Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Epidemiology of Asthma in Children and Adults

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6591438/

  Asthma is a globally significant non-communicable disease with major public health consequences for both children and adults, including high morbidity, and mortality in severe cases. […] Childhood asthma is more common in boys while adult asthma is more common in women, and the reversal of this sex difference in prevalence occurs around puberty suggesting sex hormones may play a role in the etiology of asthma. […] The global epidemic of asthma that has been observed in both children and adults is still continuing, especially in low to middle income countries, although it has subsided in some developed countries. […] Patterns in asthma incidence and prevalence differ between children and adults. It is well-known that asthma often begins in childhood but can occur at any time throughout life, with some developing asthma for the first time as adults. While asthma incidence and prevalence are higher in children, asthma-related healthcare use, and mortality are higher in adults.

• #1 Asthma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthma

  In 2019, approximately 262 million people worldwide were affected by asthma and approximately 461,000 people died from the disease. Rates vary between countries with prevalences between 1 and 18%. It is more common in developed than developing countries. One thus sees lower rates in Asia, Eastern Europe and Africa. Within developed countries it is more common in those who are economically disadvantaged while in contrast in developing countries it is more common in the affluent. The reason for these differences is not well known. Low- and middle-income countries make up more than 80% of the mortality. […] While asthma is twice as common in boys as girls, severe asthma occurs at equal rates. In contrast adult women have a higher rate of asthma than men and it is more common in the young than the old. In 2010, children with asthma experienced over 900,000 emergency department visits, making it the most common reason for admission to the hospital following an emergency department visit in the US in 2011.

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/asthma

  Asthma is a major noncommunicable disease (NCD), affecting both children and adults, and is the most common chronic disease among children. […] Asthma is often under-diagnosed and under-treated, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. […] The WHO Package of Essential Noncommunicable Disease Interventions (PEN) was developed to help improve NCD management in primary health care in low-resource settings. PEN includes protocols for the assessment, diagnosis and management of chronic respiratory diseases (asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), and modules on healthy lifestyle counselling, including tobacco cessation and self-care. […] The Global Alliance against Chronic Respiratory Diseases (GARD) contributes to WHO’s work to prevent and control chronic respiratory diseases. GARD is a voluntary alliance of national and international organizations and agencies from many countries committed to the vision of a world where all people breathe freely.

• #1 Prevalence and risk factors for childhood asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMC Pediatrics | Full Text

  https://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12887-025-05409-x

  This study aimed to systematically review and perform a meta-analysis on epidemiological studies in order to estimate the global and regional prevalence and to identify risk factors associated with childhood asthma. […] A total of 1,547,404 children participated in the 164 studies selected for the meta-analysis. The overall prevalence of childhood asthma was 10.2% (95% CI: 9.5-11.0%), while the prevalence of childhood asthma in Asia, Europe, Latin America, North America, Oceania, Africa, or Eurasia were 10% (95%CI: 7-13%), 9% (95%CI: 7-12%), 14% (95%CI: 9-20%), 13% (95%CI: 12-14%), 23% (95%CI: 19-28%), 11% (95%CI: 7-19%), and 8% (95%CI: 2-27%), respectively. […] Moreover, the identified risk factors for childhood asthma included older age, male sex, obesity, parental smoking, high education of the mother, premature birth, cesarean section, no breastfeeding, family history of asthma, rhinitis, eczema, pets, high density of road traffic, meat, margarine, fast food, paracetamol use, and antibiotic use.

• #1 Pediatric Asthma: A Global Epidemic | Annals of Global Health

  https://annalsofglobalhealth.org/articles/10.5334/aogh.2416

  The global prevalence, morbidity and mortality related to childhood asthma among children has increased significantly over the last 40 years. […] Although asthma is recognized as the most common chronic disease in children, issues of underdiagnosis and undertreatment persist. […] There are substantial global variations in the prevalence of asthma symptoms in children, with up to 13-fold differences between countries. […] The rising number of hospital admissions for asthma may reflect an increase in asthma severity, poor disease management and/or the effect of poverty. […] The financial burden of asthma is relatively high within developed countries (those for which data is available) spending 1 to 2% of their healthcare budget on this condition. […] Despite global efforts, GINA has not achieved its goal, even among developed nations.

• #1 Pediatric Asthma: A Global Epidemic | Annals of Global Health

  https://annalsofglobalhealth.org/articles/10.5334/aogh.2416

  There are multiple barriers to reducing the global burden of asthma, including limited access to care and/or medications, and lack of prioritization as a public healthcare priority. […] The most accurate information regarding the prevalence of asthma in children around the world is available from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). […] Phase I of this study was completed in 1994-1995 and involved over 700,000 schoolchildren aged 6-7 and 13-14 years from 56 countries. […] The study revealed marked geographic variations in the prevalence of asthma. […] Current statistics show substantial levels of morbidity and mortality among children with asthma. […] For example, worldwide trends indicate an increasing number of hospitalizations for asthma among young children, which can be attributed to increased severity, poor disease management, and poverty.

• #1 Recent perspectives on global epidemiology of asthma in childhood | Allergologia et Immunopathologia

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-allergologia-et-immunopathologia-105-articulo-recentperspectives-on-global-epidemiology-S0301054609001402

  Key findings from ISAAC Phase One (19941996) included large variations in the worldwide prevalence of symptoms of asthma which were found even among genetically similar populations suggesting that environmental factors play an important role. […] Further study of the global prevalence and severity of asthma symptoms was undertaken in ISAAC Phase Three, conducted between 2000 and 2003, involving 798,685 adolescents from 233 centres in 97 countries, and 388,811 children from 144 centres in 61 countries. […] Most centres who undertook ISAAC Phase One repeated the study after at least five years, reflecting the large worldwide interest in time trends of prevalence. […] The central ISAAC approach has been to study symptoms of disease between populations, which has naturally led to ecological analyses between symptom prevalence values and potential environmental exposures.

• #1 Epidemiology of asthma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_asthma

  As of 2011, approximately 235 million people worldwide were affected by asthma, and roughly 250,000 people die per year from asthma-related causes. Low and middle income countries make up more than 80% of the mortality. Prevalences vary between countries from 1% to 18%. Asthma tends to be more prevalent in developed than in developing countries. Rates are lower in Asia, Eastern Europe, and Africa. […] The prevalence of childhood asthma in the United States has increased since 1980, especially in younger children. Rates of asthma have increased significantly between the 1960s and 2008 with it being recognized as a major public health problem since the 1970s. Some 9% of US children had asthma in 2001, compared with just 3.6% in 1980. […] In 2005, asthma affected more than 22 million people, including 6 million children, and accounted for nearly 500,000 hospitalizations that same year.

• #1 Asthma in children younger than 12 years: Initial evaluation and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/asthma-in-children-younger-than-12-years-initial-evaluation-and-diagnosis

  Asthma is a significant health problem worldwide, and it is one of the most common chronic diseases of childhood in many countries. The prevalence in different countries ranges from 1 to 18 percent. In the United States, for example, over nine million children have been ever told they had asthma, and 5.5 million still have asthma. Establishing a diagnosis of asthma involves a careful process of history taking, physical examination, and diagnostic studies. The epidemiology, initial evaluation, and diagnosis of childhood asthma are reviewed here. A wide global variation exists in the prevalence of asthma, with higher rates typically seen in higher-income countries. Asthma is the most common chronic disease in childhood in resource-rich countries. A significant increase in the estimated prevalence of asthma was seen in resource-rich countries in the 1980s and 1990s, with slower rates of increase in the 2000s and a plateau thereafter. Approximately 5.8 percent of US children had asthma in 2020, down from 7.5 percent in 2018 and 9.4 percent in 2010. However, asthma prevalence continues to increase in other countries such as China. Disparities in prevalence remain, with higher prevalence seen in children with lower access to resources and those living in the Southern US and the highest prevalence still seen in Puerto Rican and non-Hispanic Black American children, particularly for those living in urban environments. Before the onset of puberty, boys have a higher current prevalence of asthma than girls (9.2 versus 7.4 percent). This trend reverses in adolescence, the reasons for which remain unknown. Lifetime asthma prevalence for children was 12.7 percent in 2013 and 2016. The prevalence of asthma appears to have plateaued in other countries as well.

• #1 Recent trends in asthma diagnosis, preschool wheeze diagnosis and asthma exacerbations in English children and adolescents: a SABINA Jr study | Thorax

  https://thorax.bmj.com/content/78/12/1175

  Asthma-related burden remains poorly characterised in children in the UK. We quantified recent trends in asthma prevalence and burden in a UK population-based cohort (117-year-olds). The Clinical Practice Research Datalink Aurum database (20082018) was used to assess annual asthma incidence and prevalence in 117-year-olds and preschool wheeze in 15-year-olds, stratified by sex and age. Annual asthma incidence rates decreased by 51% from 1403.4 (95% CI 1383.7 to 1423.2) in 2008 to 688.0 (95% CI 676.3 to 699.9) per 105 person-years (PYs) in 2018, with the most pronounced decrease observed in 15-year olds (decreasing by 65%, from 2556.9 (95% CI 2509.8 to 2604.7) to 892.3 (95% CI 866.9 to 918.3) per 105 PYs). The corresponding decreases for the 611- and 1217-year-olds were 36% (1139.9 (95% CI 1110.6 to 1169.7) to 739.9 (95% CI 720.5 to 759.8)) and 20% (572.3 (95% CI 550.4 to 594.9) to 459.5 (95% CI 442.9 to 476.4)) per 105 PYs, respectively. The incidence of preschool wheeze decreased over time and was slightly more pronounced in the 13 year-olds than in the 4-year-olds. Prevalence of asthma and preschool wheeze also decreased over time, from 18.0% overall in 2008 to 10.2% in 2018 for asthma. Paediatric asthma incidence decreased in the UK since 2008, particularly in 15-year-olds; this was accompanied by a decline in asthma prevalence. Preschool wheeze incidence also decreased in this age group. However, exacerbation rates have been increasing. Despite the considerable burden of asthma in the UK, asthma remains poorly characterised in the paediatric population. Using routinely collected data from primary care practice in the UK (20082018), our findings show that the decrease in asthma incidence continues in the paediatric population but was accompanied by an increase in exacerbation rate, particularly in the 15-year-old age group. During the same period, preschool wheeze decreased in the paediatric asthma population. The increasing asthma exacerbation rates represent a growing burden for families and the health system. Research is needed to identify how exacerbations can be reduced and health systems pivoted to implement these interventions.

• #1 Recent perspectives on global epidemiology of asthma in childhood | Allergologia et Immunopathologia

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-allergologia-et-immunopathologia-105-articulo-recentperspectives-on-global-epidemiology-S0301054609001402

  The ecological economic analysis undertaken in the ISAAC Phase Three global study of asthma prevalence revealed a significant trend towards a higher prevalence of current wheeze in centres in higher income countries in both age groups, but this trend was reversed for the prevalence of severe symptoms among children with current wheeze, especially in the adolescents. […] The asthma epidemic experienced by developed nations over the last 30 years is now affecting developing countries as they become more urbanised.

• #1 Asthma Trends Brief: Current Asthma Demographics | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/research/trends-in-lung-disease/asthma-trends-brief/current-demographics

  Current asthma rates are not the same across demographic groups. This page describes current asthma rates, defined as those who have ever been diagnosed with asthma by a healthcare professional and report still having asthma, by the following demographics: sex and age, race/ethnicity, Hispanic subgroups, family income, health insurance coverage, and state. […] Among children, current asthma is more common for males (7.0%) than females (5.4%). However, among adults, females (10.8%) are more likely than males (6.5%) to still have asthma. […] Black individuals and Indigenous Peoples have the highest current asthma rates compared to other races and ethnicities. In 2022, Black individuals (10.3%) were 44% more likely than white individuals (8.4%) to still have asthma. […] While asthma rates are relatively low for Latino individuals overall, rates vary significantly among subgroups. Puerto Ricans in the continental United States have the highest current asthma rate of any racial or ethnic group, at 14.0 percent over 2016 to 2018.

• #1 Pediatric Asthma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551631/

  Asthma leads to more school absences and hospitalizations than any other chronic illness and is the most common diagnosis upon admission in many children’s hospitals in the United States. According to the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), over 6 million (or 6.5%) children in the United States have asthma. The prevalence of asthma increases with age among children, ranging from 1.9% in children aged 0 to 4 to 7.7% in children and adolescents aged 5 to 14. Boys have a higher prevalence than girls aged 20 or younger, whereas, in adults, women are more affected than men. […] Black individuals have a higher prevalence of 10.1% compared to their White counterparts at 8.1%. Hispanic Americans generally have a lower prevalence of 6.4%, except for those from Puerto Rico, where the prevalence rises to 12.8%. Furthermore, underrepresented minorities and individuals living below the poverty line experience the highest incidence of asthma and asthma-related morbidity and mortality.

• #1 Asthma and Black/African Americans | Office of Minority Health

  https://minorityhealth.hhs.gov/asthma-and-blackafrican-americans

  From 20192021, an estimated 4.2 million non-Hispanic Black or African Americans in the United States currently had asthma. […] Non-Hispanic Black or African American adults were 30% more likely to have asthma than non-Hispanic white adults in 2023. […] Non-Hispanic Black or African American children were twice as likely to have asthma than non-Hispanic white children in 2023. […] In 2021, non-Hispanic Black or African American adults were 2.5 times more likely to die from asthma-related causes than non-Hispanic white adults. […] In 2021, the asthma mortality rate for non-Hispanic Black or African American children was almost 8 times higher than that of non-Hispanic white children. […] In 2020, Non-Hispanic Black or African American children were almost five times more likely to be admitted to the hospital for asthma than non-Hispanic white children.

• #1 Asthma Trends Brief: Current Asthma Demographics | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/research/trends-in-lung-disease/asthma-trends-brief/current-demographics

  In 2022, current asthma rates decreased as family income increased, with the highest rates (11.3%) among those with a family income below the poverty threshold. […] In 2022, current asthma rates among adults ages 18 to 65 were highest for those on Medicaid and lowest for those with no medical insurance. […] Among the thirty-one states with 2022 data, current asthma rates among children ranged from 4.5% in Illinois to 10.2% in Massachusetts.

• #1 National Asthma and Allergy Awareness Month: Economic Costs, Threats to Access, and the Impact of Policy Changes

  https://www.ajmc.com/view/national-asthma-and-allergy-awareness-month-economic-costs-threats-to-access-and-the-impact-of-policy-changes

  Insurance coverage also largely determines the asthma-related costs patients pay for treatment in the US. Notably, people under 65 with Medicaid or other public insurance are 2 times more likely to have asthma than if they have private insurance. […] Patients with allergies, asthma, or both experience substantial economic impacts and these challenges could impact access to necessary care and medications. The recent policy shifts regarding environmental regulations and public health infrastructure may have implications for the ongoing management and prevention of both allergy and asthma conditions.

• #1 Asthma Surveillance — United States, 2006–2018 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/ss/ss7005a1.htm

  CDC analyzed 20062018 data from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) to determine the prevalence of current asthma, asthma attacks, asthma-related ED and urgent care center (UCC) visits, and deaths for which asthma was the underlying cause by certain demographic characteristics, poverty level, and geographic location in the United States. […] The findings from this report can be used by National Asthma Control Program (NACP) funding recipients, public health services, asthma programs, and health care providers to direct interventions, strategic activities, and resource allocations toward specific sociodemographic groups and geographic locations to reduce asthma-related adverse health outcomes and premature deaths. […] The overall prevalence of current asthma remains stable, although disparities persist. The prevalence of asthma attacks and ED/UCC visits, as well as asthma mortality rates, decreased over time. Asthma indicators differed by age, sex, race/ethnicity, poverty level, and geographic location. The prevalence of asthma was higher in small MSAs than in large MSAs and in the Northeast than in the South and the West. The prevalence of ED/UCC visits was higher in the South than in the Northeast and the Midwest and in large MSAs than in non-MSAs. Asthma mortality rates were higher in the Northeast, the Midwest, and the West than in the South and in non-MSAs, especially in noncore areas.

• #1 The Epidemiology of Severe Childhood Asthma | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-27431-3_1

  Severe asthma affects approximately 1 in 20 asthmatics, and the healthcare resources utilization and mortality are disproportionately high in these patients. […] Severe childhood asthma is associated with a loss of lung function during childhood and is a major determinant of early-onset COPD. Therefore, prevention of severe childhood asthma ought to be a major component of the efforts to decrease early mortality due to COPD. […] Nordlund B, Melen E, Schultz ES, Gronlund H, Hedlin G, Kull I. Prevalence of severe childhood asthma according to the WHO. Respir Med. 2014;108(8):12347.

• #1 Epidemiology of Childhood Asthma in the UK | JAA

  https://www.dovepress.com/epidemiology-of-childhood-asthma-in-the-uk-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JAA

  Global prevalence of pediatric asthma and associated morbidity and mortality has continuously increased. Asthma is the most common chronic illness in children in the UK; however, recent epidemiology data are lacking. This analysis describes the overall prevalence and burden of illness of asthma in children. The estimated prevalence of pediatric asthma was 6.5% (95% CI: 6.4 6.5) in the UK (mild: 74.2%; moderate: 15.0%; severe: 10.8%). This analysis confirmed that asthma remains a common morbidity among children in the UK. Increasing asthma severity was associated with worsening symptoms, and asthma patients had significantly more comorbidities compared with non-asthmatic controls. In this UK retrospective primary care dataset, the prevalence of asthma was 6.5% in patients aged 6 to 11 years in the UK. A considerable proportion (10.8%) of patients from the dataset were classified as having severe disease. The majority of patients classified as having moderate or severe asthma were prescribed rescue medication (94.9% and 96.0%, respectively), compared with SABA prescriptions for 69.2% of patients with mild asthma. Patients across all asthma severity categories had significantly increased baseline prevalence of comorbidities compared with non-asthmatic control individuals, suggesting a high clinical burden. This study, using 2017 CPRD data, confirmed that pediatric asthma is a relatively common morbidity in the UK.

• #1 Epidemiology of Asthma in Children and Adults

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6591438/

  The current evidence suggests that asthma is a complex multifactorial disorder and its etiology is increasingly attributed to interactions between genetic susceptibility, host factors, and environmental exposures. […] This is not an exhaustive or systematic review on all the complexities of asthma epidemiology but aims to provide an epidemiological perspective by comparing and contrasting trends, and discussing the current debate on definitions, environmental risk factors, and long-term consequences of childhood and adult asthma. […] It is now acknowledged that the prevalence of both childhood and adult asthma may have peaked in some areas, predominantly in high-income countries, whereas an increase may be continuing in low and mid-income countries. […] The proportion of severe asthmatics appears lower in childhood asthma compared to adult asthma.

• #1 Epidemiology of Asthma in Children and Adults

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6591438/

  Severe asthma represents a small subgroup of individuals who have a disproportionately high health burden. […] Childhood asthma and adult onset asthma are known to share many of the same causes and triggers. […] The vast majority of childhood onset asthma manifests as an allergic phenotype, while there is a predominance of the non-allergic phenotype in adult onset asthma. […] There is substantial evidence to suggest that indoor allergens generated by house dust mite, mold and cat are triggers for both childhood and adult asthma, especially in those sensitized. […] The evidence on the trends and environmental determinants for childhood and adult asthma are similar, although the evidence is stronger for childhood asthma, which is partly related to the stronger attention that childhood asthma has received from the research community.

• #1 Asthma Surveillance Data | Asthma Data | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/asthma-data/about/index.html

  Asthma surveillance data includes collection and analyses of asthma data at both the national and the state level. National data is available on asthma morbidity, emergency department visits, hospitalizations due to asthma, and asthma mortality. […] Asthma surveillance data includes collection of asthma data at both the national and the state level. National data is available on asthma prevalence, activity limitation, days of work or school lost, rescue and control medication use, asthma self-management education, physician visits, emergency department visits, hospitalizations due to asthma, and deaths due to asthma from National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) surveys and the Vital Statistics System. Asthma surveillance data at the state level include adult and child asthma prevalence from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) and in-depth state and local asthma data through implementation of the BRFSS Asthma Call-back Survey (ACBS).

• #1 Asthma Surveillance — United States, 2006–2018 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/ss/ss7005a1.htm

  Asthma is a chronic disease of the airways that requires ongoing medical management. Characterizing asthma indicators (i.e., prevalence of current asthma, asthma attacks, emergency department and urgent care center [ED/UCC] visits, and asthma-associated deaths) and determining how asthma exacerbations and health care use vary across the United States by geographic area, including differences between urban and rural areas, and by sociodemographic factors can help identify subpopulations at risk for asthma-related complications. […] The National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) is an annual cross-sectional household health survey among the civilian noninstitutionalized population in the United States. NHIS data were used to produce estimates for current asthma and among them, asthma attacks and ED/UCC visits. National Vital Statistics System (NVSS) data were used to estimate asthma deaths. Estimates of current asthma, asthma attacks, ED/UCC visits, and asthma mortality rates are described by demographic characteristics, poverty level (except for deaths), and geographic area for 20162018.

• #1 Asthma Surveillance

  https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/diseases-and-conditions/asthma/il-asthma-surveillance.html

  Surveillance activities include monitoring asthma prevalence, quality of life issues, hospitalizations, emergency department visits, and mortality. This data is important in planning education and intervention programs and in developing policies necessary for preventing and controlling asthma in the future. […] The program regularly convenes a Surveillance and Evaluation Workgroup to review sources of asthma data. Periodically, asthma burden reports are released to report on asthma data trends. […] The Illinois Department of Public Health has been addressing asthma in Illinois for more than 20 years. Every five years, the program and members of the Illinois Asthma Partnership release a strategic state plan. The program is currently implementing its 5th edition of Addressing Asthma in Illinois, the 2021-2026 Illinois Asthma State Plan. […] Illinois Childhood Asthma Surveillance Report, 2011-2014 […] Surveillance Sources of National, State, and Local Level Asthma Data, 2013.

• #1 Information on Asthma in New York State

  https://www.health.ny.gov/statistics/ny_asthma/

  Asthma is a chronic disease of the lungs that causes wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing. Asthma that is not well-controlled can greatly limit a person’s quality of life. In 2021 an estimated 1.4 million adults and over 315,000 children had asthma. Exacerbations are impacted by factors that include severity and control status, access to care, medication adherence, and environmental factors. […] This surveillance page presents information and data on asthma in New York State. State and County data previously provided on this page have incorporated into the New York State Asthma Control Program Data Dashboard and are displayed in enhanced, more interactive data views. […] The New York State (NYS) Asthma Dashboard provides a comprehensive view of asthma in the state and serves as a resource for policymakers, healthcare providers, and other stakeholders.

• #1 Pediatric Asthma and Diabetes Surveillance | Mass.gov

  https://www.mass.gov/pediatric-asthma-and-diabetes-surveillance

  The Massachusetts Department of Public Health (MDPH) distributes an annual pediatric asthma and diabetes survey to school nurses to collect data from all public, private, and charter schools in Massachusetts serving children in grades K-8. […] Asthma is a chronic disease that most commonly starts during childhood. In Massachusetts, the prevalence of pediatric asthma is higher than the national average. Beginning in 2002 and continuing through the present, the MDPH has tracked the occurrence of pediatric asthma through school health records in students in kindergarten through 8th grade. […] This annual survey is important so MDPH can track the prevalence of asthma and diabetes in children aged 5-14 years old. The accuracy of MDPH’s work depends on the contribution of all schools in Massachusetts. The survey collects the number of students in each school with asthma and/or diabetes (type 1 and type 2) by the student’s city/town of residence. Additional information collected includes grade, gender identity, race and ethnicity.

• #1 Surveillance Reports | Department of Health | Commonwealth of Pennsylvania

  https://www.pa.gov/agencies/health/diseases-conditions/chronic-disease/asthma/surveillance-reports.html

  The Pennsylvania Asthma Control Program (ACP) monitors asthma at the state, county, and local levels by collecting, analyzing, interpreting, and reporting data. These data are used to guide program decision-making and Asthma Strategic Plan activities. […] Adult and child lifetime prevalence […] Adult and child current prevalence […] Asthma-related deaths (mortality rate) […] Asthma-related hospitalizations […] Asthma-related emergency department visits […] These data sources are also used to look at medical costs due to asthma and behaviors of those with asthma such as smoking. […] Not all the above measures are available at a county, zip code, or census tract level.

• #1 Asthma Epidemiology

  https://www.michigan.gov/mdhhs/keep-mi-healthy/communicablediseases/epidemiology/chronicepi/asthma-epidemiology

  Asthma Epidemiology […] This page includes links to asthma surveillance reports, presentations, fact sheets, infographics, and other data products produced by the staff of the MDHHS Chronic Disease Epidemiology Section. […] The Michigan asthma surveillance system is utilizing survey, hospitalization, Medicaid, and mortality data to better understand the impact of asthma in Michigans highest burdened regions. […] The Michigan asthma surveillance system is utilizing the potential of Medicaid data to better understand asthma burden and management for the Michigan Medicaid population.

• #1 Asthma Program

  https://portal.ct.gov/dph/health-education-management–surveillance/asthma/asthma-program

  Asthma is a chronic disease that affects 25 million of children and adults nationwide or 7.8% of the US population (see national asthma data). […] Through its asthma surveillance activities, the Connecticut Asthma Program (CAP) can identify at-risk populations and monitor trends in asthma rates across the state. […] In 2021, 61,200 (8.9%) children and 300,900 (10.5%) adults had asthma. […] In CT, it has been found that women, residents of Hispanic and non-Hispanic black communities, are disproportionately affected by asthma. […] For more details, see surveillance page.

• #1 DCHHS | Asthma Control Program

  https://www.dallascounty.org/departments/dchhs/public-health/chronic-disease/asthma-control-overview.php

  Pediatric Asthma Surveillance System (PASS) is a community wide dashboard that provides holistic insights into Pediatric Asthma Vulnerability in Dallas County. […] The Pediatric Asthma Vulnerability Index (also referred to as Vulnerability Index) predicts the probability of a community-level asthma-related emergency department (ED) visit or hospitalization within three months, by incorporating the effect of ten community indicators such as socioeconomic conditions, demographic characteristics, medication use patterns, health services utilization and environmental conditions, on community-level asthma risk. […] The Vulnerability Index and all indicators are categorized as Very High, High, Moderate, Low, or Very Low Risk based on their impact on Pediatric Asthma Vulnerability in the community.

• #1 Childhood Asthma Surveillance by Community Coalitions | RAND

  https://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP20060414.html

  Multiple benefits can accrue when community coalitions conduct asthma surveillance activities. Surveillance data are used to identify children with asthma, assess disease burden and needs in the community, understand the illness and risk factors, identify children with asthma who are undertreated, plan community interventions, evaluate the effect of interventions, and monitor trends. […] These data, which are used to inform coalition and program decisions and to evaluate asthma interventions, can also be used to strengthen state and national asthma surveillance efforts and to inform clinical practice and public health policies. […] Local coalition data collection represents a complementary approach to national asthma surveillance, allowing action at the local level and showing how local findings vary from national observations. […] The Allies Against Asthma coalitions developed several practical means to conduct childhood asthma surveillance that informed coalition efforts and facilitated innovative linkages among government officials, health care providers, community agencies, families, and academicians and/or researchers.

• #1 Asthma Surveillance — United States, 2006–2018 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/ss/ss7005a1.htm

  Current asthma was higher among boys aged 18 years, women aged 18 years, non-Hispanic Black (Black) persons, non-Hispanic multiple-race (multiple-race) persons, and Puerto Rican persons. Asthma attacks were more prevalent among children, females, and multiple-race persons. ED/UCC visits were more prevalent among children, women aged 18 years, and all racial and ethnic groups (i.e., Black, non-Hispanic Asian, multiple race, and Hispanic, including Puerto Rican, Mexican, and other Hispanic) except American Indian and Alaska Native persons compared with non-Hispanic White (White) persons. […] Despite some improvements in asthma outcomes over time, the findings from this report indicate that disparities in asthma indicators persist by demographic characteristics, poverty level, and geographic location. Disparities in asthma outcomes and health care use in rural and urban populations identified from NHIS and NVSS can aid public health programs in directing resources and interventions to improve asthma outcomes.

• #1 Kids exposed to higher ozone levels face higher asthma risk – Futurity

  https://www.futurity.org/ozone-exposure-asthma-risk-3279172/

  Children exposed to higher ozone levels early in life are more likely to develop asthma, researchers report. […] Asthma affects more than 6% of US children, making it the most common chronic disease in kids nationwide. […] In a study in JAMA Network Open, Dearborn and collaborators identified a puzzling trend: Children exposed to higher levels of ozone in their first two years of life were significantly more likely to be diagnosed with asthma or wheezing at ages 4-6 but researchers didn’t observe the increased risk of asthma at ages 8-9. […] Researchers estimated exposure in the first two years of a child’s life using a model developed by coauthor Joel Kaufman. They found that a relatively small increase in ozone exposure 2 parts per billion in a child’s first two years of life was associated with a 31% increase in asthma and 30% increase in wheeze at age 4-6 years.

• #1

  https://journals.lww.com/epidem/fulltext/2020/05000/is_the_association_of_early_day_care_attendance.21.aspx

  Previous studies of early day care attendance and asthma development are inconsistent, which may be explained by inadequate control of confounding and effect modification. […] We examined the effect of early day care on the risk of asthma taking into account the underlying susceptibility to asthma. […] The study included 55,404 children participating in the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study. […] Asthma at age 7 was defined by dispensed asthma medications in the Norwegian Prescription Database. […] Day care before 18 months was associated with a lower risk of asthma by age 7 (adjusted risk ratio [RR] = 0.85; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.78, 0.92) when compared with home care. […] In our study, among most children, early day care was associated with reduced asthma risk at 7 years, and increased risk in a small group of children with very high underlying susceptibility to asthma.

• #1

  https://journals.lww.com/epidem/fulltext/2020/05000/is_the_association_of_early_day_care_attendance.21.aspx

  The prevalence of asthma at the age of 7 years was 4.2%. […] Any day care attendance before 18 months was associated with a decreased risk of asthma at 7 years. […] The DRS modified the association of early day care attendance with risk of asthma. […] In our large population-based study, early day care attendance was associated with a decreased risk of asthma at age 7. […] However, an underlying susceptibility to asthma seemed to modify the effect of day care on the risk of asthma. […] Among the most susceptible children (0.5%), who had the highest asthma DRS, early day care was associated with an increased risk of asthma. […] In our study, early day care attendance was associated with reduced risk of asthma. Only in a small group of children (0.5%), with the highest underlying susceptibility to asthma, was early day care associated with increased risk of later asthma.

• #1 Epidemiology of asthma exacerbation in children before and after the COVID-19 pandemic: a retrospective study in Chengdu, China | BMC Pediatrics | Full Text

  https://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12887-023-04364-9

  To examine the numbers and characteristics of children affected by asthma exacerbation in Chengdu, China, before and after the COVID-19 pandemic to inform efforts to manage childhood asthma in the post epidemic era. […] The epidemiology of asthma exacerbation in children changed after the epidemic. […] The high incidence of asthma in China attracted attention during the COVID-19 pandemic. […] There are limited data on the impact of COVID-19 on asthma in children, and there is a lack of research on the impact of asthma exacerbation. […] Our analysis suggests that several aspects of the epidemiology of asthma exacerbation among children in China changed as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. […] We found that the number of hospitalizations of children for asthma exacerbation was significantly lower after the epidemic than before.

• #1 Epidemiology of asthma exacerbation in children before and after the COVID-19 pandemic: a retrospective study in Chengdu, China | BMC Pediatrics | Full Text

  https://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12887-023-04364-9

  In contrast to the decrease in total hospitalizations, the incidence of severe asthma exacerbations was significantly higher after the epidemic than before. […] Our analysis suggests that the incidence of asthma exacerbation induced by infection decreased in the postepidemic era and that more attention should be given to the prevention and control of allergic diseases to reduce their impact on asthma. […] The change in hospitalization peaks may reflect the adoption of strict hygiene measures during the epidemic, which reduced the spread of viral respiratory diseases. […] We found that the number of hospitalizations of children for asthma exacerbation was positively correlated with relative humidity pre- but not post-epidemic, and it was not correlated with the air quality index or temperature throughout the observation period.

• #1 Pediatric Asthma: A Global Epidemic | Annals of Global Health

  https://annalsofglobalhealth.org/articles/10.5334/aogh.2416

  Hospitalizations for asthma are an important measure of disease severity, but data from low and middle-income countries is mostly unavailable. […] Countries that implemented asthma management plans have observed decreases in hospitalization rates. […] However, even in developed countries, access to care and ongoing management may be suboptimal, particularly for minority populations. […] The economic costs of asthma exceed those of tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus/acquire immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) combined. […] Developed economies spend 1 to 2% of their healthcare budget on asthma. […] The economic burden of asthma disproportionately affects those with the most severe disease. […] Despite the high cost of asthma care, several studies suggest that cost containing programs can be successfully implemented.

• #1 National Asthma and Allergy Awareness Month: Economic Costs, Threats to Access, and the Impact of Policy Changes

  https://www.ajmc.com/view/national-asthma-and-allergy-awareness-month-economic-costs-threats-to-access-and-the-impact-of-policy-changes

  Every year, more than 100 million people in the US experience various types of allergies, including seasonal, eczema, and food allergies, affect nearly 1 in 3 adults and more than 1 in 4 children. Notably, children with food allergies are 2 to 4 times more likely to have other related conditions like asthma or other allergies compared with those without. […] More than 28 million people in the US have received an asthma diagnosis, with the highest rates in Black adults. Asthma is the leading chronic disease in children, and non-Hispanic Black children are nearly 2 times more likely to have asthma compared with non-Hispanic White children. Additionally, asthma is considered one of the most common and costly diseases in the US, according to the AAFA. […] Reports indicate that the annual economic costs of asthma treatment are around $82 billion and medical costs make up almost $50.3 billion.

• #1 Asthma | Georgia Department of Public Health

  https://dph.georgia.gov/Asthma

  Asthma is a high priority health condition among Georgia children. Nearly 9 percent of Georgias children have asthma, and many more are undiagnosed. […] In Georgia, although asthma impacts many people, asthma is found more often in boys and in persons who identify as black or African American. Asthma is also found more often among children who live in households with lower incomes. […] In 2020, Georgia witnessed 802 hospitalizations among children due to asthma-related complications. The economic cost for these hospitalizations amounted to $15.8 million. Additionally, there were notable disparities in asthma-related hospitalization rates across racial and ethnic groups. […] The Georgia Asthma Control Program carries out statewide activities to implement the 2020-2024 Strategic Plan for Addressing Asthma in Georgia, the Coordinated Federal Action Plan to Reduce Racial and Ethnic Asthma Disparities, and National Asthma Control Programs goals.

• #1 Asthma and Black/African Americans | Office of Minority Health

  https://minorityhealth.hhs.gov/asthma-and-blackafrican-americans

  Current asthma among children under 18 years of age, percentage, 2023 Non-Hispanic Black 11.1 Non-Hispanic White 5.6 Non-Hispanic Black /Non-Hispanic White Ratio 2.0. […] Children under 18 years of age who have ever been told they have asthma, percentage, 2023 Non-Hispanic Black 14.7 Non-Hispanic White 8.8 Non-Hispanic Black /Non-Hispanic White Ratio 1.7. […] Asthma mortality among children ages 017, rate per million, 2021 Non-Hispanic Black 7.7 Non-Hispanic White 1.0 Non-Hispanic Black /Non-Hispanic White Ratio 7.7. […] Emergency department visits with asthma as the first listed diagnosis in the past 12 months among children ages 017, rate per 10,000 population, 2020 Non-Hispanic Black 89.5 Non-Hispanic White 14.4 Non-Hispanic Black /Non-Hispanic White Ratio 6.2. […] Hospital admissions for asthma among children ages 217, rate per 100,000 population, 2020 Non-Hispanic Black 79.4 Non-Hispanic White 16.6 Non-Hispanic Black /Non-Hispanic White Ratio 4.8.

• #1 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Temporal Trends of Asthma Among Children in the Western Pacific Region From 1990 to 2045: Longitudinal Observational Study

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2024/1/e55327/

  Our study indicates that from 1990 to 2019, the ASPR and ASIR for pediatric asthma in countries in the WPR have notably increased, whereas the ASDR has decreased. […] The substantial reduction in childhood asthma mortality and DALYs in Japan is likely owing to its cutting-edge health care system centered on universal coverage, easy access, technology integration, and personalized care. […] The projected ASPR and ASIR of childhood asthma for specific representative countries suggest an ongoing increase in both the Philippines and Japan. […] Our inequality assessment revealed that absolute socioeconomic disparities in childhood asthma DALYs have reduced slightly, but relative inequality persists.

• #1 Pediatric Asthma: A Global Epidemic | Annals of Global Health

  https://annalsofglobalhealth.org/articles/10.5334/aogh.2416

  Unfortunately, there are many barriers to reducing the worldwide burden of asthma. […] GINA guidelines stress that until there is a greater understanding of the factors that cause pediatric asthma and measures become available to reduce its prevalence, the focus should be on cost-effective management approaches that are available to most patients. […] In summary, there has been a significant increase on the global prevalence, morbidity and mortality related to asthma among children over the last 40 years.

• #1 Asthma Surveillance — United States, 2006–2018 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/ss/ss7005a1.htm

  Geographic variations in demographic characteristics, environmental factors, economy, and health care policies might explain variations in asthma outcomes and health care use by geographic location. Findings from this report can aid public health programs in directing resources and interventions to improve asthma-related health outcomes and health care use, developing strategic goals, and achieving the CCARE initiative to reduce childhood asthma hospitalizations and ED visits.

• #1 Asthma | Georgia Department of Public Health

  https://dph.georgia.gov/Asthma

  According to Vital Records, between 2001 and 2011, more than 60 children under the age of 18 died from asthma. In 2014, the Georgia Asthma Control Program developed a Pediatric Asthma Mortality Reporting Form to capture detailed information regarding the circumstances surrounding the death of children when asthma was the cause of death. In May of 2015, the Department of Public Health mandated the reporting of pediatric asthma deaths in order to refine or design medical or community prevention initiatives.

• #1 Seasonal Trends in Pediatric Asthma and Phenotypes

  https://bioengineer.org/seasonal-trends-in-pediatric-asthma-and-phenotypes/

  The implications of this work resonate beyond the confines of academic medicine. […] In summary, the study conducted by Makrufardi and colleagues offers an unprecedented, detailed portrait of how pediatric asthma exacerbations ebb and flow with seasons in a phenotype-dependent manner. […] With rising global prevalence of childhood asthma and growing concerns about climate change impacting allergen distribution and air quality, insights from this study gain even greater urgency.

• #1 Seasonal Trends in Pediatric Asthma and Phenotypes

  https://bioengineer.org/seasonal-trends-in-pediatric-asthma-and-phenotypes/

  In a groundbreaking new study published in Pediatric Research, researchers have unveiled compelling evidence that pediatric asthma exacerbations exhibit distinct seasonal patterns intimately linked to underlying asthma phenotypes. […] The study delves into the epidemiology of asthma exacerbations by analyzing a large cohort of pediatric patients over multiple seasons. […] This nuanced understanding has significant implications for both prognosis and treatment. […] Moreover, the study highlights the contribution of environmental pollutants in modulating seasonal exacerbation patterns. […] An important facet of the research lies in the integration of viral pathogen surveillance. […] Despite its comprehensive approach, the study acknowledges limitations inherent to observational designs.

• #1 Kids exposed to higher ozone levels face higher asthma risk – Futurity

  https://www.futurity.org/ozone-exposure-asthma-risk-3279172/

  The study’s findings highlight the need for more research into the effects of long-term ozone exposure in early life, Dearborn says. Further study could determine why the increased asthma risk related to ozone is not evident at ages 8-9, and whether it increases again later in childhood. […] In the meantime, Dearborn says, researchers and public health officials should pay more attention to the effects of long-term exposure to ozone.

• #2 Pediatric Asthma: A Global Epidemic | Annals of Global Health

  https://annalsofglobalhealth.org/articles/10.5334/aogh.2416

  The global prevalence, morbidity and mortality related to childhood asthma among children has increased significantly over the last 40 years. […] Although asthma is recognized as the most common chronic disease in children, issues of underdiagnosis and undertreatment persist. […] There are substantial global variations in the prevalence of asthma symptoms in children, with up to 13-fold differences between countries. […] The rising number of hospital admissions for asthma may reflect an increase in asthma severity, poor disease management and/or the effect of poverty. […] The financial burden of asthma is relatively high within developed countries (those for which data is available) spending 1 to 2% of their healthcare budget on this condition. […] Despite global efforts, GINA has not achieved its goal, even among developed nations.

• #2 Recent perspectives on global epidemiology of asthma in childhood | Allergologia et Immunopathologia

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-allergologia-et-immunopathologia-105-articulo-recentperspectives-on-global-epidemiology-S0301054609001402

  Allergologia et Immunopathologia is a forum for those working in the field of asthma, allergy and immunology related to childhood. Manuscripts related to clinical, epidemiological and experimental allergology and childhood immunopathology will be considered for publication. […] New research in asthma epidemiology in children includes the development of the ISAAC programme, which has shown large variations globally in the prevalence of asthma symptoms. […] Studies of the epidemiology of asthma have burgeoned since that time, reflecting worldwide concern that asthma is increasing in prevalence and is an important cause of morbidity not only in developed countries, but also in developing countries. […] The creation of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) was inspired by the fall of the Berlin wall in 1989 which provided a unique opportunity to compare prevalence and time trends of asthma and allergies in Eastern and Western European environments.

• #2 Pediatric Asthma: A Global Epidemic | Annals of Global Health

  https://annalsofglobalhealth.org/articles/10.5334/aogh.2416

  Unfortunately, there are many barriers to reducing the worldwide burden of asthma. […] GINA guidelines stress that until there is a greater understanding of the factors that cause pediatric asthma and measures become available to reduce its prevalence, the focus should be on cost-effective management approaches that are available to most patients. […] In summary, there has been a significant increase on the global prevalence, morbidity and mortality related to asthma among children over the last 40 years.

• #2 Asthma in children younger than 12 years: Initial evaluation and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/asthma-in-children-younger-than-12-years-initial-evaluation-and-diagnosis

  Asthma is a significant health problem worldwide, and it is one of the most common chronic diseases of childhood in many countries. The prevalence in different countries ranges from 1 to 18 percent. In the United States, for example, over nine million children have been ever told they had asthma, and 5.5 million still have asthma. Establishing a diagnosis of asthma involves a careful process of history taking, physical examination, and diagnostic studies. The epidemiology, initial evaluation, and diagnosis of childhood asthma are reviewed here. A wide global variation exists in the prevalence of asthma, with higher rates typically seen in higher-income countries. Asthma is the most common chronic disease in childhood in resource-rich countries. A significant increase in the estimated prevalence of asthma was seen in resource-rich countries in the 1980s and 1990s, with slower rates of increase in the 2000s and a plateau thereafter. Approximately 5.8 percent of US children had asthma in 2020, down from 7.5 percent in 2018 and 9.4 percent in 2010. However, asthma prevalence continues to increase in other countries such as China. Disparities in prevalence remain, with higher prevalence seen in children with lower access to resources and those living in the Southern US and the highest prevalence still seen in Puerto Rican and non-Hispanic Black American children, particularly for those living in urban environments. Before the onset of puberty, boys have a higher current prevalence of asthma than girls (9.2 versus 7.4 percent). This trend reverses in adolescence, the reasons for which remain unknown. Lifetime asthma prevalence for children was 12.7 percent in 2013 and 2016. The prevalence of asthma appears to have plateaued in other countries as well.

• #2 Recent perspectives on global epidemiology of asthma in childhood | Allergologia et Immunopathologia

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-allergologia-et-immunopathologia-105-articulo-recentperspectives-on-global-epidemiology-S0301054609001402

  The ecological economic analysis undertaken in the ISAAC Phase Three global study of asthma prevalence revealed a significant trend towards a higher prevalence of current wheeze in centres in higher income countries in both age groups, but this trend was reversed for the prevalence of severe symptoms among children with current wheeze, especially in the adolescents. […] The asthma epidemic experienced by developed nations over the last 30 years is now affecting developing countries as they become more urbanised.

• #2 Asthma Trends Brief: Current Asthma Demographics | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/research/trends-in-lung-disease/asthma-trends-brief/current-demographics

  Current asthma rates are not the same across demographic groups. This page describes current asthma rates, defined as those who have ever been diagnosed with asthma by a healthcare professional and report still having asthma, by the following demographics: sex and age, race/ethnicity, Hispanic subgroups, family income, health insurance coverage, and state. […] Among children, current asthma is more common for males (7.0%) than females (5.4%). However, among adults, females (10.8%) are more likely than males (6.5%) to still have asthma. […] Black individuals and Indigenous Peoples have the highest current asthma rates compared to other races and ethnicities. In 2022, Black individuals (10.3%) were 44% more likely than white individuals (8.4%) to still have asthma. […] While asthma rates are relatively low for Latino individuals overall, rates vary significantly among subgroups. Puerto Ricans in the continental United States have the highest current asthma rate of any racial or ethnic group, at 14.0 percent over 2016 to 2018.

• #2 Pediatric Asthma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551631/

  Asthma leads to more school absences and hospitalizations than any other chronic illness and is the most common diagnosis upon admission in many children’s hospitals in the United States. According to the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), over 6 million (or 6.5%) children in the United States have asthma. The prevalence of asthma increases with age among children, ranging from 1.9% in children aged 0 to 4 to 7.7% in children and adolescents aged 5 to 14. Boys have a higher prevalence than girls aged 20 or younger, whereas, in adults, women are more affected than men. […] Black individuals have a higher prevalence of 10.1% compared to their White counterparts at 8.1%. Hispanic Americans generally have a lower prevalence of 6.4%, except for those from Puerto Rico, where the prevalence rises to 12.8%. Furthermore, underrepresented minorities and individuals living below the poverty line experience the highest incidence of asthma and asthma-related morbidity and mortality.

• #2 Asthma and Black/African Americans | Office of Minority Health

  https://minorityhealth.hhs.gov/asthma-and-blackafrican-americans

  Current asthma among children under 18 years of age, percentage, 2023 Non-Hispanic Black 11.1 Non-Hispanic White 5.6 Non-Hispanic Black /Non-Hispanic White Ratio 2.0. […] Children under 18 years of age who have ever been told they have asthma, percentage, 2023 Non-Hispanic Black 14.7 Non-Hispanic White 8.8 Non-Hispanic Black /Non-Hispanic White Ratio 1.7. […] Asthma mortality among children ages 017, rate per million, 2021 Non-Hispanic Black 7.7 Non-Hispanic White 1.0 Non-Hispanic Black /Non-Hispanic White Ratio 7.7. […] Emergency department visits with asthma as the first listed diagnosis in the past 12 months among children ages 017, rate per 10,000 population, 2020 Non-Hispanic Black 89.5 Non-Hispanic White 14.4 Non-Hispanic Black /Non-Hispanic White Ratio 6.2. […] Hospital admissions for asthma among children ages 217, rate per 100,000 population, 2020 Non-Hispanic Black 79.4 Non-Hispanic White 16.6 Non-Hispanic Black /Non-Hispanic White Ratio 4.8.

• #2 Asthma Surveillance — United States, 2006–2018 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/ss/ss7005a1.htm

  CDC analyzed 20062018 data from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) to determine the prevalence of current asthma, asthma attacks, asthma-related ED and urgent care center (UCC) visits, and deaths for which asthma was the underlying cause by certain demographic characteristics, poverty level, and geographic location in the United States. […] The findings from this report can be used by National Asthma Control Program (NACP) funding recipients, public health services, asthma programs, and health care providers to direct interventions, strategic activities, and resource allocations toward specific sociodemographic groups and geographic locations to reduce asthma-related adverse health outcomes and premature deaths. […] The overall prevalence of current asthma remains stable, although disparities persist. The prevalence of asthma attacks and ED/UCC visits, as well as asthma mortality rates, decreased over time. Asthma indicators differed by age, sex, race/ethnicity, poverty level, and geographic location. The prevalence of asthma was higher in small MSAs than in large MSAs and in the Northeast than in the South and the West. The prevalence of ED/UCC visits was higher in the South than in the Northeast and the Midwest and in large MSAs than in non-MSAs. Asthma mortality rates were higher in the Northeast, the Midwest, and the West than in the South and in non-MSAs, especially in noncore areas.

• #2 Surveillance Reports | Department of Health | Commonwealth of Pennsylvania

  https://www.pa.gov/agencies/health/diseases-conditions/chronic-disease/asthma/surveillance-reports.html

  The Pennsylvania Asthma Control Program (ACP) monitors asthma at the state, county, and local levels by collecting, analyzing, interpreting, and reporting data. These data are used to guide program decision-making and Asthma Strategic Plan activities. […] Adult and child lifetime prevalence […] Adult and child current prevalence […] Asthma-related deaths (mortality rate) […] Asthma-related hospitalizations […] Asthma-related emergency department visits […] These data sources are also used to look at medical costs due to asthma and behaviors of those with asthma such as smoking. […] Not all the above measures are available at a county, zip code, or census tract level.

• #2 Prevalence and risk factors for childhood asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMC Pediatrics | Full Text

  https://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12887-025-05409-x

  Childhood asthma is common, and the prevalence of asthma is highest in Oceania, with a lower prevalence in Eurasia. […] The current systematic review and meta-analysis were based on cross-sectional studies that assessed the prevalence and risk factors of childhood asthma. […] We noted that the overall prevalence of childhood asthma was 10.2% (95% CI: 9.5-11.0%), and the prevalence of childhood asthma was the highest in Oceania, with a lower prevalence in Europe and Asia. […] The identified risk factors for childhood asthma included older age, male sex, obesity, parental smoking, high education of the mother, premature birth, cesarean section, no breastfeeding, family history of asthma, rhinitis, eczema, presence of a pet, high density of road traffic, consumption of meat, margarine, or fast food, paracetamol use, and antibiotic use.

• #2 Epidemiology of Asthma in Children and Adults

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6591438/

  Severe asthma represents a small subgroup of individuals who have a disproportionately high health burden. […] Childhood asthma and adult onset asthma are known to share many of the same causes and triggers. […] The vast majority of childhood onset asthma manifests as an allergic phenotype, while there is a predominance of the non-allergic phenotype in adult onset asthma. […] There is substantial evidence to suggest that indoor allergens generated by house dust mite, mold and cat are triggers for both childhood and adult asthma, especially in those sensitized. […] The evidence on the trends and environmental determinants for childhood and adult asthma are similar, although the evidence is stronger for childhood asthma, which is partly related to the stronger attention that childhood asthma has received from the research community.

• #2

  https://journals.lww.com/epidem/fulltext/2020/05000/is_the_association_of_early_day_care_attendance.21.aspx

  The prevalence of asthma at the age of 7 years was 4.2%. […] Any day care attendance before 18 months was associated with a decreased risk of asthma at 7 years. […] The DRS modified the association of early day care attendance with risk of asthma. […] In our large population-based study, early day care attendance was associated with a decreased risk of asthma at age 7. […] However, an underlying susceptibility to asthma seemed to modify the effect of day care on the risk of asthma. […] Among the most susceptible children (0.5%), who had the highest asthma DRS, early day care was associated with an increased risk of asthma. […] In our study, early day care attendance was associated with reduced risk of asthma. Only in a small group of children (0.5%), with the highest underlying susceptibility to asthma, was early day care associated with increased risk of later asthma.

• #2 Epidemiology of asthma exacerbation in children before and after the COVID-19 pandemic: a retrospective study in Chengdu, China | BMC Pediatrics | Full Text

  https://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12887-023-04364-9

  In contrast to the decrease in total hospitalizations, the incidence of severe asthma exacerbations was significantly higher after the epidemic than before. […] Our analysis suggests that the incidence of asthma exacerbation induced by infection decreased in the postepidemic era and that more attention should be given to the prevention and control of allergic diseases to reduce their impact on asthma. […] The change in hospitalization peaks may reflect the adoption of strict hygiene measures during the epidemic, which reduced the spread of viral respiratory diseases. […] We found that the number of hospitalizations of children for asthma exacerbation was positively correlated with relative humidity pre- but not post-epidemic, and it was not correlated with the air quality index or temperature throughout the observation period.

• #2 National Asthma and Allergy Awareness Month: Economic Costs, Threats to Access, and the Impact of Policy Changes

  https://www.ajmc.com/view/national-asthma-and-allergy-awareness-month-economic-costs-threats-to-access-and-the-impact-of-policy-changes

  Every year, more than 100 million people in the US experience various types of allergies, including seasonal, eczema, and food allergies, affect nearly 1 in 3 adults and more than 1 in 4 children. Notably, children with food allergies are 2 to 4 times more likely to have other related conditions like asthma or other allergies compared with those without. […] More than 28 million people in the US have received an asthma diagnosis, with the highest rates in Black adults. Asthma is the leading chronic disease in children, and non-Hispanic Black children are nearly 2 times more likely to have asthma compared with non-Hispanic White children. Additionally, asthma is considered one of the most common and costly diseases in the US, according to the AAFA. […] Reports indicate that the annual economic costs of asthma treatment are around $82 billion and medical costs make up almost $50.3 billion.

• #2 Pediatric Asthma: A Global Epidemic | Annals of Global Health

  https://annalsofglobalhealth.org/articles/10.5334/aogh.2416

  Hospitalizations for asthma are an important measure of disease severity, but data from low and middle-income countries is mostly unavailable. […] Countries that implemented asthma management plans have observed decreases in hospitalization rates. […] However, even in developed countries, access to care and ongoing management may be suboptimal, particularly for minority populations. […] The economic costs of asthma exceed those of tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus/acquire immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) combined. […] Developed economies spend 1 to 2% of their healthcare budget on asthma. […] The economic burden of asthma disproportionately affects those with the most severe disease. […] Despite the high cost of asthma care, several studies suggest that cost containing programs can be successfully implemented.

• #2 Asthma and Black/African Americans | Office of Minority Health

  https://minorityhealth.hhs.gov/asthma-and-blackafrican-americans

  From 20192021, an estimated 4.2 million non-Hispanic Black or African Americans in the United States currently had asthma. […] Non-Hispanic Black or African American adults were 30% more likely to have asthma than non-Hispanic white adults in 2023. […] Non-Hispanic Black or African American children were twice as likely to have asthma than non-Hispanic white children in 2023. […] In 2021, non-Hispanic Black or African American adults were 2.5 times more likely to die from asthma-related causes than non-Hispanic white adults. […] In 2021, the asthma mortality rate for non-Hispanic Black or African American children was almost 8 times higher than that of non-Hispanic white children. […] In 2020, Non-Hispanic Black or African American children were almost five times more likely to be admitted to the hospital for asthma than non-Hispanic white children.

• #2 Asthma Surveillance — United States, 2006–2018 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/ss/ss7005a1.htm

  Geographic variations in demographic characteristics, environmental factors, economy, and health care policies might explain variations in asthma outcomes and health care use by geographic location. Findings from this report can aid public health programs in directing resources and interventions to improve asthma-related health outcomes and health care use, developing strategic goals, and achieving the CCARE initiative to reduce childhood asthma hospitalizations and ED visits.

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