Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Sun Allergy (Photosensitivity) – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/sun-allergy-photosensitivity-a-to-z

  Despite the name, a „sun allergy” is not truly an allergy to the sun. Instead, it is an immune system reaction in the skin triggered by sunlight, most often causing an itchy red rash. […] Sun allergies are triggered by changes that occur in sun-exposed skin. It is not clear why the body develops this reaction. However, the immune system recognizes some components of the sun-altered skin as „foreign,” and the body activates its immune defenses against them. This produces an allergic reaction that takes the form of a rash, tiny blisters or, rarely, some other type of skin eruption. […] Sun allergies occur only in certain sensitive people, and in some cases, they can be triggered by only a few brief moments of sun exposure. Some forms of sun allergy are inherited.

• #2 Photosensitivity Reactions – Skin Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/skin-disorders/sunlight-and-skin-damage/photosensitivity-reactions

  Photosensitivity, sometimes referred to as a sun allergy, is an immune system reaction that is triggered by sunlight. […] Sunlight can trigger immune system reactions. […] Photosensitivity reactions include solar urticaria, chemical photosensitization, and polymorphous light eruption and are usually characterized by an itchy eruption on patches of sun-exposed skin. […] In phototoxicity, people have pain and develop redness, inflammation, and sometimes brown or blue-gray discoloration in areas of skin that have been exposed to sunlight for a brief period. […] In photoallergy, an allergic reaction causes redness, scaling, itching, and sometimes blisters and spots that resemble hives. […] This eruption is a reaction to sunlight (primarily UVA light) that is not fully understood. […] The eruption usually goes away within several days to weeks.

• #3 aha! Swiss Allergy Centre – Sun allergy

  https://www.aha.ch/swiss-allergy-centre/skin/sun-allergy

  Skin reactions on exposure to the sun are commonly known as sun allergy. In most cases, however, they are not an allergic reaction but are due to a separate disease. […] This skin reaction is caused by unusually high UVA radiation. The exact mechanism of action is still unclear. […] In a photoallergic reaction, it is not the sun itself that triggers the allergy but a substance that enters the skin from inside or outside the body and that changes in structure on exposure to the sun. This may be an ingredient in a care product or drug, for example. Under the influence of UV radiation, the initially harmless substance develops into an allergen that is attacked by the immune system. […] Light urticaria, or solar urticaria, is a special form of urticaria (hives). It is triggered by light, especially sunlight. The typical symptoms are caused by the release of histamine in the cells.

• #4 Photosensitivity disorders (photodermatoses): Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/photosensitivity-disorders-photodermatoses-clinical-manifestations-diagnosis-and-treatment/print

  Photosensitivity disorders of the skin are conditions in which an abnormal cutaneous response occurs after exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation or visible light. […] The idiopathic photodermatoses are a group of photosensitivity disorders whose pathogenesis remains unclear. Many of these disorders have features suggesting that they are immunologically mediated. […] Polymorphous light eruption (PMLE) is the most common idiopathic photodermatosis and is sometimes colloquially called „sun poisoning” or „sun allergy.”

• #5 Sun Allergy: Types, Causes, Symptoms & Home Remedies | Alpine BioMedical

  https://alpine-biomedical.ch/en/blog/sun-allergy/

  A sun allergy, also known as light urticaria, is a hypersensitivity reaction of the skin to sunlight. In general, the skins protection against UV light fails and inflammation is caused in affected areas. This causes cells to release histamine, which triggers the typical symptoms such as redness and burning. Reactions typically occur after sun exposure and can vary from person to person. […] In the case of sun allergies, the skin reacts to UV radiation from the sun and causes an immunological reaction. This excessive immunological reaction is due to an imbalance in the immune system. […] Sun allergy is an immune disorder with a variety of causes. These causative factors should be identified before treatment so that long-term improvement can be achieved.

• #6 Solar Urticaria: A Rare Allergy to Sunlight

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/what-is-solar-urticaria

  Solar urticaria is a rare allergic reaction to sun exposure. […] Experts believe that its an immune reaction. Your immune system mistakenly identifies sun-affected cells as foreign cells. That triggers a histamine reaction, leading to redness, inflammation, itching, and other symptoms. […] Because solar urticaria is an allergy, allergy medicine can be helpful in controlling outbreaks. Antihistamines control the release of the histamine that causes rashes and inflammation in sun-exposed skin. […] If the standard treatments don’t have the desired effect, you may need immune-suppressing medications to stop the histamine reactions.

• #7 Solar Urticaria – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441986/

  Solar urticaria pathophysiology is not entirely understood. It is an immediate hypersensitivity reaction, which might be IgE-mediated, occurring after exposure to the sun. The radiation may activate an endogenous substance called a chromophore, which could be present in the serum and/or the dermis, turning it into an immunologically active photo allergen. This later induces the degranulation of mast cells, resulting in lesions of urticaria. The intradermal positive reaction after injection of the patients irradiated serum is consistent with the hypothesis of a circulating chromophore. […] Certain radiation wavelengths (usually long ones) may inhibit the immunological reaction induced by other wavelengths (usually short ones). This is called the double spectrum of action. […] Occasionally, solar urticaria is triggered by an exogenous substance, such as some medications. Some examples include atorvastatin, chlorpromazine, tetracycline, or oral contraceptives.

• #8 Solar urticaria – Wikipedia

  https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_urticaria

  Solar urticaria (SU) is a rare condition in which exposure to ultraviolet or UV radiation, or sometimes even visible light, induces a case of urticaria or hives that can appear in both covered and uncovered areas of the skin. […] The agent in the human body responsible for the reaction to radiation, known as the photoallergen, has not yet been identified. […] Solar urticaria is an immunoglobulin E-mediated hypersensitivity that can be introduced through primary or secondary factors, or induced by exogenous photosensitization. […] Primary SU is believed to be a type I hypersensitivity (a mild to severe reaction to an antigen including anaphylaxis) in which an antigen, or substance provoking an immune response, is „induced by UV or visible radiation.” […] It is not yet known what specific agent in the body brings about the allergic reaction to the radiation.

• #8 Solar urticaria – Wikipedia

  https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_urticaria

  The photoallergen is believed to begin its configuration through the absorption of radiation by a chromophore. The molecule, because of the radiation, is transformed resulting in the formation of a new photoallergen. […] Solar urticaria, due to its particular features, is considered to be a type of physical urticaria or light sensitivity. Physical urticaria arises from physical factors in the environment, which in the case of solar urticaria is UV radiation or light. […] SU may be classified based on the wavelength of the radiative energy that causes the allergic reaction; known as Harber’s classification, six types have been identified in this system.

• #9 Pathogenesis of solar urticaria: Classic perspectives and emerging concepts – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34726314/

  Solar urticaria is a rare, immunologically mediated photodermatosis in which activation of cutaneous mast cells is triggered by specific wavelengths of solar electromagnetic radiation. This manifests clinically as the rapid development of cutaneous itch, erythema and wheal formation after several minutes of sun exposure. Disease mechanisms in solar urticaria remain incompletely elucidated and there have been few recent investigations of its pathobiology. Historic passive transfer experiments performed during the twentieth century provide support for a 'photoallergy’ model of disease pathogenesis, wherein molecular alteration of a putative chromophore by solar electromagnetic radiation produces mast cell activation via an IgE-dependent mechanism. However, this model does not account for several observations made during passive transfer experiments nor does it explain a range of subsequent clinical and photobiological observations made in solar urticaria patients. Furthermore, increased understanding of the molecular dynamics underpinning cutaneous mast cell responses highlights the need to reformulate our understanding of solar urticaria pathogenesis in the context of this contemporary scientific landscape. […] In this review, we discuss the current understanding of solar urticaria pathogenesis and, by incorporating recent scientific and clinical observations, develop new hypotheses to drive future investigation into this intriguing disorder.

• #10 Solar Urticaria: Practice Essentials, Background, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1050485-overview

  Solar urticaria is possibly caused by an antigen-antibody reaction. Solar irradiation may induce an antigen in the serum or plasma of affected individuals. […] The wide action spectrum (290800 nm) implicated for solar urticaria may be related to the specific photoallergen and its molecular weight. […] The result of these interactions is mast cell degranulation with subsequent histamine release. Mediators other than histamines may also be involved. […] Inhibition of solar urticaria with light suppresses the wheal-flare response following intradermal injection of photoactivated autologous serum but does not suppress the wheal and flare associated with compound 48/80.

• #11 Polymorphic light eruption (PMLE) — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/polymorphic-light-eruption

  Polymorphic light eruption (PMLE) is a seasonal, acquired, idiopathic photodermatosis occurring in spring and early summer. […] It is also known as sun allergy. […] PMLE is a delayed hypersensitivity reaction in the skin to unknown endogenous cutaneous photo-induced antigens. This abnormal response to ultraviolet (UV) light means affected patients develop an inflammatory response to an endogenous photo-induced antigen. […] Because PMLE is more prevalent in women than men, it is hypothesized that there is a hormonal component to its pathogenesis. Estradiol may act as an inhibitor to the UV light immunosuppression which would normally aid in reducing hypersensitivity reactions.

• #12 Polymorphous Light Eruption: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1119686-overview

  The production of neoantigens, failure to induce apoptosis, poor immune tolerance, delayed hypersensitivity reaction, and skin microbiome dysregulation are important factors in the pathogenesis of PMLE. […] The action spectrum is primarily UVA light but can include UVB light. Some patients even react in the visible light spectrum. It has also been shown that UVC can cause PMLE. […] Delayed hypersensitivity reaction of PMLE is supported by the study of timed biopsy samples of PMLE lesions. The CD4 subtype of T cells seen very early after exposure is replaced by CD8 lymphocytes 72 hours after irradiation. […] Klgen et al noted that the reduced expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-, interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-10 in the UVB-irradiated skin of patients with PMLE. The reduction of these cytokines seems linked to a relative neutropenia and is a manifestation of decreased Langerhans cell migration and reduced TH2 skewing.

• #13 Polymorphous Light Eruption: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1119686-overview

  An increase in the IL-1 family of cytokines (in particular, IL-36 gamma) in skin lesions and peripheral blood of PMLE patients indicates an enhanced focal and systemic immune response. This further supports the enhanced immune response upon UV exposure. […] However, of the patients with PMLE who were immunosuppressed by UV radiation, only one exhibited immunotolerance to the same allergen 10-24 months later. The study concluded that impaired propensity to UV-induced, allergen-specific immunotolerance may promote recurrent PMLE. […] Immunohistochemical analysis by Schornagel et al in 2004 showed a significant decreased neutrophil infiltration in the skin of PMLE patients after UVB irradiation compared with healthy control subjects. […] Apoptotic keratinocytes produce photoneoantigens, and failure to clear these antigens leads to an increased immune response. In photoprovocated skin samples of PMLE patients, gene expression of apoptotic cell clearance C1S and SCARB1 are reduced.

• #14 Polymorphous Light Eruption: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1119686-overview

  Regarding microbiome dysregulation, UV-induced changes to the skin microbiome in PMLE patients was proposed as an initiating or provoking factor in the inflammatory cascade, via antimicrobial peptide (AMP) release and activation of the innate immune system. […] In a study by Muhlbauer et al, intravascular and focal perivascular deposits of fibrin were detected in biopsy samples of PMLE papules. […] In some PMLE lesions induced by UVA, keratinocytes were found to express ICAM-1. […] The demonstration that the female hormone 17beta-estradiol prevents UV radiationinduced suppression of the contact hypersensitivity response caused by the release of immunosuppressive cytokines (IL-10) from keratinocytes might explain why the risk of PMLE is higher in females than in males and why the risk decreases in women after menopause. […] It has been suggested that glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) act to protect against PMLE; however, a study of the isoenzymes of the GST genes GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 found no protective relationship of these isoenzymes to PMLE.

• #15 Sunstruck: The Reality of Sun Allergies, and How LUMI Can Help! – Luminordic : Luminordic

  https://www.luminordic.com/en/sunstruck-the-reality-of-sun-allergies-and-how-lumi-can-help/?srsltid=AfmBOopuNH6bTTO7O0zPqzMbZLSmD_8UcIh-Tq1vWyBqo76gzOU_xbkw

  Sun allergy is a catch-all term for several different conditions, though all affect the appearance of the skin. In the medical profession, a rash caused by exposure to the sun is called a photodermatosis. A photodermatosis can have many potential causes, both from within the body and from an external source. […] The causes of polymorphic light eruption are not fully understood, but it is thought that the skin microbiome plays a pivotal role. Recent research suggests that the rashes that characterise PLE may come about thanks to the skin secreting antimicrobial peptides, which serve as a chemical barrier for skin. […] Because the rash is caused by the antimicrobial peptides and not from the UV radiation itself, PLE can last for multiple weeks after sun exposure. It also means that if we can stop disruption of the skin microbiome, we can potentially minimise PLE symptoms.

• #16 Photodermatoses in India – Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology

  https://ijdvl.com/photodermatoses-in-india/

  The pathogenetic mechanisms of photoallergic reactions are quite similar to those of allergic dermatitis. The photoantigen (hapten) is presented by epidermal Langerhans cells to T lymphocytes, resulting in delayed skin hypersensitivity response characterized by lymphocytic infiltration, release of lymphokines, activation of mast cells, and increased cytokine expression.

• #17 Why do certain drugs make the skin more sensitive to sun? | Scientific American

  https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-do-certain-drugs-make/

  In the less common photoallergic reactions, the destabilized drug structure forms a complex called a hapten that prompts a localized immune response. […] Phototoxic reactions, however, manifest as a more severe burn reaction and may arise within a few hours after the drug is taken. […] In these cases, destabilization of the drug structure results in an accumulation of free radicals and localized cell damage. […] Treatment of photoallergic or phototoxic reactions should include stopping the drug and avoiding exposure to direct sunlight by wearing clothing and UVA/UVB blocking sunscreen for at least two weeks.

• #17 Why do certain drugs make the skin more sensitive to sun? | Scientific American

  https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-do-certain-drugs-make/

  Physicians and pharmacists often advise patients to avoid prolonged exposure to sunlight while taking certain medications without telling them why. […] Medications that react with the skin in this manner are termed photosensitizers. […] These photosensitizers, or chromophores, possess a unique ability to absorb ultraviolet light at the particular wavelength spectrum found in sunlight or artificial sunlight (UVA and UVB). This ability, however, is not the problem. Instead the unique structural characteristics of these medicationssuch as halogenated aromatic rings or alternating single and double bondslead to the destabilization of their chemical structure and a transfer of energy that induces a buildup of damaging compounds in the skin. […] The two distinct types of drug-associated photoreactions are phototoxic and photoallergic reactions.

• #18 Allergic Hypersensitivity Skin Reactions Following Sun Exposure

  https://hrcak.srce.hr/clanak/54882

  Photoallergic dermatoses are skin lesions following sun exposure, characterized by activation of immunological mechanisms, involving photosensitizers and photoallergens that can cause photosensibilization in some individuals. […] Under influence of light, photosensitizers get activated, followed by fusion with cutaneous proteins which renders them to complete antigens, and consequential initiation of immunological mechanisms with resulting pathological skin lesions. […] The most common photoallergens are: sulfonamide antibiotics, phenothiazines, and halogenated salicylanilides. […] Polymorphous light eruption is a relatively common polymorphous skin eruption, which usually appears in spring. Its pathogenesis is unknown, presumably photoallergic reaction. […] Hydroa vacciniforme is a rare photodermatosis of unknown etiology, which usually presents in summer-time. It is characterized by vesicobullous eruptions, with residual nonesthetic varioliform scarring.

• #19 Sun Allergy: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment and More

  https://www.health.com/sun-allergy-7563866

  Certain medications and cosmetics are linked to allergic reactions after exposure to sunlight. Substances in certain medications (e.g., antibiotics, antihistamines, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) and cosmetics (e.g., benzoyl peroxide or retinol) can sometimes trigger an immune response, which leads to skin inflammation and rash. […] This is an inherited (genetic) sun allergy that predominantly affects people with indigenous ancestry in North, Central, and South America. A family history of actinic prurigo increases the risk of developing it.

• #20 How can you help prevent a sun allergy? – Dr. Jetske Ultee blog

  https://www.dr-jetskeultee.com/blog/can-help-prevent-sun-allergy/

  A sun allergy usually begins at around the age of 30, and is four times more common in women than in men. […] A sun allergy is mainly caused by UVA rays. […] There is increasing evidence that such ingredients can also limit the risk of a sun allergy. […] It has recently been suggested, incidentally, that your skin microbiome can play a part in a resulting sun allergy. […] Research has further discovered that a low vitamin D content is connected to sun allergies. […] It appears that the defence mechanism in people with a sun allergy is very well prepared and therefore this group potentially carries a somewhat lower risk of skin cancer.

• #21 A moment that changed me: discovering I was allergic to sunlight | Allergies | The Guardian

  https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/apr/07/a-moment-that-changed-me-allergic-sunlight

  Following that episode, I was diagnosed with a condition called solar urticaria, which means I’m allergic to sunlight. […] The worst thing about my allergy is how unpredictable it is. Some days there are small patches of rash on my exposed skin, other days it’s everywhere, and I feel like I’m going to pass out. […] Doctors don’t always know very much about solar urticaria, and their reactions are not always sympathetic. […] As well as antihistamines, there are other treatments. There’s a process called skin hardening that works on the same principle as a vaccine exposing you to small doses of UV can help you to build up an immunity. There’s also a relatively new drug called Xolair which was invented for asthmatics but has been effective on many patients with solar urticaria.

• #22 Chronic UV exposure decreases sun sensitivity by a tanning independent mechanism

  https://christie.openrepository.com/handle/10541/624122

  Keratinocytes protect themselves from UV-induced damage and death by signalling to melanocytes to produce and transfer melanin to protect their nuclei from further UV damage. […] We show that UV exposure led to UV signature 7 mutations with predominant CT nucleotide substitutions across the genome. […] We observed that keratinocytes with any UV treatment history were better able to withstand further UV exposure, showing decreased UV sensitivity, despite the absence of melanin transfer from melanocytes. […] This in vivo response is independent of melanin protection, as mouse melanocytes are intradermal and do not transfer melanin to epidermal keratinocytes. […] These data show that chronic UV confers protection to further UV exposure independently of the tanning response. […] We are investigating transcriptional and immune changes that may infer a mechanism.

• #23 Polymorphous Light Eruption Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/polymorphous-light-eruption

  Polymorphous light eruption (PMLE) is an allergic reaction to sunlight or other sources of ultraviolet (UV) light. […] The exact cause of PMLE isn’t known, but genetics are thought to play a role. […] While the causes of PMLE are still under investigation, the rash is brought on by UV light. […] It’s important to note that, while UVA exposure is the typical cause, the rash can be a result of UVA or UVB exposure. […] The effect is not fully understood, but PMLE can undergo a process called hardening. […] Gradual hardening is one form of treating PMLE. […] Your skin can build up a tolerance to UV light throughout the summer, but this will go away during the winter.

• #24 Sunstruck: The Reality of Sun Allergies, and How LUMI Can Help! – Luminordic : Luminordic

  https://www.luminordic.com/en/sunstruck-the-reality-of-sun-allergies-and-how-lumi-can-help/?srsltid=AfmBOopuNH6bTTO7O0zPqzMbZLSmD_8UcIh-Tq1vWyBqo76gzOU_xbkw

  Some sun allergies can be caused by chemical compounds (photosensitisers) that cause otherwise healthy skin to react to UV radiation. […] These photosensitisers may be ingested medicines, including several classes of antibiotics, antihistamines, and NSAIDs, topical treatments like retinoids and AHAs, or some kind of topical irritant that has found its way onto skin accidentally. […] As PLE has been shown to affect and be affected by the skin microbiome, reacting to imbalances in the microbiota on the skins surface, its a good idea to try and keep your microbiome as healthy and balanced as possible, both before and after sun exposure. […] Photobiome stimulates the skin microbiotas own photo-defence systems, drastically increasing the amount of microbes that survive sun exposure. […] Using skin bacterias own chemical communication channels, this state-of-the-art active ingredient biohacks the microbiome, encouraging desirable bacteria to multiply, and minimising the spread of pathogen-associated bacteria. […] Your doctor may prescribe you strong antihistamines or steroid creams. […] This award-winning moisturiser is suitable for skin suffering from a host of complaints, including PLE, and caters to the rebalancing and protection of the microbiome as well as skin.

• #25 Sun allergy – Hautarzt Wien – Dr. Barbara Franz

  https://www.hautsachegut.at/en/sun-allergy/

  Ten to 20 percent of the population are affected by polymorphic light dermatosis commonly known as sun allergy and an increase has been recorded in recent years. […] The causes are still largely unknown, but according to the latest studies, it is a genetically predisposed delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction which may explain why it only occurs a few hours after sun exposure. […] And if you are prone to sun allergies incidentally, this is more likely to be the case for fair skin types then it is precisely this mechanism, i.e. the sun-induced immune deficiency, that is disturbed and this is why the sun allergy can develop in the first place.

• #26 Sun allergies: what can you do? – Helsana

  https://www.helsana.ch/en/blog/body/illnesses/sun-allergy.html

  The medical term for a sun allergy is photodermatosis, which is a generic term for different skin conditions that are triggered by a reaction to sunlight. What they have in common is that the bodys natural protective mechanism against UV rays fails, leading to symptoms such as itchy skin, burning, blisters or wheals. […] The exact causes and mechanisms of these pathological skin changes have not yet been conclusively researched. […] Factors that can trigger sun allergy are: UVA and UVB rays, fragrances and essential oils, natural ingredients, specifically those that contain furanocoumarins like parsley, celery or lime, preservatives in creams and lotions, emulsifiers in creams and lotions, paradoxically, certain UV filters in sunscreens, for example PABA, medication, such as anxiolytics, chemotherapeutics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, anti-depressives, acne medication, cortisone.

• #27 Inhaled Corticosteroids – Watch for Skin Atrophy

  https://www.medsafe.govt.nz/profs/puarticles/atrophy.htm

  Inhaled corticosteroids can cause skin atrophy. This adverse effect may be exacerbated by sun exposure, possibly via a cumulative mechanism. […] The pathogenesis of skin atrophy from photoaging (i.e. skin changes as a result of sun exposure) is similar to that of corticosteroids, namely through changes in collagen synthesis. […] It is likely that the effects of sun and inhaled corticosteroids are at least cumulative, if not synergistic.

• #28 Sun allergy – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sun-allergy/symptoms-causes/syc-20378077

  Sun allergy is a broad term. It describes several conditions that cause an itchy rash to form on the skin after being in sunlight or other sources of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Polymorphous light eruption is the most common form of sun allergy. […] Causes of sun allergy include immune system reactions to sunlight, certain medications and chemicals that make the skin more sensitive to the sun. It isn’t clear why some people have a sun allergy and others don’t. Inherited traits may play a role.

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