Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Treating asthma in children ages 5 to 11

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-asthma/in-depth/asthma-in-children/art-20044383

  Treating asthma in children ages 5 to 11 requires some specialized techniques. Discover tips on symptoms, medicines and asthma action plans. […] Asthma can’t be cured. But you and your child can lessen the symptoms. The key is to follow an asthma action plan. This is a written plan you make with your child’s healthcare team. It helps you track symptoms and adjust treatment as needed. […] Asthma treatment in children: Improves day-to-day breathing. Reduces flare-ups of asthma symptoms. Helps lessen other problems caused by asthma. […] With proper treatment, even serious asthma can be kept under control. […] If your child’s asthma symptoms are very bad, your family doctor or pediatrician may recommend seeing an asthma specialist. […] Treatment aims to find the right type and amount, of medicine needed to control your child’s asthma. This helps prevent side effects.

• #2 Childhood asthma – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-asthma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351513

  Asthma can be hard to diagnose. Your child’s health care provider considers the symptoms and their frequency and your child’s medical history. Your child might need tests to rule out other conditions and to identify the most likely cause of the symptoms. […] Initial treatment depends on the severity of your child’s asthma. The goal of asthma treatment is to keep symptoms under control, meaning that your child has: […] Treating asthma involves both preventing symptoms and treating an asthma attack in progress. The right medicine for your child depends on a few things, including: […] For children younger than age 3 who have mild symptoms of asthma, your provider might use a wait-and-see approach. This is because the long-term effects of asthma medicine in infants and young children aren’t clear.

• #3 Childhood asthma – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-asthma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351513

  Asthma can be hard to diagnose. Your child’s health care provider considers the symptoms and their frequency and your child’s medical history. Your child might need tests to rule out other conditions and to identify the most likely cause of the symptoms. […] Initial treatment depends on the severity of your child’s asthma. The goal of asthma treatment is to keep symptoms under control, meaning that your child has: […] Treating asthma involves both preventing symptoms and treating an asthma attack in progress. The right medicine for your child depends on a few things, including: […] For children younger than age 3 who have mild symptoms of asthma, your provider might use a wait-and-see approach. This is because the long-term effects of asthma medicine in infants and young children aren’t clear.

• #4 Patient education: Asthma treatment in children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/asthma-treatment-in-children-beyond-the-basics

  Patient education: Asthma treatment in children (Beyond the Basics) […] The optimal treatment of asthma in children depends upon a number of factors, including the child’s age, the severity and frequency of asthma attacks (also called „exacerbations”), and the ability to properly use the prescribed medications. In most cases, medications can control symptoms, allowing the child to participate fully in all activities, including sports. […] Successful treatment of asthma involves three components: Identifying and avoiding asthma triggers, Regularly monitoring asthma symptoms and lung function, Understanding how and when to use medications to treat asthma. […] This topic discusses the treatment of asthma in children younger than 12 years. […] There are several things you can do to help keep your child’s asthma well controlled. These include learning about the condition, understanding how and when to give medications (and when to seek emergency help), identifying and avoiding things that make your child’s symptoms worse, keeping track of symptoms, and maintaining regular communication with your child’s health care provider and school.

• #5 Treating asthma in children ages 5 to 11

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-asthma/in-depth/asthma-in-children/art-20044383

  Treating asthma in children ages 5 to 11 requires some specialized techniques. Discover tips on symptoms, medicines and asthma action plans. […] Asthma can’t be cured. But you and your child can lessen the symptoms. The key is to follow an asthma action plan. This is a written plan you make with your child’s healthcare team. It helps you track symptoms and adjust treatment as needed. […] Asthma treatment in children: Improves day-to-day breathing. Reduces flare-ups of asthma symptoms. Helps lessen other problems caused by asthma. […] With proper treatment, even serious asthma can be kept under control. […] If your child’s asthma symptoms are very bad, your family doctor or pediatrician may recommend seeing an asthma specialist. […] Treatment aims to find the right type and amount, of medicine needed to control your child’s asthma. This helps prevent side effects.

• #6 Childhood Asthma: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/asthma/children-asthma

  Based on your child’s history and how severe their asthma is, their doctor will develop a care plan, called an asthma action plan. This describes when and how your child should use asthma medications, what to do when asthma gets worse, and when to seek emergency care. Make sure you understand this plan and ask your child’s doctor any questions you may have. […] Your child’s asthma action plan is important for controlling their asthma. Keep it handy to remind you of your child’s daily management plan, as well as to guide you when your child has asthma symptoms. Give its copies to your child’s caregivers, teachers, and even the bus driver so they’ll know what to do if your child has an asthma attack away from home. […] Most asthma medications that work for adults and older children can also be safely prescribed to toddlers and younger children. Drugs that are approved for younger children are given in doses adjusted for their age and weight. In the case of inhaled drugs, they may need a different delivery device based on their age and ability. For instance, many children can’t coordinate their breathing well enough to use a standard inhaler.

• #7 Childhood Asthma: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/asthma/children-asthma

  Based on your child’s history and how severe their asthma is, their doctor will develop a care plan, called an asthma action plan. This describes when and how your child should use asthma medications, what to do when asthma gets worse, and when to seek emergency care. Make sure you understand this plan and ask your child’s doctor any questions you may have. […] Your child’s asthma action plan is important for controlling their asthma. Keep it handy to remind you of your child’s daily management plan, as well as to guide you when your child has asthma symptoms. Give its copies to your child’s caregivers, teachers, and even the bus driver so they’ll know what to do if your child has an asthma attack away from home. […] Most asthma medications that work for adults and older children can also be safely prescribed to toddlers and younger children. Drugs that are approved for younger children are given in doses adjusted for their age and weight. In the case of inhaled drugs, they may need a different delivery device based on their age and ability. For instance, many children can’t coordinate their breathing well enough to use a standard inhaler.

• #8 Patient education: Asthma treatment in children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/asthma-treatment-in-children-beyond-the-basics

  Patient education: Asthma treatment in children (Beyond the Basics) […] The optimal treatment of asthma in children depends upon a number of factors, including the child’s age, the severity and frequency of asthma attacks (also called „exacerbations”), and the ability to properly use the prescribed medications. In most cases, medications can control symptoms, allowing the child to participate fully in all activities, including sports. […] Successful treatment of asthma involves three components: Identifying and avoiding asthma triggers, Regularly monitoring asthma symptoms and lung function, Understanding how and when to use medications to treat asthma. […] This topic discusses the treatment of asthma in children younger than 12 years. […] There are several things you can do to help keep your child’s asthma well controlled. These include learning about the condition, understanding how and when to give medications (and when to seek emergency help), identifying and avoiding things that make your child’s symptoms worse, keeping track of symptoms, and maintaining regular communication with your child’s health care provider and school.

• #9 Pediatric Asthma Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Components of Asthma Care, Treatment of Status Asthmaticus

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1000997-treatment

  The National Asthma Education and Prevention Program guidelines highlight the importance of treating impairment and risk domains of asthma. The goals for therapy are as follows: Control asthma by reducing impairment through prevention of chronic and troublesome symptoms (eg, coughing or breathlessness in the daytime, in the night, or after exertion) […] The goal of long-term therapy is to prevent acute exacerbations. The patient should avoid exposure to environmental allergens and irritants that are identified during the evaluation. […] The current guidelines emphasize 4 important components of asthma care, as follows: Assessment and monitoring, Education, Control of environmental factors and comorbid conditions, Pharmacologic treatment. […] Once the patient’s condition is classified and therapy has been initiated, continual assessment is important for disease control. Asthma control is defined as „the degree to which the manifestations of asthma are minimized by therapeutic intervention and the goals of therapy are met.”

• #10 Pediatric Asthma: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1000997-overview

  Asthma, which occurs in adult and pediatric patients, is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by an obstruction of airflow. Among children and adolescents aged 5-17 years, asthma accounts for a loss of 10 million school days annually and costs caretakers $726.1 million per year because of work absence. […] Guidelines from the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program emphasize the following components of asthma care: Assessment and monitoring: In order to assess asthma control and adjust therapy, impairment and risk must be assessed; because asthma varies over time, follow-up every 2-6 weeks is initially necessary (when gaining control of the disease), and then every 1-6 months thereafter. […] Pharmacologic asthma management includes the use of agents for control and agents for relief. Control agents include the following: Inhaled corticosteroids, Inhaled cromolyn or nedocromil, Long-acting bronchodilators, Theophylline, Leukotriene modifiers, Anti-immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies (omalizumab), Interleukin inhibitors (eg, mepolizumab, benralizumab, dupilumab).

• #11 Treating asthma in children ages 5 to 11

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-asthma/in-depth/asthma-in-children/art-20044383

  You’ll keep a record of how well your child’s current medicines seem to control symptoms. Based on this record, your child’s healthcare professional may „step up” treatment to a higher dose or add another type of medicine. If your child’s asthma is well controlled, the healthcare professional may „step down” treatment by reducing your child’s medicines. This is known as the stepwise approach to asthma treatment. […] Long-term control medicines […] These also are known as maintenance medicines. They are usually taken every day on a long-term basis to control lasting asthma. […] Quick-relief 'rescue’ medicines […] These medicines also are called short-acting bronchodilators. They relieve asthma symptoms right away and last 4 to 6 hours. […] Your child’s asthma is not under control if your child often needs to use a quick-relief inhaler. Relying on a quick-relief inhaler to control symptoms puts your child at risk of a serious asthma attack.

• #12 Childhood asthma – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-asthma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351513

  However, if an infant or toddler has frequent or severe wheezing episodes, a health care provider might prescribe a medicine to see if it improves symptoms. […] Preventive, long-term control medicines reduce the inflammation in your child’s airways that leads to symptoms. In most cases, these medicines need to be taken daily. […] Long-term asthma control medicines such as inhaled corticosteroids are the cornerstone of asthma treatment. These medicines keep asthma under control and make it less likely that your child will have an asthma attack. […] If your child does have an asthma flare-up, a quick-relief, also called rescue, inhaler can ease symptoms right away. But if long-term control medicines are working properly, your child shouldn’t need to use a quick-relief inhaler very often.

• #13 Treating asthma in children ages 5 to 11

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-asthma/in-depth/asthma-in-children/art-20044383

  You’ll keep a record of how well your child’s current medicines seem to control symptoms. Based on this record, your child’s healthcare professional may „step up” treatment to a higher dose or add another type of medicine. If your child’s asthma is well controlled, the healthcare professional may „step down” treatment by reducing your child’s medicines. This is known as the stepwise approach to asthma treatment. […] Long-term control medicines […] These also are known as maintenance medicines. They are usually taken every day on a long-term basis to control lasting asthma. […] Quick-relief 'rescue’ medicines […] These medicines also are called short-acting bronchodilators. They relieve asthma symptoms right away and last 4 to 6 hours. […] Your child’s asthma is not under control if your child often needs to use a quick-relief inhaler. Relying on a quick-relief inhaler to control symptoms puts your child at risk of a serious asthma attack.

• #14 Asthma Medication in Children – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441823/

  This article primarily reflects pediatric asthma management according to NAEPPCC (National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Coordinating Committee) and NHLBI (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute). […] Short-acting beta-2 agonists (SABA): Albuterol (salbutamol), levalbuterol, and terbutaline are used as quick relief therapy or rescue therapy to ease symptoms as they reverse bronchoconstriction. […] Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS): Commonly used ICS are budesonide, fluticasone, and mometasone. […] Systemic corticosteroids: Commonly used systemic corticosteroids include prednisone, dexamethasone, and methylprednisolone. […] Leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA): The leukotriene modifier, montelukast, is the leukotriene antagonist available in either granules or chewable tablets, depending on the age.

• #15 Asthma Medication in Children – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441823/

  This article primarily reflects pediatric asthma management according to NAEPPCC (National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Coordinating Committee) and NHLBI (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute). […] Short-acting beta-2 agonists (SABA): Albuterol (salbutamol), levalbuterol, and terbutaline are used as quick relief therapy or rescue therapy to ease symptoms as they reverse bronchoconstriction. […] Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS): Commonly used ICS are budesonide, fluticasone, and mometasone. […] Systemic corticosteroids: Commonly used systemic corticosteroids include prednisone, dexamethasone, and methylprednisolone. […] Leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA): The leukotriene modifier, montelukast, is the leukotriene antagonist available in either granules or chewable tablets, depending on the age.

• #16 Childhood asthma – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-asthma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351513

  However, if an infant or toddler has frequent or severe wheezing episodes, a health care provider might prescribe a medicine to see if it improves symptoms. […] Preventive, long-term control medicines reduce the inflammation in your child’s airways that leads to symptoms. In most cases, these medicines need to be taken daily. […] Long-term asthma control medicines such as inhaled corticosteroids are the cornerstone of asthma treatment. These medicines keep asthma under control and make it less likely that your child will have an asthma attack. […] If your child does have an asthma flare-up, a quick-relief, also called rescue, inhaler can ease symptoms right away. But if long-term control medicines are working properly, your child shouldn’t need to use a quick-relief inhaler very often.

• #17 Medications for Asthma in Children | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/asthma-in-children/treatments/medications-for-asthma-in-children

  A mainstay of treatment for children with mild to moderate asthma symptoms, inhaled corticosteroids reduce inflammation in the airways and prevent asthma symptoms, such as wheezing and difficulty breathing. […] Your child may use inhaled corticosteroids daily for several weeks or months, depending on how well the medicine controls symptoms. Inhaled corticosteroids are also used to treat children who have cough-variant asthma, in which coughing is the only symptom. […] Doctors may prescribe inhaled long-acting beta agonists, such as salmeterol and formoterol, which relax muscles inside the airways for up to 18 hours. […] Leukotriene inhibitors, such as montelukast, block the activity of leukotrienesone of the chief substances in the body that cause inflamed and narrowed airways in people with asthma triggered by allergies.

• #18 Management of Asthma in Children | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2001/0401/p1341.html

  Short-acting beta2 agonists rapidly relax bronchial smooth muscle and are the therapy of choice to relieve acute symptoms and prevent exercise-induced bronchospasm. […] Medications for long-term control should be taken daily to maintain control of asthma and prevent exacerbations. Inhaled corticosteroids are the most potent and effective long-term anti-inflammatory medications. They reduce inflammation in airways, improve pulmonary function to a greater degree than any other medication, reduce bronchial hyper-responsiveness and may reduce some aspects of airway remodeling, thus modifying disease progression. […] Long-acting beta2 agonists are not as effective as inhaled corticosteroids in reducing airway hyper-responsiveness or controlling the inflammation of asthma. However, long-acting beta2 agonists are effective bronchodilators and may be used as add-on therapy with inhaled corticosteroids to reduce nocturnal asthma symptoms and prevent exercise-induced bronchospasm.

• #19 Asthma Medication in Children – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441823/

  This article primarily reflects pediatric asthma management according to NAEPPCC (National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Coordinating Committee) and NHLBI (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute). […] Short-acting beta-2 agonists (SABA): Albuterol (salbutamol), levalbuterol, and terbutaline are used as quick relief therapy or rescue therapy to ease symptoms as they reverse bronchoconstriction. […] Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS): Commonly used ICS are budesonide, fluticasone, and mometasone. […] Systemic corticosteroids: Commonly used systemic corticosteroids include prednisone, dexamethasone, and methylprednisolone. […] Leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA): The leukotriene modifier, montelukast, is the leukotriene antagonist available in either granules or chewable tablets, depending on the age.

• #20 Asthma in Children: Signs, Symptoms & Treatment | ACAAI Public Website

  https://acaai.org/asthma/asthma-101/who-gets-asthma/children/

  Antileukotrienes or leukotriene modifiers, which are oral medications that can help prevent asthma symptoms […] Long-acting inhaled beta2-agonists, which are never taken alone, but can be very useful when combined with an inhaled corticosteroid […] Biologics, which treat severe, uncontrolled asthma when other preventative medicines don’t work. […] Asthma medicines are very safe and effective when used as directed. […] Work with your child’s teacher and other school staff to make sure they are aware of your child’s asthma action plan and they know what to do if your child has an asthma attack. […] Working with your child’s caregivers and following the action plan ensures you and your child can control their asthma so they can do everything other children can do. For more information about treatment for your child’s asthma, visit an allergist.

• #21 Pediatric Asthma Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Components of Asthma Care, Treatment of Status Asthmaticus

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1000997-treatment

  Patient education continues to be important in all areas of medicine and is particularly important in asthma. Self-management education should focus on teaching patients the importance of recognizing their own their level of control and signs of progressively worsening asthma symptoms. […] Pharmacologic management includes the use of agents for control and agents for relief. Control agents include inhaled corticosteroids, inhaled cromolyn or nedocromil, long-acting bronchodilators, theophylline, leukotriene modifiers, and more recent strategies such as the use of the anti-immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody (omalizumab) or IL-5 monoclonal antibodies (mepolizumab, benralizumab), or IL-4 receptor alpha monoclonal antibody (dupilumab). […] For all patients, quick-relief medications include rapid-acting beta2-agonists as needed for symptoms. The intensity of treatment depends on the severity of symptoms.

• #22 Treating asthma in children ages 5 to 11

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-asthma/in-depth/asthma-in-children/art-20044383

  You’ll keep a record of how well your child’s current medicines seem to control symptoms. Based on this record, your child’s healthcare professional may „step up” treatment to a higher dose or add another type of medicine. If your child’s asthma is well controlled, the healthcare professional may „step down” treatment by reducing your child’s medicines. This is known as the stepwise approach to asthma treatment. […] Long-term control medicines […] These also are known as maintenance medicines. They are usually taken every day on a long-term basis to control lasting asthma. […] Quick-relief 'rescue’ medicines […] These medicines also are called short-acting bronchodilators. They relieve asthma symptoms right away and last 4 to 6 hours. […] Your child’s asthma is not under control if your child often needs to use a quick-relief inhaler. Relying on a quick-relief inhaler to control symptoms puts your child at risk of a serious asthma attack.

• #23 Asthma in Children: Signs, Symptoms & Treatment | ACAAI Public Website

  https://acaai.org/asthma/asthma-101/who-gets-asthma/children/

  Your child’s treatment will depend on the severity and frequency of their symptoms. Your allergist might prescribe two types of medicines: […] Quick relief (relievers): All children with asthma need quick-relief medicine to treat coughing, wheezing and shortness of breath or an asthma attack. Your child should have this medicine with them (typically an inhaler) at all times and use it at the first sign of symptoms. […] Preventative (controllers): Many children with asthma also need to take a controller daily to prevent asthma symptoms and attacks. Your child may need a controller if they are using quick relief medication too often or frequently needing oral corticosteroids such as prednisone for asthma attacks. […] Medications your child may be prescribed include: […] Inhaled corticosteroids, which are the first-line treatment, are safe, and well-tolerated and are among the most effective medications for treating asthma

• #24 Asthma Medication in Children – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441823/

  This article primarily reflects pediatric asthma management according to NAEPPCC (National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Coordinating Committee) and NHLBI (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute). […] Short-acting beta-2 agonists (SABA): Albuterol (salbutamol), levalbuterol, and terbutaline are used as quick relief therapy or rescue therapy to ease symptoms as they reverse bronchoconstriction. […] Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS): Commonly used ICS are budesonide, fluticasone, and mometasone. […] Systemic corticosteroids: Commonly used systemic corticosteroids include prednisone, dexamethasone, and methylprednisolone. […] Leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA): The leukotriene modifier, montelukast, is the leukotriene antagonist available in either granules or chewable tablets, depending on the age.

• #25 Asthma in primary school-aged children (6-11 years)

  https://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/Asthma_in_primary_school-aged_children_(6-11_years)/

  All children should have a written action plan for at home and childcare […] SABA (salbutamol): all children should be prescribed SABA with spacer, and encouraged to have inhaler and spacer with them at all times […] Montelukast can be used as an alternative first line preventer (or adjunct to ICS) in children requiring further control […] Moderate dose ICS = fluticasone 100 microg twice daily or ciclesonide 160 microg once daily […] ICS/LABA = budesonide/formoterol MDI 100 microg/3 microg, 2 puffs twice daily or DPI 200 microg/6 microg, one inhalation twice daily […] Review if asthma is correct diagnosis […] For children who are nearing adolescence (ie 10-11 years old) and having difficulty with their asthma control, it is worth considering ICS-formoterol MART.

• #26 Pediatric Asthma: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1000997-overview

  Relief medications include the following: Short-acting bronchodilators, Systemic corticosteroids, Ipratropium. […] A systematic review by Coffman and colleagues suggested a benefit school-based asthma education. Their review included 25 studies in children aged 4-17 years. In most of those studies, compared with usual care, school-based asthma education improved knowledge of asthma, self-efficacy, and self-management behaviors.

• #27 Treating asthma in children ages 5 to 11

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-asthma/in-depth/asthma-in-children/art-20044383

  You’ll keep a record of how well your child’s current medicines seem to control symptoms. Based on this record, your child’s healthcare professional may „step up” treatment to a higher dose or add another type of medicine. If your child’s asthma is well controlled, the healthcare professional may „step down” treatment by reducing your child’s medicines. This is known as the stepwise approach to asthma treatment. […] Long-term control medicines […] These also are known as maintenance medicines. They are usually taken every day on a long-term basis to control lasting asthma. […] Quick-relief 'rescue’ medicines […] These medicines also are called short-acting bronchodilators. They relieve asthma symptoms right away and last 4 to 6 hours. […] Your child’s asthma is not under control if your child often needs to use a quick-relief inhaler. Relying on a quick-relief inhaler to control symptoms puts your child at risk of a serious asthma attack.

• #28 Asthma in babies and children

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/asthma/asthma-babies-children/

  Inhalers are usually prescribed to treat asthma. Inhalers are devices that allow small amounts of medicine to be breathed into the lungs. This treatment is usually very effective. […] Reliever inhalers relax the muscles around the breathing tubes during an asthma attack. This allows airways to open, making it easier to breathe. Most reliever inhalers are blue. […] If your child needs their reliever inhaler more than 3 times a week, they will usually need a preventer inhaler too. […] These inhalers prevent your child’s symptoms from appearing and reduce the risk of long-term problems. Most use a small dose of steroids. […] Your GP or GP nurse will show you how to use the inhaler. They may give you an asthma action plan. This explains what to do during an asthma attack. […] Your GP might prescribe a short course of steroids. Steroids can help calm down your child’s inflamed airway and help the reliever inhaler to work. Short courses of steroids are safe for your child and do not have any long-term side effects. […] These are preventer tablets that may be prescribed along with, or instead of, a preventer inhaler. […] If your child’s asthma is severe they may be referred to an asthma nurse, consultant or asthma clinic for further treatment.

• #29 Asthma Medication in Children – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441823/

  Anti-IgE antibody: Omalizumab is a monoclonal antibody that inhibits the binding of IgE to the IgE receptor on the surface of mast cells and prevents the mast cell degranulation and release of inflammatory mediators such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. […] According to NAEPPCC (National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Coordinating Committee) and NHLBI (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute), treatment regimens by age group are described below. […] The preferred therapy is PRN SABA (short-acting 2-agonist). […] Daily low-dose ICS (inhaled corticosteroids) as controller therapy and PRN SABA as quick relief therapy. […] Daily medium dose ICS as controller therapy and PRN SABA for quick relief therapy. […] Daily high-dose ICS-LABA as controller therapy and PRN SABA for quick relief therapy.

• #30 Childhood asthma – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-asthma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351513

  Work with your child’s health care provider to create a written asthma action plan. This can be an important part of treatment, especially if your child has severe asthma. An asthma action plan can help you and your child: […] If your child’s symptoms are completely controlled for a time, your child’s provider might recommend lowering doses or stopping asthma medicines. This is known as step-down treatment. If your child’s asthma isn’t as well controlled, the provider might want to increase, change or add medicines. This is known as step-up treatment.

• #31 Asthma Medication in Children – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441823/

  Anti-IgE antibody: Omalizumab is a monoclonal antibody that inhibits the binding of IgE to the IgE receptor on the surface of mast cells and prevents the mast cell degranulation and release of inflammatory mediators such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. […] According to NAEPPCC (National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Coordinating Committee) and NHLBI (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute), treatment regimens by age group are described below. […] The preferred therapy is PRN SABA (short-acting 2-agonist). […] Daily low-dose ICS (inhaled corticosteroids) as controller therapy and PRN SABA as quick relief therapy. […] Daily medium dose ICS as controller therapy and PRN SABA for quick relief therapy. […] Daily high-dose ICS-LABA as controller therapy and PRN SABA for quick relief therapy.

• #32 Management of Asthma in Children 5 Years and Under – Hossny E (Updated 2020)

  https://www.worldallergy.org/component/content/article/management-of-asthma-in-children-5-years-and-under-hossny-e-updated-2020?catid=16&Itemid=101

  The goals of asthma management in young children are to achieve good control of symptoms and maintain normal activities, minimize risk of flare-ups, maintain lung functions, and minimize side effects from medications. The Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) offered a stepwise approach to treatment that is customized to the individual child taking into account the effectiveness of available medications, their safety, and their cost to the payer or family. […] Step 1: As-needed inhaled short-acting beta2-agonist (SABA) […] Step 2: Initial controller treatment, plus as-needed SABA […] Step 3: Additional controller treatment plus as-needed SABA […] Step 4: Continue controller treatment and refer for expert assessment […] An asthma action plan should enable family members and care givers to recognize asthma worsening or flare-up, initiate treatment, and identify when urgent hospital care is necessary.

• #33 Asthma Medication in Children – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441823/

  Anti-IgE antibody: Omalizumab is a monoclonal antibody that inhibits the binding of IgE to the IgE receptor on the surface of mast cells and prevents the mast cell degranulation and release of inflammatory mediators such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. […] According to NAEPPCC (National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Coordinating Committee) and NHLBI (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute), treatment regimens by age group are described below. […] The preferred therapy is PRN SABA (short-acting 2-agonist). […] Daily low-dose ICS (inhaled corticosteroids) as controller therapy and PRN SABA as quick relief therapy. […] Daily medium dose ICS as controller therapy and PRN SABA for quick relief therapy. […] Daily high-dose ICS-LABA as controller therapy and PRN SABA for quick relief therapy.

• #34

  https://bpac.org.nz/2020/asthma-children.aspx

  Pharmacological management of asthma in children follows a stepwise progression where stepping treatment up or down is guided by symptom control and risk of exacerbations. Before stepping up, check inhaler technique (including use of a spacer), adherence, understanding of the management plan and any barriers to its implementation. Once symptoms have been well-controlled for at least eight weeks, consider stepping down and reassess control after 12 weeks. […] Step 1 is for children with intermittent symptoms and involves as needed use of a SABA, without maintenance treatment. […] Step 2 is for children who have symptoms 2 times/week, use a reliever 2 times/week, had regular night waking with symptoms in the past month or had an exacerbation requiring oral corticosteroids in the past year. This step involves the addition of a daily low dose ICS. Montelukast, a leukotriene receptor antagonist, may be considered as an alternative to ICS, but ICS are generally more effective.

• #35 Asthma Medication in Children – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441823/

  Anti-IgE antibody: Omalizumab is a monoclonal antibody that inhibits the binding of IgE to the IgE receptor on the surface of mast cells and prevents the mast cell degranulation and release of inflammatory mediators such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. […] According to NAEPPCC (National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Coordinating Committee) and NHLBI (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute), treatment regimens by age group are described below. […] The preferred therapy is PRN SABA (short-acting 2-agonist). […] Daily low-dose ICS (inhaled corticosteroids) as controller therapy and PRN SABA as quick relief therapy. […] Daily medium dose ICS as controller therapy and PRN SABA for quick relief therapy. […] Daily high-dose ICS-LABA as controller therapy and PRN SABA for quick relief therapy.

• #36

  https://bpac.org.nz/2020/asthma-children.aspx

  Step 3 is for children with uncontrolled symptoms despite optimal treatment at Step 2. This step involves the addition of a LABA in combination with an ICS. LABAs (with ICS) should only be initiated when the child is clinically stable. If the LABA is ineffective or symptoms worsen after starting it, treatment should be stopped. […] Step 4 is for children with uncontrolled symptoms despite optimal treatment at Step 3. This step involves an increase from low dose ICS/LABA to standard dose ICS/LABA. Montelukast may be added if control remains poor. If control at Step 4 is poor, refer for paediatric assessment. […] Step 5 is for children with uncontrolled symptoms despite optimal treatment at Step 4. This step involves standard dose ICS/LABA and montelukast, if the child is not already taking this. High dose ICS/LABA may be considered. The child should be referred for paediatric assessment.

• #37 Asthma Medication in Children – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441823/

  Anti-IgE antibody: Omalizumab is a monoclonal antibody that inhibits the binding of IgE to the IgE receptor on the surface of mast cells and prevents the mast cell degranulation and release of inflammatory mediators such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. […] According to NAEPPCC (National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Coordinating Committee) and NHLBI (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute), treatment regimens by age group are described below. […] The preferred therapy is PRN SABA (short-acting 2-agonist). […] Daily low-dose ICS (inhaled corticosteroids) as controller therapy and PRN SABA as quick relief therapy. […] Daily medium dose ICS as controller therapy and PRN SABA for quick relief therapy. […] Daily high-dose ICS-LABA as controller therapy and PRN SABA for quick relief therapy.

• #38

  https://bpac.org.nz/2020/asthma-children.aspx

  Step 3 is for children with uncontrolled symptoms despite optimal treatment at Step 2. This step involves the addition of a LABA in combination with an ICS. LABAs (with ICS) should only be initiated when the child is clinically stable. If the LABA is ineffective or symptoms worsen after starting it, treatment should be stopped. […] Step 4 is for children with uncontrolled symptoms despite optimal treatment at Step 3. This step involves an increase from low dose ICS/LABA to standard dose ICS/LABA. Montelukast may be added if control remains poor. If control at Step 4 is poor, refer for paediatric assessment. […] Step 5 is for children with uncontrolled symptoms despite optimal treatment at Step 4. This step involves standard dose ICS/LABA and montelukast, if the child is not already taking this. High dose ICS/LABA may be considered. The child should be referred for paediatric assessment.

• #39 Asthma Medication in Children – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441823/

  Daily high-dose ICS-LABA + oral systemic corticosteroid and PRN SABA. […] The SMART approach is a treatment with ICS and LABA (formoterol) for daily and rescue treatment. […] In patients ages 5 years and older diagnosed with asthma after extensive evaluation, FeNO measurement can help as an adjunct to the diagnosis and response to therapy. […] Quality of life is significantly compromised in children with uncontrolled asthma. […] Optimal use of pharmacotherapy according to guidelines, use of a step-wise approach, and assessment of compliance and control at each visit can significantly reduce the morbidity, mortality, emergency room visits, and healthcare costs associated with asthma.

• #40

  https://bpac.org.nz/2020/asthma-children.aspx

  Step 3 is for children with uncontrolled symptoms despite optimal treatment at Step 2. This step involves the addition of a LABA in combination with an ICS. LABAs (with ICS) should only be initiated when the child is clinically stable. If the LABA is ineffective or symptoms worsen after starting it, treatment should be stopped. […] Step 4 is for children with uncontrolled symptoms despite optimal treatment at Step 3. This step involves an increase from low dose ICS/LABA to standard dose ICS/LABA. Montelukast may be added if control remains poor. If control at Step 4 is poor, refer for paediatric assessment. […] Step 5 is for children with uncontrolled symptoms despite optimal treatment at Step 4. This step involves standard dose ICS/LABA and montelukast, if the child is not already taking this. High dose ICS/LABA may be considered. The child should be referred for paediatric assessment.

• #41 Childhood asthma – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-asthma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351513

  Asthma can be hard to diagnose. Your child’s health care provider considers the symptoms and their frequency and your child’s medical history. Your child might need tests to rule out other conditions and to identify the most likely cause of the symptoms. […] Initial treatment depends on the severity of your child’s asthma. The goal of asthma treatment is to keep symptoms under control, meaning that your child has: […] Treating asthma involves both preventing symptoms and treating an asthma attack in progress. The right medicine for your child depends on a few things, including: […] For children younger than age 3 who have mild symptoms of asthma, your provider might use a wait-and-see approach. This is because the long-term effects of asthma medicine in infants and young children aren’t clear.

• #42 Childhood asthma – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-asthma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351513

  However, if an infant or toddler has frequent or severe wheezing episodes, a health care provider might prescribe a medicine to see if it improves symptoms. […] Preventive, long-term control medicines reduce the inflammation in your child’s airways that leads to symptoms. In most cases, these medicines need to be taken daily. […] Long-term asthma control medicines such as inhaled corticosteroids are the cornerstone of asthma treatment. These medicines keep asthma under control and make it less likely that your child will have an asthma attack. […] If your child does have an asthma flare-up, a quick-relief, also called rescue, inhaler can ease symptoms right away. But if long-term control medicines are working properly, your child shouldn’t need to use a quick-relief inhaler very often.

• #43 Childhood asthma – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-asthma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351513

  Work with your child’s health care provider to create a written asthma action plan. This can be an important part of treatment, especially if your child has severe asthma. An asthma action plan can help you and your child: […] If your child’s symptoms are completely controlled for a time, your child’s provider might recommend lowering doses or stopping asthma medicines. This is known as step-down treatment. If your child’s asthma isn’t as well controlled, the provider might want to increase, change or add medicines. This is known as step-up treatment.

• #44

  https://bpac.org.nz/2020/asthma-children.aspx

  Pharmacological management of asthma in children follows a stepwise progression where stepping treatment up or down is guided by symptom control and risk of exacerbations. Before stepping up, check inhaler technique (including use of a spacer), adherence, understanding of the management plan and any barriers to its implementation. Once symptoms have been well-controlled for at least eight weeks, consider stepping down and reassess control after 12 weeks. […] Step 1 is for children with intermittent symptoms and involves as needed use of a SABA, without maintenance treatment. […] Step 2 is for children who have symptoms 2 times/week, use a reliever 2 times/week, had regular night waking with symptoms in the past month or had an exacerbation requiring oral corticosteroids in the past year. This step involves the addition of a daily low dose ICS. Montelukast, a leukotriene receptor antagonist, may be considered as an alternative to ICS, but ICS are generally more effective.

• #45 Childhood asthma – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-asthma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351513

  Work with your child’s health care provider to create a written asthma action plan. This can be an important part of treatment, especially if your child has severe asthma. An asthma action plan can help you and your child: […] If your child’s symptoms are completely controlled for a time, your child’s provider might recommend lowering doses or stopping asthma medicines. This is known as step-down treatment. If your child’s asthma isn’t as well controlled, the provider might want to increase, change or add medicines. This is known as step-up treatment.

• #46 Asthma in primary school-aged children (6-11 years)

  https://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/Asthma_in_primary_school-aged_children_(6-11_years)/

  This guideline provides advice for assessment and ongoing management of primary school aged children with asthma. See Acute asthma for acute management […] Treatment with short-acting beta agonist (SABA) alone should only be used for children who have mild and infrequent symptoms with no risk factors […] First-line preventer treatment for most school-age children is low dose inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) […] Treatment should be stepped up and down according to response. Consider ceasing preventer treatment following a 6 month symptom-free period […] Additional management includes regular asthma education, reviewing inhaler technique, assessment of contributing factors and annual influenza vaccine […] ICS-formoterol MART (ICS-formoterol maintenance and reliever therapy or SMART) is worth considering in children nearing 12 years who have poor adherence with preventers or high SABA use

• #47

  https://bpac.org.nz/2020/asthma-children.aspx

  Pharmacological management of asthma in children follows a stepwise progression where stepping treatment up or down is guided by symptom control and risk of exacerbations. Before stepping up, check inhaler technique (including use of a spacer), adherence, understanding of the management plan and any barriers to its implementation. Once symptoms have been well-controlled for at least eight weeks, consider stepping down and reassess control after 12 weeks. […] Step 1 is for children with intermittent symptoms and involves as needed use of a SABA, without maintenance treatment. […] Step 2 is for children who have symptoms 2 times/week, use a reliever 2 times/week, had regular night waking with symptoms in the past month or had an exacerbation requiring oral corticosteroids in the past year. This step involves the addition of a daily low dose ICS. Montelukast, a leukotriene receptor antagonist, may be considered as an alternative to ICS, but ICS are generally more effective.

• #48 How is asthma treated in children? | Asthma + Lung UK

  https://www.asthmaandlung.org.uk/conditions/asthma/child/medicines/treatment

  If your child is having asthma symptoms three times a week or more, or is waking up at night with symptoms, your GP may want to try some asthma medicines to see if they help. This usually means they will be given a preventer inhaler. […] It can take time to find the right asthma treatments for your child. But your GP or asthma nurse can support you by: checking how your childs getting on with their medicines, checking your childs inhaler technique and making sure they have an inhaler and spacer they find easy to use. […] If your child is still having asthma symptoms, even though theyre taking their preventer inhaler as prescribed, see your GP or asthma nurse to review their treatment plan. […] Its important to take your child to all of their asthma reviews, even if they feel well. They may be able to cut down on the medicine theyre taking if their asthma has been well managed and theyve had no symptoms for at least three months. […] Never cut down your child’s asthma medicine without speaking to their GP or asthma nurse. […] Make sure your GP makes a note of any changes to the medicines your child needs to take on their asthma action plan.

• #49 Asthma Medication in Children – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441823/

  Daily high-dose ICS-LABA + oral systemic corticosteroid and PRN SABA. […] The SMART approach is a treatment with ICS and LABA (formoterol) for daily and rescue treatment. […] In patients ages 5 years and older diagnosed with asthma after extensive evaluation, FeNO measurement can help as an adjunct to the diagnosis and response to therapy. […] Quality of life is significantly compromised in children with uncontrolled asthma. […] Optimal use of pharmacotherapy according to guidelines, use of a step-wise approach, and assessment of compliance and control at each visit can significantly reduce the morbidity, mortality, emergency room visits, and healthcare costs associated with asthma.

• #50 Asthma in primary school-aged children (6-11 years)

  https://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/Asthma_in_primary_school-aged_children_(6-11_years)/

  All children should have a written action plan for at home and childcare […] SABA (salbutamol): all children should be prescribed SABA with spacer, and encouraged to have inhaler and spacer with them at all times […] Montelukast can be used as an alternative first line preventer (or adjunct to ICS) in children requiring further control […] Moderate dose ICS = fluticasone 100 microg twice daily or ciclesonide 160 microg once daily […] ICS/LABA = budesonide/formoterol MDI 100 microg/3 microg, 2 puffs twice daily or DPI 200 microg/6 microg, one inhalation twice daily […] Review if asthma is correct diagnosis […] For children who are nearing adolescence (ie 10-11 years old) and having difficulty with their asthma control, it is worth considering ICS-formoterol MART.

• #51 How Is Asthma Treated?

  https://aafa.org/asthma/asthma-treatment/

  Asthma treatments work in these ways: They relax the muscles that tighten around the airways. They relieve the squeeze. They can be short- or long-acting. By opening the airways, they help remove and reduce mucus. These medicines are bronchodilators or beta agonists. […] Anti-inflammatories (steroidal) come in many different forms. They are also called controllers because they help to control or prevent asthma symptoms. They reduce swelling and extra mucus inside the airways. They will not relieve sudden symptoms. […] Biologics are shots or infusions given every few weeks. They work by targeting a cell or protein in your body to prevent airway swelling. They are for moderate-to-severe asthma that is hard to treat with ICS and/or other medicines, or people with asthma dependent on OCS. […] The 2020 Focused Updates to the Asthma Management Guidelines recommends single maintenance and reliever therapy, also known as SMART. SMART uses one inhaler that has two medicines (combination medicine) as a quick-relief and controller medicine.

• #52 Asthma Medication in Children – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441823/

  Anti-IgE antibody: Omalizumab is a monoclonal antibody that inhibits the binding of IgE to the IgE receptor on the surface of mast cells and prevents the mast cell degranulation and release of inflammatory mediators such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. […] According to NAEPPCC (National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Coordinating Committee) and NHLBI (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute), treatment regimens by age group are described below. […] The preferred therapy is PRN SABA (short-acting 2-agonist). […] Daily low-dose ICS (inhaled corticosteroids) as controller therapy and PRN SABA as quick relief therapy. […] Daily medium dose ICS as controller therapy and PRN SABA for quick relief therapy. […] Daily high-dose ICS-LABA as controller therapy and PRN SABA for quick relief therapy.

• #53 Pediatric Asthma Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Components of Asthma Care, Treatment of Status Asthmaticus

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1000997-treatment

  A review by Rodrigo et al looked at 8 studies of omalizumab in children with moderate to severe asthma and elevated IgE levels. Children treated with omalizumab were more significantly able to reduce their use of rescue inhalers and their inhaled and/or oral steroid dose than patients in the placebo group. […] A randomized trial of omalizumab for asthma in inner-city children showed improved asthma control, elimination of seasonal peaks in asthmatic exacerbations, and reduced need for other medications for asthma control. […] Additional monoclonal antibodies have been approved for children, but unlike omalizumab, they target various interleukin (IL) subtypes. […] In pediatric asthma, inhaled treatment is the cornerstone of asthma management. […] Treatment goals for acute severe asthmatic episodes (status asthmaticus) are as follows: Correction of significant hypoxemia with supplemental oxygen; in severe cases, alveolar hypoventilation requires mechanically assisted ventilation.

• #54 Pediatric Asthma Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Components of Asthma Care, Treatment of Status Asthmaticus

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1000997-treatment

  Patient education continues to be important in all areas of medicine and is particularly important in asthma. Self-management education should focus on teaching patients the importance of recognizing their own their level of control and signs of progressively worsening asthma symptoms. […] Pharmacologic management includes the use of agents for control and agents for relief. Control agents include inhaled corticosteroids, inhaled cromolyn or nedocromil, long-acting bronchodilators, theophylline, leukotriene modifiers, and more recent strategies such as the use of the anti-immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody (omalizumab) or IL-5 monoclonal antibodies (mepolizumab, benralizumab), or IL-4 receptor alpha monoclonal antibody (dupilumab). […] For all patients, quick-relief medications include rapid-acting beta2-agonists as needed for symptoms. The intensity of treatment depends on the severity of symptoms.

• #55

  https://journals.lww.com/co-allergy/fulltext/2023/08000/new_approaches_in_childhood_asthma_treatment.10.aspx

  Omalizumab is the first-available humanized monoclonal antibody targeting IgE. […] The data on its efficacy and safety have been previously discussed. […] The approval of mepolizumab in children aged at least 6 years comes from the results of the phase 2 open-label study conducted in 36 children, which demonstrated pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, as well as a safety profile, comparable to those seen in adults and adolescents. […] Dupilumab was approved for the treatment of asthma in patients 6-11 years of age based on a phase 3 VOYAGE efficacy and safety study: compared with placebo, dupilumab reduced the annualized rate of severe asthma exacerbations, improved lung function, and enhanced asthma control in children with uncontrolled, moderate-to-severe asthma with evidence of type 2 inflammation.

• #56 Pediatric Asthma Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Components of Asthma Care, Treatment of Status Asthmaticus

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1000997-treatment

  Patient education continues to be important in all areas of medicine and is particularly important in asthma. Self-management education should focus on teaching patients the importance of recognizing their own their level of control and signs of progressively worsening asthma symptoms. […] Pharmacologic management includes the use of agents for control and agents for relief. Control agents include inhaled corticosteroids, inhaled cromolyn or nedocromil, long-acting bronchodilators, theophylline, leukotriene modifiers, and more recent strategies such as the use of the anti-immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody (omalizumab) or IL-5 monoclonal antibodies (mepolizumab, benralizumab), or IL-4 receptor alpha monoclonal antibody (dupilumab). […] For all patients, quick-relief medications include rapid-acting beta2-agonists as needed for symptoms. The intensity of treatment depends on the severity of symptoms.

• #57

  https://journals.lww.com/co-allergy/fulltext/2023/08000/new_approaches_in_childhood_asthma_treatment.10.aspx

  Omalizumab is the first-available humanized monoclonal antibody targeting IgE. […] The data on its efficacy and safety have been previously discussed. […] The approval of mepolizumab in children aged at least 6 years comes from the results of the phase 2 open-label study conducted in 36 children, which demonstrated pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, as well as a safety profile, comparable to those seen in adults and adolescents. […] Dupilumab was approved for the treatment of asthma in patients 6-11 years of age based on a phase 3 VOYAGE efficacy and safety study: compared with placebo, dupilumab reduced the annualized rate of severe asthma exacerbations, improved lung function, and enhanced asthma control in children with uncontrolled, moderate-to-severe asthma with evidence of type 2 inflammation.

• #58 How is asthma treated in children? | Asthma + Lung UK

  https://www.asthmaandlung.org.uk/conditions/asthma/child/medicines/treatment

  Your childs GP should review any new treatments after six to eight weeks. If one type of add-on treatment doesnt seem to make a difference to your child, they can try another one. […] Montelukast is a preventer tablet. It can help children whose asthma is not well controlled with just their preventer inhaler. […] Long-acting bronchodilators keep your childs airways open. Your GP may prescribe a long-acting bronchodilator to help your child manage their asthma symptoms better. […] A reliever inhaler, used with a spacer, is the best treatment for symptoms when they get worse, and asthma attacks. […] A very small number of children with asthma may need specialist support and treatments. This is if the usual asthma treatments plus add-on treatments are not helping as well as they could.

• #59 Asthma

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/asthma/

  If inhalers are not enough to stop your symptoms, your care team may also recommend a stronger inhaler or tablets that make breathing easier, such as montelukast. […] If you have severe asthma that’s not controlled by inhalers and tablets, you may be offered other treatments, such as medicines that you inject, called biological therapies. […] If you have a severe asthma attack that does not get better, you may need to be treated in hospital. Hospital treatments may include: oxygen through a mask, using a nebuliser to breathe in high doses of medicine, steroid tablets or injections. […] An asthma attack can be life-threatening. But getting the right asthma treatment reduces the risk.

• #60 Asthma Medication in Children – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441823/

  Daily high-dose ICS-LABA + oral systemic corticosteroid and PRN SABA. […] The SMART approach is a treatment with ICS and LABA (formoterol) for daily and rescue treatment. […] In patients ages 5 years and older diagnosed with asthma after extensive evaluation, FeNO measurement can help as an adjunct to the diagnosis and response to therapy. […] Quality of life is significantly compromised in children with uncontrolled asthma. […] Optimal use of pharmacotherapy according to guidelines, use of a step-wise approach, and assessment of compliance and control at each visit can significantly reduce the morbidity, mortality, emergency room visits, and healthcare costs associated with asthma.

• #61 Pediatric asthma treatment guidelines 2020 – Norton Healthcare Provider Louisville, Ky.

  https://nortonhealthcareprovider.com/news/asthma-treatment-guidelines-2020/

  Pediatric asthma treatment guideline updates provide new strategies for clinicians. […] For the first time in 13 years, the national asthma treatment guidelines were updated with several new recommendations and options for pediatric asthma therapy. […] The new guidelines represent substantial progress not only in understanding and managing asthma in children, but in new approaches in therapies that are beneficial to young children and their families. […] “There are new treatment strategies for asthma that these guideline updates now endorse,” Scott G. Bickel, M.D., pediatric pulmonologist with Norton Children’s Pulmonology, said during a recent continuing medical education opportunity on the Norton Healthcare “MedChat” podcast. “They give some additional flexibility to clinicians.” […] The six areas covered are: Using inhaled corticosteroids as needed for recurrent wheezing or persistent asthma in certain patients, Using long-acting antimuscarinic antagonists as add-on maintenance therapy, Using immunotherapy in allergic asthma, Using one or more methods to reduce exposure to indoor asthma triggers, Using fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) in the diagnosis and/or management of asthma, Using bronchial thermoplasty to treat selected adults with persistent asthma.

• #62 Treating asthma in children ages 5 to 11

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-asthma/in-depth/asthma-in-children/art-20044383

  Follow and update your child’s asthma action plan. That’s the key to keeping asthma under control. Carefully track your child’s asthma symptoms. And make medicine changes as soon as they’re needed. If you act quickly, your child is less likely to have a serious attack. Your child also likely won’t need as much medicine to control symptoms. […] With careful asthma management, your child is likely to have fewer flare-ups and more time for school, play and the rest of daily life.

• #63 Patient education: Asthma treatment in children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/asthma-treatment-in-children-beyond-the-basics

  An asthma „action plan” is a form or document that your child’s provider can help you put together; it includes instructions about how to monitor symptoms and what to do when they happen. […] Following an asthma attack, most children are given an oral steroid medication (for example, a 3- to 10-day course of prednisone or a single or two-day course of dexamethasone). This treatment helps to decrease the swelling and mucus production in the lungs and reduces the risk of a second asthma attack. […] Identifying and avoiding asthma triggers are essential to keeping symptoms under control. […] Children with asthma need to see their health care provider regularly. […] The medications used to treat asthma in children vary according to the child’s age and ability to properly use the medications, the severity of symptoms, and the level of asthma symptom control.

• #64 Childhood Asthma: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/asthma/children-asthma

  Kids with asthma need to get a flu shot every fall because flu can make their asthma symptoms worse. […] Your child’s doctor will tell you how often to give your child breathing treatments, based on how severe their asthma is. […] You may give your child (usually for children under 4) asthma medications using a home nebulizer, also known as a breathing machine. A nebulizer delivers asthma drugs, usually bronchodilators, by changing them from a liquid to a mist. Your child gets the drug by breathing it in through a face mask. These breathing treatments usually take about 10-15 minutes and are given several times a day. […] To prevent asthma attacks or to keep them from getting worse, focus on known triggers with steps such as: […] When it’s not under control, asthma can cause problems such as:

• #65 Asthma Attack

  https://www.seattlechildrens.org/conditions/a-z/asthma-attack/

  Your child’s asthma can flare up at any time. […] The sooner you start treatment, the faster your child will feel better. […] Your child’s quick-relief (rescue) medicine is albuterol or what your doctor recommends. […] Start it at the first sign of any wheezing, shortness of breath or hard coughing. […] Give by inhaler with a spacer (2 puffs each time). Or use a neb machine or other device. […] Repeat it every 4 hours if your child is having any asthma symptoms. […] Call your doctor if rescue medicine is needed more often than every 4 hours. […] Your child may have been told to use a controller drug. An example is an inhaled steroid. […] It’s for preventing attacks and must be used daily. […] During asthma attacks, keep giving this medicine to your child as ordered. […] For signs of nasal allergies (hay fever), it’s okay to give allergy medicine. Reason: poor control of nasal allergies makes asthma worse.

• #66 Patient education: Asthma treatment in children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/asthma-treatment-in-children-beyond-the-basics

  An asthma „action plan” is a form or document that your child’s provider can help you put together; it includes instructions about how to monitor symptoms and what to do when they happen. […] Following an asthma attack, most children are given an oral steroid medication (for example, a 3- to 10-day course of prednisone or a single or two-day course of dexamethasone). This treatment helps to decrease the swelling and mucus production in the lungs and reduces the risk of a second asthma attack. […] Identifying and avoiding asthma triggers are essential to keeping symptoms under control. […] Children with asthma need to see their health care provider regularly. […] The medications used to treat asthma in children vary according to the child’s age and ability to properly use the medications, the severity of symptoms, and the level of asthma symptom control.

• #67

  https://bpac.org.nz/2020/asthma-children.aspx

  Initial treatment with SABA, delivered via a metered dose inhaler and spacer, and oral corticosteroids is likely to be sufficient for most children presenting with acute moderate or severe asthma. While the evidence of benefit of oral corticosteroid treatment in children aged under five years is limited, in older children with acute asthma, oral corticosteroids reduce the need for hospital admission and the risk of relapse. If required, give oral prednisolone (liquid) or prednisone (tablet) at 12 mg/kg per day, up to maximum of 40 mg daily, for 3-5 days. Tapering before stopping treatment is not necessary for short courses. Some asthma action plans for school-age children may include directions for when to initiate a course of oral corticosteroids prescribed for use at home. However, children who require frequent or continuous use of oral corticosteroids (more than 14 days in 12 months) should be referred for paediatric assessment.

• #68 Asthma Clinical Pathway — Emergency Department | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/clinical-pathway/asthma-emergent-care-clinical-pathway

  Emergency Department Clinical Pathway for Evaluation/Treatment of Children with Asthma […] Consider Dexamethasone tablet, all ages […] Dexamethasone tablet, all ages […] Discharge with additional dose of dexamethasone […] Assess Asthma Control […] Continuous albuterol […] Dexamethasone for Acute Asthma Exacerbations in Children: A Meta-Analysis.

• #69 Pediatric Asthma Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Components of Asthma Care, Treatment of Status Asthmaticus

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1000997-treatment

  Patient education continues to be important in all areas of medicine and is particularly important in asthma. Self-management education should focus on teaching patients the importance of recognizing their own their level of control and signs of progressively worsening asthma symptoms. […] Pharmacologic management includes the use of agents for control and agents for relief. Control agents include inhaled corticosteroids, inhaled cromolyn or nedocromil, long-acting bronchodilators, theophylline, leukotriene modifiers, and more recent strategies such as the use of the anti-immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody (omalizumab) or IL-5 monoclonal antibodies (mepolizumab, benralizumab), or IL-4 receptor alpha monoclonal antibody (dupilumab). […] For all patients, quick-relief medications include rapid-acting beta2-agonists as needed for symptoms. The intensity of treatment depends on the severity of symptoms.

• #70 Pediatric Asthma Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Components of Asthma Care, Treatment of Status Asthmaticus

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1000997-treatment

  A review by Rodrigo et al looked at 8 studies of omalizumab in children with moderate to severe asthma and elevated IgE levels. Children treated with omalizumab were more significantly able to reduce their use of rescue inhalers and their inhaled and/or oral steroid dose than patients in the placebo group. […] A randomized trial of omalizumab for asthma in inner-city children showed improved asthma control, elimination of seasonal peaks in asthmatic exacerbations, and reduced need for other medications for asthma control. […] Additional monoclonal antibodies have been approved for children, but unlike omalizumab, they target various interleukin (IL) subtypes. […] In pediatric asthma, inhaled treatment is the cornerstone of asthma management. […] Treatment goals for acute severe asthmatic episodes (status asthmaticus) are as follows: Correction of significant hypoxemia with supplemental oxygen; in severe cases, alveolar hypoventilation requires mechanically assisted ventilation.

• #71 Interventions for acute severe asthma attacks in children: an overview of Cochrane Reviews | Cochrane

  https://www.cochrane.org/CD012977/AIRWAYS_interventions-acute-severe-asthma-attacks-children-overview-cochrane-reviews

  For children with acute severe asthma requiring additional treatment, we found that: intravenous magnesium sulfate (a bronchodilator given through a vein) appears to reduce the length of time spent in hospital; […] serious adverse events may be reduced by inhaled magnesium sulfate; […] adding a second type of inhaled bronchodilator treatment (anticholinergic medication such as Ipratropium bromide) reduces the risk of nausea and tremor but not vomiting. […] This overview provides the most up-to-date evidence on interventions for escalation of therapy for acute exacerbations of asthma in children from Cochrane Reviews of randomised controlled trials. […] Intravenous magnesium sulfate appears to reduce both hospital length of stay and the risk of hospital admission. Hospital admission is also reduced with the addition of inhaled anticholinergic agents to inhaled beta2-agonists. […] Due to the relatively rare incidence of acute severe paediatric asthma, multi-centre research will be required to generate high-quality evidence.

• #72 Pediatric Asthma Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Components of Asthma Care, Treatment of Status Asthmaticus

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1000997-treatment

  Patient education continues to be important in all areas of medicine and is particularly important in asthma. Self-management education should focus on teaching patients the importance of recognizing their own their level of control and signs of progressively worsening asthma symptoms. […] Pharmacologic management includes the use of agents for control and agents for relief. Control agents include inhaled corticosteroids, inhaled cromolyn or nedocromil, long-acting bronchodilators, theophylline, leukotriene modifiers, and more recent strategies such as the use of the anti-immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody (omalizumab) or IL-5 monoclonal antibodies (mepolizumab, benralizumab), or IL-4 receptor alpha monoclonal antibody (dupilumab). […] For all patients, quick-relief medications include rapid-acting beta2-agonists as needed for symptoms. The intensity of treatment depends on the severity of symptoms.

• #73 Management of Asthma in Children | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2001/0401/p1341.html

  Treatment should include patient education, trigger avoidance and drug therapy regimens that enable patients to function without limitations from asthma symptoms. […] Education for patients and caregivers should focus on the identification and avoidance of triggers, understanding the uses of prescribed medications and the importance of compliance and monitoring, as well as the proper use of inhalation devices. […] The National Asthma Education and Prevention Program guidelines recommend a stepwise approach to pharmacologic treatment starting with the most aggressive therapy necessary to achieve control, followed by a step down to the minimal therapy that will maintain control. The goals of pharmacologic therapy are to minimize daytime and nocturnal symptoms, the number of asthma episodes and the use of short-acting beta agonists, to improve PEF to 80 percent or more of personal best and to allow the child to maintain normal activities without producing adverse medication side effects.

• #74 Childhood Asthma: Treatment Update | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2005/0515/p1959.html

  Immunotherapy can be used as an adjunct to standard drug therapy in allergic asthmatic children. Sublingual (allergy drops) and injectable (allergy shots) therapies have been shown to reduce the presence of asthma and the overall use of asthma medication. […] Educating parents and caregivers of children with asthma to recognize and avoid triggers, and to understand the use of prescribed medications, the proper use of inhalation devices, and the importance of compliance and monitoring, has been shown to improve lung function and decrease school absenteeism and visits to the emergency department.

• #75 Pediatric Asthma: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1000997-overview

  Relief medications include the following: Short-acting bronchodilators, Systemic corticosteroids, Ipratropium. […] A systematic review by Coffman and colleagues suggested a benefit school-based asthma education. Their review included 25 studies in children aged 4-17 years. In most of those studies, compared with usual care, school-based asthma education improved knowledge of asthma, self-efficacy, and self-management behaviors.

• #76 Diagnosis and management of asthma in children | BMJ Paediatrics Open

  https://bmjpaedsopen.bmj.com/content/6/1/e001277

  An overview of maintenance and reliever therapies is outlined in tables 3 and 4, respectively. […] GINA guidelines recommend dual ICS and short-acting beta-2 agonist (SABA) therapy to children over the age of 5. […] Single maintenance and reliever therapy (SMART) inhalers are combined inhalers offering both maintenance and reliever therapy in those with asthma. […] Non-pharmacological aspects of asthma management include providing education on modifiable risk factors and comorbidities to caregivers and conducting annual asthma reviews to assess control and future risk. […] Education is key to improving caregiver and child understanding of asthma and its management. […] Self-management aspects of paediatric asthma management include asthma education and PAAPs. […] PAAPs have been shown to reduce ED attendance and missed school days and to increase caregiver confidence when managing attacks.

• #77 Patient education: Asthma treatment in children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/asthma-treatment-in-children-beyond-the-basics

  An asthma „action plan” is a form or document that your child’s provider can help you put together; it includes instructions about how to monitor symptoms and what to do when they happen. […] Following an asthma attack, most children are given an oral steroid medication (for example, a 3- to 10-day course of prednisone or a single or two-day course of dexamethasone). This treatment helps to decrease the swelling and mucus production in the lungs and reduces the risk of a second asthma attack. […] Identifying and avoiding asthma triggers are essential to keeping symptoms under control. […] Children with asthma need to see their health care provider regularly. […] The medications used to treat asthma in children vary according to the child’s age and ability to properly use the medications, the severity of symptoms, and the level of asthma symptom control.

• #78 10 Tips to Help Your Child Manage Asthma

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/hs/asthma/kids-manage-asthma/

  An influenza vaccine is a must because it can reduce your child’s risk of getting sick in the first place. […] Minimize your child’s exposure to allergens like pollen, dust, mold, or pet dander, all of which may give him or her breathing trouble. […] The only way to eliminate exposure is to stop smoking, says Farber. […] Equip your household with the medicines your child’s doctor has prescribed for emergencies, and ensure that your child’s school nurse has them too. […] Teach your child to have a positive outlook about her asthma. Expect good management and not just crisis control, and teach her to follow her asthma plan, says Farber.

• #79 Childhood Asthma: Treatment Update | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2005/0515/p1959.html

  Immunotherapy can be used as an adjunct to standard drug therapy in allergic asthmatic children. Sublingual (allergy drops) and injectable (allergy shots) therapies have been shown to reduce the presence of asthma and the overall use of asthma medication. […] Educating parents and caregivers of children with asthma to recognize and avoid triggers, and to understand the use of prescribed medications, the proper use of inhalation devices, and the importance of compliance and monitoring, has been shown to improve lung function and decrease school absenteeism and visits to the emergency department.

• #80 Maintenance Therapy for Children and Adolescents with Asthma: Guidelines and Recommendations from the Emilia-Romagna Asthma (ERA) Study Group

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/17/5467

  In patients with uncontrolled asthma despite treatment, before stepping up therapy, increasing the ICS dose, or adding a new medication, modifiable factors, and comorbidities must be reassessed. If modifiable factors are identified and addressed but asthma control remains poor, increasing therapy may be necessary. […] Currently, there is no clear opinion on the superiority of one inhaler over the other. The decision is based on the patient’s needs, abilities, and preferences. Accurate description of the devices and demonstration of inhalation techniques are mandatory in asthma clinics to provide the patient and the family with the correct information to take the medication. DPI may be reserved for older children aged at least 10 years. […] AIT is effective in the pediatric population with IgE-mediated allergic respiratory diseases. Candidates for AIT are patients with mild to moderately controlled asthma who need long-lasting or multiple drugs to maintain asthma control. Both SLIT and SCIT AIT are beneficial in improving asthmatic symptoms and quality of life and reducing the use of short- and long-term medications.

• #81 Managing My Child’s Asthma | Children’s Hospital Los Angeles

  https://www.chla.org/blog/advice-experts/managing-my-childs-asthma

  With proper treatment, every childs asthma can be controlled almost all of the time. […] The most effective treatment for chronic asthma is taking a daily controller (preventative) medication. […] With proper treatment, every childs asthma can be controlled almost all of the time. Signs of controlled asthma are normal ability to exercise without limitations, no sleep disturbance at night, no days of school missed, and no urgent care visits. […] Asthma flares respond much better to treatment the earlier you start quick-relief (rescue) medications. […] Routine colds and respiratory infections are the most common triggers of asthma attacks in children. Start giving your child their quick-relief medication at the onset of each cold. […] Keep quick-relief medicine handy at places where your child spends the most time, like school, home, and daycare.

• #82 Pediatric Asthma Treatment – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/services/asthma/treatment.html

  Some studies show that diets high in antioxidants and omega-3 fatty acids, which are found in fruits, vegetables, and fish, may help improve asthma symptoms. […] Better sleep can help improve asthma symptoms. […] Structured exercise can also help improve asthma symptoms. […] Treatments like acupuncture and Chinese herbal remedies have been used for centuries to treat asthma, and theres some evidence that they may help improve symptoms. […] Before considering any of these alternative approaches, see a specialist to develop an asthma treatment plan.

• #83 Childhood Asthma: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/asthma/children-asthma

  Kids with asthma need to get a flu shot every fall because flu can make their asthma symptoms worse. […] Your child’s doctor will tell you how often to give your child breathing treatments, based on how severe their asthma is. […] You may give your child (usually for children under 4) asthma medications using a home nebulizer, also known as a breathing machine. A nebulizer delivers asthma drugs, usually bronchodilators, by changing them from a liquid to a mist. Your child gets the drug by breathing it in through a face mask. These breathing treatments usually take about 10-15 minutes and are given several times a day. […] To prevent asthma attacks or to keep them from getting worse, focus on known triggers with steps such as: […] When it’s not under control, asthma can cause problems such as:

• #84 10 Tips to Help Your Child Manage Asthma

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/hs/asthma/kids-manage-asthma/

  An influenza vaccine is a must because it can reduce your child’s risk of getting sick in the first place. […] Minimize your child’s exposure to allergens like pollen, dust, mold, or pet dander, all of which may give him or her breathing trouble. […] The only way to eliminate exposure is to stop smoking, says Farber. […] Equip your household with the medicines your child’s doctor has prescribed for emergencies, and ensure that your child’s school nurse has them too. […] Teach your child to have a positive outlook about her asthma. Expect good management and not just crisis control, and teach her to follow her asthma plan, says Farber.

• #85 Asthma Attack

  https://www.seattlechildrens.org/conditions/a-z/asthma-attack/

  Try to get your child to drink lots of fluids. […] Goal: keep your child well hydrated. […] Reason: it will loosen up any phlegm in the lungs. Then it’s easier to cough up. […] If the air in your home is dry, use a humidifier. Reason: dry air makes coughs worse. […] Tobacco smoke makes asthma much worse. […] Don’t let anyone smoke around your child. […] Avoid known causes of asthma attacks (such as smoke or cats). […] If treatment is started early, most asthma attacks are quickly brought under control. […] All wheezing should be gone by 5 days.

• #86 Pediatric Asthma Treatment – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/services/asthma/treatment.html

  The aim of treatment is to provide enough asthma control using the lowest dose of medicine that a child can learn, sleep, and play without symptoms getting in the way and to prevent serious asthma flare-ups. […] A rescue inhaler is also prescribed for times when quick relief is needed. […] For more severe cases, other medications may be needed for control that may consist of combination inhaler medicines, other types of inhaled medications, and sometimes oral medications. […] Our team provides patients and families teaching on how and when to use these. […] Integrative medicine uses a combination of conventional and nonconventional asthma treatments to improve health and asthma symptoms and even reduce the need for traditional medicine in some cases. […] Regardless of which integrative therapy youre considering, the best first step is to talk over your childs options with a pediatric asthma specialist, who can discuss the risks and benefits of each option.

• #87 Pediatric Asthma Treatment – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/services/asthma/treatment.html

  Some studies show that diets high in antioxidants and omega-3 fatty acids, which are found in fruits, vegetables, and fish, may help improve asthma symptoms. […] Better sleep can help improve asthma symptoms. […] Structured exercise can also help improve asthma symptoms. […] Treatments like acupuncture and Chinese herbal remedies have been used for centuries to treat asthma, and theres some evidence that they may help improve symptoms. […] Before considering any of these alternative approaches, see a specialist to develop an asthma treatment plan.

• #88 Childhood Asthma – Society of Pediatric Psychology

  https://pedpsych.org/fact_sheets/childhood_asthma/

  Fact Sheet: Childhood Asthma […] Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by airway obstruction, inflammation, and hyper-responsiveness, yielding variable and recurring symptoms such as wheezing, shortness of breath, coughing, and chest tightness. […] Adherence rates to medication varies greatly. One study reports adherence rates as low as 33.8% and rates as high as 85.5%, depending on whether the child had uncontrolled or controlled asthma, respectively. Low adherence rates are problematic because they are associated with more severe symptoms. Non-adherence can be intentional (e.g. voluntarily forgoing medications) or unintentional (e.g. forgetting). Many factors contribute to low adherence rates in children and adolescents including child behaviors, beliefs about the usefulness of medication, and cost.

• #89 10 Tips to Help Your Child Manage Asthma

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/hs/asthma/kids-manage-asthma/

  An influenza vaccine is a must because it can reduce your child’s risk of getting sick in the first place. […] Minimize your child’s exposure to allergens like pollen, dust, mold, or pet dander, all of which may give him or her breathing trouble. […] The only way to eliminate exposure is to stop smoking, says Farber. […] Equip your household with the medicines your child’s doctor has prescribed for emergencies, and ensure that your child’s school nurse has them too. […] Teach your child to have a positive outlook about her asthma. Expect good management and not just crisis control, and teach her to follow her asthma plan, says Farber.

• #90 How is asthma treated in children? | Asthma + Lung UK

  https://www.asthmaandlung.org.uk/conditions/asthma/child/medicines/treatment

  If your child is having asthma symptoms three times a week or more, or is waking up at night with symptoms, your GP may want to try some asthma medicines to see if they help. This usually means they will be given a preventer inhaler. […] It can take time to find the right asthma treatments for your child. But your GP or asthma nurse can support you by: checking how your childs getting on with their medicines, checking your childs inhaler technique and making sure they have an inhaler and spacer they find easy to use. […] If your child is still having asthma symptoms, even though theyre taking their preventer inhaler as prescribed, see your GP or asthma nurse to review their treatment plan. […] Its important to take your child to all of their asthma reviews, even if they feel well. They may be able to cut down on the medicine theyre taking if their asthma has been well managed and theyve had no symptoms for at least three months. […] Never cut down your child’s asthma medicine without speaking to their GP or asthma nurse. […] Make sure your GP makes a note of any changes to the medicines your child needs to take on their asthma action plan.

• #91 Diagnosis and management of asthma in children | BMJ Paediatrics Open

  https://bmjpaedsopen.bmj.com/content/6/1/e001277

  Asthma control should be reviewed at every medical contact. […] When asthma symptoms are well controlled on pharmacological therapy, stopping or stepping down medication should be considered to protect young people from unnecessary adverse effects. […] Most paediatric asthma cases are diagnosed in primary care without the input of general paediatricians or paediatric respiratory physicians. […] A key element of specialist care is a multidisciplinary team consisting of a number of professionals, including specialist nurses, psychologists, physiologists and pharmacists. […] The management of paediatric asthma is changing over time with, just as two examples, developments in technology and service structure. […] The growing use of technology in asthma care has huge potential to improve clinical outcomes. […] The use of smart inhalers increased treatment adherence to 84%, compared with 30% in the control group. […] The aim should be to avoid asthma attacks occurring with appropriate maintenance therapy, and they should be viewed as never events.

• #92 Childhood Asthma: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/asthma/children-asthma

  Based on your child’s history and how severe their asthma is, their doctor will develop a care plan, called an asthma action plan. This describes when and how your child should use asthma medications, what to do when asthma gets worse, and when to seek emergency care. Make sure you understand this plan and ask your child’s doctor any questions you may have. […] Your child’s asthma action plan is important for controlling their asthma. Keep it handy to remind you of your child’s daily management plan, as well as to guide you when your child has asthma symptoms. Give its copies to your child’s caregivers, teachers, and even the bus driver so they’ll know what to do if your child has an asthma attack away from home. […] Most asthma medications that work for adults and older children can also be safely prescribed to toddlers and younger children. Drugs that are approved for younger children are given in doses adjusted for their age and weight. In the case of inhaled drugs, they may need a different delivery device based on their age and ability. For instance, many children can’t coordinate their breathing well enough to use a standard inhaler.

• #93 Your Child’s Asthma: Nebulizer Treatments

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/health-library/your-childs-asthma-nebulizer-treatments

  A nebulizer is a device that sprays a fine, liquid mist of medicine. It is often used in younger children who can’t use inhalers. Each treatment takes about 15 to 20 minutes to complete. […] There are several different types of nebulizers used for asthma medicine. They are: Jet nebulizers, Ultrasonic nebulizers, Mesh nebulizers. […] The following steps are advised when giving a treatment to your child. But always talk with your child’s health care provider for specific directions. […] If the medicine is an inhaled corticosteroid, have your child rinse their mouth with water and spit it out. If your child used a mask, also wash their face. […] Once a week, rinse the nebulizer cup in a vinegar and water solution after washing, as directed by your child’s provider. Follow specific instructions for routinely disinfecting the nebulizer, mouthpiece, and mask. […] Stay with your child during the nebulizer treatment. […] Always keep spare nebulizer supplies at home.

• #94

  https://bpac.org.nz/2020/asthma-children.aspx

  Pharmacological management of asthma in children follows a stepwise progression where stepping treatment up or down is guided by symptom control and risk of exacerbations. Before stepping up, check inhaler technique (including use of a spacer), adherence, understanding of the management plan and any barriers to its implementation. Once symptoms have been well-controlled for at least eight weeks, consider stepping down and reassess control after 12 weeks. […] Step 1 is for children with intermittent symptoms and involves as needed use of a SABA, without maintenance treatment. […] Step 2 is for children who have symptoms 2 times/week, use a reliever 2 times/week, had regular night waking with symptoms in the past month or had an exacerbation requiring oral corticosteroids in the past year. This step involves the addition of a daily low dose ICS. Montelukast, a leukotriene receptor antagonist, may be considered as an alternative to ICS, but ICS are generally more effective.

• #95 How is asthma treated in children? | Asthma + Lung UK

  https://www.asthmaandlung.org.uk/conditions/asthma/child/medicines/treatment

  If your child is having asthma symptoms three times a week or more, or is waking up at night with symptoms, your GP may want to try some asthma medicines to see if they help. This usually means they will be given a preventer inhaler. […] It can take time to find the right asthma treatments for your child. But your GP or asthma nurse can support you by: checking how your childs getting on with their medicines, checking your childs inhaler technique and making sure they have an inhaler and spacer they find easy to use. […] If your child is still having asthma symptoms, even though theyre taking their preventer inhaler as prescribed, see your GP or asthma nurse to review their treatment plan. […] Its important to take your child to all of their asthma reviews, even if they feel well. They may be able to cut down on the medicine theyre taking if their asthma has been well managed and theyve had no symptoms for at least three months. […] Never cut down your child’s asthma medicine without speaking to their GP or asthma nurse. […] Make sure your GP makes a note of any changes to the medicines your child needs to take on their asthma action plan.

• #96 Asthma in Children: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6776-asthma-in-children

  There’s no cure for asthma. But most children can manage their asthma with appropriate treatment and prevention strategies. Untreated asthma can lead to long-term complications such as permanent lung damage. […] You’ll know that your child’s asthma is well-managed if, while on medication, your child: […] If your child is showing symptoms of an asthma attack: […] You should call 911 or take your child to the nearest emergency room if they have any of the danger signs of an asthma attack.

• #97 How is asthma treated in children? | Asthma + Lung UK

  https://www.asthmaandlung.org.uk/conditions/asthma/child/medicines/treatment

  Find out how inhalers and other medicines can help your childs asthma symptoms, and what support you can get from your childs GP or asthma nurse. […] The aim of asthma medicines is to stop asthma symptoms. […] Your childs GP or asthma nurse will follow expert guidelines on how to treat your child. These cover children under 5 who may not have an asthma diagnosis confirmed yet. And children aged 5-16. […] Most children who take their asthma medicines as prescribed and with the right inhaler technique, should: have no symptoms during the day, not wake up at night because of symptoms, not need their reliever inhaler (usually blue), not have asthma attacks, not miss school, not miss out on play or exercise. […] Using an action plan makes it easier to manage your childs medicines. […] Preventer inhalers are the best way to control your childs asthma. They contain corticosteroids (also known as steroids), which treat inflammation (swelling and narrowing) in your childs airways.

• #98 Can Childhood Asthma Be Cured?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/can-childhood-asthma-be-cured

  Theres no cure for childhood asthma, and the condition wont resolve as a child ages. However, treatments such as inhalers and oral medications can help keep the symptoms under control. […] Asthma treatment depends on factors such as a childs age and the severity of their symptoms. The primary goals of asthma treatment are to reduce or eliminate a childs asthma symptoms and allow them to experience few, if any, asthma flare-ups. […] Common treatment options for childhood asthma include: Inhaled corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers, combination inhalers, immunomodulatory agents, omalizumab, antihistamines, immunotherapy allergy shots, short-acting beta-agonists, and oral and intravenous corticosteroids. […] Childhood asthma causes permanent damage to the airways. It can also lead to permanent lung damage and a permanent decline in lung function. Controlling a childs asthma well can mean this risk is lessened.

• #99 Can Childhood Asthma Be Cured?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/can-childhood-asthma-be-cured

  Childhood asthma is chronic. However, treatment can help keep the symptoms under control, and most children with asthma are able to lead full and active lives. […] Childhood asthma doesnt resolve when a child grows up. Asthma is a chronic condition, and people with it will always need treatment. […] However, treatment can keep the symptoms under control and reduce or eliminate flare-ups. With treatment, children and adults with asthma can manage their condition and lead active lives.

• #100 Can Childhood Asthma Be Cured?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/can-childhood-asthma-be-cured

  Theres no cure for childhood asthma, and the condition wont resolve as a child ages. However, treatments such as inhalers and oral medications can help keep the symptoms under control. […] Asthma treatment depends on factors such as a childs age and the severity of their symptoms. The primary goals of asthma treatment are to reduce or eliminate a childs asthma symptoms and allow them to experience few, if any, asthma flare-ups. […] Common treatment options for childhood asthma include: Inhaled corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers, combination inhalers, immunomodulatory agents, omalizumab, antihistamines, immunotherapy allergy shots, short-acting beta-agonists, and oral and intravenous corticosteroids. […] Childhood asthma causes permanent damage to the airways. It can also lead to permanent lung damage and a permanent decline in lung function. Controlling a childs asthma well can mean this risk is lessened.

• #101 Asthma Medication in Children – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441823/

  Daily high-dose ICS-LABA + oral systemic corticosteroid and PRN SABA. […] The SMART approach is a treatment with ICS and LABA (formoterol) for daily and rescue treatment. […] In patients ages 5 years and older diagnosed with asthma after extensive evaluation, FeNO measurement can help as an adjunct to the diagnosis and response to therapy. […] Quality of life is significantly compromised in children with uncontrolled asthma. […] Optimal use of pharmacotherapy according to guidelines, use of a step-wise approach, and assessment of compliance and control at each visit can significantly reduce the morbidity, mortality, emergency room visits, and healthcare costs associated with asthma.

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