Cavernoma
Etiologia i przyczyny

Cavernoma, czyli naczyniaki jamiste, to malformacje naczyniowe złożone z rozszerzonych, cienkościennych naczyń włosowatych, występujące głównie w mózgu i rdzeniu kręgowym. Wyróżnia się formę sporadyczną (80% przypadków) oraz rodzinną (20%), dziedziczoną autosomalnie dominująco, z mutacjami w genach KRIT1 (CCM1, 7q21.2), CCM2 (7p13) i PDCD10 (CCM3, 3q26.1), które odpowiadają za 85-95% przypadków rodzinnych. Mutacje te prowadzą do osłabienia złączy śródbłonkowych, co skutkuje powstawaniem zmian naczyniowych. Szczególnie agresywny przebieg obserwuje się przy mutacji CCM3, gdzie krwawienia pojawiają się często już w dzieciństwie, a tempo powstawania nowych zmian wynosi 2-3 rocznie, w porównaniu do jednej zmiany co dwa lata przy mutacjach CCM1 i CCM2. Etiologia opiera się na hipotezie „dwóch uderzeń” – mutacji zarodkowej i somatycznej, co prowadzi do całkowitej utraty funkcji genu w komórkach śródbłonka. Sporadyczne cavernoma wykazują somatyczne mutacje tych samych genów, co sugeruje podobne mechanizmy molekularne obu form. Czynniki ryzyka obejmują także ekspozycję na promieniowanie jonizujące (radioterapia mózgu/rdzenia), rozwojowe anomalie żylne (DVA), urazy głowy, zmiany hormonalne oraz starzenie się.

Etiologia Cavernoma – przyczyny i czynniki ryzyka

Cavernoma, znana również jako naczyniaki jamiste lub malformacje naczyniowe jamiste, to nieprawidłowe skupisko naczyń krwionośnych przypominające kształtem malinę lub jeżynę. Występują one głównie w mózgu i rdzeniu kręgowym, choć mogą pojawić się również w innych częściach ciała. Charakteryzują się obecnością rozszerzonych, cienkościennych naczyń włosowatych (kapilar) wypełnionych wolno przepływającą krwią. Etiologia cavernoma nie jest w pełni poznana, jednak badania ostatnich lat dostarczyły istotnych informacji na temat przyczyn powstawania tych zmian123.

Formy występowania cavernoma

Cavernoma występuje w dwóch głównych formach: sporadycznej i rodzinnej. Rozróżnienie tych form jest kluczowe dla zrozumienia etiologii schorzenia12.

Forma sporadyczna stanowi około 80% wszystkich przypadków cavernoma. W tej formie pacjenci zwykle mają pojedynczą zmianę i nie występuje rodzinna historia choroby. Przyczyna powstawania sporadycznych cavernoma nie jest w pełni poznana. Interesujące jest to, że około 40% sporadycznych cavernoma pojawia się w pobliżu innej nieprawidłowości naczyniowej, zwanej rozwojową anomalią żylną (DVA – Developmental Venous Anomaly), co może sugerować różnice w mechanizmach rozwojowych między sporadycznymi a rodzinnymi cavernoma123.

Forma rodzinna (familiarna) stanowi około 20% przypadków. W tej formie pacjenci często mają wiele zmian w mózgu i występuje rodzinna historia choroby. Forma rodzinna jest dziedziczona w sposób autosomalny dominujący, co oznacza, że wystarczy, aby jeden rodzic miał zmutowany gen, aby przekazać chorobę potomstwu. Każde dziecko rodzica z rodzinną formą cavernoma ma 50% szans na odziedziczenie tej choroby123.

Podłoże genetyczne cavernoma

Badania genetyczne zidentyfikowały trzy główne geny, których mutacje są odpowiedzialne za rodzinną formę cavernoma12:

  • KRIT1 (CCM1) – zlokalizowany na chromosomie 7q21.2
  • CCM2 (znany również jako Malcavernin) – zlokalizowany na chromosomie 7p13
  • PDCD10 (CCM3) – zlokalizowany na chromosomie 3q26.1

12

Mutacje w tych trzech genach odpowiadają za 85-95% wszystkich przypadków rodzinnej formy cavernoma. Pozostałe 5-15% przypadków może być spowodowanych mutacjami w niezidentyfikowanych jeszcze genach lub innymi nieznanymi przyczynami1.

Geny CCM1, CCM2 i CCM3 kodują białka, które odgrywają kluczową rolę w tworzeniu połączeń (złączy) między komórkami naczyń krwionośnych. Mutacje w tych genach prowadzą do osłabienia złączy międzykomórkowych, co skutkuje powstawaniem naczyniaków jamistych12.

Warto zauważyć, że pacjenci z mutacją w genie CCM3 mogą mieć dodatkowe objawy. Około połowa osób z mutacją CCM3 doświadcza pierwszego krwawienia już w dzieciństwie. Krwawienia występują częściej, a nowe zmiany rozwijają się szybciej, w tempie 2-3 nowych zmian rocznie (w porównaniu do średnio jednej zmiany co dwa lata w przypadku mutacji CCM1 lub CCM2)1.

Hipoteza „dwóch uderzeń” w rozwoju cavernoma

Badania sugerują, że rozwój cavernoma może wynikać z tak zwanej hipotezy „dwóch uderzeń” (two-hit hypothesis). W przypadku rodzinnej formy cavernoma, pierwszy „cios” to odziedziczona mutacja w jednej kopii genu CCM, która jest obecna we wszystkich komórkach organizmu. Drugi „cios” to nabyta mutacja w drugiej kopii tego samego genu, co prowadzi do całkowitej utraty funkcji tego genu w komórce naczynia krwionośnego w mózgu12.

Ta całkowita utrata funkcji powoduje, że komórka zaczyna niekontrolowanie rosnąć i dzielić się, inicjując formowanie się zmiany naczyniowej. Drugi „cios” może być wywołany przez czynniki epigenetyczne lub środowiskowe, co może tłumaczyć, dlaczego zmiany naczyniowe gromadzą się z czasem i po ekspozycji na promieniowanie1.

W przypadku sporadycznej formy cavernoma, mechanizm jest podobny, ale mutacje w genach CCM występują losowo tylko w komórkach naczyń krwionośnych, gdzie tworzy się zmiana, i nie są dziedziczone1. Niedawne badania genetyczne na chirurgicznie usuniętych zmianach od pacjentów ze sporadyczną formą cavernoma, którzy nie mieli dziedzicznych mutacji zarodkowych, wykazały somatyczne mutacje tych samych trzech genów CCM. Może to wskazywać na identyczne mechanizmy molekularne zarówno w rodzinnych, jak i sporadycznych cavernoma1.

Źródła etniczne i efekty założyciela

Interesującym aspektem etiologii cavernoma są efekty założyciela obserwowane w niektórych grupach etnicznych. Na przykład, w Stanach Zjednoczonych, osoby pochodzenia hiszpańsko-amerykańskiego, których przodkowie byli jednymi z pierwszych osadników w Nowym Meksyku i Chihuahua w Meksyku, przekazywały specyficzną mutację genu CCM1 z pokolenia na pokolenie od co najmniej wczesnych lat 1600. Naukowcy nazywają to „powszechną mutacją hiszpańską” (common Hispanic mutation)12.

Podobnie, odkryto wspólną delecję w genie CCM2, która jest odpowiedzialna za występowanie cavernoma wśród Żydów aszkenazyjskich1. Jednak warto podkreślić, że dziedziczna forma cavernoma występuje we wszystkich grupach etnicznych na całym świecie1.

Ekspozycja na promieniowanie jako czynnik ryzyka

Oprócz czynników genetycznych, ekspozycja na promieniowanie jonizujące również została zidentyfikowana jako czynnik ryzyka rozwoju cavernoma. Promieniowanie stosowane w leczeniu innych schorzeń medycznych, zwłaszcza radioterapia mózgu lub rdzenia kręgowego, może prowadzić do powstawania cavernoma u niektórych pacjentów123.

Cavernoma mogą rozwinąć się w ciągu 2-20 lat po radioterapii. Jest to szczególnie istotne w przypadku dzieci, które były poddawane radioterapii czaszki z powodu nowotworów w dzieciństwie123.

Co ciekawe, u osób z rodzinną formą cavernoma, radioterapia stosowana do leczenia już istniejących zmian naczyniowych może również spowodować powstawanie nowych zmian1.

Inne czynniki ryzyka i mechanizmy rozwoju cavernoma

Oprócz czynników genetycznych i ekspozycji na promieniowanie, istnieją inne czynniki, które mogą zwiększać ryzyko rozwoju cavernoma lub przyczyniać się do ujawnienia objawów1:

  • Rozwojowe anomalie żylne (DVA) – jak wspomniano wcześniej, do 40% cavernoma występuje w pobliżu anomalii żylnych, co może utrudniać leczenie chirurgiczne12
  • Uraz głowy – choć rzadko, uraz głowy może być potencjalnym czynnikiem wyzwalającym tworzenie się cavernoma lub krwawienie z już istniejącego12
  • Zmiany hormonalne – niektóre badania sugerują, że zmiany hormonalne, takie jak te występujące podczas ciąży, mogą nasilać objawy lub prowadzić do wykrycia wcześniej bezobjawowego cavernoma1
  • Starzenie się – wraz z wiekiem może wzrastać ryzyko wystąpienia objawów lub krwawienia z cavernoma, prawdopodobnie z powodu kumulujących się efektów małych, niewykrytych incydentów krwawienia z upływem czasu1

Mechanizmy molekularne w rozwoju cavernoma

Na poziomie molekularnym, rozwój cavernoma wiąże się z dysfunkcją w kilku kluczowych ścieżkach sygnałowych1:

  • Przepuszczalność złączy śródbłonka – najbardziej krytyczna dysfunkcja zidentyfikowana w mutacjach CCM to przepuszczalność złączy śródbłonka, efekt mediowany przez aktywność Notch1 i kinazy Rho1
  • Komunikacja międzykomórkowa – produkty białkowe genów CCM odgrywają rolę w komunikacji między komórkami1
  • Angiogeneza – procesy tworzenia nowych naczyń krwionośnych mogą być zaburzone przez mutacje genów CCM1
  • Przewlekły stan zapalny – przewlekły stan zapalny i infiltracja komórek odpornościowych przyczyniają się do progresji CCM1

Badania z 2018 roku sugerują, że patofizjologiczną podstawą rozwoju naczyniaków jamistych jest proliferacja komórek śródbłonka z dysfunkcjonalnymi złączami ścisłymi, które znajdują się pod zwiększonym stresem śródbłonkowym spowodowanym podwyższonym ciśnieniem żylnym1.

Cavernoma wątrobowa i inne lokalizacje pozamózgowe

Choć niniejsza analiza koncentruje się głównie na naczyniakach jamistych mózgu i rdzenia kręgowego, warto wspomnieć, że cavernoma mogą występować również w innych częściach ciała, w tym w wątrobie. Cavernoma wątrobowa, znana również jako transformacja jamista żyły wrotnej (portal cavernoma), charakteryzuje się rozwojem dużych naczyń obocznych wokół uprzednio zablokowanej żyły wrotnej1.

Wśród dorosłych, ważnymi przyczynami cavernoma wątrobowej są zapalenie trzustki, rak trzustki, marskość alkoholowa wątroby i rak wątrobowokomórkowy. Dodatkowo, stany nadkrzepliwości, choroby zapalne jamy brzusznej, ciężkie odwodnienie i wstrząs również mogą prowadzić do tego stanu1.

Lokalne przyczyny cavernoma wątrobowej mogą obejmować również zabiegi chirurgiczne w obrębie jamy brzusznej lub miednicy. Badania wskazują, że najczęstszym zabiegiem chirurgicznym związanym z rozwojem cavernoma wątrobowej jest cholecystektomia (usunięcie pęcherzyka żółciowego), choć pacjenci ci często mają również inne czynniki prozakrzepowe1.

Podsumowanie etiologii cavernoma

Etiologia cavernoma jest złożona i wieloczynnikowa. Podczas gdy forma rodzinna jest wyraźnie związana z mutacjami genetycznymi w genach CCM1, CCM2 i CCM3, przyczyny formy sporadycznej są mniej jasne, choć badania sugerują podobne mechanizmy molekularne12.

Ekspozycja na promieniowanie, zwłaszcza w dzieciństwie, jest uznawana za ważny czynnik ryzyka. Inne czynniki, takie jak obecność rozwojowych anomalii żylnych, urazy głowy, zmiany hormonalne i starzenie się, mogą również odgrywać rolę w rozwoju cavernoma lub ujawnieniu objawów12.

Na poziomie molekularnym, dysfunkcja w komunikacji międzykomórkowej, angiogenezie i przepuszczalności złączy śródbłonka przyczynia się do rozwoju cavernoma. Zrozumienie tych mechanizmów może prowadzić do opracowania nowych strategii terapeutycznych mających na celu zapobieganie lub leczenie tej choroby1.

Mimo postępów w badaniach, wiele aspektów etiologii cavernoma pozostaje niewyjaśnionych, a dalsze badania są niezbędne, aby w pełni zrozumieć przyczyny i mechanizmy rozwoju tej choroby1.

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  1. 09.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Cavernous Malformation (Cavernoma): Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21594-cavernous-hemangioma
    A cavernous malformation is an abnormal cluster of tightly packed capillaries (small blood vessels). Its usually located in your brain, brainstem and spinal cord (cerebral cavernous malformation). […] Healthcare providers arent sure what causes most cavernous malformations. Nearly 20% are genetic and happen due to a variant of the following genes: CCM1 (KRIT1), CCM2, CCM3 (PDCD10). These genes produce proteins that connect blood vessel cells to each other (junctions). A genetic variant weakens the cell junction and causes hemangiomas to form. […] Some cavernous malformations are hereditary (run in families). Having more than one cerebral cavernous hemangioma is more common in people with a family history. […] You may be more at risk of a cerebral cavernous malformation if you have another type of abnormal blood vessel, known as a developmental venous anomaly (DVA), had radiation therapy to your brain or spine, or have a biological family history of cavernous hemangiomas.
  • #1 Cerebral Cavernous Malformations | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
    https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/cerebral-cavernous-malformations
    Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are lesions in the brain that can leak blood into the brain and cause symptoms like seizures, headaches, or back pain. […] CCMs can happen on their own (sporadic) or run in families (this is called familial CCM). […] Familial CCMs happen when there is a variation (also called a mutation) in one of three genes: KRIT1 (CCM1), CCM2, or PDCD10 (CCM3). These genes make proteins that create junctions between blood vessels. When genetic variations affect protein production, cell junctions can weaken and cause CCMs to form. […] Familial CCM is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. This means a person only needs to inherit one copy of the affected gene from either parent to have the condition.
  • #1 Cavernous Malformation – Goodman CampbellHamburger MenuSearch IconSearch IconX IconFacebook IconInstagram IconYoutube IconLinkedIn Icon
    https://www.goodmancampbell.com/conditions/brain/neurovascular/cavernous-malformation/
    About 80% of cavernomas occur randomly (sporadic form). They are often associated with an architecturally distinctive vein (called a venous angioma or developmental venous anomaly). Another 20% of patients have the familial form. Most of these patients have a mutation in one of three genes which can then be passed on to their children. In the familial form, patients often have numerous cavernomas. […] Cavernomas may also develop following radiation therapy to the brain.
  • #1 Cavernous malformations – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cavernous-malformations/symptoms-causes/syc-20360941
    A cerebral cavernous malformation is an irregularly formed blood vessel, shaped like a small mulberry. It can form in the brain or spinal cord and may result in a wide range of neurological symptoms. […] Most cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are known as the „sporadic form.” They occur as a single malformation without any family history. The sporadic form often has an associated developmental venous anomaly (DVA), which is an irregular vein with a witch’s broom appearance. […] However, about 20% of people with a CCM have a genetic form. This form is passed down in families, known as familial cavernous malformation syndrome. […] To date, research has identified three genetic changes responsible for cavernous malformations passed down through families. Almost all familial cases of cavernous malformations have been traced through those genetic changes. […] Familial CCMs are passed down in families through a change in one of these genes: KRIT1, also called CCM1, CCM2, PDCD10, also called CCM3. […] Radiation to the brain or spinal cord also may result in CCMs within 2 to 20 years afterward. Other rare syndromes may be associated with CCM.
  • #1 Orphanet: Familial cerebral cavernous malformation
    https://www.orpha.net/en/disease/detail/221061
    To date, mutations in three genes have been demonstrated to cause familial CCM; KRIT1, CCM2 and PDCD10, located on chromosome 7q21.2, 7p13, and 3q26.1 respectively, which encode proteins that, among their various functions, modulate junction formation between vascular endothelial cells. […] Familial cerebral cavernous malformation (FCCM) represents about 20% of all CCM cases with an estimated prevalence of 1/5,000 -1/10,000 and is therefore rare, contrarily to sporadic CCMs which are not. […] A strong founder effect has been found in Hispanic-American CCM families.
  • #1 Cerebral cavernous malformation: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock
    https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/cerebral-cavernous-malformation/
    Cerebral cavernous malformations are collections of small blood vessels (capillaries) in the brain that are enlarged and irregular in structure. […] Mutations in at least three genes, KRIT1 (also known as CCM1), CCM2, and PDCD10 (also known as CCM3), cause familial cerebral cavernous malformations. […] Mutations in these three genes account for 85 to 95 percent of all cases of familial cerebral cavernous malformations. […] The remaining 5 to 15 percent of cases may be due to mutations in unidentified genes or to other unknown causes. […] Mutations in the KRIT1, CCM2, and PDCD10 genes are not involved in sporadic cerebral cavernous malformations. The cause of this form of the condition is unknown.
  • #1 Cavernous Malformation – 20 Questions Answered
    https://www.alliancetocure.org/newly-diagnosed/20-questions-answered-cavernous-malformation-angioma-cavernoma/
    Individuals with a mutation on the CCM3 gene may have additional features. About half of individuals with a mutation on the CCM3 gene have their first hemorrhage as children. They hemorrhage more often and develop new lesions more quickly, at a rate of 2-3 new lesions per year (compared to an average of one lesion every two years for those with CCM1 or CCM2 mutations). […] There are three known genes that, when mutated, can cause a hereditary form of the illness. Researchers have named them CCM1, CCM2, and CCM3. In the United States, individuals who trace their ancestry to the original settlers of New Mexico and Chihuahua, Mexico have passed a specific mutation of the CCM1 gene down from generation to generation since at least the early 1600s. Researchers call this the common Hispanic mutation. However, you do not need to be Hispanic to have the hereditary form of the illness. Hereditary forms of cavernous malformation exist in every ethnic group everywhere in the world.
  • #1 Cerebral Cavernous Malformations – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538144/
    Experts do not fully understand the pathogenesis of CCMs, but the genetic underpinnings have been clarified in recent years. CCMs may be sporadic or have a familial cause. Some studies report that up to 20% of cases follow a familial, autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, while others estimate that between 40% and 60% of cases are familial. […] Evolving understanding of genetic associations with CCMs has led to identifying 3 homologically distinct genes responsible for CCM development: CCM1/KRIT1, CCM2/Malcavernin, and CCM3/PDCD10 genes located on the 7q, 7p, and 3p chromosomes, respectively. […] A common deletion in CCM2 was found to be responsible for clustering among Ashkenazi Jews. […] Many authors have proposed a „2-hit” hypothesis of familial CCM wherein epigenetic or environmental exposure (the second hit) results in CCM gene loss-of-function and may account for the proclivity of these lesions to accumulate over time and with radiation exposure.
  • #1 Genetics of Cavernous Malformation – Alliance to Cure Cavernous Malformation
    https://www.alliancetocure.org/home/cavernous-angioma-in-depth/genetics/genetics-of-cavernous-angioma/
    Familial cavernous malformations are caused by a genetic mutation found in every cell in your body, destroying the function of one copy of one of the CCM genes. Several studies suggest that lesion formation is seeded when a brain blood vessel cell acquires a second mutation in the other copy of that CCM gene, resulting in a complete loss of function in a brain blood vessel cell. This loss of function causes that cell to start growing and dividing uncontrollably (like a tumor) and starts the formation of a cavernous malformation lesion. […] Even though mutations are not inherited in sporadic cavernous malformation, the cause of sporadic lesion development is quite similar to familial lesions. Researchers have found that there are genetic mutations of the CCM genes, but that these mutations occur only in the blood vessels of the sporadic CCM lesion. These mutations are not heritable; they are randomly acquired within brain blood vessels and cause a CCM lesion to form.
  • #1 Cerebral Cavernous Malformations – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538144/
    Studies of sporadic CCM support a common pathway involving de novo mutations of CCM genes. […] Interactions occur between various CCM protein products as well as between these products and other cellular machinery responsible for a range of functions, including cell-cell communication and angiogenesis. The most critical dysfunction identified in CCM mutations is endothelial junction permeability, an effect mediated by Notch1 and Rho kinase activity. […] Recently, genetic studies on the surgically resected lesions from sporadic cases lacking inherited germline mutations have shown somatic mutations of the same 3 CCM genes. This could point towards identical molecular mechanisms in both familial and sporadic CCMs.
  • #1 Cavernous Malformation – 20 Questions Answered
    https://www.alliancetocure.org/newly-diagnosed/20-questions-answered-cavernous-malformation-angioma-cavernoma/
    Some people have more than one cavernous malformation (cavernous angioma, cavernoma). This can happen for several reasons: Most commonly, people with more than one cavernous malformation have a hereditary form of the illness. People with the genetic form of the illness typically develop additional cavernous malformations over time. […] Brain or spinal radiation for cancer treatment can cause cavernous malformations to form many years later. In people with the hereditary form, radiosurgery to treat a cavernous malformation may also cause more lesions to form. […] Sporadic cavernous malformation means that you are the only one in your family to have a cavernous malformation, and you do not have a genetic mutation that would cause your children to inherit the illness. […] We do not know what causes hemorrhage. Without evidence, it is hard for doctors to recommend specific precautions.
  • #1 Delving Into Cavernous Malformations – Pacific Neuroscience Institute
    https://www.pacificneuroscienceinstitute.org/blog/neurovascular-malformations/delving-into-cavernous-malformations/
    Genetic Factors: Some people inherit a predisposition to develop cavernomas. Familial cavernous malformation, caused by mutations in specific genes (like CCM1, CCM2, or CCM3), can lead to multiple cavernomas. […] Developmental Factors: Cavernomas can develop sporadically without any family history. These sporadic cavernomas are usually solitary and may form as a result of abnormal blood vessel development during embryonic growth. […] Radiation Therapy: In some cases, cavernomas can form as a side effect of radiation therapy, particularly in the brain. […] Trauma: Although rare, head trauma has been suggested as a potential trigger for the formation of cavernomas or the hemorrhage of an existing one. […] Hormonal Changes: Some studies suggest that hormonal changes, such as those occurring during pregnancy, can exacerbate symptoms or lead to the detection of a previously asymptomatic cavernoma. […] Aging: As people age, the risk of symptoms or hemorrhage from a cavernoma can increase, possibly due to the cumulative effects of small, undetected bleeding events over time.
  • #1 Cavernomas – Symptoms & Treatment | Mount Sinai – New York
    https://www.mountsinai.org/locations/cerebrovascular-center/conditions/vascular-malformations/cavernomas
    At Mount Sinai, we have experts who specialize in cavernomas (also called cavernous angiomas or cavernous malformations). […] Approximately one in 200 people have a cavernoma. Many are present at birth, and some develop later in life, usually along with other endovascular abnormalities such as a venous malformation. […] If you have more than one, though, we may suspect a genetic component. If you have the inherited form of cavernomas, each of your children has a 50 percent chance of inheriting the condition. We are researching narrowing down the precise mutation that causes the condition. […] Up to 40 percent of cavernomas occur near venous malformations, which can make surgical treatment more difficult.
  • #1 Cerebral cavernous malformation | STROKE MANUAL
    https://www.stroke-manual.com/cavernous-malformation/
    cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) is a vascular lesion comprising clusters of dilated, thin-walled capillaries without intervening brain parenchyma […] familial cases are associated with mutations in CCM1 (KRIT1), CCM2, and CCM3 […] mutations have been identified in three genes: KRIT1 (Krev interaction trapped 1) on 7q21-q22 (CCM1), Malcavernin on 7p13 (CCM2), PDCD10 (programmed cell death 10) on 3q26-q27 (CCM3) […] genotype-phenotype correlations between the three forms are emerging […] chronic inflammation and immune cell infiltration contribute to CCM progression […] risk factors for adverse outcome include multiple lesions, presence of CCM3 genotype, early clinical presentation, infratentorial localization, lesion diameter 1 cm, and associated developmental venous anomaly (DVA) may influence lesion progression and hemorrhage risk.
  • #1 Cavernous hemangioma – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavernous_hemangioma
    There are several known causes for cavernous hemangiomas, but some cases are still unknown. Radiation treatment used for other medical conditions has been suggested to cause cavernous malformation in some patients. […] Genetic studies show that specific gene mutations or deletions are causes for the disease. The genes identified for cerebral cavernous hemangiomas (or malformations), are CCM1 (also KRIT1), CCM2 (also MGC4607, malcavernin) and CCM3 (also PDCD10). The loss of function of these genes is believed to be responsible for cerebral cavernous malformations. […] In 2018, it was theorized that proliferation of endothelial cells with dysfunctional tight junctions, that are under increased endothelial stress from elevated venous pressure provides the pathophysiological basis for cavernous hemangioma development.
  • #1 Cavernous transformation of portal vein – portal cavernoma | Radiology Case | Radiopaedia.org
    https://radiopaedia.org/cases/cavernous-transformation-of-portal-vein-portal-cavernoma-3?lang=us
    Cavernous transformation of the portal vein, also referred to as portal cavernoma, is characterized by the development of large collateral venous channels in and around a previously thrombosed portal vein. […] Among adults, the important causes of portal cavernoma are pancreatitis, pancreatic carcinoma, alcoholic cirrhosis, and hepatoma. Additionally, hypercoagulable states, inflammatory diseases of the abdominal cavity, severe dehydration, and shock can also lead to this condition.
  • #1 P13 Local causes of portal cavernoma: about a university serie | Gut
    http://gut.bmj.com/content/72/Suppl_2/A52.2.abstract
    Chronic portal thrombosis and/or portal cavernoma is a cavo-portal collateral venous pathway secondary to chronic thrombotic obstruction. Our work aimed to study the profile of patients with portal cavernoma secondary to a local cause […] Twenty of our patients had a history of surgery or a local cause. Local causes were abdominal surgery in 50% of patients, pelvic surgery in 25%, and a cause other than surgery in 25% of patients. In the 33.3% where no underlying prothrombotic cause was found, the only cause of portal thrombosis found was local: pelvic surgery in 16.6% of cases, two abdominal surgeries in 11.1%, and main bile duct stent in 5.6% of patients. The local cause of portal cavernoma is rare and is 3.5% in our series. The most frequent surgery found in history is cholecystectomy, but these patients often have another associated prothrombotic factor. In the rare cases where no underlying prothrombotic factor was found, it was most often pelvic surgery followed by the association of 2 abdominal surgeries and a main bile duct stent.
  • #1 What is a Cavernous Malformation? – Be Brave for Life Foundation
    https://bebrave.life/blog/cavernous-malformation/
    It is important to emphasize, that patients with the spontaneous form of cavernous malformations have no apparent risk of passing the disease on to their children. […] With the exception of anti-epileptic medication given for the management of seizures, there are currently no available medical treatments for the management of CCMs. A safe and effective systemic treatment that reduces or eliminates the risks of recurrent hemorrhage and leads to lesion dormancy is urgently needed. […] Laboratory research has defined some of the key pathways involved in the formation of these lesions and resulting hemorrhage. Novel new agents are being pursued by the pharmaceutical industry that have the potential to block development and/or minimize the risk of recurrent bleeding.
  • #2 Cavernous malformations – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cavernous-malformations/symptoms-causes/syc-20360941
    A cerebral cavernous malformation is an irregularly formed blood vessel, shaped like a small mulberry. It can form in the brain or spinal cord and may result in a wide range of neurological symptoms. […] Most cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are known as the „sporadic form.” They occur as a single malformation without any family history. The sporadic form often has an associated developmental venous anomaly (DVA), which is an irregular vein with a witch’s broom appearance. […] However, about 20% of people with a CCM have a genetic form. This form is passed down in families, known as familial cavernous malformation syndrome. […] To date, research has identified three genetic changes responsible for cavernous malformations passed down through families. Almost all familial cases of cavernous malformations have been traced through those genetic changes. […] Familial CCMs are passed down in families through a change in one of these genes: KRIT1, also called CCM1, CCM2, PDCD10, also called CCM3. […] Radiation to the brain or spinal cord also may result in CCMs within 2 to 20 years afterward. Other rare syndromes may be associated with CCM.
  • #2 Cavernous Malformations Causes | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD
    https://www.aaroncohen-gadol.com/en/patients/cavernous-malformation/types/causes
    Cavernous malformations are likely to occur before or shortly after birth although they may develop any time during your lifetime. […] There are two types of cavernous malformations: sporadic and familial. Sporadic malformations happen randomly, whereas familial malformations are hereditary and occur as a result of genetic mutations that are passed down from parent to child. […] Both familial and sporadic cavernous malformations are typically the result of a mutation in the CCM1 (KRIT1), CCM2 (MGC4607), and CCM3 (PDCD10) genes. […] Research so far has not found precisely what causes these mutations. […] Cavernous malformations can result from a genetic mutation that causes abnormal development of blood vessels. […] Unfortunately, there is currently no way to prevent cavernous malformations from occurring, but treatment options are available.
  • #2 Cavernoma Symptoms & Treatments | Pacific Stroke & Neurovascular Center
    https://www.pacificneuroscienceinstitute.org/stroke-neurovascular/conditions-and-treatments/brain-vascular-malformation/cavernoma/
    A cavernous malformation is also called a cavernoma or a cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM), but these names are all interchangeable and refer to the same diagnosis. […] Cavernomas are a vascular mass made up of abnormal dilated blood vessels characterized by distended blood-filled caverns. Vessels of a cavernoma mass have a tendency to leak and bleed because they lack the proper junctions between neighboring cells as well as the necessary structural support from smooth muscle and the stretchable material (elastin) that normally supports regular blood vessels. […] The majority of cavernomas that are diagnosed occur in individuals with only a single lesion and no family history of the disease (these cases are termed sporadic meaning they are not caused by an inherited genetic mutation). Individuals with the familial (genetic) form of cavernomas are likely to have multiple lesions and may be more likely to experience symptoms associated with the disorder. […] At least 40% of sporadic cavernomas may develop within the vicinity of a DVA. The significance of DVA association with sporadic lesions is currently under investigation; perhaps this observation may suggest a difference in developmental mechanisms between sporadic and familial cavernomas.
  • #2 Genetics of Cavernous Malformation – Alliance to Cure Cavernous Malformation
    https://www.alliancetocure.org/home/cavernous-angioma-in-depth/genetics/genetics-of-cavernous-angioma/
    Mutations of Any of Three Genes Can Cause Familial Cavernous Malformations […] Cavernous malformations (also known as cavernous angioma or cavernoma) can occur either sporadically, or they may run in families and be inherited due to a genetic mutation. […] Familial cavernous malformations are caused by a single gene mutation in one of three different genes, CCM1, CCM2, or CCM3. In familial cavernous malformation, it is typical to develop multiple lesions and to have affected family members in consecutive generations. […] Familial cavernous malformations are caused by a hereditary illness that follows an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. This means that only one parent must have the illness for it to be passed on to offspring. Each child of a parent with familial cavernous malformation has a 50% chance of inheriting the illness.
  • #2 Cavernous Malformation (Cavernoma): Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21594-cavernous-hemangioma
    A cavernous malformation is an abnormal cluster of tightly packed capillaries (small blood vessels). Its usually located in your brain, brainstem and spinal cord (cerebral cavernous malformation). […] Healthcare providers arent sure what causes most cavernous malformations. Nearly 20% are genetic and happen due to a variant of the following genes: CCM1 (KRIT1), CCM2, CCM3 (PDCD10). These genes produce proteins that connect blood vessel cells to each other (junctions). A genetic variant weakens the cell junction and causes hemangiomas to form. […] Some cavernous malformations are hereditary (run in families). Having more than one cerebral cavernous hemangioma is more common in people with a family history. […] You may be more at risk of a cerebral cavernous malformation if you have another type of abnormal blood vessel, known as a developmental venous anomaly (DVA), had radiation therapy to your brain or spine, or have a biological family history of cavernous hemangiomas.
  • #2 Cerebral Cavernous Malformations – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538144/
    Experts do not fully understand the pathogenesis of CCMs, but the genetic underpinnings have been clarified in recent years. CCMs may be sporadic or have a familial cause. Some studies report that up to 20% of cases follow a familial, autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, while others estimate that between 40% and 60% of cases are familial. […] Evolving understanding of genetic associations with CCMs has led to identifying 3 homologically distinct genes responsible for CCM development: CCM1/KRIT1, CCM2/Malcavernin, and CCM3/PDCD10 genes located on the 7q, 7p, and 3p chromosomes, respectively. […] A common deletion in CCM2 was found to be responsible for clustering among Ashkenazi Jews. […] Many authors have proposed a „2-hit” hypothesis of familial CCM wherein epigenetic or environmental exposure (the second hit) results in CCM gene loss-of-function and may account for the proclivity of these lesions to accumulate over time and with radiation exposure.
  • #2 Cerebral Cavernous Malformations | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
    https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/cerebral-cavernous-malformations
    Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are lesions in the brain that can leak blood into the brain and cause symptoms like seizures, headaches, or back pain. […] CCMs can happen on their own (sporadic) or run in families (this is called familial CCM). […] Familial CCMs happen when there is a variation (also called a mutation) in one of three genes: KRIT1 (CCM1), CCM2, or PDCD10 (CCM3). These genes make proteins that create junctions between blood vessels. When genetic variations affect protein production, cell junctions can weaken and cause CCMs to form. […] Familial CCM is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. This means a person only needs to inherit one copy of the affected gene from either parent to have the condition.
  • #2 Genetics of Cavernous Malformation – Alliance to Cure Cavernous Malformation
    https://www.alliancetocure.org/home/cavernous-angioma-in-depth/genetics/genetics-of-cavernous-angioma/
    Familial cavernous malformations are caused by a genetic mutation found in every cell in your body, destroying the function of one copy of one of the CCM genes. Several studies suggest that lesion formation is seeded when a brain blood vessel cell acquires a second mutation in the other copy of that CCM gene, resulting in a complete loss of function in a brain blood vessel cell. This loss of function causes that cell to start growing and dividing uncontrollably (like a tumor) and starts the formation of a cavernous malformation lesion. […] Even though mutations are not inherited in sporadic cavernous malformation, the cause of sporadic lesion development is quite similar to familial lesions. Researchers have found that there are genetic mutations of the CCM genes, but that these mutations occur only in the blood vessels of the sporadic CCM lesion. These mutations are not heritable; they are randomly acquired within brain blood vessels and cause a CCM lesion to form.
  • #2 Orphanet: Familial cerebral cavernous malformation
    https://www.orpha.net/en/disease/detail/221061
    To date, mutations in three genes have been demonstrated to cause familial CCM; KRIT1, CCM2 and PDCD10, located on chromosome 7q21.2, 7p13, and 3q26.1 respectively, which encode proteins that, among their various functions, modulate junction formation between vascular endothelial cells. […] Familial cerebral cavernous malformation (FCCM) represents about 20% of all CCM cases with an estimated prevalence of 1/5,000 -1/10,000 and is therefore rare, contrarily to sporadic CCMs which are not. […] A strong founder effect has been found in Hispanic-American CCM families.
  • #2 Cavernoma
    https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cavernoma/
    In most cases, there’s no clear reason why a person develops a cavernoma. The condition can sometimes run in families less than 50% of cases are thought to be genetic. […] But in most cases cavernomas occur randomly. Genetic testing can be carried out to determine whether a cavernoma is genetic or whether it’s occurred randomly. […] Some cavernoma cases have also been linked to radiation exposure, such as previously having radiotherapy to the brain, usually as a child.
  • #2 Cerebral cavernous venous malformation | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
    https://radiopaedia.org/articles/cerebral-cavernous-venous-malformation?lang=us
    Cerebral cavernous venous malformations, also commonly known as cavernous hemangiomas or cavernomas, are common cerebral vascular malformations, usually with characteristic appearances on MRI. It is the third most common cerebral vascular malformation after developmental venous anomaly and capillary telangiectasia. […] Cavernous malformations are found throughout the body. This article focuses on cerebral cavernous venous malformations. For a general discussion and links to cavernomas in other locations, please refer to the general article on cavernous venous malformation. […] Most patients who present symptomatically do so at 40-60 years of age. Most patients have single lesions. Multiple lesions may be familial and screening of family members may be indicated (see familial multiple cavernous malformation syndrome). Additionally, cavernous malformations, along with capillary telangiectasias, are commonly seen following cerebral radiotherapy.
  • #2 What is Cavernoma Awareness Day
    https://www.healthassured.org/blog/cavernoma-awareness-day-2024/
    Cavernoma Awareness Day takes place every August and aims to increase knowledge of how to spot its symptoms, understand its causes, and spread more awareness across your friend groups and workplace organisations. […] While a specific universal cause of Cavernoma isnt known, research shows that having a unique but abnormal blood vessel known as DVA (Developmental Venous Anomaly), has been shown to potentially increase the risk of getting it. […] Previous exposure to radiation therapy in the brain or spine and hereditary factors may also play a part in the causes, and its not uncommon for Cavernoma to be discovered during MRI or CT scans checking for other conditions.
  • #2 Cavernous Malformations | Boston Children’s Hospital
    https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/cavernous-malformations
    Cavernous malformations can occur anywhere in the body, but usually only cause serious problems in the brain and spinal cord. […] The exact cause of cavernous malformations is not well understood, though some types may be inherited. If many family members have seizure disorders or blood vessel abnormalities on the skin, other family members may be at higher risk for a cavernous malformation. […] Head trauma may increase the risk for cavernous malformations to bleed, so doctors recommend that children with cavernous malformations avoid activities and sports with a high likelihood of head trauma, such as football.
  • #2 Delving Into Cavernous Malformations – Pacific Neuroscience Institute
    https://www.pacificneuroscienceinstitute.org/blog/neurovascular-malformations/delving-into-cavernous-malformations/
    Genetic Factors: Some people inherit a predisposition to develop cavernomas. Familial cavernous malformation, caused by mutations in specific genes (like CCM1, CCM2, or CCM3), can lead to multiple cavernomas. […] Developmental Factors: Cavernomas can develop sporadically without any family history. These sporadic cavernomas are usually solitary and may form as a result of abnormal blood vessel development during embryonic growth. […] Radiation Therapy: In some cases, cavernomas can form as a side effect of radiation therapy, particularly in the brain. […] Trauma: Although rare, head trauma has been suggested as a potential trigger for the formation of cavernomas or the hemorrhage of an existing one. […] Hormonal Changes: Some studies suggest that hormonal changes, such as those occurring during pregnancy, can exacerbate symptoms or lead to the detection of a previously asymptomatic cavernoma. […] Aging: As people age, the risk of symptoms or hemorrhage from a cavernoma can increase, possibly due to the cumulative effects of small, undetected bleeding events over time.
  • #3 Cavernous Malformation – 20 Questions Answered
    https://www.alliancetocure.org/newly-diagnosed/20-questions-answered-cavernous-malformation-angioma-cavernoma/
    There is no typical way in which cavernous malformations (also known as cavernous angioma or cavernoma) affect people. The symptoms, the course of the illness, and its severity can be very different from person to person. […] Cavernous malformations are also known as cavernous angioma, CCM, and cavernoma. They are made of abnormal blood vessels. They are not cancerous. Cavernous malformations are made of the smallest blood vessels, called capillaries. They resemble mulberries and have very thin walls compared with other blood vessels. Blood moves through them very slowly. The thin vessel walls can be leaky, allowing blood into the surrounding brain or spinal cord tissue. We believe about one in every 500 people has a cavernous malformation, but most people never have symptoms. Of the people who have a cavernous malformation, we believe many will never have a symptomatic hemorrhage.
  • #3 Cavernous Malformation | Lurie Children’s
    https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/cavernoma/
    Cavernoma, also known as cavernous angioma, cavernous hemangioma and cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM), is a condition consisting of clusters of abnormally dilated thin-walled blood vessels. […] Sometimes cavernomas are hereditary; this form of the condition is often associated with multiple cavernomas. Although this kind can happen in any family, it occurs at a higher rate among Mexican-American families because of a specific genetic mutation that has been found in this group. Each child of someone with the familial form has a 50% chance of inheriting the problem. […] Up to 40% of solitary cavernomas may develop in the vicinity of another blood vessel abnormality called a venous angioma.
  • #3 Cerebral cavernous malformation: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock
    https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/cerebral-cavernous-malformation/
    Cerebral cavernous malformations are collections of small blood vessels (capillaries) in the brain that are enlarged and irregular in structure. […] Mutations in at least three genes, KRIT1 (also known as CCM1), CCM2, and PDCD10 (also known as CCM3), cause familial cerebral cavernous malformations. […] Mutations in these three genes account for 85 to 95 percent of all cases of familial cerebral cavernous malformations. […] The remaining 5 to 15 percent of cases may be due to mutations in unidentified genes or to other unknown causes. […] Mutations in the KRIT1, CCM2, and PDCD10 genes are not involved in sporadic cerebral cavernous malformations. The cause of this form of the condition is unknown.
  • #3 Cavernous hemangioma – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavernous_hemangioma
    There are several known causes for cavernous hemangiomas, but some cases are still unknown. Radiation treatment used for other medical conditions has been suggested to cause cavernous malformation in some patients. […] Genetic studies show that specific gene mutations or deletions are causes for the disease. The genes identified for cerebral cavernous hemangiomas (or malformations), are CCM1 (also KRIT1), CCM2 (also MGC4607, malcavernin) and CCM3 (also PDCD10). The loss of function of these genes is believed to be responsible for cerebral cavernous malformations. […] In 2018, it was theorized that proliferation of endothelial cells with dysfunctional tight junctions, that are under increased endothelial stress from elevated venous pressure provides the pathophysiological basis for cavernous hemangioma development.
  • #3 Cavernous Hemangiomas: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and Outlook
    https://www.healthline.com/health/cavernous-hemangioma
    Cavernous malformations are a specific type of vascular malformation made of widened blood vessels that create caverns through which blood travels very slowly. […] It used to be thought that vascular malformations were present from birth, but it’s now known that they can also develop throughout life. […] There are two forms of cavernous malformations: familial and sporadic. Familial malformations involve a gene inherited from one of your parents, and sporadic malformations develop without an inherited gene. […] People with a family history or multiple malformations are more likely to have the familial form due to mutations in one of the following genes: CCM1 (KRIT1), CCM2, CCM3 (PDCD10). […] People with only one malformation are more likely to have the sporadic form. It’s thought that it’s caused by acquired genetic changes specifically in the cells of the affected blood vessels and isn’t passed between generations. […] Cavernous malformation has been linked to brain radiation therapy in children.