Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Fungal Aeroallergens—The Impact of Climate Change

  https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/9/5/544

  The incidence of allergic diseases in the world is rapidly increasing, and according to the estimates of the World Allergy Organization (WAO), it ranges from 10–40%, depending on the country. In most developed countries, allergy affects over 20% of the population. […] The prevalence of respiratory allergy to fungi is not fully known. Still, it is estimated to affect about 20–30% of sensitive subjects (predisposed to allergies), or up to 6% of the general population. […] The occurrence of fungal spores in the air is seasonal. Their peak concentration is recorded mainly in summer due to the availability of nutrients in the soil, favorable temperature, and humidity and in early autumn when rainy days are followed by sunny, dry, and windy days. […] Allergy to fungi manifests itself as immediate type I hypersensitivity mediated by immunoglobulin E, and as type II, III, and IV reactions. […] The vast spectrum of clinical symptoms caused by fungal allergens includes rhinitis, conjunctivitis, urticaria, or atopic dermatitis. […] The increasing incidence of allergic respiratory diseases suggests the need for extension of diagnostics to include new species of fungi.

• #2 Mold Allergy – Allergy & Asthma Network

  https://allergyasthmanetwork.org/allergies/mold-allergy/

  For many people, exposure to mold causes no issues. But some people have allergic reactions to mold. The National Institutes of Health estimates that about 3-10% of people have a mold allergy. […] Mold spores are harmful to people with asthma. The small size of mold spores allows them to pass more easily into the lower airways, where they can trigger an asthma attack. Mold spores may also interact with other outdoor allergens and air pollution. This can increase the asthma risk from those substances. […] Yes, you can have an indoor mold allergy and outdoor mold allergy. If you are allergic to mold, you will need to learn where it grows and how to avoid it. […] Mold can become a significant problem if it remains undiscovered or unaddressed. Allergy symptoms can occur when mold is inhaled.

• #3 Fungal Allergen and Mold Allergy Diagnosis: Role and Relevance of Alternaria alternata Alt a 1 Protein Family

  https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/8/3/277

  Alternaria is a genus of worldwide fungi found in different habitats such as soil, the atmosphere, plants or indoor environments. […] A. alternata is considered one of the most important sources of fungal allergens worldwide and it is associated with severe asthma and respiratory status. […] There are several epidemiologic studies about fungal allergy prevalence, but the data vary according to the method of diagnosis. […] It is estimated that the prevalence of allergies to molds is about 3–10%, although the prevalence of fungal sensitization shows a wide geographical variability. […] Among the allergenic mold species, Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus fumigatus, Cladosporium herbarum and Penicillium notatum are the ones with the highest prevalence in allergic disease or sensitizations.

• #4 Fungal Aeroallergens—The Impact of Climate Change

  https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/9/5/544

  The incidence of allergic diseases in the world is rapidly increasing, and according to the estimates of the World Allergy Organization (WAO), it ranges from 10–40%, depending on the country. In most developed countries, allergy affects over 20% of the population. […] The prevalence of respiratory allergy to fungi is not fully known. Still, it is estimated to affect about 20–30% of sensitive subjects (predisposed to allergies), or up to 6% of the general population. […] The occurrence of fungal spores in the air is seasonal. Their peak concentration is recorded mainly in summer due to the availability of nutrients in the soil, favorable temperature, and humidity and in early autumn when rainy days are followed by sunny, dry, and windy days. […] Allergy to fungi manifests itself as immediate type I hypersensitivity mediated by immunoglobulin E, and as type II, III, and IV reactions. […] The vast spectrum of clinical symptoms caused by fungal allergens includes rhinitis, conjunctivitis, urticaria, or atopic dermatitis. […] The increasing incidence of allergic respiratory diseases suggests the need for extension of diagnostics to include new species of fungi.

• #5 Who is most at risk for mold allergies? New study uncovers prevalence of mold allergies in the US | Labcorp

  https://www.labcorp.com/education-events/articles/mold-allergies-allergic-reactions-prevalence-US

  Mold can be found almost anywhere, but researchers are still learning about how common mold allergies are beyond a couple of well-known mold species (e.g., Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus fumigatus). […] According to the research paper, the study is the most comprehensive of its kind to date to assess the prevalence and distribution of mold allergies in the U.S. […] According to the studys results, high mold sensitivity appeared to be most common among men, teenagers and those with atopic dermatitis and asthma. Mold sensitivity was also higher in urban areas and in grasslands and prairies, which have drier climates and lower annual rainfall (e.g., Colorado, Oklahoma, Kansas, New Mexico). […] Identifying the specific mold type is important, as different types can introduce a variety of harmful immune responses. For example, researchers in the study noted a strong association between mold exposure and asthma symptoms, as well as a relationship between worsened asthma symptoms and house dampness (which can increase the risk of mold growth). A comprehensive allergy test profile design can help differentiate mold types and support allergy management and treatment, especially for those with asthma or atopic dermatitis, as well as people living in urban areas or grassland and prairie regions, where the risk of mold allergy appears to be higher.

• #6 Fungal Allergen and Mold Allergy Diagnosis: Role and Relevance of Alternaria alternata Alt a 1 Protein Family

  https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/8/3/277

  Data from the European Community show a prevalence of positive skin prick tests (SPT) using Alternaria and Cladosporium allergenic sources ranged from 0.2% to 14.4% in the adult general population (aged 20–44). […] In the USA, fungal sensitization of asthmatic patients revealed a prevalence of 80%. […] A. alternata is considered one of the most important fungal allergens worldwide and is associated with severe asthma and respiratory status. […] The Global Asthma and Allergy European Network (GA2LEN) is a consortium of leading European research centers specialized in allergic diseases, which include asthma. […] The GA2LEN initiative performed a study in 14 countries of the European Community (n = 3034) and showed a prevalence of sensitization to A. alternata of 9%, ranging from 2% in Finland to 23.8% in Greece. […] In the United States, the prevalence of A. alternata sensitization in the general population (aged 6 to 74 years) was about 13%. […] In Spain, this prevalence was estimated to be around 20%.

• #7 Fungal Allergen and Mold Allergy Diagnosis: Role and Relevance of Alternaria alternata Alt a 1 Protein Family

  https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/8/3/277

  Data from the European Community show a prevalence of positive skin prick tests (SPT) using Alternaria and Cladosporium allergenic sources ranged from 0.2% to 14.4% in the adult general population (aged 20–44). […] In the USA, fungal sensitization of asthmatic patients revealed a prevalence of 80%. […] A. alternata is considered one of the most important fungal allergens worldwide and is associated with severe asthma and respiratory status. […] The Global Asthma and Allergy European Network (GA2LEN) is a consortium of leading European research centers specialized in allergic diseases, which include asthma. […] The GA2LEN initiative performed a study in 14 countries of the European Community (n = 3034) and showed a prevalence of sensitization to A. alternata of 9%, ranging from 2% in Finland to 23.8% in Greece. […] In the United States, the prevalence of A. alternata sensitization in the general population (aged 6 to 74 years) was about 13%. […] In Spain, this prevalence was estimated to be around 20%.

• #8 Fungal Allergen and Mold Allergy Diagnosis: Role and Relevance of Alternaria alternata Alt a 1 Protein Family

  https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/8/3/277

  Data from the European Community show a prevalence of positive skin prick tests (SPT) using Alternaria and Cladosporium allergenic sources ranged from 0.2% to 14.4% in the adult general population (aged 20–44). […] In the USA, fungal sensitization of asthmatic patients revealed a prevalence of 80%. […] A. alternata is considered one of the most important fungal allergens worldwide and is associated with severe asthma and respiratory status. […] The Global Asthma and Allergy European Network (GA2LEN) is a consortium of leading European research centers specialized in allergic diseases, which include asthma. […] The GA2LEN initiative performed a study in 14 countries of the European Community (n = 3034) and showed a prevalence of sensitization to A. alternata of 9%, ranging from 2% in Finland to 23.8% in Greece. […] In the United States, the prevalence of A. alternata sensitization in the general population (aged 6 to 74 years) was about 13%. […] In Spain, this prevalence was estimated to be around 20%.

• #9 Who is most at risk for mold allergies? New study uncovers prevalence of mold allergies in the US | Labcorp

  https://www.labcorp.com/education-events/articles/mold-allergies-allergic-reactions-prevalence-US

  Mold can be found almost anywhere, but researchers are still learning about how common mold allergies are beyond a couple of well-known mold species (e.g., Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus fumigatus). […] According to the research paper, the study is the most comprehensive of its kind to date to assess the prevalence and distribution of mold allergies in the U.S. […] According to the studys results, high mold sensitivity appeared to be most common among men, teenagers and those with atopic dermatitis and asthma. Mold sensitivity was also higher in urban areas and in grasslands and prairies, which have drier climates and lower annual rainfall (e.g., Colorado, Oklahoma, Kansas, New Mexico). […] Identifying the specific mold type is important, as different types can introduce a variety of harmful immune responses. For example, researchers in the study noted a strong association between mold exposure and asthma symptoms, as well as a relationship between worsened asthma symptoms and house dampness (which can increase the risk of mold growth). A comprehensive allergy test profile design can help differentiate mold types and support allergy management and treatment, especially for those with asthma or atopic dermatitis, as well as people living in urban areas or grassland and prairie regions, where the risk of mold allergy appears to be higher.

• #10 Mold Allergy |

  https://asthmaandallergies.org/asthma-allergies/mold-allergy/

  Molds live everywhere. Disturbing a mold source can disperse mold spores into the air, triggering an allergic response in some people. […] Although there are many types of molds, only a few dozen are known to cause allergic reactions. Molds most likely to trigger an allergic response include the following: Alternaria, Aspergillus, Aureobasidium (Pullularia), Cladosporium (hormodendrum), Epicoccum, Fusarium, Helmin-thosporium, Mucor, Pencillium, Rhizopus. […] It is common for people to develop an allergy to one or more types of mold if they, or other family members, have a history of allergic responses to things such as pollen or animal dander. […] People in some occupations have more exposure to mold and are at greater risk of developing a mold allergy. These workers include: Farmers, Dairyworkers, Loggers, Bakers, Mill workers, Carpenters, Greenhouse employees, Winemakers, Furniture repairers.

• #11 Who is most at risk for mold allergies? New study uncovers prevalence of mold allergies in the US | Labcorp

  https://www.labcorp.com/education-events/articles/mold-allergies-allergic-reactions-prevalence-US

  Mold can be found almost anywhere, but researchers are still learning about how common mold allergies are beyond a couple of well-known mold species (e.g., Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus fumigatus). […] According to the research paper, the study is the most comprehensive of its kind to date to assess the prevalence and distribution of mold allergies in the U.S. […] According to the studys results, high mold sensitivity appeared to be most common among men, teenagers and those with atopic dermatitis and asthma. Mold sensitivity was also higher in urban areas and in grasslands and prairies, which have drier climates and lower annual rainfall (e.g., Colorado, Oklahoma, Kansas, New Mexico). […] Identifying the specific mold type is important, as different types can introduce a variety of harmful immune responses. For example, researchers in the study noted a strong association between mold exposure and asthma symptoms, as well as a relationship between worsened asthma symptoms and house dampness (which can increase the risk of mold growth). A comprehensive allergy test profile design can help differentiate mold types and support allergy management and treatment, especially for those with asthma or atopic dermatitis, as well as people living in urban areas or grassland and prairie regions, where the risk of mold allergy appears to be higher.

• #12 Fungal Allergen and Mold Allergy Diagnosis: Role and Relevance of Alternaria alternata Alt a 1 Protein Family

  https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/8/3/277

  Alternaria is a genus of worldwide fungi found in different habitats such as soil, the atmosphere, plants or indoor environments. […] A. alternata is considered one of the most important sources of fungal allergens worldwide and it is associated with severe asthma and respiratory status. […] There are several epidemiologic studies about fungal allergy prevalence, but the data vary according to the method of diagnosis. […] It is estimated that the prevalence of allergies to molds is about 3–10%, although the prevalence of fungal sensitization shows a wide geographical variability. […] Among the allergenic mold species, Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus fumigatus, Cladosporium herbarum and Penicillium notatum are the ones with the highest prevalence in allergic disease or sensitizations.

• #13 Mold Allergy |

  https://asthmaandallergies.org/asthma-allergies/mold-allergy/

  Molds live everywhere. Disturbing a mold source can disperse mold spores into the air, triggering an allergic response in some people. […] Although there are many types of molds, only a few dozen are known to cause allergic reactions. Molds most likely to trigger an allergic response include the following: Alternaria, Aspergillus, Aureobasidium (Pullularia), Cladosporium (hormodendrum), Epicoccum, Fusarium, Helmin-thosporium, Mucor, Pencillium, Rhizopus. […] It is common for people to develop an allergy to one or more types of mold if they, or other family members, have a history of allergic responses to things such as pollen or animal dander. […] People in some occupations have more exposure to mold and are at greater risk of developing a mold allergy. These workers include: Farmers, Dairyworkers, Loggers, Bakers, Mill workers, Carpenters, Greenhouse employees, Winemakers, Furniture repairers.

• #14 Mold Allergy |

  https://asthmaandallergies.org/asthma-allergies/mold-allergy/

  Molds live everywhere. Disturbing a mold source can disperse mold spores into the air, triggering an allergic response in some people. […] Although there are many types of molds, only a few dozen are known to cause allergic reactions. Molds most likely to trigger an allergic response include the following: Alternaria, Aspergillus, Aureobasidium (Pullularia), Cladosporium (hormodendrum), Epicoccum, Fusarium, Helmin-thosporium, Mucor, Pencillium, Rhizopus. […] It is common for people to develop an allergy to one or more types of mold if they, or other family members, have a history of allergic responses to things such as pollen or animal dander. […] People in some occupations have more exposure to mold and are at greater risk of developing a mold allergy. These workers include: Farmers, Dairyworkers, Loggers, Bakers, Mill workers, Carpenters, Greenhouse employees, Winemakers, Furniture repairers.

• #15

  https://www.wyndly.com/blogs/learn/epicoccum-mold-allergy?srsltid=AfmBOopuFmAKx3teKMxhzik70BuvZaAgkvWVvLDA3MAlOEXRkf9hMv5N

  Epicoccum mold allergy is not as common as other types of mold allergies but it’s still prevalent enough to cause significant discomfort to those affected. […] The prevalence of Epicoccum mold allergy is more complex. It depends on a combination of environmental factors, such as humidity and temperature, and individual factors like genetic predisposition and immune response. […] Understanding the epidemiology of Epicoccum can be key to formulating effective preventive measures and treatment options for those affected. […] The primary route of exposure to Epicoccum mold is through inhalation of airborne mold spores. […] This underlines the need for effective mold management strategies to minimize exposure and mitigate the risk of developing a mold allergy. […] Detection of Epicoccum mold allergy is typically done through a combination of a clinical examination, patient history, and specific allergy testing. […] Epicoccum mold allergy can be treated through a combination of medication, allergen avoidance strategies, and immunotherapy. […] Always consult a healthcare provider for personalized advice.

• #16 Mold Allergy – Symptoms, Prevention, and Treatment

  https://aafa.org/allergies/types-of-allergies/mold-allergy/

  Mold is also a common cause of allergy and asthma symptoms. […] Inhaling the spores causes allergic reactions in some people. […] If you have asthma and are allergic to mold, you may have allergic asthma. […] Mold allergy can cause an allergic reaction right away. […] Outdoor molds often cause allergy symptoms in summer and fall. […] Indoor molds may cause allergy symptoms year-round. […] To diagnose an allergy to mold or fungi, your doctor will take a complete medical history and do a physical exam. […] If they think you have a mold allergy, the doctor often will do allergy skin tests or a blood test. […] Common household molds are also linked to childhood asthma. […] To help you manage your asthma and allergies, it is important to reduce your exposure to mold. […] If your home has flooded, you need to act quickly to prevent mold. […] The presence of mold can affect your health.

• #17 Fungal Aeroallergens—The Impact of Climate Change

  https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/9/5/544

  The incidence of allergic diseases in the world is rapidly increasing, and according to the estimates of the World Allergy Organization (WAO), it ranges from 10–40%, depending on the country. In most developed countries, allergy affects over 20% of the population. […] The prevalence of respiratory allergy to fungi is not fully known. Still, it is estimated to affect about 20–30% of sensitive subjects (predisposed to allergies), or up to 6% of the general population. […] The occurrence of fungal spores in the air is seasonal. Their peak concentration is recorded mainly in summer due to the availability of nutrients in the soil, favorable temperature, and humidity and in early autumn when rainy days are followed by sunny, dry, and windy days. […] Allergy to fungi manifests itself as immediate type I hypersensitivity mediated by immunoglobulin E, and as type II, III, and IV reactions. […] The vast spectrum of clinical symptoms caused by fungal allergens includes rhinitis, conjunctivitis, urticaria, or atopic dermatitis. […] The increasing incidence of allergic respiratory diseases suggests the need for extension of diagnostics to include new species of fungi.

• #18 Mold Allergy – Allergy & Asthma Network

  https://allergyasthmanetwork.org/allergies/mold-allergy/

  For many people, exposure to mold causes no issues. But some people have allergic reactions to mold. The National Institutes of Health estimates that about 3-10% of people have a mold allergy. […] Mold spores are harmful to people with asthma. The small size of mold spores allows them to pass more easily into the lower airways, where they can trigger an asthma attack. Mold spores may also interact with other outdoor allergens and air pollution. This can increase the asthma risk from those substances. […] Yes, you can have an indoor mold allergy and outdoor mold allergy. If you are allergic to mold, you will need to learn where it grows and how to avoid it. […] Mold can become a significant problem if it remains undiscovered or unaddressed. Allergy symptoms can occur when mold is inhaled.

• #19 Mold and dampness exposure and allergic outcomes from birth to adolescence: data from the BAMSE cohort

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5434946/

  Exposure to moldy or damp indoor environments is associated with allergic disease in young children, but it is unclear whether the effects persist to adolescence. […] Exposure to any mold or dampness indicator was associated with asthma up to 16 years of age (OR 1.31; 95% CI 1.08-1.59), while exposure to mold odor (OR 1.29; 95% CI 1.03-1.62) and visible mold (OR 1.28; 95% CI 1.04-1.58) were associated with rhinitis. […] Exposure to any mold or dampness indicator was associated with persistent asthma (OR 1.73; 95% CI 1.20-2.50), but not with early-transient or late-onset asthma. […] Exposure to mold or dampness during infancy increased the risk of asthma and rhinitis up to 16 years of age, particularly for nonallergic disease. […] Exposure to any mold or dampness indicator primarily increases the risk of nonallergic asthma and rhinitis, which may speak in favor of irritative rather than allergic inflammatory changes in the airways.

• #20 Mold and dampness exposure and allergic outcomes from birth to adolescence: data from the BAMSE cohort

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5434946/

  Exposure to moldy or damp indoor environments is associated with allergic disease in young children, but it is unclear whether the effects persist to adolescence. […] Exposure to any mold or dampness indicator was associated with asthma up to 16 years of age (OR 1.31; 95% CI 1.08-1.59), while exposure to mold odor (OR 1.29; 95% CI 1.03-1.62) and visible mold (OR 1.28; 95% CI 1.04-1.58) were associated with rhinitis. […] Exposure to any mold or dampness indicator was associated with persistent asthma (OR 1.73; 95% CI 1.20-2.50), but not with early-transient or late-onset asthma. […] Exposure to mold or dampness during infancy increased the risk of asthma and rhinitis up to 16 years of age, particularly for nonallergic disease. […] Exposure to any mold or dampness indicator primarily increases the risk of nonallergic asthma and rhinitis, which may speak in favor of irritative rather than allergic inflammatory changes in the airways.

• #21 Mold and dampness exposure and allergic outcomes from birth to adolescence: data from the BAMSE cohort

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5434946/

  Exposure to moldy or damp indoor environments is associated with allergic disease in young children, but it is unclear whether the effects persist to adolescence. […] Exposure to any mold or dampness indicator was associated with asthma up to 16 years of age (OR 1.31; 95% CI 1.08-1.59), while exposure to mold odor (OR 1.29; 95% CI 1.03-1.62) and visible mold (OR 1.28; 95% CI 1.04-1.58) were associated with rhinitis. […] Exposure to any mold or dampness indicator was associated with persistent asthma (OR 1.73; 95% CI 1.20-2.50), but not with early-transient or late-onset asthma. […] Exposure to mold or dampness during infancy increased the risk of asthma and rhinitis up to 16 years of age, particularly for nonallergic disease. […] Exposure to any mold or dampness indicator primarily increases the risk of nonallergic asthma and rhinitis, which may speak in favor of irritative rather than allergic inflammatory changes in the airways.

• #22 Household mold exposure in association with childhood asthma and allergic rhinitis in a northwestern city and a southern city of China – Li – Journal of Thoracic Disease

  https://jtd.amegroups.org/article/view/64951/html

  There is abundant epidemiologic evidence on the association of dampness and mold exposure with various respiratory problems, including upper respiratory tract symptoms, chronic wheezing and cough, and development of asthma in children. […] Epidemiologic studies conducted in different climates have suggested that home dampness and mold may also increase the risk of allergic rhinitis in children. […] Most of the studies included in this review were conducted in the humid climate. There have been few studies available on dampness or mold and children’s rhinitis in cold and dry areas where dampness-related mold problems about the sources of water damage and window condensation are indeed common in the winter. […] The ISAAC phase two studies, involving 21 countries, found that residential mold exposure was associated with increased rhinitis among school children (812 years). […] The CCHH (China, Children, Homes, Health) study reported that mold odor was associated with asthma (OR =1.90) and allergic rhinitis (OR =1.251.44). […] Our findings suggest that breastfeeding may enhance asthma and allergic rhinitis risk of mold, but not substance allergy, in children.

• #23

  https://www.healio.com/news/allergy-asthma/20230127/indoor-visible-mold-associated-with-rhinitis-in-adults

  Exposure to visible mold indoors was significantly associated with increased risk for current rhinitis and allergic rhinitis, with stronger associations among patients who never had asthma, according to a letter published in Allergy. […] Researchers classified 61.6% of these participants as having current rhinitis, due to having had sneezing, runny nose or stuffy nose without any cold or flu in the previous 12 months, with 41.4% of those patients classified with allergic rhinitis following at least one positive skin prick test. […] Results showed that ever exposures (adjusted OR = 1.51; 95% CI, 1.1-2.08) and current exposures (aOR = 1.75; 95% CI, 1.18-2.6) to mold had significant associations with current rhinitis. […] Associations with allergic rhinitis were statistically significant for ever exposures (aOR = 1.8; 95% CI, 1.25-2.6) and current exposures (aOR = 2.01; 95% CI, 1.3-3.1) as well.

• #24

  https://www.healio.com/news/allergy-asthma/20230127/indoor-visible-mold-associated-with-rhinitis-in-adults

  Exposure to visible mold indoors was significantly associated with increased risk for current rhinitis and allergic rhinitis, with stronger associations among patients who never had asthma, according to a letter published in Allergy. […] Researchers classified 61.6% of these participants as having current rhinitis, due to having had sneezing, runny nose or stuffy nose without any cold or flu in the previous 12 months, with 41.4% of those patients classified with allergic rhinitis following at least one positive skin prick test. […] Results showed that ever exposures (adjusted OR = 1.51; 95% CI, 1.1-2.08) and current exposures (aOR = 1.75; 95% CI, 1.18-2.6) to mold had significant associations with current rhinitis. […] Associations with allergic rhinitis were statistically significant for ever exposures (aOR = 1.8; 95% CI, 1.25-2.6) and current exposures (aOR = 2.01; 95% CI, 1.3-3.1) as well.

• #25 Sniffing the Air for Mold | Tulane University News

  https://news.tulane.edu/news/sniffing-air-mold

  Although it resembles nothing so much as a UFO, the metal contraption atop the Deming Pavilion on Tulane’s downtown campus is actually part of serious science. Tulane University epidemiologist Felicia Rabito and her team are using a spore trap to collect air samples in New Orleans to find out if there is a relationship between environmental exposure and mold allergies in city residents. […] The Burkard trap is one of four in the area provided by Rabito’s collaborators in allergy and immunology at Ochsner Medical Foundation, which will be collecting air samples during this year and 2009. […] The samples will be sent to the Aerobiology Lab at the University of Tulsa, a certified pollen and mold counting station of the National Allergy Bureau. […] For the other half, the team is surveying between 1,200 and 1,500 people who have gone to allergy clinics at Ochsner for post-Katrina allergies. The team is particularly interested in people who were diagnosed with mold allergies and who have been living in or renovating flooded structures. […] The research question is whether we are seeing an increase in mold sensitization in those exposed to a greater amount of mold.

• #26

  https://www.wyndly.com/blogs/learn/epicoccum-mold-allergy?srsltid=AfmBOopuFmAKx3teKMxhzik70BuvZaAgkvWVvLDA3MAlOEXRkf9hMv5N

  Epicoccum mold allergy is not as common as other types of mold allergies but it’s still prevalent enough to cause significant discomfort to those affected. […] The prevalence of Epicoccum mold allergy is more complex. It depends on a combination of environmental factors, such as humidity and temperature, and individual factors like genetic predisposition and immune response. […] Understanding the epidemiology of Epicoccum can be key to formulating effective preventive measures and treatment options for those affected. […] The primary route of exposure to Epicoccum mold is through inhalation of airborne mold spores. […] This underlines the need for effective mold management strategies to minimize exposure and mitigate the risk of developing a mold allergy. […] Detection of Epicoccum mold allergy is typically done through a combination of a clinical examination, patient history, and specific allergy testing. […] Epicoccum mold allergy can be treated through a combination of medication, allergen avoidance strategies, and immunotherapy. […] Always consult a healthcare provider for personalized advice.

• #27

  https://journals.lww.com/environepidem/fulltext/2020/08000/quantitative_and_semiquantitative_estimates_of.4.aspx

  Previous epidemiologic studies of dampness and mold relied on metrics that did not fully assess exposure-response relationships. Our objective was to examine quantitative metrics of dampness and mold during infancy and respiratory health outcomes during childhood. […] Children residing in homes with 0.29 m2 of moisture damage were significantly more likely to have wheezing at age 3 and persistent wheeze through age 7 (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.2; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.0, 4.3 and aOR = 3.2; CI = 1.3, 7.5, respectively). Additionally, homes having 0.19 m2 of mold damage were associated with wheezing at age 3 and early transient wheeze assessed at age 7 (aOR = 2.9; CI = 1.3, 6.4 and aOR = 3.5; CI = 1.5, 8.2, respectively). […] Our data indicate that only the highest categories analyzed for mold (0.19 m2) and moisture damage (0.29 m2) in homes at age 1 were significantly associated with wheeze at ages 3 and 7; however, data below these levels were too sparse to assess the shape of the relationship or explore potential health-relevant thresholds.

• #28

  https://journals.lww.com/environepidem/fulltext/2020/08000/quantitative_and_semiquantitative_estimates_of.4.aspx

  Previous epidemiologic studies of dampness and mold relied on metrics that did not fully assess exposure-response relationships. Our objective was to examine quantitative metrics of dampness and mold during infancy and respiratory health outcomes during childhood. […] Children residing in homes with 0.29 m2 of moisture damage were significantly more likely to have wheezing at age 3 and persistent wheeze through age 7 (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.2; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.0, 4.3 and aOR = 3.2; CI = 1.3, 7.5, respectively). Additionally, homes having 0.19 m2 of mold damage were associated with wheezing at age 3 and early transient wheeze assessed at age 7 (aOR = 2.9; CI = 1.3, 6.4 and aOR = 3.5; CI = 1.5, 8.2, respectively). […] Our data indicate that only the highest categories analyzed for mold (0.19 m2) and moisture damage (0.29 m2) in homes at age 1 were significantly associated with wheeze at ages 3 and 7; however, data below these levels were too sparse to assess the shape of the relationship or explore potential health-relevant thresholds.

• #29

  https://journals.lww.com/environepidem/fulltext/2020/08000/quantitative_and_semiquantitative_estimates_of.4.aspx

  We found significant associations of persistent wheeze with both moisture and mold damage areas. […] We found that the odds of age 3 wheeze almost tripled (aOR = 2.9) when the home had high levels of mold (0.19 m2) compared with no mold and almost doubled (aOR = 2.2) when the home had high levels of moisture damage (0.29 m2). […] The categorical variable findings suggested there may be a specific threshold associated with increased risk of wheezing or asthma and the threshold could possibly occur between the third and fourth quartile (0.0065-0.19 m2 for mold damage and 0.093-0.29 m2 for moisture damage); however, this study did not specifically determine where or if such thresholds occur. […] While the highest categories used in these analyses (0.19 m2 mold damage and 0.29 m2 moisture damage) were associated with significantly and substantially increased wheezing, we would not suggest using these values as health-relevant thresholds.

• #30 Guidance for Healthcare-Associated Mold Outbreaks | Fungal Diseases | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/php/guidance-investigating-outbreaks/mold-healthcare.html

  Invasive mold infections can affect people with weakened immune systems, such as organ or stem cell transplant recipients. Although rare, mold outbreaks can occur in healthcare facilities causing severe illness and death among patients. […] Two common types of healthcare-associated invasive mold infections include mucormycosis and aspergillosis. Depending on the organism and patient characteristics, death rates can be more than 50%. […] Notify the local or state health department immediately when healthcare personnel suspect a mold infection cluster. Do not wait for laboratory confirmation to report a cluster or outbreak. Laboratory confirmation for some molds takes longer than it would for many other fungi. […] Consider reporting and beginning investigations for suspected mold outbreaks if either of the following are observed: A cluster of invasive mold infections above the facility’s baseline rate. Cases with onset 1 week after admission.

• #31 Guidance for Healthcare-Associated Mold Outbreaks | Fungal Diseases | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/php/guidance-investigating-outbreaks/mold-healthcare.html

  Invasive mold infections can affect people with weakened immune systems, such as organ or stem cell transplant recipients. Although rare, mold outbreaks can occur in healthcare facilities causing severe illness and death among patients. […] Two common types of healthcare-associated invasive mold infections include mucormycosis and aspergillosis. Depending on the organism and patient characteristics, death rates can be more than 50%. […] Notify the local or state health department immediately when healthcare personnel suspect a mold infection cluster. Do not wait for laboratory confirmation to report a cluster or outbreak. Laboratory confirmation for some molds takes longer than it would for many other fungi. […] Consider reporting and beginning investigations for suspected mold outbreaks if either of the following are observed: A cluster of invasive mold infections above the facility’s baseline rate. Cases with onset 1 week after admission.

• #32 Guidance for Healthcare-Associated Mold Outbreaks | Fungal Diseases | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/php/guidance-investigating-outbreaks/mold-healthcare.html

  Determining whether a cluster of mold infections (i.e., a suspected outbreak) represents a true outbreak can be difficult for several reasons: Diagnosing a case often requires multiple methods (e.g., culture, histopathology, serologic testing, PCR). Case numbers are often small, making it difficult to tell if infection rates are truly above baseline. The incubation period for most mold infections is unclear. Infections beginning 1 week after admission should be suspected. […] Notify patients at highest risk for severe mold infections as soon as a cluster or outbreak are suspected. Patients at high risk include transplant recipients and patients with hematologic malignancies. […] CDC works closely with local and state health departments to help identify, investigate, and contain fungal outbreaks. Public health officials, healthcare facilities, and laboratories can request CDC assistance with fungal diagnostics and epidemiologic investigations by emailing [email protected].

• #33 Observational Epidemiology and Indoor Mold Exposure: An Outbreak Investigation

  https://apha.confex.com/apha/131am/techprogram/paper_57770.htm

  Unusual indoor mold exposures have been associated with both irritant symptoms and allergic respiratory disease. […] A cross sectional questionnaire study was used to investigate self-reported symptom and disease prevalence in the problem building and a nearby county owned building selected as a comparison. […] After establishing a case definition for respiratory illness, risk for respiratory problems due to exposure to mold and water damage was estimated to be 3 to 4 times background. Clinical evaluations supported the diagnosis of new onset allergic respiratory disease among building occupants.

• #34 Observational Epidemiology and Indoor Mold Exposure: An Outbreak Investigation

  https://apha.confex.com/apha/131am/techprogram/paper_57770.htm

  Unusual indoor mold exposures have been associated with both irritant symptoms and allergic respiratory disease. […] A cross sectional questionnaire study was used to investigate self-reported symptom and disease prevalence in the problem building and a nearby county owned building selected as a comparison. […] After establishing a case definition for respiratory illness, risk for respiratory problems due to exposure to mold and water damage was estimated to be 3 to 4 times background. Clinical evaluations supported the diagnosis of new onset allergic respiratory disease among building occupants.

• #35 Household mold exposure in association with childhood asthma and allergic rhinitis in a northwestern city and a southern city of China – Li – Journal of Thoracic Disease

  https://jtd.amegroups.org/article/view/64951/html

  The prevalence of asthma and allergic diseases has increased rapidly in Chinese cities over the past decades. Few studies have examined the potential role of household mold in asthma and allergies in Chinese cities. […] The prevalence rates of asthma, substance allergy, allergic rhinitis, and mold, were all higher in Wuhan than in Lanzhou. We observed significant associations of household mold with increased prevalence for both asthma [odds ratio (OR) =2.399, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.3094.398], substance allergy (OR =1.729, 95% CI: 1.2822.332) and allergic rhinitis (OR =1.969, 95% CI: 1.4912.600), with spatial heterogeneity across urban versus suburban schools. The mold effect was modified by age group and breast-feeding status. […] Across two climatically distinct cities, household mold exposure was significantly associated with an increased risk for asthma and allergies. Younger children and children from the suburbs were more likely to be affected by mold.

• #36 Mold and dampness exposure and allergic outcomes from birth to adolescence: data from the BAMSE cohort

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5434946/

  Exposure to moldy or damp indoor environments is associated with allergic disease in young children, but it is unclear whether the effects persist to adolescence. […] Exposure to any mold or dampness indicator was associated with asthma up to 16 years of age (OR 1.31; 95% CI 1.08-1.59), while exposure to mold odor (OR 1.29; 95% CI 1.03-1.62) and visible mold (OR 1.28; 95% CI 1.04-1.58) were associated with rhinitis. […] Exposure to any mold or dampness indicator was associated with persistent asthma (OR 1.73; 95% CI 1.20-2.50), but not with early-transient or late-onset asthma. […] Exposure to mold or dampness during infancy increased the risk of asthma and rhinitis up to 16 years of age, particularly for nonallergic disease. […] Exposure to any mold or dampness indicator primarily increases the risk of nonallergic asthma and rhinitis, which may speak in favor of irritative rather than allergic inflammatory changes in the airways.

• #37 Indoor exposure to molds and allergic sensitization.

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1240910/

  Evidence that indoor dampness and mold growth are associated with respiratory health has been accumulating, but few studies have been able to examine health risks in relation to measured levels of indoor mold exposure. […] In particular, little is known about the contribution of indoor molds to the development of allergic sensitization. […] We examined whether allergic sensitization in children is associated with higher fungal spore count in settled house dust sampled from living room floors. […] We found that mold spore counts for Cladosporium and Aspergillus were associated with an increased risk of allergic sensitization. […] Sensitized children exposed to high levels of mold spores (90th percentile) were more likely to suffer from symptoms of rhinoconjunctivitis. […] We conclude that elevated indoor concentrations of molds in wintertime might play a role in increasing the risk of developing atopic symptoms and allergic sensitization not only to molds but also to other common, inhaled allergens. […] These effects were strongest in the group of children who had lived in the same home since birth.

• #38 Indoor exposure to molds and allergic sensitization.

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1240910/

  Evidence that indoor dampness and mold growth are associated with respiratory health has been accumulating, but few studies have been able to examine health risks in relation to measured levels of indoor mold exposure. […] In particular, little is known about the contribution of indoor molds to the development of allergic sensitization. […] We examined whether allergic sensitization in children is associated with higher fungal spore count in settled house dust sampled from living room floors. […] We found that mold spore counts for Cladosporium and Aspergillus were associated with an increased risk of allergic sensitization. […] Sensitized children exposed to high levels of mold spores (90th percentile) were more likely to suffer from symptoms of rhinoconjunctivitis. […] We conclude that elevated indoor concentrations of molds in wintertime might play a role in increasing the risk of developing atopic symptoms and allergic sensitization not only to molds but also to other common, inhaled allergens. […] These effects were strongest in the group of children who had lived in the same home since birth.

• #39

  https://www.iowaallergyclinic.com/blog/mold-allergy-understanding-the-symptoms-impact-and-solutions

  While most people associate mold with damp spring and summer conditions, winter poses unique risks. Indoor mold growth can occur as we seal our homes to keep out the cold, creating the perfect environment for mold growth, especially in basements, bathrooms, and poorly ventilated spaces. Understanding these triggers can help you better prepare for mold management during the colder months. Effective mold management requires a proactive approach, including controlling humidity levels, improving ventilation, addressing leaks promptly, cleaning smartly, and conducting regular inspections. If symptoms persist despite these efforts, consulting a specialist is essential. […] At Iowa Allergy, we understand the challenges mold allergy presents and offer personalized care to help you breathe easier. We use advanced diagnostics to confirm mold allergy and identify specific triggers. From immunotherapy to medication management, we tailor solutions to your needs. Seasonal consultations ensure your symptoms remain under control, even during challenging winter months. Don’t let mold allergy affect your health or quality of life. Whether it’s preventing indoor mold growth, addressing symptoms, or finding professional care, you have the power to take action.

• #40 More Mold Allergies After Katrina? | Tulane University News

  https://news.tulane.edu/news/more-mold-allergies-after-katrina

  Researchers at the Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine have determined that there is no excess risk of adverse respiratory health problems for residents living in post-Katrina New Orleans. […] We undertook the study because there was tremendous concern about potential health effects associated with exposure to mold/dampness as a result of widespread exposure after Katrina, says Felicia Rabito, associate professor of epidemiology, who headed the investigation. […] Rabito and her team of epidemiologists undertook the study to determine if residents living in New Orleans following the devastation of Hurricane Katrina were at higher risk for allergic mold sensitization. […] The study found, however, that their mold sensitivity rates did not appear to differ between those exposed to mold and those not exposed. In addition, their mold sensitivity rates are not different from that of the U.S. population at large, Rabito says. […] Although there may be populations uniquely sensitive, the implications of this study and findings from our previous research are that in terms of respiratory health, it appears that there is no lasting effect of Katrina, Rabito says.

• #41 Mold and dampness exposure and allergic outcomes from birth to adolescence: data from the BAMSE cohort

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5434946/

  Exposure to moldy or damp indoor environments is associated with allergic disease in young children, but it is unclear whether the effects persist to adolescence. […] Exposure to any mold or dampness indicator was associated with asthma up to 16 years of age (OR 1.31; 95% CI 1.08-1.59), while exposure to mold odor (OR 1.29; 95% CI 1.03-1.62) and visible mold (OR 1.28; 95% CI 1.04-1.58) were associated with rhinitis. […] Exposure to any mold or dampness indicator was associated with persistent asthma (OR 1.73; 95% CI 1.20-2.50), but not with early-transient or late-onset asthma. […] Exposure to mold or dampness during infancy increased the risk of asthma and rhinitis up to 16 years of age, particularly for nonallergic disease. […] Exposure to any mold or dampness indicator primarily increases the risk of nonallergic asthma and rhinitis, which may speak in favor of irritative rather than allergic inflammatory changes in the airways.

• #42 Fungal Aeroallergens—The Impact of Climate Change

  https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/9/5/544

  The incidence of allergic diseases in the world is rapidly increasing, and according to the estimates of the World Allergy Organization (WAO), it ranges from 10–40%, depending on the country. In most developed countries, allergy affects over 20% of the population. […] The prevalence of respiratory allergy to fungi is not fully known. Still, it is estimated to affect about 20–30% of sensitive subjects (predisposed to allergies), or up to 6% of the general population. […] The occurrence of fungal spores in the air is seasonal. Their peak concentration is recorded mainly in summer due to the availability of nutrients in the soil, favorable temperature, and humidity and in early autumn when rainy days are followed by sunny, dry, and windy days. […] Allergy to fungi manifests itself as immediate type I hypersensitivity mediated by immunoglobulin E, and as type II, III, and IV reactions. […] The vast spectrum of clinical symptoms caused by fungal allergens includes rhinitis, conjunctivitis, urticaria, or atopic dermatitis. […] The increasing incidence of allergic respiratory diseases suggests the need for extension of diagnostics to include new species of fungi.

• #43 Who is most at risk for mold allergies? New study uncovers prevalence of mold allergies in the US | Labcorp

  https://www.labcorp.com/education-events/articles/mold-allergies-allergic-reactions-prevalence-US

  Mold can be found almost anywhere, but researchers are still learning about how common mold allergies are beyond a couple of well-known mold species (e.g., Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus fumigatus). […] According to the research paper, the study is the most comprehensive of its kind to date to assess the prevalence and distribution of mold allergies in the U.S. […] According to the studys results, high mold sensitivity appeared to be most common among men, teenagers and those with atopic dermatitis and asthma. Mold sensitivity was also higher in urban areas and in grasslands and prairies, which have drier climates and lower annual rainfall (e.g., Colorado, Oklahoma, Kansas, New Mexico). […] Identifying the specific mold type is important, as different types can introduce a variety of harmful immune responses. For example, researchers in the study noted a strong association between mold exposure and asthma symptoms, as well as a relationship between worsened asthma symptoms and house dampness (which can increase the risk of mold growth). A comprehensive allergy test profile design can help differentiate mold types and support allergy management and treatment, especially for those with asthma or atopic dermatitis, as well as people living in urban areas or grassland and prairie regions, where the risk of mold allergy appears to be higher.

• #44

  https://www.iowaallergyclinic.com/blog/mold-allergy-understanding-the-symptoms-impact-and-solutions

  While most people associate mold with damp spring and summer conditions, winter poses unique risks. Indoor mold growth can occur as we seal our homes to keep out the cold, creating the perfect environment for mold growth, especially in basements, bathrooms, and poorly ventilated spaces. Understanding these triggers can help you better prepare for mold management during the colder months. Effective mold management requires a proactive approach, including controlling humidity levels, improving ventilation, addressing leaks promptly, cleaning smartly, and conducting regular inspections. If symptoms persist despite these efforts, consulting a specialist is essential. […] At Iowa Allergy, we understand the challenges mold allergy presents and offer personalized care to help you breathe easier. We use advanced diagnostics to confirm mold allergy and identify specific triggers. From immunotherapy to medication management, we tailor solutions to your needs. Seasonal consultations ensure your symptoms remain under control, even during challenging winter months. Don’t let mold allergy affect your health or quality of life. Whether it’s preventing indoor mold growth, addressing symptoms, or finding professional care, you have the power to take action.

• #45 Mold Allergy – Allergy & Asthma Network

  https://allergyasthmanetwork.org/allergies/mold-allergy/

  Mold allergy treatments include over-the-counter antihistamines, decongestants and intranasal corticosteroids. These common allergy medications can relieve symptoms of runny nose, congestion and itchy and watery eyes. […] One of the best treatments for any allergy is prevention. Limit your exposure to mold and avoid anything known to trigger symptoms. If avoidance is not possible, discuss treatment options with your doctor or allergist.

• #46

  https://journals.lww.com/environepidem/fulltext/2020/08000/quantitative_and_semiquantitative_estimates_of.4.aspx

  The highest categories analyzed for both variables, moisture damage (0.29 m2) and mold damage (0.19 m2), had significant associations with negative health outcomes; however, data below these levels were too sparse to support health-relevant thresholds. […] Many studies have explored the role of indoor mold and dampness on adverse respiratory health effects, including asthma development, asthma exacerbation, and respiratory illnesses. […] Many epidemiologic studies have used dichotomous metrics of visible mold or of surrogate measures like (1 3)–D-glucan levels and did not adequately assess dose-response relationships. […] Research is needed to clarify the dose-response relationships and identify whether or not a possible threshold exists that may that can be easily used in the field and provide helpful information to the public.

• #47 Breathing Easy: Treating Allergic Rhinitis | Science-Based Medicine

  https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/breathing-easy-treating-allergic-rhinitis/

  Allergic rhinitis is triggered when the immune system reacts to otherwise harmless airborne substances, such as pollen, dust mites, mold spores, or pet dander. […] The prevalence is increasing, which is attributed in part to climate change causing longer pollen seasons and higher pollen counts. […] Seasonal allergens include pollens from grasses, trees, and weeds, while year-round (perennial) triggers tend to be from indoor exposures to substances such as dust mites, mould spores, pet dander, and (shudder) cockroach droppings. […] Allergic rhinitis is usually suggested if triggers are identified. […] Overall, given the effectiveness of non-drug therapies like saline sprays and rinses, it’s possible to address some cases of allergic rhinitis without medication (or alternative medicines) at all.

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