Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/yellow-fever

  Yellow fever is prevented by a vaccine, which is safe and affordable. A single dose of yellow fever vaccine is sufficient to grant life-long protection. […] Vaccination is the most important means of preventing yellow fever. The yellow fever vaccine is safe, affordable and a single dose provides life-long protection against yellow fever disease. A booster dose of yellow fever vaccine is not needed. […] The vaccine provides effective immunity within 10 days for 80-100% of people vaccinated, and within 30 days for more than 99% of people vaccinated. […] The risk of yellow fever transmission in urban areas can be reduced by eliminating potential mosquito breeding sites, including by applying larvicides to water storage containers and other places where standing water collects. […] Preventive measures, such as wearing clothing to minimize skin exposure and repellents are recommended to avoid mosquito bites. […] Prompt detection of yellow fever and rapid response through emergency vaccination campaigns are essential for controlling outbreaks.

• #2 Preventing Yellow Fever | Yellow Fever Virus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/yellow-fever/prevention/index.html

  Yellow fever virus is spread through the bite of an infected mosquito. […] The best way to prevent yellow fever is to prevent mosquito bites and get vaccinated before traveling, if vaccination is recommended for you. […] The best way to prevent yellow fever is to protect yourself from mosquito bites and get vaccinated before traveling, if vaccination is recommended for you. […] All travelers to countries with risk of yellow fever should take steps to avoid mosquito bites and discuss the need for vaccination with their healthcare provider.

• #2 Yellow Fever – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/topics/yellow-fever

  Vaccination is the most important preventive measure against yellow fever. The yellow fever vaccine has been used for decades and is safe, affordable and highly effective. […] The vaccine provides effective immunity within 10 days for 80-100% of people vaccinated, and within 30 days for more than 99% of people vaccinated. […] The Eliminate Yellow Fever Epidemics (EYE) Strategy, launched in 2017, is an unprecedented initiative. With more than 50 partners involved, the EYE partnership supports 40 at-risk countries in Africa and the Americas to prevent, detect, and respond to yellow fever suspected cases and outbreaks. The partnership aims at protecting at-risk populations, preventing international spread, and containing outbreaks rapidly. By 2026, it is expected that more than 1 billion people will be protected against the disease. […] PAHO promotes mass preventive vaccination campaigns during interepidemic periods.

• #3 Yellow fever | Wanda

  https://www.wanda.be/en/a-z-index/yellow-fever

  Some countries demand a yellow fever vaccination for everyone entering the country. This vaccination must be administered at least ten days prior to arrival and must be registered in an International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis. […] A vaccine is available (Stamaril).

• #4 Yellow fever vaccine – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_fever_vaccine

  Yellow fever vaccine is a vaccine that protects against yellow fever. Most people begin to develop immunity within ten days of vaccination and are 99% protected within one month, and this appears to be lifelong. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends routine immunization in all countries where the disease is common. Those traveling to areas where the disease occurs should also be immunized. The yellow fever vaccine is generally safe. It appears to be safe in pregnancy and is therefore recommended among those who will be potentially exposed. Medical experts recommend vaccinating people most at risk of contracting the virus, such as woodcutters working in tropical areas. Travellers need to have the vaccine ten days before being in an endemic area to ensure full immunity. The World Health Organization recommends the vaccine between the ages of 9 and 12 months in areas where the disease is common. Anyone over the age of nine months who has not been previously immunized and either lives in or is traveling to an area where the disease occurs should also be immunized. Travellers who wish to enter certain countries or territories must be vaccinated against yellow fever 10 days before crossing the border, and be able to present a vaccination record/certificate at the border checks.

• #5

  https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/factsheets/Pages/yellow-fever.aspx

  Yellow fever can be prevented by vaccination and avoiding mosquito bites. […] A single yellow fever vaccination provides life-long protection. Vaccination is recommended for people who work with yellow fever virus in laboratories or are aged over 9 months and are travelling to an area with a risk of yellow fever. […] Yellow fever vaccination must be administered at an approved yellow fever vaccination centre and this must be recorded on an international yellow fever vaccination certificate. […] All travellers are recommended to be vaccinated for yellow fever if travelling to or from a yellow fever risk country. […] Unvaccinated people entering Australia will still be permitted to enter Australia however a Biosecurity Officer from the Department of Agriculture and Water Resources will reinforce the seriousness of the disease and provide a Yellow Fever Action Card.

• #6 Yellow fever | The Australian Immunisation Handbook

  https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/contents/vaccine-preventable-diseases/yellow-fever

  Vaccination against this disease is not funded under the National Immunisation Program, nor by states and territories. […] Yellow fever vaccine is recommended for people aged ≥9 months who are travelling to an area with a risk of yellow fever virus transmission. […] Yellow fever vaccine is recommended for laboratory workers who work with the yellow fever virus. Workers should have their antibody titres measured if their last vaccine dose was 10 years ago or more to check that they still have protective antibody levels. […] The following travellers are recommended to receive a booster dose if their last vaccine dose was 10 years ago or more: women who were pregnant (in any trimester) when they received their 1st dose of yellow fever vaccine, people who had HIV when they received their 1st dose of yellow fever vaccine, people who will be staying in a high-risk location for an extended period of time, people travelling to an area with ongoing outbreaks.

• #7 Yellow fever | The Australian Immunisation Handbook

  https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/contents/vaccine-preventable-diseases/yellow-fever

  People who have had a haematopoietic stem cell transplant after a dose of yellow fever vaccine are recommended to receive an extra vaccine dose if they will be in an area with a risk of yellow fever virus transmission. […] Vaccination prevents international spread of the disease and some countries require documented evidence of yellow fever vaccination as a condition for entry. […] Laboratory workers who may be exposed to yellow fever virus are recommended to receive yellow fever vaccine. […] 1 dose of yellow fever vaccine is recommended for people who work in laboratories with the yellow fever virus. […] People aged ≥9 months travelling to an area with a risk of yellow fever virus transmission are recommended to receive yellow fever vaccine. […] Travellers should seek up-to-date information about yellow fever virus activity and risk of yellow fever in their travel destinations from reputable sources.

• #8 Travel health – yellow fever immunisation | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/travel-health-yellow-fever-immunisation

  Yellow fever is a viral disease spread by mosquitoes so travellers should always protect themselves against mosquito bites. […] Immunisation reduces the risk of infection with yellow fever. […] Some countries require travellers to have an International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis to prove that they have had the yellow fever vaccine. […] Yellow fever vaccine is safe and effective for life for most situations. […] Find out if the countries you intend to visit have requirements for yellow fever vaccination. You must have the vaccine at least 10 days before travelling. […] Vaccination for yellow fever is generally safe and effective, and reduces the risk of yellow fever infection. […] A record of your immunisation must be entered and validated in your International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis by a healthcare provider that is authorised by the WHO to vaccinate against yellow fever.

• #9 Yellow fever – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/yellow-fever.html

  Yellow fever can be prevented by a vaccine. […] It is recommended that you get the yellow fever vaccine before you travel if you are going to a country: that requires proof of yellow fever vaccination to enter (on an International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis). […] where there is a risk of yellow fever. […] In Canada, the vaccine is available only at designated Yellow Fever Vaccination Centres. […] The single-dose vaccine against yellow fever is safe, effective and recommended for most people who are over nine months of age. […] The vaccine is generally not recommended for pregnant or breastfeeding women, children under the age of nine months, adults 60 years and older (especially those who have not previously received the vaccine) and people with weakened immune systems.

• #10 Travel health – yellow fever immunisation | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/travel-health-yellow-fever-immunisation

  Yellow fever is a viral disease spread by mosquitoes so travellers should always protect themselves against mosquito bites. […] Immunisation reduces the risk of infection with yellow fever. […] Some countries require travellers to have an International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis to prove that they have had the yellow fever vaccine. […] Yellow fever vaccine is safe and effective for life for most situations. […] Find out if the countries you intend to visit have requirements for yellow fever vaccination. You must have the vaccine at least 10 days before travelling. […] Vaccination for yellow fever is generally safe and effective, and reduces the risk of yellow fever infection. […] A record of your immunisation must be entered and validated in your International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis by a healthcare provider that is authorised by the WHO to vaccinate against yellow fever.

• #10 Travel health – yellow fever immunisation | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/travel-health-yellow-fever-immunisation

  Yellow fever vaccine should be given at least 10 days before entering a country where immunisation is a legal requirement in order to avoid quarantine procedures. […] Immunisation against yellow fever only requires a single dose of vaccine, which usually gives most people lifetime immunity. […] People who should be vaccinated for yellow fever include: people over 9 months of age travelling to or living in areas with a high risk of yellow fever transmission. […] Speak with your doctor if you are pregnant and unable to avoid travel to an area where yellow fever is widespread. […] There are a few simple ways to avoid getting bitten by mosquitoes including: Use an effective mosquito repellent on exposed skin that contains at least 30% DEET. […] It is always a good idea when travelling to protect yourself and those in your care against mosquito bites.

• #11 Yellow Fever Vaccine – Fit for Travel

  https://www.fitfortravel.nhs.uk/advice/disease-prevention-advice/yellow-fever-vaccine

  After you have received the vaccine, you are given a yellow fever vaccine certificate to prove that you have received the vaccine and are protected from infection. This certificate is designed to fit inside your passport, and is valid for life. […] Proof of vaccination is most often required for travellers journeying from countries where yellow fever is present to countries where transmission could occur (including sometimes where travellers are transiting through airports in such countries). […] The countries that require proof of vaccination at their borders are those where either the disease occurs, or countries that currently do not have yellow fever within their borders but they do have the correct mosquito and monkey species that could harbour the infection if it were to get in. […] Yellow fever vaccination should usually be avoided during pregnancy and when breastfeeding. A healthcare practitioner will discuss the risks and benefits of vaccination in these circumstances.

• #12 Yellow Fever Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Emergency Department Care, Deterrence and Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/232244-treatment

  Prevention remains the cornerstone to minimizing the risk of yellow fever. Travelers to endemic areas and local populations should be vaccinated. The currently available vaccine confers near lifelong immunity in 99% of patients. […] Researchers conducted a longitudinal cohort study evaluating yellow fever antibodies in vaccinated Malian and Ghanaian children around 9 months old from 2009 through 2012. Antibody levels declined over time, with 50.4% of Malian children and 27.8% of Ghanaian children remaining seropositive after several years. The study suggests a rapid waning of immunity post-vaccination, advocating for a reevaluation of single-dose recommendations and the importance of booster vaccinations to prevent outbreaks. […] In 2015, the CDC’s Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices and the World Health Organization (WHO) updated recommendations that a single lifetime dose of yellow fever vaccine is sufficient for most people traveling to endemic areas (based on increasing data that prolonged immunity [upwards of 30-35 years in some studies] was noted following a single vaccination). The CDC also recommends that some high-risk groups may receive a booster dose after 10 years or an additional dose before traveling to an endemic area.

• #13 Yellow Fever Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Emergency Department Care, Deterrence and Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/232244-treatment

  An additional dose is recommended for the following populations: Women who were pregnant (regardless of trimester) when they received their initial dose of yellow fever vaccine should receive 1 additional dose before their next travel that puts them at risk for yellow fever virus infection. […] Preventive measures also include staying in air-conditioned or properly screened sleeping quarters and wearing protective clothing, long sleeves, and long pants. Travelers should consider using DEET (N,N -diethyl-meta-toluamide)-containing insect repellent spray. […] International Health Regulations allow countries to require proof of vaccination before allowing travelers to enter or leave. Travelers should have a completed International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis (ICVP). Only the most recent ICVP form CDC 731 complies with the International Health Regulations. For specific information regarding vaccination, see the CDC’s Traveler’s Health Web site.

• #14 4 prevention measures for yellow fever | ABC Medical Center

  https://centromedicoabc.com/en/digital-magazine/4-prevention-measures-for-yellow-fever/

  Yellow fever is a disease caused by a virus that is transmitted by a mosquito bite. […] Recommendations to protect yourself from yellow fever. […] Get vaccinated 10 days before traveling to a country where the disease is present. […] Use insect repellent every four hours if you sweat a lot or are in contact with water. […] Wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants. […] Put mosquito nets on the bed where you are going to sleep. […] An International Vaccination Certificate must accompany the vaccine. […] It should not be applied to children under nine months old, pregnant women, or people allergic to egg proteins. […] Patients with thymus gland disease or serious immunodeficiencies due to HIV/AIDS are also exempt.

• #15 IAMAT | Yellow Fever

  https://www.iamat.org/risks/yellow-fever

  Vaccination contraindications: Children under 6 months of age, persons with immune deficiencies or on immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory therapies, persons with allergies to egg proteins, thymus disorders, malignant neoplasms, transplant recipients, and persons with symptomatic HIV infection should not get the Yellow Fever vaccine. If vaccination is contraindicated for medical reasons an exemption letter or waiver should be issued to the traveller. However, acceptance of such a letter is at the discretion of the destination country, and entry might be denied. […] If going to low risk Yellow Fever areas, travellers should take meticulous measures to prevent mosquito bites during the daytime.

• #16 Yellow Fever Vaccine – Fit for Travel

  https://www.fitfortravel.nhs.uk/advice/disease-prevention-advice/yellow-fever-vaccine

  After you have received the vaccine, you are given a yellow fever vaccine certificate to prove that you have received the vaccine and are protected from infection. This certificate is designed to fit inside your passport, and is valid for life. […] Proof of vaccination is most often required for travellers journeying from countries where yellow fever is present to countries where transmission could occur (including sometimes where travellers are transiting through airports in such countries). […] The countries that require proof of vaccination at their borders are those where either the disease occurs, or countries that currently do not have yellow fever within their borders but they do have the correct mosquito and monkey species that could harbour the infection if it were to get in. […] Yellow fever vaccination should usually be avoided during pregnancy and when breastfeeding. A healthcare practitioner will discuss the risks and benefits of vaccination in these circumstances.

• #17 Yellow Fever Vaccine – Fit for Travel

  https://www.fitfortravel.nhs.uk/advice/disease-prevention-advice/yellow-fever-vaccine

  The vaccine can be given safely to those with HIV infection, but only if their CD4 counts are 200 and they are stable on treatment. […] If you are 60 years of age or older, it is possible for you to receive yellow fever vaccine, but only if you are fit and well, fully understand the risks of vaccination, and have a real risk of getting yellow fever infection at your destination (rather than requiring the vaccine just for certificate purposes). A healthcare practitioner will discuss your risk of disease at your destination and the potential risks of the vaccine, to help you to make an informed decision regarding whether or not to get vaccinated. […] A healthcare practitioner will decline to vaccinate you if there is a contraindication to the vaccine and may decline to vaccinate you if the risk of serious vaccine side effects is assessed as being higher than the disease risk. If the risk of disease is deemed low, and you agree, a medical exemption certificate can be issued in these circumstances.

• #18 Yellow fever | The Australian Immunisation Handbook

  https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/contents/vaccine-preventable-diseases/yellow-fever

  Some travellers may need yellow fever vaccination to meet a country’s vaccination requirements for travel. […] People who do not respond optimally to yellow fever vaccination are recommended to receive a booster dose if their last vaccine dose was 10 years ago or more. […] Travellers whose last vaccine dose was 10 years ago or more are recommended to receive a booster dose under certain circumstances. […] Avoiding mosquitoes. […] The mosquitoes that carry yellow fever usually bite during the day. […] All people travelling to countries with a risk of yellow fever virus transmission should be told this. […] Even vaccinated people should be told about the importance of avoiding mosquitoes. […] Under the International Health Regulations (2005), many countries require travellers arriving from countries with a risk of yellow fever virus transmission to provide either a valid International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis (ICVP) against yellow fever, or a valid letter of exemption.

• #19 Yellow Fever: What Is It, Symptoms, Causes & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23162-yellow-fever

  If you’ll be spending time in any area known to have yellow fever, get the vaccine about three to four weeks before going on your trip. For most people, a single dose provides lifelong protection. Other tips include: […] Use a mosquito repellent with DEET. […] Wear long pants, long-sleeved shirts and socks. It’s best if you wear clothing that’s treated to repel mosquitoes. […] Consider using a bed net if the lodging doesn’t have air conditioning or screens on the windows. […] Avoid being outside during times when mosquitoes are active. In most cases, this means dusk to dawn, but one of the mosquitoes that spread yellow fever feeds during the daytime. […] If you’ve been diagnosed with yellow fever, continue to cover up. You don’t want a mosquito to bite you and then bite someone else.

• #20 Yellow fever: Symptoms, causes, and prevention

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/174372

  In the past, yellow fever devastated communities, including those in the United States (U.S.) and Europe. In the middle of the 20th century, scientists developed a safe and effective vaccine that prevents yellow fever. […] Anyone traveling to an area where yellow fever is known to exist should find out about having the vaccine at least 10 to 14 days before departure. […] A single vaccine dose provides at least 10 years protection, and the person may be protected for life. […] It is important for travelers to have the vaccination, to increase their protection and avoid spreading the disease to others. Some immigration authorities will not allow travelers to enter a country without a valid vaccination certificate. […] To reduce exposure to mosquitos, experts advise: Where possible, avoid outdoor activities during dawn, dusk and early evening, when mosquitoes are most prevalent. […] Apply mosquito repellent containing permethrin to clothing, shoes, camping equipment, and bed netting, but not directly on the skin. […] Skin repellents containing DEET or picaridin provide protection from mosquitoes for a longer time than other products.

• #21 Yellow fever | Epidemic Control Toolkit

  https://epidemics.ifrc.org/manager/disease/yellow-fever

  Yellow fever is vaccine-preventable. […] The primary control measure is vaccination. Reduction in exposure to mosquitoes through personal protection or reducing vectors (spraying or environmental sanitation) is a useful supplementary activity. […] Yellow fever patients should be protected from further mosquito exposure (staying indoors and/or under a mosquito net) for up to five days after the onset of fever. This way, the yellow fever virus in their bloodstream will be unavailable to uninfected mosquitoes, thus breaking the transmission cycle and reducing risk to the people around them. […] Community education and engagement activities to encourage the adoption of protective behaviours: Wearing clothes that minimize skin exposure. […] Application of DEET mosquito repellent to exposed skin or clothing (in accordance with product label instructions). […] Indoor residual spraying. […] Larviciding, which is the application of insecticides to water bodies, reducing vector density.

• #22 Yellow Fever Vaccine – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/yellow-fever-vaccine

  Yellow fever can be prevented with live-attenuated yellow fever vaccine 17D, which is considered safe and effective, and has been used for over 60 years to actively immunize children and adults against infection with the yellow fever virus. It confers lifetime immunity. […] PAHO’s (Technical Advisory Group on Vaccine-Preventable Diseases TAG) recommends that vaccination coverage for the yellow fever vaccine remains at 95% and that children must be vaccinated during their 12 months of age doctor’s visit.

• #23 Health Alert: Yellow Fever – Practice Enhanced Precautions  – U.S. Embassy Lima, Peru   – U.S. Embassy in Peru

  https://pe.usembassy.gov/health-alert-yellow-fever-practice-enhanced-precautions-u-s-embassy-lima-peru-may-2-2025/

  The U.S. Center for Disease Control (CDC) issued a Level 2 Travel Health Notice for South America including specific areas of Peru due to the continuing rise in reported cases of yellow fever (see linked map). […] According to the CDC, Machu Picchu is now an area where Yellow Fever vaccination is recommended for travelers. While the peak of Machu Picchu is not an area of risk, visitors travel through affected areas to get there. CDC now recommends travelers to these newly affected areas get vaccinated against yellow fever. […] The best way to prevent yellow fever is to avoid mosquito bites and get vaccinated against yellow fever when traveling to an area with known transmission. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends vaccination for all travelers going to areas with a risk for yellow fever transmission.

• #24 Health Alert: Yellow Fever – Practice Enhanced Precautions  – U.S. Embassy Lima, Peru   – U.S. Embassy in Peru

  https://pe.usembassy.gov/health-alert-yellow-fever-practice-enhanced-precautions-u-s-embassy-lima-peru-may-2-2025/

  Ensure that you get vaccinated against yellow fever at least 10 days before traveling to areas with risk of transmission. Talk with a healthcare professional if you have questions about the yellow fever vaccine and if the vaccine is recommended you. […] Review the CDC webpage on preventing yellow fever.

• #25 Travellers Going to Yellow Fever Areas – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/travel-health/yellow-fever/travellers-going-yellow-fever-areas.html

  Yellow fever can be prevented by a vaccine. […] Travellers get vaccinated either because it is required to enter a country or because it is recommended for their individual protection. […] If these requirements apply, you will need an International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis as proof of vaccination. […] It is recommended that travel plans include consulting a travel health clinic, Yellow Fever Vaccination Centre, or other health care professional at least 6 weeks before departure for an individual assessment to determine the need for immunizations and/or preventive medication, and to get advice on precautions to reduce health risks. […] When you visit a Yellow Fever Vaccination Centre, a health care professional should assess whether the vaccine is required for your itinerary; assess whether the vaccine is recommended, if it is not required; administer the vaccine if indicated; provide you with additional advice on how to protect yourself against yellow fever; provide you with written proof of yellow fever vaccination on the International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis.

• #26

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/journalarticle?Article_ID=4304418&Journal_ID=54016&Issue_ID=4304238

  Vaccination, given to patients age 9 months and older, is safe, affordable, and the most effective way to prevent yellow fever.5 In the United States, the yellow fever vaccine is a live, attenuated vaccine given subcutaneously.17 It provides effective immunity within 30 days for 99% of patients.5,8 Worldwide, six manufacturers of yellow fever vaccines produce about 70 to 90 million doses annually.12,18 […] WHO recommends a single dose for most travelers, but those who were pregnant during vaccination, had a stem cell transplant, plan to spend an extended period in endemic areas, or work regularly in labs with yellow fever samples may consider a booster immunization.12 […] Because the vaccine is a live attenuated virus, it’s contraindicated in breastfeeding women due to the potential for transmission of vaccine virus via breastmilk. It’s also contraindicated in infants under age 9 months because of the increased risk for encephalitis.17,19 Patients with a severe, life-threatening allergy to eggs, chicken protein, gelatin, or previous yellow fever vaccines shouldn’t get the vaccine. Extreme caution should be taken before administering the vaccine to patients on chemotherapy, with HIV infection, or any other condition that compromises the immune system.20

• #27 Yellow fever | The Australian Immunisation Handbook

  https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/contents/vaccine-preventable-diseases/yellow-fever

  Yellow fever vaccine can be given to people with well-controlled HIV who are not severely immunocompromised. […] A single dose of yellow fever vaccine should provide lifelong immunity in most healthy adults and children. […] A booster dose of yellow fever vaccine can produce protective levels of yellow fever neutralising antibodies in people whose response to the primary vaccine dose was low or negative.

• #28 Travel Health Service Yellow Fever

  https://www.travelhealth.gov.hk/english/travel_related_diseases/yellow_fever.html

  Travellers with the following health conditions may not be suitable to receive yellow fever vaccination. Before receiving the vaccine, travellers should consult doctor’s advice: […] Travellers who are aged 60 years and older are at increased risk for yellow fever vaccine associated adverse events, and this risk appears to increase with increasing age.

• #29 Yellow fever | Doctors Without Borders – USA

  https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/what-we-do/medical-issues/yellow-fever

  One shot of a vaccine gives long-lasting immunity, but low coverage in parts of the world leads to periodic epidemics. […] Vaccination is the best way to prevent infection and stop outbreaks. […] People can also protect themselves against mosquito bites by wearing long clothing and using repellents and insecticide-treated mosquito nets, where available. […] At the community level, control measures include eliminating stagnant water where mosquitoes breed, and spraying insecticide. […] We aim to control outbreaks through mass vaccination campaigns and community-wide insecticide spraying to kill the mosquitoes that spread the disease, and to provide care for people with severe cases. […] Looking for ways to expand the number of people who could be vaccinated, the World Health Organization and partners conducted a study that showed that the vaccine is effective even when used at one-fifth the usual dose. […] Using this research, our nurses administered fractional doses of the yellow fever vaccine, significantly expanding the numbers of at-risk people protected through the vaccination campaign.

• #30 Prevention of yellow fever in persons traveling to the tropics – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11981733/

  Yellow fever (YF) is a potentially lethal mosquito-borne viral hemorrhagic fever endemic in Africa and South America. […] In this article, we review the risk factors for YF during travel and the use of YF 17D vaccine to prevent the disease. […] Although the vaccine is highly effective and has a long history of safe use, the occurrence of rare, fatal adverse events has raised new concerns. […] These events should not deter travelers to areas where YF is endemic from being immunized, because the risk of YF infection and illness may be high in rural areas and cannot be easily defined by existing surveillance. […] To avoid unnecessary vaccination, physicians should vaccinate persons at risk on the basis of knowledge of the epidemiology of the disease, reports of epidemic activity, season, and the likelihood of exposure to vector mosquitoes.

• #31 Yellow Fever: Symptoms and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/yellow-fever-symptoms-treatment

  Yellow Fever Prevention Through Vaccination […] Because there is no cure for yellow fever, prevention is critical. The yellow fever vaccine is advised for adults and children over age 9 months who are traveling to or living in countries with a known risk of yellow fever. Certain countries in Africa and Latin America with the highest risk of exposure to yellow fever now require proof of yellow fever vaccination before allowing you to travel there. […] Travel medicine clinics and state or local health departments usually offer the vaccine, which needs to be repeated every 10 years for people traveling to high-risk areas. These approved vaccination centers can also provide you with the International Certificate of Vaccination that you’ll need to enter certain at-risk countries. […] Call your doctor right away if you develop a fever, flu-like symptoms, or other unusual signs after taking the vaccine. The yellow fever vaccine, in a few rare cases, has caused an allergic reaction, nervous system reaction, and life-threatening illness.

• #32 Schedule Yellow Fever Vaccine | Walgreens

  https://www.walgreens.com/topic/pharmacy/scheduler/yellow-fever-vaccine.jsp

  Schedule your vaccine today. […] The yellow fever vaccine can prevent yellow fever. Its given as a single shot at least 10 days prior to travel. Booster shots are recommended for people who remain at risk. […] The yellow fever vaccine is only administered at approved vaccination centers that can provide the traveler with a valid International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis (ICVP). This certificate is valid for 10 years from the 10th day after vaccination and is required to enter certain countries. […] People ages 9+ traveling to countries that require proof of yellow fever vaccination […] People ages 9+ traveling to parts of South America and Africa where the risk of yellow fever is known to exist […] Laboratory personnel or anyone who may have been exposed to the yellow fever virus. […] Over-the-counter pain relievers such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen can help ease pain and reduce fever. Contact your doctor or pharmacist if you have any unexpected or worsening reactions after receiving a vaccine.

• #33 Yellow fever prophylaxis when vaccination is not an option | ZonM

  https://projecten.zonmw.nl/en/project/yellow-fever-prophylaxis-when-vaccination-not-option

  Yellow fever is caused by the yellow fever virus, which is endemic in Africa and South America. […] A vaccine exists which gives lifelong protection, but during an outbreak the vaccine stockpile is often insufficient, due to the complex production process. […] For travellers to endemic countries vaccination is often mandatory, but contraindicated for those who are immunocompromised and used restrictively in persons older than 60, as the yellow fever vaccine is a live attenuated viral vaccine with the potential of causing a severe infection that mimics yellow fever. […] We will investigate the efficacy of sofosbuvir in a human infection model as prophylaxis against yellow fever in 30 healthy participants.

• #34 Yellow Fever Vaccine | Passport Health Travel Clinics

  https://www.passporthealthusa.com/vaccinations/yellow-fever/

  Vaccination is just the start, repellents and netting also play a key role in mosquito prevention. […] Vaccination is recommended for regions where the virus is present. […] Health authorities recommend using mosquito-preventatives like repellents and netting as well as vaccination to avoid yellow fever. […] The yellow fever vaccine is a highly effective travel vaccine that protects against yellow fever: a mosquito-borne virus that spreads easily from insects to humans. […] A single dose of the yellow fever vaccine provides lifetime protection for most people. […] The yellow fever vaccine is for anyone traveling to a virus-affected area. […] Vaccination is the best way to prevent yellow fever.

• #35 Yellow Fever: Causes, Symptoms and Prevention – TMB.ie

  https://www.tmb.ie/diseases/yellow-fever-causes-symptoms-prevention

  Preventing yellow fever involves both vaccination and avoiding mosquito bites. The yellow fever vaccine is highly effective and is typically recommended for travellers to areas where the disease is prevalent. For most who receive the vaccine for yellow fever, they will be protected for life. […] To avoid mosquito bites, its essential to use insect repellent, wear long-sleeved shirts and pants, and sleep under mosquito nets, especially during peak mosquito activity times like dawn and dusk. Additionally, eliminating standing water around homes and communities helps reduce mosquito breeding sites. […] Vaccination remains the most effective tool for preventing yellow fever, and efforts to improve vaccination coverage and mosquito control are critical for controlling the spread of the disease.

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