T cruzi infection is likely to develop symptomatic disease, although this is an active area of research.

• #57 Chagas Disease (American Trypanosomiasis) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/214581-clinical

  It is not known which parasite characteristics or host factors cause some persons with chronic T cruzi infection to develop clinically apparent cardiac and gastrointestinal lesions (1030%), while others remain infected for life but do not develop symptoms related to the infection. […] This pattern of variable clinical penetrance is not particularly surprising, however, since it is similar to that observed in most other infectious diseases. […] Parasite strain, host immunogenetics, nutrition, age at first infection, other medical conditions, and various other factors may play roles in the pathogenesis of chronic symptomatic Chagas disease. […] There are no reliable predictors of whether an infected person in the indeterminate phase of T cruzi infection is likely to develop symptomatic disease, although this is an active area of research.

• #58 Study reveals key cause of treatment failure in Chagas disease – UGA Today

  https://news.uga.edu/study-reveals-key-cause-treatment-failure-chagas-disease/

  Researchers at the University of Georgia have discovered that dormancy of the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi prevents effective drug treatment for Chagas disease, which kills more than 50,000 people each year in Central and South America and is a growing threat in the United States and Europe. […] For the first time, they show that a small proportion of T. cruzi parasites halt replication within 24 hours of invading the host cell. These dormant parasites are resistant to extended drug treatment and can resume replication after treatment ends, thus re-establishing a growing infection. […] This discovery really offers a solution for current drugs to be used in a more effective way, said Tarleton. A longer, less concentrated dosing schedule could lead to a cure.

• #59 Study reveals key cause of treatment failure in Chagas disease – UGA Today

  https://news.uga.edu/study-reveals-key-cause-treatment-failure-chagas-disease/

  Researchers at the University of Georgia have discovered that dormancy of the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi prevents effective drug treatment for Chagas disease, which kills more than 50,000 people each year in Central and South America and is a growing threat in the United States and Europe. […] For the first time, they show that a small proportion of T. cruzi parasites halt replication within 24 hours of invading the host cell. These dormant parasites are resistant to extended drug treatment and can resume replication after treatment ends, thus re-establishing a growing infection. […] This discovery really offers a solution for current drugs to be used in a more effective way, said Tarleton. A longer, less concentrated dosing schedule could lead to a cure.

• #60 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20201202/Study-shows-how-parasite-that-causes-Chagas-isease-resists-current-drug-therapies.aspx

  One of the less explored options is the impact of their metabolic and environmental diversity (or heterogeneity) on the effectiveness of a given treatment, and we wanted to find out if these factors play a role in T. cruzi’s drug resistance. […] These findings suggest that metabolic heterogeneity in the parasite-host interaction may contribute to the failure of some drugs to achieve sterile cure, demonstrating a novel link between metabolism and drug efficacy. […] Gaining a better understanding of metabolism in T. cruzi and other parasites, and why current drug candidates can fail to treat infection, could lead to more effective therapies for Chagas disease and other infections.

• #61 Chagas Disease – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/extraintestinal-protozoa/chagas-disease

  Worldwide, an estimated 8 million people are chronically infected with T. cruzi. […] The incidence of T. cruzi infection has been decreasing in Latin America because of improved housing, screening of blood and organ donors, and other control measures. […] Chagas disease is most commonly spread when a Triatominae bug bites an infected person or animal, then bites another person. […] The parasites invade macrophages at the site of entry and transform into amastigotes that multiply by binary fission; the amastigotes develop into trypomastigotes, enter the bloodstream and tissue spaces, and infect other cells. […] Chronic Chagas disease develops in 20 to 30% of patients after the chronic indeterminate phase, which may last years or decades. The parasites are probably present in chronic disease; an autoimmune reaction also may contribute to organ damage.

• #62

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chagas-disease-(american-trypanosomiasis)

  More than 7 million people worldwide, mostly in Latin America, are estimated to be infected with Trypanosoma cruzi, the parasite that causes Chagas disease. […] Chagas disease is caused by the infection of a protozoan parasite (Trypanosoma cruzi). […] T. cruzi can also be transmitted by consumption of food or beverages contaminated with T. cruzi through, for example, contact with faeces or urine of infected triatomine bugs or common opossums; this kind of transmission typically causes outbreaks. […] The large number of triatomine bug species and wild animals (reservoirs) infected with T. cruzi throughout the Americas mean that the infection cannot be eradicated. […] There is no vaccine to prevent Chagas disease. […] The risk of T. cruzi transmission by transfusion has decreased sharply following the universal screening in all blood banks of continental Latin American countries, and progressively in other countries and continents.

• #63 Beyond the Kissing Bug: Understanding Chagas Disease in the U.S.

  https://www.medstarhealth.org/blog/chagas-disease-usa

  There is no treatment for chronic Chagas disease. […] It is particularly important that women of childbearing age receive screening for Chagas disease. […] Treatment of mom prior to her next pregnancy markedly reduces the risk of maternal-fetal transmission. […] Yet, very few doctors have the expertise to diagnose or treat Chagas disease.

• #64 Chagas Disease – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/extraintestinal-protozoa/chagas-disease

  The antiparasitic drugs benznidazole or nifurtimox are used to treat acute, congenital, or reactivated Chagas disease. They are also used for chronic infection in children up to age 18 years. […] Antiparasitic drugs are not effective in patients with advanced Chagas cardiac or gastrointestinal disease, but supportive measures (eg, treatment of heart failure, pacemakers for heart block, antiarrhythmic drugs, cardiac transplantation, esophageal dilation, botulinum toxin injection into the lower esophageal sphincter, GI tract surgery) are often helpful.

• #65

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chagas-disease-(american-trypanosomiasis)

  More than 7 million people worldwide, mostly in Latin America, are estimated to be infected with Trypanosoma cruzi, the parasite that causes Chagas disease. […] Chagas disease is caused by the infection of a protozoan parasite (Trypanosoma cruzi). […] T. cruzi can also be transmitted by consumption of food or beverages contaminated with T. cruzi through, for example, contact with faeces or urine of infected triatomine bugs or common opossums; this kind of transmission typically causes outbreaks. […] The large number of triatomine bug species and wild animals (reservoirs) infected with T. cruzi throughout the Americas mean that the infection cannot be eradicated. […] There is no vaccine to prevent Chagas disease. […] The risk of T. cruzi transmission by transfusion has decreased sharply following the universal screening in all blood banks of continental Latin American countries, and progressively in other countries and continents.

• #66

  https://kissingbug.tamu.edu/

  After the T. cruzi parasite enters the body, about 1 out of 3 people develop the chronic phase of Chagas disease. […] The T. cruzi parasite can infect many kinds of wild animals. […] In dogs, infection with the Chagas parasite can cause heart disease. […] There is no vaccination that protects against Chagas disease.

• #67 Chagas: 5 problems and a series of solutions – ISGLOBAL

  https://www.isglobal.org/en/enfermedad-de-chagas

  Although it was initially thought that treatment of the chronic population was not worthwhile, it has been shown that vertical transmission of T. cruzi can be interrupted when women in childbearing age are treated (treatment during pregnancy is contraindicated). […] Recent scientific evidence indicates that the parasite itself maintains the inflammatory reaction that leads to heart and other organ damage, which is why antiparasitic treatment should also be offered to chronic patients under 50 years of age. […] The lack of access and innovation in diagnosis and drugs is inextricably linked to the current model of RD. […] The existing drugs are not effective enough to treat adult chronic patients, they have many adverse effects and the treatment duration (60 days) is an obstacle. […] There is still no approved preventive vaccine against Chagas disease. However, different institutions are investigating therapeutic vaccines that could in the future play an important role in the treatment of chronic patients.

• #68 Frontiers | Chagas Disease: From Discovery to a Worldwide Health Problem

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2019.00166/full

  Carlos Chagas discovered American trypanosomiasis, also named Chagas disease (CD) in his honor, just over a century ago. He described the clinical aspects of the disease, characterized by its etiological agent (Trypanosoma cruzi) and identified its insect vector. […] Chagas disease (CD) is an anthropozoonosis caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, that affects about 6–8 million people worldwide and causes approximately 50,000 deaths per year. […] Also known as American trypanosomiasis, CD is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. […] T. cruzi is a hemoflagellate intracellular parasite that belongs to the order Kinetoplastida, family Trypanosomatidae. It is the causative agent of CD, possessing the capacity to infect any cell, mainly macrophages, fibroblasts and epithelial cells.

• #69 Symptoms, transmission, and current treatments for Chagas disease | DNDi

  https://dndi.org/diseases/chagas/facts/

  Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis, is a potentially life-threatening disease caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. […] Chagas kills more people in Latin America each year than any other parasitic disease, including malaria. […] Causes heart and vital organ damage, after people are bitten by blood-sucking bugs.

• #70 Symptoms, transmission, and current treatments for Chagas disease | DNDi

  https://dndi.org/diseases/chagas/facts/

  Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis, is a potentially life-threatening disease caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. […] Chagas kills more people in Latin America each year than any other parasitic disease, including malaria. […] Causes heart and vital organ damage, after people are bitten by blood-sucking bugs.

• #71 Chagas Disease and Heart Failure: An Expanding Issue Worldwide | ECR Journal

  https://www.ecrjournal.com/articles/chagas-disease-and-heart-failure-expanding-issue-worldwide?language_content_entity=en

  Chagas disease is an important cause of dilated cardiomyopathy in Latin America, where the disease is endemic. […] The exact mechanism whereby parasitism causes tissue damage in the chronic phase is not clear and could be related to chronic immune reactions. […] Chagas cardiomyopathy (ChCM) is now recognised as a cardiovascular disorder, diagnosed and treated not only in the original region, but also in Europe, North America and even in Asia. […] The natural history of the disease shows that after two to three decades up to 30% of infected individuals exhibit evidence of chronic cardiomyopathy and a proportion of these develop heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). […] Chagas disease is an important public health problem, with a frequency 140 times higher than HIV.

• #72 Chagas Disease and Heart Failure: An Expanding Issue Worldwide | ECR Journal

  https://www.ecrjournal.com/articles/chagas-disease-and-heart-failure-expanding-issue-worldwide?language_content_entity=en

  Chagas disease is an important cause of dilated cardiomyopathy in Latin America, where the disease is endemic. […] The exact mechanism whereby parasitism causes tissue damage in the chronic phase is not clear and could be related to chronic immune reactions. […] Chagas cardiomyopathy (ChCM) is now recognised as a cardiovascular disorder, diagnosed and treated not only in the original region, but also in Europe, North America and even in Asia. […] The natural history of the disease shows that after two to three decades up to 30% of infected individuals exhibit evidence of chronic cardiomyopathy and a proportion of these develop heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). […] Chagas disease is an important public health problem, with a frequency 140 times higher than HIV.

• #73 Chagas disease: from Latin America to the world | RIP

  https://www.dovepress.com/chagas-disease-from-latin-america-to-the-world-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-RIP

  Chagas disease (CD), caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi), is the third most common parasitic infection worldwide, the most important in Latin America and is an emerging disease in Spain, the US, and other nonendemic countries. […] T. cruzi, the parasite that causes CD, is highly diverse and has a complex life cycle involving around 125 triatominae species and more than 100 mammal species, showing a patchy distribution. […] The parasite plays a fundamental role in the genesis and development of lesions in the host, inducing cell lysis, an inflammatory response, and fibrosis. […] Although several mechanisms of autoimmunity have been described as a cause of pathophysiological changes in patients with CD, there is no conclusive evidence that autoimmunity plays a role in its pathogenesis.

• #74 Chagas Disease and Heart Failure: An Expanding Issue Worldwide | ECR Journal

  https://www.ecrjournal.com/articles/chagas-disease-and-heart-failure-expanding-issue-worldwide?language_content_entity=en

  Chagas disease is an important cause of dilated cardiomyopathy in Latin America, where the disease is endemic. […] The exact mechanism whereby parasitism causes tissue damage in the chronic phase is not clear and could be related to chronic immune reactions. […] Chagas cardiomyopathy (ChCM) is now recognised as a cardiovascular disorder, diagnosed and treated not only in the original region, but also in Europe, North America and even in Asia. […] The natural history of the disease shows that after two to three decades up to 30% of infected individuals exhibit evidence of chronic cardiomyopathy and a proportion of these develop heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). […] Chagas disease is an important public health problem, with a frequency 140 times higher than HIV.

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