Alergia na lateks
Epidemiologia

Alergia na naturalny lateks kauczukowy (NRLA) stanowi istotny problem zdrowia publicznego, szczególnie wśród pracowników ochrony zdrowia oraz pacjentów poddawanych wielokrotnym zabiegom chirurgicznym, zwłaszcza z rozszczepem kręgosłupa. Epidemiologia wskazuje na częstość występowania alergii na lateks na poziomie około 4,3% w populacji ogólnej, 9,7% wśród personelu medycznego oraz 7,2% w grupach podatnych pacjentów. Czynniki ryzyka obejmują wielokrotną ekspozycję na lateks, predyspozycje genetyczne, atopię, a także specyficzne wady rozwojowe. Diagnostyka opiera się na szczegółowym wywiadzie, badaniu fizykalnym oraz testach alergicznych, w tym testach skórnych i oznaczeniu poziomu IgE specyficznych dla lateksu. Wysoka częstość uczulenia (do 30,4% w grupach wysokiego ryzyka) podkreśla konieczność wdrożenia skutecznych strategii nadzoru zdrowotnego i profilaktyki, zwłaszcza w środowiskach medycznych o dużej ekspozycji na lateks.

  1. Epidemia alergii na lateks
  2. Czynniki ryzyka alergii na lateks
    1. Czynniki genetyczne i płeć
  3. Częstotliwość występowania alergii na lateks
    1. Populacja ogólna
    2. Pracownicy ochrony zdrowia
    3. Pacjenci z grupy wysokiego ryzyka
  4. Nadzór i monitorowanie alergii na lateks
    1. Metody diagnozowania alergii na lateks
  5. Zapobieganie i trendy epidemiologiczne
    1. Strategie zarządzania w krajach rozwijających się
  6. Wnioski i perspektywy
    1. Kolejne rozdziały

Epidemia alergii na lateks

Alergia na lateks (alergia na naturalny lateks kauczukowy, NRLA) stała się istotnym problemem zdrowia publicznego na przełomie lat 80. i 90. XX wieku, co wiązało się z wprowadzeniem uniwersalnych środków ostrożności w placówkach medycznych w celu zapobiegania przenoszeniu chorób zakaźnych, takich jak HIV/AIDS i wirusowe zapalenie wątroby typu B.12 Przed tym okresem rękawiczki lateksowe były rutynowo stosowane w chirurgii od 1920 roku, ale nie były powszechnie używane w innych obszarach opieki nad pacjentem aż do późnych lat 80.34 Nagły wzrost stosowania rękawiczek lateksowych, szczególnie pudrowanych, doprowadził do znacznego wzrostu przypadków uczulenia na lateks, co określono mianem „epidemii alergii na lateks”.5

Pierwszy udokumentowany przypadek anafilaksji wywołanej przez lateks został zgłoszony w 1979 roku, a alergia na lateks została po raz pierwszy rozpoznana w późnych latach 70. XX wieku.67 Od tego czasu stała się ona poważnym problemem zdrowotnym, szczególnie dla pracowników ochrony zdrowia, którzy są narażeni na częsty kontakt z produktami zawierającymi lateks.8 W latach 1988-1992 amerykańska Agencja ds. Żywności i Leków (FDA) otrzymała ponad 1000 zgłoszeń o niepożądanych skutkach zdrowotnych związanych z ekspozycją na lateks, w tym 15 zgonów.9

Czynniki ryzyka alergii na lateks

Istnieje kilka dobrze udokumentowanych czynników ryzyka uczulenia na lateks. Ryzyko rozwoju alergii na lateks jest ściśle związane ze stopniem ekspozycji na ten alergen.10 Główne grupy ryzyka obejmują:1112

Należy podkreślić, że wielokrotna ekspozycja na lateks, zwykle trwająca kilka lat, jest niezbędna, aby układ odpornościowy osoby stał się wrażliwy. Im częściej organizm ma kontakt z lateksem, tym większa szansa, że go rozpozna i zareaguje na niego.26 Osoby z historią więcej niż pięciu operacji mają wyższe ryzyko wystąpienia uczulenia na lateks.27

Czynniki genetyczne i płeć

Badania sugerują możliwy komponent genetyczny w rozwoju alergii na lateks. Zaobserwowano, że częstość występowania alergii na lateks w niektórych krajach azjatyckich, gdzie nie wdrożono w pełni polityki dotyczącej bezpudrowych rękawiczek lateksowych, była podobna do tej w krajach zachodnich po wdrożeniu takiej polityki (2-6,8%), co może wskazywać na rolę czynników genetycznych.28

Kobiety są około trzy razy bardziej narażone na alergie na lateks niż mężczyźni. Możliwymi czynnikami ryzyka dla populacji żeńskiej są zwiększone zatrudnienie w zawodach wysokiego ryzyka oraz zwiększone uwalnianie histaminy powodowane przez hormony żeńskie.29

Częstotliwość występowania alergii na lateks

Populacja ogólna

Alergia na lateks jest stosunkowo rzadka w populacji ogólnej w porównaniu z grupami wysokiego ryzyka. Szacuje się, że średnia światowa częstość występowania alergii na lateks wśród populacji ogólnej wynosi około 4,3%.303132 W Stanach Zjednoczonych między 1% a 6% populacji ogólnej ma alergię na lateks; badania poziomu przeciwciał we krwi sugerują, że od 2,7 miliona do 16 milionów Amerykanów jest dotkniętych jakąś formą wrażliwości na lateks.33

W krajach, gdzie wdrożono publiczne środki zdrowotne w celu zmniejszenia uczulenia, wskaźnik ten spadł poniżej 1% w populacji ogólnej.3435 Jednak w krajach rozwijających się i na obszarach, gdzie nie wdrożono polityki zapobiegania, alergia na lateks nadal stanowi poważny problem zdrowia publicznego.36

Pracownicy ochrony zdrowia

Pracownicy ochrony zdrowia stanowią grupę zawodową najbardziej dotkniętą alergią na lateks ze względu na częste używanie rękawiczek lateksowych.37 Obecna światowa częstość występowania alergii na lateks i uczulenia wśród pracowników ochrony zdrowia wynosi odpowiednio 9,7% i 12,4%.383940

W szczycie epidemii alergii na lateks nawet do 17% pracowników ochrony zdrowia było uczulonych na lateks, co powodowało ogromne straty dla służby zdrowia.41 Szacuje się, że 8-12% pracowników ochrony zdrowia jest wrażliwych na lateks.42

Zagregowana analiza 11 badań epidemiologicznych opublikowanych między 2006 a 2015 rokiem, obejmująca badania z różnych krajów (również krajów rozwijających się), wykazała znacznie niższą, ale nadal znaczącą częstość występowania uczulenia na lateks (5,1%) i alergii na lateks (4,2%) wśród personelu medycznego.43

Najwyższą częstość występowania objawowych pracowników stwierdzono na salach operacyjnych, a następnie na oddziałach intensywnej terapii, w pracowniach endoskopowych i na oddziale ratunkowym.44

Pacjenci z grupy wysokiego ryzyka

Najwyższe ryzyko występuje u pacjentów poddawanych powtarzanym zabiegom chirurgicznym (takim jak pacjenci z rozszczepem kręgosłupa).45 Obecna częstość występowania alergii na lateks i uczulenia wśród podatnych pacjentów wynosi odpowiednio 7,2% i 30,4%.4647

Szczególnie wysoka częstość występowania uczulenia na lateks została zgłoszona u pediatrycznych pacjentów z rozszczepem kręgosłupa, wahająca się od 26% do 47,9%.48 Według niektórych badań częstość występowania wrażliwości na lateks wśród pediatrycznej populacji z rozszczepem kręgosłupa wynosiła między 40% a 65%.49

Częstość występowania uczulenia wynosi 12,5% wśród anestezjologów, 18-37% wśród osób, które przeszły wiele zabiegów chirurgicznych i 34-67% wśród dzieci z wadami układu nerwowego.50

Nadzór i monitorowanie alergii na lateks

Ze względu na ryzyko wystąpienia zapalenia skóry i astmy związanych z używaniem rękawiczek lateksowych, odpowiedni nadzór zdrowotny jest konieczny.51 Zakres i szczegółowość nadzoru zdrowotnego są związane ze stopniem ryzyka.52

Minimalne wymagania dotyczące nadzoru zdrowotnego dla wszystkich użytkowników bezpudrowych rękawiczek o niskiej zawartości białka obejmują wypełnienie kwestionariusza zdrowia zawodowego przy zatrudnieniu w celu identyfikacji użytkowników rękawiczek lateksowych, a także osób o wyższym ryzyku alergii na lateks.53

Wyższy poziom nadzoru zdrowotnego może być konieczny dla pracowników uważanych za osoby o wysokim ryzyku rozwoju uczulenia. Obejmowałoby to okresową ocenę przez doradcę ds. zdrowia zawodowego.54

W badaniu przeprowadzonym we Włoszech stwierdzono, że kwestionariusz okazał się bardzo czułą, ale niespecyficzną procedurą identyfikacji uczulonych pracowników.55 Pomimo braku specyficzności, zwalidowane kwestionariusze stanowią najbardziej użyteczny środek do wdrożenia nadzoru zdrowotnego i zapobiegania chorobom związanym z lateksem wśród pracowników ochrony zdrowia.56

Metody diagnozowania alergii na lateks

Alergia na lateks jest diagnozowana za pomocą różnych testów, w tym:57

  • Historia medyczna – najważniejszy aspekt diagnozowania każdego rodzaju alergii na lateks58
  • Badanie fizykalne
  • Testy alergiczne, w tym testy skórne punktowe
  • Testy krwi – badanie poziomu przeciwciał IgE

Lekarz może podejrzewać alergię na lateks na podstawie objawów oraz opisu ich wystąpienia przez osobę, szczególnie jeśli jest to pracownik ochrony zdrowia.59

Zapobieganie i trendy epidemiologiczne

Zapobieganie pierwotne alergii na lateks oznacza zmniejszenie ekspozycji na lateks naturalny, aby zapobiec uczuleniu u podatnych pracowników i populacji zagrożonych.6061 Od 1999 roku zastąpienie pudrowanych rękawiczek lateksowych bezpudrowymi sterylnymi rękawiczkami lateksowymi na salach operacyjnych spowodowało znaczny spadek liczby nowych przypadków uczulenia na lateks.6263

Wdrażając środki zapobiegawcze od urodzenia u dzieci z rozszczepem kręgosłupa, w porównaniu z kontrolą historyczną, stwierdzono, że częstość występowania uczulenia na lateks zmniejszyła się.64 Podobnie, obserwuje się stopniowy spadek uczulenia wśród pracowników ochrony zdrowia w ostatnich dziesięcioleciach, po wprowadzeniu środków zapobiegawczych.65

W 2020 roku Raulf podkreśliła, że większość badań wykazujących spadek częstości występowania uczulenia na lateks po wprowadzeniu bezpudrowych rękawiczek lateksowych przeprowadzono wśród pracowników ochrony zdrowia w wysoko uprzemysłowionych krajach (Europa i Ameryka Północna).6667 Natomiast w krajach rozwijających się i na obszarach, gdzie nie wdrożono polityki zapobiegania pierwotnego, alergia na lateks nadal stanowi poważny problem zdrowia publicznego.6869

W krajach, gdzie wdrożono odpowiednie środki zapobiegawcze, częstość występowania alergii na lateks spadła z 3%-9,5% w latach 90. do mniej niż 1% w populacji ogólnej.70 Jednak problem nadal istnieje w krajach trzeciego świata, gdzie nadal używa się pudrowanych rękawiczek lateksowych, ponieważ są tańsze niż alternatywy bez lateksu.71

Strategie zarządzania w krajach rozwijających się

W krajach rozwijających się, gdzie wdrożenie zakazu może nie być wykonalne, bardziej odpowiednie mogą być następujące środki:72

  • Wdrażanie programów edukacyjnych w celu zwiększenia świadomości
  • Systemy badań przesiewowych i nadzoru w celu identyfikacji personelu medycznego, który może być narażony na wyższe ryzyko rozwoju alergii na lateks
  • Zarządzanie przypadkami pracowników z alergią na lateks

Autorzy międzynarodowych wytycznych uważają, że międzynarodowe wezwanie do zwiększenia świadomości na temat alergii na lateks przez światową populację może pomóc w złagodzeniu ryzyka wzrostu zapadalności na alergię na lateks.7374

Wnioski i perspektywy

Pomimo wysiłków podjętych w ciągu ostatnich dziesięcioleci w celu złagodzenia konsekwencji alergii na lateks, choroba ta nadal stanowi poważny problem zdrowotny, szczególnie w krajach rozwijających się.75 Choć w wielu krajach rozwiniętych częstość występowania alergii na lateks znacznie spadła dzięki wdrożeniu środków zapobiegawczych, produkty zawierające lateks są nadal powszechne, a alergia na lateks pozostaje wysoce rozpowszechnionym ryzykiem zdrowotnym w wielu zawodach i dla populacji ogólnej.76

W porównaniu z danymi opublikowanymi na początku XXI wieku, analiza obecnej częstości występowania alergii na lateks sugeruje, że wysoka częstość występowania alergii na lateks utrzymuje się wśród pracowników ochrony zdrowia, podatnych pacjentów i populacji ogólnej na całym świecie (odpowiednio 9,7%, 7,2% i 4,3%).77

Zarządzanie grupami ryzyka alergii na lateks i pracownikami ochrony zdrowia opiera się na procesie krok po kroku, obejmującym cztery możliwe strategie: środki zapobiegawcze, leczenie objawowe, immunoterapię i terapię anty-IgE.78

Potrzebne są zaktualizowane dane dotyczące rzeczywistej zapadalności i częstości występowania wśród osób z rozszczepem kręgosłupa oraz porównanie z innymi potencjalnie zagrożonymi populacjami (tj. pielęgniarkami, pracownikami obsługi środowiskowej i innymi osobami, które rutynowo korzystają z produktów lateksowych).79

Alergia na lateks pozostaje ważnym stanem z perspektywy epidemiologicznej ze względu na szeroki zakres produktów zawierających lateks i wyzwania, przed którymi stoi wiele krajów w przyjmowaniu skutecznych środków zapobiegawczych.80

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  1. 17.04.2026
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Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Latex Allergy Information
    https://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/indoors/food_safety/latex/
    Latex allergy reactions occur more frequently in high-risk professions due to increased exposure to latex products. […] It is difficult to determine just how widespread a problem latex allergy may be. Less than 1 percent of the general population is reported to have a reaction to latex. Despite this, more than 1,700 cases of latex allergy have been reported to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) since 1988. […] The increase in latex allergies is believed to be linked to the dramatic increase in latex glove use since the introduction of universal precautions in health care settings to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS and hepatitis B. […] Hospitals and health care facilities are beginning to create latex-safe treatment areas and surgical suites to accommodate people who are allergic to latex.
  • #2 An Analysis of the Epidemiology of Latex Allergy: Implications for Primary Prevention – Document – Gale Academic OneFile
    https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA63132943&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=fulltext&issn=10920811&p=AONE&sw=w
    The prevalence of latex allergy is escalating due to increased latex glove use following the institution of universal precautions. […] The purpose of this article is to review research pertaining to latex allergy, summarize national guidelines relating to latex allergy, and discuss the implications for nursing practice, education, and public policy.
  • #3 Latex Allergy: Current Status and Future Perspectives
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7532063/
    Data analysis from limited studies suggests that the current average latex allergy prevalence among the general population worldwide is 4.3%. […] Although the use of latex gloves in surgery became routine after 1920, gloves were not consistently used in other areas of patient care until the late 1980s. […] For these reasons, in the late 1980s and 1990s there was a considerable increase in latex allergy. […] The aim of this review is to underline the epidemiological, clinical and diagnostic aspects of natural rubber latex allergy (NRLA), and to carry out a complete and large review of the literature on NRLA management. […] The management of groups at risk for latex allergy and HCWs is based on a step-by-step process through four possible strategies: preventive measures, symptomatic treatment, immunotherapy and anti-IgE therapy.
  • #4 Latex Allergy: Current Status and Future Perspectives | JAA
    https://www.dovepress.com/latex-allergy-current-status-and-future-perspectives-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JAA
    Although the use of latex gloves in surgery became routine after 1920, gloves were not consistently used in other areas of patient care until the late 1980s. […] For these reasons, in the late 1980s and 1990s there was a considerable increase in latex allergy. […] The aim of this review is to underline the epidemiological, clinical and diagnostic aspects of natural rubber latex allergy (NRLA), and to carry out a complete and large review of the literature on NRLA management. […] The management of groups at risk for latex allergy and HCWs is based on a step-by-step process through four possible strategies: preventive measures, symptomatic treatment, immunotherapy and anti-IgE therapy. […] Primary prevention of latex allergy (NRL) means the reduction of exposure of NRL to prevent sensitization in susceptible workers and at-risk populations.
  • #5 Newly Updated! Latex Allergy Diagnosis and Management – Katelaris C (Updated 2022)
    https://www.worldallergy.org/component/content/article/newly-updated-latex-allergy-diagnosis-and-management-katelaris-c-updated-2022?catid=16&Itemid=101
    Allergy to natural rubber latex is an important clinical condition that occurred after the institution of universal precautions. […] This resulted in an epidemic of latex allergy in health care workers in both medical and dental environments as well as individuals with specific health problems such as spina bifida, myelodysplasia, urogenital abnormalities, multiple surgical interventions, and food allergies (bananas, kiwi, avocado, and chestnuts. […] At its peak, up to 17% of health care workers were sensitized to latex with huge losses to the health care workforce. […] In the 1990s, surveys of sensitization to latex allergens in the general population found rates to be between 3-9.5 %. […] In countries where public health measures to reduce sensitization occurred, this rate fell to below 1% in the general population.
  • #6 Latex Sensitivity – University of Nebraska Medical Center
    https://wiki.unmc.edu/index.php?title=Latex_Sensitivity&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop
    Human health hazards to latex sensitive individuals from latex exposure are recognized. Therefore, UNMC shall implement appropriate measures to minimize latex exposure among staff, students, patients and visitors. […] The first documented case of latex-induced anaphylaxis was reported in 1979. Today latex sensitivity has become a major concern in the medical community as health care workers are confronted with a dramatically increased incidence of reactions to latex exposure not only among their patients, but also among themselves. Workers who wear latex gloves on a regular basis are at risk due to their continued exposure to latex by virtue of their jobs and work environment. The increased use of latex devices in health care and research, especially glove use since the introduction of standard blood and body fluid precautions, may have contributed to the increase in allergic reactions. Latex proteins can bind to glove powder and become airborne. Latex glove powder carries the latex protein into the air when gloves are donned or removed, exposing the respiratory system and increasing the potential for sensitization.
  • #7 Latex Allergy – Overview | Occupational Safety and Health Administration
    http://www.osha.gov/latex-allergy
    Allergy to latex was first recognized in the late 1970s. Since then, it has become a major health concern as an increased number of people in the workplace are affected. Health care workers exposed to latex gloves or medical products containing latex are especially at risk. It is estimated that 8-12% of health care workers are latex sensitive. Between 1988-1992, the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) received more than 1,000 reports of adverse health effects from exposure to latex, including 15 deaths due to such exposure. […] Latex allergy is addressed in specific OSHA standards for general industry. […] Provides references that may aid in recognizing latex hazards in the workplace. […] Highlights documents that provide safety and health information regarding latex allergy prevention. […] Provides links and references to additional resources related to latex allergy.
  • #8 Prevalence and Risk Factors for Latex-Related Diseases Among Healthcare Workers in an Italian General Hospital
    http://www.annclinlabsci.org/content/33/2/184.abstract
    Latex allergy has become an occupational hazard among healthcare workers. […] We investigated the prevalence of latex allergy and the potential risk factors for latex sensitization, by distributing a questionnaire to 284 employees of a general hospital in central Italy. […] This survey documented a high prevalence of symptoms related to the use of latex (47%) among the hospital staff; demonstrable sensitization to latex was considerably lower (12%), though strongly associated to atopy and duration of occupational exposure. […] Despite non-specificity, validated questionnaires constitute the most useful means to implement health surveillance and prevention of latex-related diseases among healthcare workers.
  • #9 Latex Allergy – Overview | Occupational Safety and Health Administration
    http://www.osha.gov/latex-allergy
    Allergy to latex was first recognized in the late 1970s. Since then, it has become a major health concern as an increased number of people in the workplace are affected. Health care workers exposed to latex gloves or medical products containing latex are especially at risk. It is estimated that 8-12% of health care workers are latex sensitive. Between 1988-1992, the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) received more than 1,000 reports of adverse health effects from exposure to latex, including 15 deaths due to such exposure. […] Latex allergy is addressed in specific OSHA standards for general industry. […] Provides references that may aid in recognizing latex hazards in the workplace. […] Highlights documents that provide safety and health information regarding latex allergy prevention. […] Provides links and references to additional resources related to latex allergy.
  • #10 Latex Allergy in Children
    https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/1/124
    Notwithstanding the efforts made in the last decades to mitigate the consequences of natural rubber latex allergy, this disease continues to be a major health problem, especially in developing countries. […] The categories of patients with greater and frequent exposure to latex (such as health care professionals and, in the pediatric field, subjects who undergo repeated surgery, e.g., those suffering from spina bifida and urogenital malformations) have an increased risk of developing sensitization and allergy to latex. […] Latex allergy can affect both children and adults, although there is paucity of data on the pediatric population. […] The reported prevalence varies greatly depending upon the population studied and the methods used to detect sensitization. […] The prevalence rate of latex sensitization and allergy is closely associated with the degree of exposure, especially in individuals exposed for occupational reasons, such as healthcare workers, or for medical issues.
  • #11
    http://www.worldwidewounds.com/2001/october/Phillips/EC-expert-committee-on-latex-allergy.html
    Medical devices, such as latex gloves, made from natural rubber latex (NRL) can cause allergic reactions, and have the potential to provoke life-threatening (type 1) reactions in sensitised individuals. […] Risk groups for latex allergy are individuals predisposed to allergy and those frequently in contact with latex gloves, such as the medical profession and patients needing multiple surgery. […] The experts were asked whether it was possible to identify populations at risk from latex allergy. […] The main groups at risk for latex allergy are atopics and subjects frequently in contact with latex medical gloves, such as healthcare workers and those patients who require multiple surgery. To control these risks, products with low levels of residual allergenic proteins should be used. Latex sensitised individuals should avoid contact with NRL products. […] The measurement of total leachable protein is currently a useful method to estimate the allergenic potential of a latex glove. […] The threshold level for inducing sensitisation has not yet been established.
  • #12 Natural rubber latex allergy – Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology
    https://ijdvl.com/natural-rubber-latex-allergy/
    Natural rubber latex (NRL) is a ubiquitous allergen as it is a component of 40,000 products in everyday life. […] Several risk factors for sensitization to NRL are already known and well documented. […] We suspect an increase in latex allergy incidence in association with increased atopy and sensitivity to environmental allergens in the industrial population. […] It is often postulated in literature that the groups of workers at risk for this allergy are essentially workers in the latex industry and healthcare professionals. […] Latex allergy is reported more frequently among those heavily exposed to NRL products such as: healthcare workers, janitorial staff, hairdressers, and rubber industry workers. […] Individuals who have undergone multiple surgical or dental procedures are also at high risk.
  • #13 Latex Allergy in Children
    https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/1/124
    Healthcare workers (such as doctors, nurses, dentists, biologists, ultrasound technicians, midwives) were the professional group most affected by latex allergy due to the frequent and continuous use of latex gloves in the 1980s and 1990s to prevent the transmission of infectious diseases such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) during the epidemic peak of those years. […] Despite this, in recent decades, with the introduction of preventive measures, sensitization among healthcare workers has gradually decreased. […] However, the risk of sensitization and allergy remains significant, especially in countries that lack adequate resources for implementing preventive measures or where there is a risk of further exposure to other latex-containing products. […] According to a study conducted by Wu et al., the prevalence of latex allergy and sensitization among healthcare workers is 9.7% and 12.4%, respectively.
  • #14 Natural rubber latex allergy – Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology
    https://ijdvl.com/natural-rubber-latex-allergy/
    Natural rubber latex (NRL) is a ubiquitous allergen as it is a component of 40,000 products in everyday life. […] Several risk factors for sensitization to NRL are already known and well documented. […] We suspect an increase in latex allergy incidence in association with increased atopy and sensitivity to environmental allergens in the industrial population. […] It is often postulated in literature that the groups of workers at risk for this allergy are essentially workers in the latex industry and healthcare professionals. […] Latex allergy is reported more frequently among those heavily exposed to NRL products such as: healthcare workers, janitorial staff, hairdressers, and rubber industry workers. […] Individuals who have undergone multiple surgical or dental procedures are also at high risk.
  • #15 Latex Allergy in Children
    https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/1/124
    The population at greatest risk of latex sensitization and allergy includes patients undergoing repeated surgical interventions (e.g., patients with spina bifida or other malformations) or repeated anesthesia and catheterizations (e.g., patients with urogenital anomalies, cloacal anomalies, and insulin-treated diabetics). […] Patients with history of more than five surgeries have a higher risk of presenting latex sensitization. […] Many of these medical conditions have their onset at pediatric age. […] In particular, the highest prevalence of latex sensitization has been reported in pediatric patients with spina bifida, ranging from 26% to 47.9%. […] By implementing latex-free measures from birth in children with spina bifida, compared to historical controls, it has been found that the prevalence of latex sensitization has decreased.
  • #16 Latex and Latex Allergy Guideline – Spina Bifida Associationheaderheader-color
    https://www.spinabifidaassociation.org/resource/latex-allergy/
    Latex allergy refers to type I hypersensitivity to Hevea brasiliensis, also known as natural rubber latex. […] The history of latex allergy and its intersection with people with Spina Bifida dates back to the late 1980’s in the United States with the advent of Universal Precautions and no regulation of latex in gloves. […] Despite these efforts, exposure to latex remains relatively prevalent in the different environments frequented by people of all ages with Spina Bifida — hospitals, clinics, schools, homes, and community facilities. […] Until better scientific explanations are available to specifically drive prevention and intervention, people with Spina Bifida should continue to avoid skin contact with latex protein in the environment including foods with similar proteins, and avoid inhalation of powder that contains latex.
  • #17 Latex Allergy in Children
    https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/1/124
    The population at greatest risk of latex sensitization and allergy includes patients undergoing repeated surgical interventions (e.g., patients with spina bifida or other malformations) or repeated anesthesia and catheterizations (e.g., patients with urogenital anomalies, cloacal anomalies, and insulin-treated diabetics). […] Patients with history of more than five surgeries have a higher risk of presenting latex sensitization. […] Many of these medical conditions have their onset at pediatric age. […] In particular, the highest prevalence of latex sensitization has been reported in pediatric patients with spina bifida, ranging from 26% to 47.9%. […] By implementing latex-free measures from birth in children with spina bifida, compared to historical controls, it has been found that the prevalence of latex sensitization has decreased.
  • #18 Latex Allergy – Global Allergy & Airways Patient PlatformExpandExpandExpandExpandExpandExpandToggle MenuScroll to topScroll to topExpandExpandExpandExpandExpandExpand
    https://gaapp.org/diseases/allergies/types-of-allergies/latex-allergy
    Sensitization and allergy to natural rubber latex are two stages of the same pathology, commonly known as latex allergy. […] Latex allergy is a non-communicable, chronic, acquired, progressive, evolving, non-reversible and potentially fatal disease. […] Latex allergy is a global public health problem, already addressed and, in many cases, resolved, by developed countries for many years. […] For this reason, latex allergy is more frequent in certain groups such as people with neural tube defects (spina bifida / MMC) and abdominal wall defects, people with congenital genitourinary and cardiac malformations, people with cleft lip-alveolar-palatine, people with a history of multiple invasive procedures and multiple operations; health personnel and those in other areas who use latex gloves on a massive and frequent basis, acquiring latex allergy as an occupational disease; the institutionalized child and elderly population; people with food allergies and/or atopy; in these cases, the prevalence ranges between 11 and 75%, depending on the population studied.
  • #19 Latex Allergy – Global Allergy & Airways Patient PlatformExpandExpandExpandExpandExpandExpandToggle MenuScroll to topScroll to topExpandExpandExpandExpandExpandExpand
    https://gaapp.org/diseases/allergies/types-of-allergies/latex-allergy
    Sensitization and allergy to natural rubber latex are two stages of the same pathology, commonly known as latex allergy. […] Latex allergy is a non-communicable, chronic, acquired, progressive, evolving, non-reversible and potentially fatal disease. […] Latex allergy is a global public health problem, already addressed and, in many cases, resolved, by developed countries for many years. […] For this reason, latex allergy is more frequent in certain groups such as people with neural tube defects (spina bifida / MMC) and abdominal wall defects, people with congenital genitourinary and cardiac malformations, people with cleft lip-alveolar-palatine, people with a history of multiple invasive procedures and multiple operations; health personnel and those in other areas who use latex gloves on a massive and frequent basis, acquiring latex allergy as an occupational disease; the institutionalized child and elderly population; people with food allergies and/or atopy; in these cases, the prevalence ranges between 11 and 75%, depending on the population studied.
  • #20
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02914421
    Latex allergy is quite common in exposed subjects. […] Latex allergy occurs mainly in young people exposed to latex products because of their occupation or because of repeated surgery. […] Atopy is a strong predisposing factor.
  • #21 Natural rubber latex allergy – Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology
    https://ijdvl.com/natural-rubber-latex-allergy/
    Lastly, persons with atopy are also at increased risk, along with those with preexisting hand dermatitis. […] Most epidemiological studies show a sensitization prevalence of around 5-17 and 3.7-8.0% in healthcare and rubber industry workers, respectively. […] Sensitization prevalence is 12.5, 18-37 and 34-67% among anesthesiologists, individuals who have undergone multiple surgical procedures and children with neural defects, respectively. […] Reports of immediate hypersensitivity to latex have increased dramatically since the first case was reported by Nutter. […] In the last few years, latex allergy has been recognized as a potential medical problem in India. […] However, latex allergy has received very little attention in Indian studies as evidenced by the absence of scientific, practical, and systematic data on the subject.
  • #22 Natural rubber latex allergy – Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology
    https://ijdvl.com/natural-rubber-latex-allergy/
    Lastly, persons with atopy are also at increased risk, along with those with preexisting hand dermatitis. […] Most epidemiological studies show a sensitization prevalence of around 5-17 and 3.7-8.0% in healthcare and rubber industry workers, respectively. […] Sensitization prevalence is 12.5, 18-37 and 34-67% among anesthesiologists, individuals who have undergone multiple surgical procedures and children with neural defects, respectively. […] Reports of immediate hypersensitivity to latex have increased dramatically since the first case was reported by Nutter. […] In the last few years, latex allergy has been recognized as a potential medical problem in India. […] However, latex allergy has received very little attention in Indian studies as evidenced by the absence of scientific, practical, and systematic data on the subject.
  • #23 Natural rubber latex allergy – Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology
    https://ijdvl.com/natural-rubber-latex-allergy/
    Natural rubber latex (NRL) is a ubiquitous allergen as it is a component of 40,000 products in everyday life. […] Several risk factors for sensitization to NRL are already known and well documented. […] We suspect an increase in latex allergy incidence in association with increased atopy and sensitivity to environmental allergens in the industrial population. […] It is often postulated in literature that the groups of workers at risk for this allergy are essentially workers in the latex industry and healthcare professionals. […] Latex allergy is reported more frequently among those heavily exposed to NRL products such as: healthcare workers, janitorial staff, hairdressers, and rubber industry workers. […] Individuals who have undergone multiple surgical or dental procedures are also at high risk.
  • #24 Natural rubber latex allergy – Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology
    https://ijdvl.com/natural-rubber-latex-allergy/
    Natural rubber latex (NRL) is a ubiquitous allergen as it is a component of 40,000 products in everyday life. […] Several risk factors for sensitization to NRL are already known and well documented. […] We suspect an increase in latex allergy incidence in association with increased atopy and sensitivity to environmental allergens in the industrial population. […] It is often postulated in literature that the groups of workers at risk for this allergy are essentially workers in the latex industry and healthcare professionals. […] Latex allergy is reported more frequently among those heavily exposed to NRL products such as: healthcare workers, janitorial staff, hairdressers, and rubber industry workers. […] Individuals who have undergone multiple surgical or dental procedures are also at high risk.
  • #25 Natural rubber latex allergy – Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology
    https://ijdvl.com/natural-rubber-latex-allergy/
    Natural rubber latex (NRL) is a ubiquitous allergen as it is a component of 40,000 products in everyday life. […] Several risk factors for sensitization to NRL are already known and well documented. […] We suspect an increase in latex allergy incidence in association with increased atopy and sensitivity to environmental allergens in the industrial population. […] It is often postulated in literature that the groups of workers at risk for this allergy are essentially workers in the latex industry and healthcare professionals. […] Latex allergy is reported more frequently among those heavily exposed to NRL products such as: healthcare workers, janitorial staff, hairdressers, and rubber industry workers. […] Individuals who have undergone multiple surgical or dental procedures are also at high risk.
  • #26 Latex Sensitivity – University of Nebraska Medical Center
    https://wiki.unmc.edu/index.php?title=Latex_Sensitivity&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop
    Hypersensitive or allergic reactions to latex may occur immediately or some time after exposure producing local or systemic symptoms of varying severity. Repeated exposure, usually extending over several years, is necessary before an individuals immune system becomes sensitive. In other words, the more the body comes in contact with latex, the greater the opportunity for the body to recognize and react to it. Once an individual has become latex sensitive, further (secondary) exposure may provoke a reaction, the severity of which depends on the bodys type of immunological response.
  • #27 Latex Allergy in Children
    https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/1/124
    The population at greatest risk of latex sensitization and allergy includes patients undergoing repeated surgical interventions (e.g., patients with spina bifida or other malformations) or repeated anesthesia and catheterizations (e.g., patients with urogenital anomalies, cloacal anomalies, and insulin-treated diabetics). […] Patients with history of more than five surgeries have a higher risk of presenting latex sensitization. […] Many of these medical conditions have their onset at pediatric age. […] In particular, the highest prevalence of latex sensitization has been reported in pediatric patients with spina bifida, ranging from 26% to 47.9%. […] By implementing latex-free measures from birth in children with spina bifida, compared to historical controls, it has been found that the prevalence of latex sensitization has decreased.
  • #28
    https://li01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/SRIMEDJ/article/view/258081
    Since the 1980s, latex allergy has been a common occupational health problem for health personnel. […] While some western countries have successfully reduced the prevalence of latex allergy among health personnel from 8.3 17% to 2.9 5.9% after banning the usage of powdered latex gloves (the major source of latex allergen), latex allergy problem still presented in some developing countries. […] The study found that the prevalence of latex allergy in some Asian countries, where powdered latex glove policies were not fully implemented, was slightly similar to those of Western countries after implementing the policy at 2 6.8%, suggesting a possible genetic component. […] implementing educational programs to increase awareness and screening and surveillance systems to identify health personnel who may be at higher risk for developing latex allergy, and case management for workers with latex allergy.
  • #29 Latex allergy – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latex_allergy
    Latex allergy is uncommon in the general population, at least compared to high-risk groups such as hospital workers and spina bifida patients. Estimates suggest a worldwide prevalence of around 4.3% among the general population. Between 1% and 6% of the general population in the United States has latex allergy; assays of antibody levels in the blood suggest that 2.7 million to 16 million Americans are affected by some form of latex sensitivity. Females are approximately three times as likely as males to have latex allergies. Possible risk factors for the female population include increased employment in high-risk occupations and enhanced histamine release caused by female hormones.
  • #30 Current prevalence rate of latex allergy: Why it remains a problem?
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5356959/
    This article aims to review the current prevalence rate of latex allergy among healthcare workers, susceptible patients, and the general public, and to investigate why latex is still a ubiquitous occupational health hazard. […] Reported data suggest that the average prevalence of latex allergy worldwide remains 9.7%, 7.2%, and 4.3% among healthcare workers, susceptible patients, and general population, respectively. […] Latex-derived products are ubiquitous, and latex allergy remains a highly prevalent health risk in many occupations and to the general population. […] Compared with data published in the early 21st century, analysis of current latex allergy prevalence rate suggests that a high prevalence of latex allergy remains among healthcare workers, susceptible patients, and general population worldwide (9.7%, 7.2%, and 4.3%, respectively).
  • #31 Latex allergy – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latex_allergy
    Latex allergy is uncommon in the general population, at least compared to high-risk groups such as hospital workers and spina bifida patients. Estimates suggest a worldwide prevalence of around 4.3% among the general population. Between 1% and 6% of the general population in the United States has latex allergy; assays of antibody levels in the blood suggest that 2.7 million to 16 million Americans are affected by some form of latex sensitivity. Females are approximately three times as likely as males to have latex allergies. Possible risk factors for the female population include increased employment in high-risk occupations and enhanced histamine release caused by female hormones.
  • #32 Latex Allergy: Current Status and Future Perspectives | JAA
    https://www.dovepress.com/latex-allergy-current-status-and-future-perspectives-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JAA
    Allergy to natural rubber latex (NRLA) from Hevea brasiliensis is a relevant public health issue, in particular in healthcare workers and groups at risk. […] The current prevalence rate of latex allergy changes according to the population considered. […] The highest risk population is represented by patients undergoing repeated surgical interventions (such as spina bifida patients). […] The current prevalence of latex allergy and sensitization among susceptible patients are 7.2% and 30.4%, respectively. […] Healthcare workers (HCWs) are the occupational group most affected by NRLA owing to their frequent use of latex gloves. […] The current prevalence of latex allergy and sensitization among HCWs worldwide are 9.7% and 12.4%, respectively. […] Data analysis from limited studies suggests that the current average latex allergy prevalence among the general population worldwide is 4.3%.
  • #33 Latex allergy – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latex_allergy
    Latex allergy is uncommon in the general population, at least compared to high-risk groups such as hospital workers and spina bifida patients. Estimates suggest a worldwide prevalence of around 4.3% among the general population. Between 1% and 6% of the general population in the United States has latex allergy; assays of antibody levels in the blood suggest that 2.7 million to 16 million Americans are affected by some form of latex sensitivity. Females are approximately three times as likely as males to have latex allergies. Possible risk factors for the female population include increased employment in high-risk occupations and enhanced histamine release caused by female hormones.
  • #34 Newly Updated! Latex Allergy Diagnosis and Management – Katelaris C (Updated 2022)
    https://www.worldallergy.org/component/content/article/newly-updated-latex-allergy-diagnosis-and-management-katelaris-c-updated-2022?catid=16&Itemid=101
    Allergy to natural rubber latex is an important clinical condition that occurred after the institution of universal precautions. […] This resulted in an epidemic of latex allergy in health care workers in both medical and dental environments as well as individuals with specific health problems such as spina bifida, myelodysplasia, urogenital abnormalities, multiple surgical interventions, and food allergies (bananas, kiwi, avocado, and chestnuts. […] At its peak, up to 17% of health care workers were sensitized to latex with huge losses to the health care workforce. […] In the 1990s, surveys of sensitization to latex allergens in the general population found rates to be between 3-9.5 %. […] In countries where public health measures to reduce sensitization occurred, this rate fell to below 1% in the general population.
  • #35 Latex Allergy Rash, Symptoms, Food, Condoms, Test, Treatment
    https://www.medicinenet.com/latex_allergy/article.htm
    Latex allergy peaked at 3%-9.5% in the 1990s but now has fallen to less than 1% in countries where active latex avoidance measures are practiced. […] Repeated exposure to latex is necessary for an allergy to develop. Healthcare workers exposed to latex products (such as gloves and catheters), people who require frequent surgery or catheter use, and workers in the manufacturing or distribution of latex products are at the highest risk for latex allergy. […] Clinical history is the most important aspect of diagnosing any type of latex allergy. A patch test for latex could potentially be performed to diagnose a delayed hypersensitivity response to latex. […] Strict avoidance of latex is the treatment for latex allergy.
  • #36 Latex Allergy: Current Status and Future Perspectives
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7532063/
    Primary prevention of latex allergy (NRL) means the reduction of exposure of NRL to prevent sensitization in susceptible workers and at-risk populations. […] Since 1999, the substitution of powdered NRL gloves with non-powdered NRL sterile gloves in the operating room has resulted in a marked decrease in the number of new cases of latex sensitization. […] In 2020, Raulf emphasized that most studies demonstrating a decline in the prevalence of latex sensitization following the introduction of powder-free latex gloves have been conducted on healthcare professionals in highly industrialized countries (Europe and North America). […] In contrast, in developing countries and in those areas where primary prevention policies are not implemented, latex allergy continues to be a serious public health problem. […] The authors believe that an international call to raise awareness of latex allergy by the world population may help to mitigate the risk of an increase in the incidence of NRLA.
  • #37 Latex Allergy: Current Status and Future Perspectives | JAA
    https://www.dovepress.com/latex-allergy-current-status-and-future-perspectives-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JAA
    Allergy to natural rubber latex (NRLA) from Hevea brasiliensis is a relevant public health issue, in particular in healthcare workers and groups at risk. […] The current prevalence rate of latex allergy changes according to the population considered. […] The highest risk population is represented by patients undergoing repeated surgical interventions (such as spina bifida patients). […] The current prevalence of latex allergy and sensitization among susceptible patients are 7.2% and 30.4%, respectively. […] Healthcare workers (HCWs) are the occupational group most affected by NRLA owing to their frequent use of latex gloves. […] The current prevalence of latex allergy and sensitization among HCWs worldwide are 9.7% and 12.4%, respectively. […] Data analysis from limited studies suggests that the current average latex allergy prevalence among the general population worldwide is 4.3%.
  • #38 Latex Allergy: Current Status and Future Perspectives | JAA
    https://www.dovepress.com/latex-allergy-current-status-and-future-perspectives-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JAA
    Allergy to natural rubber latex (NRLA) from Hevea brasiliensis is a relevant public health issue, in particular in healthcare workers and groups at risk. […] The current prevalence rate of latex allergy changes according to the population considered. […] The highest risk population is represented by patients undergoing repeated surgical interventions (such as spina bifida patients). […] The current prevalence of latex allergy and sensitization among susceptible patients are 7.2% and 30.4%, respectively. […] Healthcare workers (HCWs) are the occupational group most affected by NRLA owing to their frequent use of latex gloves. […] The current prevalence of latex allergy and sensitization among HCWs worldwide are 9.7% and 12.4%, respectively. […] Data analysis from limited studies suggests that the current average latex allergy prevalence among the general population worldwide is 4.3%.
  • #39 Current prevalence rate of latex allergy: Why it remains a problem?
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5356959/
    This article aims to review the current prevalence rate of latex allergy among healthcare workers, susceptible patients, and the general public, and to investigate why latex is still a ubiquitous occupational health hazard. […] Reported data suggest that the average prevalence of latex allergy worldwide remains 9.7%, 7.2%, and 4.3% among healthcare workers, susceptible patients, and general population, respectively. […] Latex-derived products are ubiquitous, and latex allergy remains a highly prevalent health risk in many occupations and to the general population. […] Compared with data published in the early 21st century, analysis of current latex allergy prevalence rate suggests that a high prevalence of latex allergy remains among healthcare workers, susceptible patients, and general population worldwide (9.7%, 7.2%, and 4.3%, respectively).
  • #40 Latex Allergy in Children
    https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/1/124
    Healthcare workers (such as doctors, nurses, dentists, biologists, ultrasound technicians, midwives) were the professional group most affected by latex allergy due to the frequent and continuous use of latex gloves in the 1980s and 1990s to prevent the transmission of infectious diseases such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) during the epidemic peak of those years. […] Despite this, in recent decades, with the introduction of preventive measures, sensitization among healthcare workers has gradually decreased. […] However, the risk of sensitization and allergy remains significant, especially in countries that lack adequate resources for implementing preventive measures or where there is a risk of further exposure to other latex-containing products. […] According to a study conducted by Wu et al., the prevalence of latex allergy and sensitization among healthcare workers is 9.7% and 12.4%, respectively.
  • #41 Newly Updated! Latex Allergy Diagnosis and Management – Katelaris C (Updated 2022)
    https://www.worldallergy.org/component/content/article/newly-updated-latex-allergy-diagnosis-and-management-katelaris-c-updated-2022?catid=16&Itemid=101
    Allergy to natural rubber latex is an important clinical condition that occurred after the institution of universal precautions. […] This resulted in an epidemic of latex allergy in health care workers in both medical and dental environments as well as individuals with specific health problems such as spina bifida, myelodysplasia, urogenital abnormalities, multiple surgical interventions, and food allergies (bananas, kiwi, avocado, and chestnuts. […] At its peak, up to 17% of health care workers were sensitized to latex with huge losses to the health care workforce. […] In the 1990s, surveys of sensitization to latex allergens in the general population found rates to be between 3-9.5 %. […] In countries where public health measures to reduce sensitization occurred, this rate fell to below 1% in the general population.
  • #42 Latex Allergy – Overview | Occupational Safety and Health Administration
    http://www.osha.gov/latex-allergy
    Allergy to latex was first recognized in the late 1970s. Since then, it has become a major health concern as an increased number of people in the workplace are affected. Health care workers exposed to latex gloves or medical products containing latex are especially at risk. It is estimated that 8-12% of health care workers are latex sensitive. Between 1988-1992, the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) received more than 1,000 reports of adverse health effects from exposure to latex, including 15 deaths due to such exposure. […] Latex allergy is addressed in specific OSHA standards for general industry. […] Provides references that may aid in recognizing latex hazards in the workplace. […] Highlights documents that provide safety and health information regarding latex allergy prevention. […] Provides links and references to additional resources related to latex allergy.
  • #43 Latex Allergy in Children
    https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/1/124
    An aggregate analysis of 11 epidemiological surveys published between 2006 and 2015, including studies from various countries (also developing countries), showed a significantly lower but still significant prevalence of latex sensitization (5.1%) and latex allergy (4.2%) among healthcare personnel. […] Latex allergy is an emerging problem in developing countries as well: recent studies reported latex hypersensitivity in 9.1% of healthcare workers in South India and in 9.2% of Turkish healthcare workers. […] In conclusion, latex allergy remains an important condition from an epidemiological perspective due to the wide range of products that contain latex and the challenges faced by many countries in adopting effective prevention measures.
  • #44 Prevalence and Risk Factors for Latex-Related Diseases Among Healthcare Workers in an Italian General Hospital
    http://www.annclinlabsci.org/content/33/2/184.long
    It is necessary to gather information about the frequency and determinants of latex sensitization so that preventive measures and health surveillance can be implemented effectively. […] The highest prevalence of symptomatic workers was found in the surgical operating rooms, followed by intensive care units, endoscopy units, and the emergency unit. […] Consistent with previous findings, the duration of occupational exposure was found in this survey to be a predisposing factor for latex allergy. […] In our study, the questionnaire proved to be a very sensitive but nonspecific procedure to identify sensitized workers.
  • #45 Latex Allergy: Current Status and Future Perspectives | JAA
    https://www.dovepress.com/latex-allergy-current-status-and-future-perspectives-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JAA
    Allergy to natural rubber latex (NRLA) from Hevea brasiliensis is a relevant public health issue, in particular in healthcare workers and groups at risk. […] The current prevalence rate of latex allergy changes according to the population considered. […] The highest risk population is represented by patients undergoing repeated surgical interventions (such as spina bifida patients). […] The current prevalence of latex allergy and sensitization among susceptible patients are 7.2% and 30.4%, respectively. […] Healthcare workers (HCWs) are the occupational group most affected by NRLA owing to their frequent use of latex gloves. […] The current prevalence of latex allergy and sensitization among HCWs worldwide are 9.7% and 12.4%, respectively. […] Data analysis from limited studies suggests that the current average latex allergy prevalence among the general population worldwide is 4.3%.
  • #46 Latex Allergy: Current Status and Future Perspectives | JAA
    https://www.dovepress.com/latex-allergy-current-status-and-future-perspectives-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JAA
    Allergy to natural rubber latex (NRLA) from Hevea brasiliensis is a relevant public health issue, in particular in healthcare workers and groups at risk. […] The current prevalence rate of latex allergy changes according to the population considered. […] The highest risk population is represented by patients undergoing repeated surgical interventions (such as spina bifida patients). […] The current prevalence of latex allergy and sensitization among susceptible patients are 7.2% and 30.4%, respectively. […] Healthcare workers (HCWs) are the occupational group most affected by NRLA owing to their frequent use of latex gloves. […] The current prevalence of latex allergy and sensitization among HCWs worldwide are 9.7% and 12.4%, respectively. […] Data analysis from limited studies suggests that the current average latex allergy prevalence among the general population worldwide is 4.3%.
  • #47 Current prevalence rate of latex allergy: Why it remains a problem?
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5356959/
    This article aims to review the current prevalence rate of latex allergy among healthcare workers, susceptible patients, and the general public, and to investigate why latex is still a ubiquitous occupational health hazard. […] Reported data suggest that the average prevalence of latex allergy worldwide remains 9.7%, 7.2%, and 4.3% among healthcare workers, susceptible patients, and general population, respectively. […] Latex-derived products are ubiquitous, and latex allergy remains a highly prevalent health risk in many occupations and to the general population. […] Compared with data published in the early 21st century, analysis of current latex allergy prevalence rate suggests that a high prevalence of latex allergy remains among healthcare workers, susceptible patients, and general population worldwide (9.7%, 7.2%, and 4.3%, respectively).
  • #48 Latex Allergy in Children
    https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/1/124
    The population at greatest risk of latex sensitization and allergy includes patients undergoing repeated surgical interventions (e.g., patients with spina bifida or other malformations) or repeated anesthesia and catheterizations (e.g., patients with urogenital anomalies, cloacal anomalies, and insulin-treated diabetics). […] Patients with history of more than five surgeries have a higher risk of presenting latex sensitization. […] Many of these medical conditions have their onset at pediatric age. […] In particular, the highest prevalence of latex sensitization has been reported in pediatric patients with spina bifida, ranging from 26% to 47.9%. […] By implementing latex-free measures from birth in children with spina bifida, compared to historical controls, it has been found that the prevalence of latex sensitization has decreased.
  • #49 Latex Allergy: Current Status and Future Perspectives
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7532063/
    Allergy to natural rubber latex (NRLA) from Hevea brasiliensis is a relevant public health issue, in particular in healthcare workers and groups at risk. […] The current prevalence rate of latex allergy changes according to the population considered. […] The highest risk population is represented by patients undergoing repeated surgical interventions (such as spina bifida patients). […] The current prevalence of latex allergy and sensitization among susceptible patients are 7.2% and 30.4%, respectively. […] In particular, the prevalence of latex sensitivity among the spina bifida pediatric population was between 40% and 65%. […] Healthcare workers (HCWs) are the occupational group most affected by NRLA owing to their frequent use of latex gloves. […] The current prevalence of latex allergy and sensitization among HCWs worldwide are 9.7% and 12.4%, respectively.
  • #50 Natural rubber latex allergy – Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology
    https://ijdvl.com/natural-rubber-latex-allergy/
    Lastly, persons with atopy are also at increased risk, along with those with preexisting hand dermatitis. […] Most epidemiological studies show a sensitization prevalence of around 5-17 and 3.7-8.0% in healthcare and rubber industry workers, respectively. […] Sensitization prevalence is 12.5, 18-37 and 34-67% among anesthesiologists, individuals who have undergone multiple surgical procedures and children with neural defects, respectively. […] Reports of immediate hypersensitivity to latex have increased dramatically since the first case was reported by Nutter. […] In the last few years, latex allergy has been recognized as a potential medical problem in India. […] However, latex allergy has received very little attention in Indian studies as evidenced by the absence of scientific, practical, and systematic data on the subject.
  • #51 Health monitoring / surveillance – Department of Biology, University of York
    https://www.york.ac.uk/biology/current-students-staff/health-safety/latex-gloves/monitoring-surveillance/
    Since the use of latex gloves presents a risk of dermatitis and asthma health surveillance is appropriate. […] The extent and detail of health surveillance is related to the degree of risk. […] Minimum health surveillance requirements for all users of non-powdered, low protein gloves: completion of occupational health questionnaire on appointment to identify users of latex gloves as well as those at higher risk of latex allergy. […] Higher level health surveillance may be necessary for workers considered to be at high risk of developing sensitisation. This would involve periodic assessment by the University Occupational Health Advisor.
  • #52 Health monitoring / surveillance – Department of Biology, University of York
    https://www.york.ac.uk/biology/current-students-staff/health-safety/latex-gloves/monitoring-surveillance/
    Since the use of latex gloves presents a risk of dermatitis and asthma health surveillance is appropriate. […] The extent and detail of health surveillance is related to the degree of risk. […] Minimum health surveillance requirements for all users of non-powdered, low protein gloves: completion of occupational health questionnaire on appointment to identify users of latex gloves as well as those at higher risk of latex allergy. […] Higher level health surveillance may be necessary for workers considered to be at high risk of developing sensitisation. This would involve periodic assessment by the University Occupational Health Advisor.
  • #53 Health monitoring / surveillance – Department of Biology, University of York
    https://www.york.ac.uk/biology/current-students-staff/health-safety/latex-gloves/monitoring-surveillance/
    Since the use of latex gloves presents a risk of dermatitis and asthma health surveillance is appropriate. […] The extent and detail of health surveillance is related to the degree of risk. […] Minimum health surveillance requirements for all users of non-powdered, low protein gloves: completion of occupational health questionnaire on appointment to identify users of latex gloves as well as those at higher risk of latex allergy. […] Higher level health surveillance may be necessary for workers considered to be at high risk of developing sensitisation. This would involve periodic assessment by the University Occupational Health Advisor.
  • #54 Health monitoring / surveillance – Department of Biology, University of York
    https://www.york.ac.uk/biology/current-students-staff/health-safety/latex-gloves/monitoring-surveillance/
    Since the use of latex gloves presents a risk of dermatitis and asthma health surveillance is appropriate. […] The extent and detail of health surveillance is related to the degree of risk. […] Minimum health surveillance requirements for all users of non-powdered, low protein gloves: completion of occupational health questionnaire on appointment to identify users of latex gloves as well as those at higher risk of latex allergy. […] Higher level health surveillance may be necessary for workers considered to be at high risk of developing sensitisation. This would involve periodic assessment by the University Occupational Health Advisor.
  • #55 Prevalence and Risk Factors for Latex-Related Diseases Among Healthcare Workers in an Italian General Hospital
    http://www.annclinlabsci.org/content/33/2/184.long
    It is necessary to gather information about the frequency and determinants of latex sensitization so that preventive measures and health surveillance can be implemented effectively. […] The highest prevalence of symptomatic workers was found in the surgical operating rooms, followed by intensive care units, endoscopy units, and the emergency unit. […] Consistent with previous findings, the duration of occupational exposure was found in this survey to be a predisposing factor for latex allergy. […] In our study, the questionnaire proved to be a very sensitive but nonspecific procedure to identify sensitized workers.
  • #56 Prevalence and Risk Factors for Latex-Related Diseases Among Healthcare Workers in an Italian General Hospital
    http://www.annclinlabsci.org/content/33/2/184.abstract
    Latex allergy has become an occupational hazard among healthcare workers. […] We investigated the prevalence of latex allergy and the potential risk factors for latex sensitization, by distributing a questionnaire to 284 employees of a general hospital in central Italy. […] This survey documented a high prevalence of symptoms related to the use of latex (47%) among the hospital staff; demonstrable sensitization to latex was considerably lower (12%), though strongly associated to atopy and duration of occupational exposure. […] Despite non-specificity, validated questionnaires constitute the most useful means to implement health surveillance and prevention of latex-related diseases among healthcare workers.
  • #57 Latex allergy | Better Health Channel
    https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/latex-allergy
    Latex allergy is more prevalent in the health care industry, with around 10% of health professionals affected. […] Certain people are at increased risk of developing latex allergy including: health care workers (such as doctors, nurses and dentists) who are frequently exposed to latex through medical equipment like gloves. […] Latex allergy is diagnosed using a number of tests including: medical history, physical examination, allergy testing, including skin prick tests and blood tests. […] There is no cure for latex allergy. Repeated exposure to latex can increase the immune system response, so avoidance is the best way to manage the condition.
  • #58 Latex Allergy Rash, Symptoms, Food, Condoms, Test, Treatment
    https://www.medicinenet.com/latex_allergy/article.htm
    Latex allergy peaked at 3%-9.5% in the 1990s but now has fallen to less than 1% in countries where active latex avoidance measures are practiced. […] Repeated exposure to latex is necessary for an allergy to develop. Healthcare workers exposed to latex products (such as gloves and catheters), people who require frequent surgery or catheter use, and workers in the manufacturing or distribution of latex products are at the highest risk for latex allergy. […] Clinical history is the most important aspect of diagnosing any type of latex allergy. A patch test for latex could potentially be performed to diagnose a delayed hypersensitivity response to latex. […] Strict avoidance of latex is the treatment for latex allergy.
  • #59 Présentation des réactions allergiques – Troubles immunitaires – Manuels MSD pour le grand public
    https://www.msdmanuals.com/fr/accueil/troubles-immunitaires/r%C3%A9actions-allergiques-et-autres-troubles-d-hypersensibilit%C3%A9/pr%C3%A9sentation-des-r%C3%A9actions-allergiques
    Le latex peut provoquer la production d’anticorps IgE par le système immunitaire, ce qui peut entraîner des réactions allergiques, notamment de l’urticaire, des éruptions cutanées et même des réactions allergiques graves et potentiellement mortelles appelées réactions anaphylactiques. […] Une personne présente un risque de devenir sensible au latex si elle est professionnelle de santé et utilise des gants en latex pour prévenir la propagation des infections. […] Le médecin peut suspecter une allergie au latex en se fondant sur les symptômes ainsi que sur la description de leur survenue par la personne, notamment s’il s’agit d’un professionnel de santé. […] Les personnes allergiques au latex doivent éviter. Les professionnels de santé peuvent, par exemple, préférer se servir de gants et autres produits sans latex.
  • #60 Latex Allergy: Current Status and Future Perspectives
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7532063/
    Primary prevention of latex allergy (NRL) means the reduction of exposure of NRL to prevent sensitization in susceptible workers and at-risk populations. […] Since 1999, the substitution of powdered NRL gloves with non-powdered NRL sterile gloves in the operating room has resulted in a marked decrease in the number of new cases of latex sensitization. […] In 2020, Raulf emphasized that most studies demonstrating a decline in the prevalence of latex sensitization following the introduction of powder-free latex gloves have been conducted on healthcare professionals in highly industrialized countries (Europe and North America). […] In contrast, in developing countries and in those areas where primary prevention policies are not implemented, latex allergy continues to be a serious public health problem. […] The authors believe that an international call to raise awareness of latex allergy by the world population may help to mitigate the risk of an increase in the incidence of NRLA.
  • #61 Latex Allergy: Current Status and Future Perspectives | JAA
    https://www.dovepress.com/latex-allergy-current-status-and-future-perspectives-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JAA
    Although the use of latex gloves in surgery became routine after 1920, gloves were not consistently used in other areas of patient care until the late 1980s. […] For these reasons, in the late 1980s and 1990s there was a considerable increase in latex allergy. […] The aim of this review is to underline the epidemiological, clinical and diagnostic aspects of natural rubber latex allergy (NRLA), and to carry out a complete and large review of the literature on NRLA management. […] The management of groups at risk for latex allergy and HCWs is based on a step-by-step process through four possible strategies: preventive measures, symptomatic treatment, immunotherapy and anti-IgE therapy. […] Primary prevention of latex allergy (NRL) means the reduction of exposure of NRL to prevent sensitization in susceptible workers and at-risk populations.
  • #62 Latex Allergy: Current Status and Future Perspectives
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7532063/
    Primary prevention of latex allergy (NRL) means the reduction of exposure of NRL to prevent sensitization in susceptible workers and at-risk populations. […] Since 1999, the substitution of powdered NRL gloves with non-powdered NRL sterile gloves in the operating room has resulted in a marked decrease in the number of new cases of latex sensitization. […] In 2020, Raulf emphasized that most studies demonstrating a decline in the prevalence of latex sensitization following the introduction of powder-free latex gloves have been conducted on healthcare professionals in highly industrialized countries (Europe and North America). […] In contrast, in developing countries and in those areas where primary prevention policies are not implemented, latex allergy continues to be a serious public health problem. […] The authors believe that an international call to raise awareness of latex allergy by the world population may help to mitigate the risk of an increase in the incidence of NRLA.
  • #63 Latex Allergy: Current Status and Future Perspectives | JAA
    https://www.dovepress.com/latex-allergy-current-status-and-future-perspectives-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JAA
    Since 1999, the substitution of powdered NRL gloves with non-powdered NRL sterile gloves in the operating room has resulted in a marked decrease in the number of new cases of latex sensitization. […] In 2020, Raulf emphasized that most studies demonstrating a decline in the prevalence of latex sensitization following the introduction of powder-free latex gloves have been conducted on healthcare professionals in highly industrialized countries (Europe and North America). […] In contrast, in developing countries and in those areas where primary prevention policies are not implemented, latex allergy continues to be a serious public health problem. […] The authors believe that an international call to raise awareness of latex allergy by the world population may help to mitigate the risk of an increase in the incidence of NRLA.
  • #64 Latex Allergy in Children
    https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/1/124
    The population at greatest risk of latex sensitization and allergy includes patients undergoing repeated surgical interventions (e.g., patients with spina bifida or other malformations) or repeated anesthesia and catheterizations (e.g., patients with urogenital anomalies, cloacal anomalies, and insulin-treated diabetics). […] Patients with history of more than five surgeries have a higher risk of presenting latex sensitization. […] Many of these medical conditions have their onset at pediatric age. […] In particular, the highest prevalence of latex sensitization has been reported in pediatric patients with spina bifida, ranging from 26% to 47.9%. […] By implementing latex-free measures from birth in children with spina bifida, compared to historical controls, it has been found that the prevalence of latex sensitization has decreased.
  • #65 Latex Allergy in Children
    https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/1/124
    Healthcare workers (such as doctors, nurses, dentists, biologists, ultrasound technicians, midwives) were the professional group most affected by latex allergy due to the frequent and continuous use of latex gloves in the 1980s and 1990s to prevent the transmission of infectious diseases such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) during the epidemic peak of those years. […] Despite this, in recent decades, with the introduction of preventive measures, sensitization among healthcare workers has gradually decreased. […] However, the risk of sensitization and allergy remains significant, especially in countries that lack adequate resources for implementing preventive measures or where there is a risk of further exposure to other latex-containing products. […] According to a study conducted by Wu et al., the prevalence of latex allergy and sensitization among healthcare workers is 9.7% and 12.4%, respectively.
  • #66 Latex Allergy: Current Status and Future Perspectives
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7532063/
    Primary prevention of latex allergy (NRL) means the reduction of exposure of NRL to prevent sensitization in susceptible workers and at-risk populations. […] Since 1999, the substitution of powdered NRL gloves with non-powdered NRL sterile gloves in the operating room has resulted in a marked decrease in the number of new cases of latex sensitization. […] In 2020, Raulf emphasized that most studies demonstrating a decline in the prevalence of latex sensitization following the introduction of powder-free latex gloves have been conducted on healthcare professionals in highly industrialized countries (Europe and North America). […] In contrast, in developing countries and in those areas where primary prevention policies are not implemented, latex allergy continues to be a serious public health problem. […] The authors believe that an international call to raise awareness of latex allergy by the world population may help to mitigate the risk of an increase in the incidence of NRLA.
  • #67 Latex Allergy: Current Status and Future Perspectives | JAA
    https://www.dovepress.com/latex-allergy-current-status-and-future-perspectives-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JAA
    Since 1999, the substitution of powdered NRL gloves with non-powdered NRL sterile gloves in the operating room has resulted in a marked decrease in the number of new cases of latex sensitization. […] In 2020, Raulf emphasized that most studies demonstrating a decline in the prevalence of latex sensitization following the introduction of powder-free latex gloves have been conducted on healthcare professionals in highly industrialized countries (Europe and North America). […] In contrast, in developing countries and in those areas where primary prevention policies are not implemented, latex allergy continues to be a serious public health problem. […] The authors believe that an international call to raise awareness of latex allergy by the world population may help to mitigate the risk of an increase in the incidence of NRLA.
  • #68 Latex Allergy: Current Status and Future Perspectives
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7532063/
    Primary prevention of latex allergy (NRL) means the reduction of exposure of NRL to prevent sensitization in susceptible workers and at-risk populations. […] Since 1999, the substitution of powdered NRL gloves with non-powdered NRL sterile gloves in the operating room has resulted in a marked decrease in the number of new cases of latex sensitization. […] In 2020, Raulf emphasized that most studies demonstrating a decline in the prevalence of latex sensitization following the introduction of powder-free latex gloves have been conducted on healthcare professionals in highly industrialized countries (Europe and North America). […] In contrast, in developing countries and in those areas where primary prevention policies are not implemented, latex allergy continues to be a serious public health problem. […] The authors believe that an international call to raise awareness of latex allergy by the world population may help to mitigate the risk of an increase in the incidence of NRLA.
  • #69 Latex Allergy: Current Status and Future Perspectives | JAA
    https://www.dovepress.com/latex-allergy-current-status-and-future-perspectives-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JAA
    Since 1999, the substitution of powdered NRL gloves with non-powdered NRL sterile gloves in the operating room has resulted in a marked decrease in the number of new cases of latex sensitization. […] In 2020, Raulf emphasized that most studies demonstrating a decline in the prevalence of latex sensitization following the introduction of powder-free latex gloves have been conducted on healthcare professionals in highly industrialized countries (Europe and North America). […] In contrast, in developing countries and in those areas where primary prevention policies are not implemented, latex allergy continues to be a serious public health problem. […] The authors believe that an international call to raise awareness of latex allergy by the world population may help to mitigate the risk of an increase in the incidence of NRLA.
  • #70 Latex Allergy Rash, Symptoms, Food, Condoms, Test, Treatment
    https://www.medicinenet.com/latex_allergy/article.htm
    Latex allergy peaked at 3%-9.5% in the 1990s but now has fallen to less than 1% in countries where active latex avoidance measures are practiced. […] Repeated exposure to latex is necessary for an allergy to develop. Healthcare workers exposed to latex products (such as gloves and catheters), people who require frequent surgery or catheter use, and workers in the manufacturing or distribution of latex products are at the highest risk for latex allergy. […] Clinical history is the most important aspect of diagnosing any type of latex allergy. A patch test for latex could potentially be performed to diagnose a delayed hypersensitivity response to latex. […] Strict avoidance of latex is the treatment for latex allergy.
  • #71 Newly Updated! Latex Allergy Diagnosis and Management – Katelaris C (Updated 2022)
    https://www.worldallergy.org/component/content/article/newly-updated-latex-allergy-diagnosis-and-management-katelaris-c-updated-2022?catid=16&Itemid=101
    Over the past decade, while the incidence has decreased due to the recommendation of avoiding powdered latex gloves, the problem has not disappeared and has continued as a result of inadvertent exposure to latex from less obvious sources, e.g., balloons and hair extensions. […] It remains high in third world countries where powdered latex gloves continue to be used as they are cheaper than the non-latex alternatives.
  • #72
    https://li01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/SRIMEDJ/article/view/258081
    These measures may be more appropriate for developing countries where the implementation of a ban may not be feasible. […] Epidemiology of latex allergy among healthcare personnel at Siriraj Hospital. […] Prevalence of latex allergy in hospital staff in Hong Kong. […] Prevalence of latex hypersensitivity among health care workers in Malaysia. […] Latex allergy in health care workers in Taiwan: prevalence, clinical features. […] Genetic predisposition to latex allergy: role of interleukin 13 and interleukin 18. […] Update on latex allergy: New insights into an old problem. […] Current state of occupational latex allergy. […] Impact of converting to powder-free gloves: decreasing the symptoms of latex exposure in operating room personnel. […] Changes in rates of natural rubber latex sensitivity among dental school students and staff members after changes in latex gloves. […] Primary prevention of natural rubber latex allergy in the German health care system through education and intervention. […] Effectiveness of a nationwide interdisciplinary preventive programme for latex allergy. […] Medical surveillance program for medical gloves allergy personnel.
  • #73 Latex Allergy: Current Status and Future Perspectives
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7532063/
    Primary prevention of latex allergy (NRL) means the reduction of exposure of NRL to prevent sensitization in susceptible workers and at-risk populations. […] Since 1999, the substitution of powdered NRL gloves with non-powdered NRL sterile gloves in the operating room has resulted in a marked decrease in the number of new cases of latex sensitization. […] In 2020, Raulf emphasized that most studies demonstrating a decline in the prevalence of latex sensitization following the introduction of powder-free latex gloves have been conducted on healthcare professionals in highly industrialized countries (Europe and North America). […] In contrast, in developing countries and in those areas where primary prevention policies are not implemented, latex allergy continues to be a serious public health problem. […] The authors believe that an international call to raise awareness of latex allergy by the world population may help to mitigate the risk of an increase in the incidence of NRLA.
  • #74 Latex Allergy: Current Status and Future Perspectives | JAA
    https://www.dovepress.com/latex-allergy-current-status-and-future-perspectives-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JAA
    Since 1999, the substitution of powdered NRL gloves with non-powdered NRL sterile gloves in the operating room has resulted in a marked decrease in the number of new cases of latex sensitization. […] In 2020, Raulf emphasized that most studies demonstrating a decline in the prevalence of latex sensitization following the introduction of powder-free latex gloves have been conducted on healthcare professionals in highly industrialized countries (Europe and North America). […] In contrast, in developing countries and in those areas where primary prevention policies are not implemented, latex allergy continues to be a serious public health problem. […] The authors believe that an international call to raise awareness of latex allergy by the world population may help to mitigate the risk of an increase in the incidence of NRLA.
  • #75 Latex Allergy in Children
    https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/1/124
    Notwithstanding the efforts made in the last decades to mitigate the consequences of natural rubber latex allergy, this disease continues to be a major health problem, especially in developing countries. […] The categories of patients with greater and frequent exposure to latex (such as health care professionals and, in the pediatric field, subjects who undergo repeated surgery, e.g., those suffering from spina bifida and urogenital malformations) have an increased risk of developing sensitization and allergy to latex. […] Latex allergy can affect both children and adults, although there is paucity of data on the pediatric population. […] The reported prevalence varies greatly depending upon the population studied and the methods used to detect sensitization. […] The prevalence rate of latex sensitization and allergy is closely associated with the degree of exposure, especially in individuals exposed for occupational reasons, such as healthcare workers, or for medical issues.
  • #76 Current prevalence rate of latex allergy: Why it remains a problem?
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5356959/
    This article aims to review the current prevalence rate of latex allergy among healthcare workers, susceptible patients, and the general public, and to investigate why latex is still a ubiquitous occupational health hazard. […] Reported data suggest that the average prevalence of latex allergy worldwide remains 9.7%, 7.2%, and 4.3% among healthcare workers, susceptible patients, and general population, respectively. […] Latex-derived products are ubiquitous, and latex allergy remains a highly prevalent health risk in many occupations and to the general population. […] Compared with data published in the early 21st century, analysis of current latex allergy prevalence rate suggests that a high prevalence of latex allergy remains among healthcare workers, susceptible patients, and general population worldwide (9.7%, 7.2%, and 4.3%, respectively).
  • #77 Current prevalence rate of latex allergy: Why it remains a problem?
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5356959/
    This article aims to review the current prevalence rate of latex allergy among healthcare workers, susceptible patients, and the general public, and to investigate why latex is still a ubiquitous occupational health hazard. […] Reported data suggest that the average prevalence of latex allergy worldwide remains 9.7%, 7.2%, and 4.3% among healthcare workers, susceptible patients, and general population, respectively. […] Latex-derived products are ubiquitous, and latex allergy remains a highly prevalent health risk in many occupations and to the general population. […] Compared with data published in the early 21st century, analysis of current latex allergy prevalence rate suggests that a high prevalence of latex allergy remains among healthcare workers, susceptible patients, and general population worldwide (9.7%, 7.2%, and 4.3%, respectively).
  • #78 Latex Allergy: Current Status and Future Perspectives | JAA
    https://www.dovepress.com/latex-allergy-current-status-and-future-perspectives-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JAA
    Although the use of latex gloves in surgery became routine after 1920, gloves were not consistently used in other areas of patient care until the late 1980s. […] For these reasons, in the late 1980s and 1990s there was a considerable increase in latex allergy. […] The aim of this review is to underline the epidemiological, clinical and diagnostic aspects of natural rubber latex allergy (NRLA), and to carry out a complete and large review of the literature on NRLA management. […] The management of groups at risk for latex allergy and HCWs is based on a step-by-step process through four possible strategies: preventive measures, symptomatic treatment, immunotherapy and anti-IgE therapy. […] Primary prevention of latex allergy (NRL) means the reduction of exposure of NRL to prevent sensitization in susceptible workers and at-risk populations.
  • #79 Latex and Latex Allergy Guideline – Spina Bifida Associationheaderheader-color
    https://www.spinabifidaassociation.org/resource/latex-allergy/
    Parents and patients should be aware that caution should be taken regarding what has come to be labeled “latex fruit syndrome.” […] At this time, it is helpful to understand that not all patients with true latex allergy have clinical reactions to fruit (~50%) and that few (~ 10%) of individuals with known allergy to a latex-cross-reacting fruit develop latex allergy symptoms. […] Updated measures are needed on the true incidence and prevalence among people with Spina Bifida and a comparison to other potentially high-risk populations (i.e. nurses, environmental services workers, and others who routinely make use of latex products). […] Further investigation is needed into patients with Spina Bifida who “turn positive,” including questions about immunity, genetic differences, differences in exposure, and other factors.
  • #80 Latex Allergy in Children
    https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/1/124
    An aggregate analysis of 11 epidemiological surveys published between 2006 and 2015, including studies from various countries (also developing countries), showed a significantly lower but still significant prevalence of latex sensitization (5.1%) and latex allergy (4.2%) among healthcare personnel. […] Latex allergy is an emerging problem in developing countries as well: recent studies reported latex hypersensitivity in 9.1% of healthcare workers in South India and in 9.2% of Turkish healthcare workers. […] In conclusion, latex allergy remains an important condition from an epidemiological perspective due to the wide range of products that contain latex and the challenges faced by many countries in adopting effective prevention measures.

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