Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Yellow Fever: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment | Yellow Fever Virus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/yellow-fever/symptoms-diagnosis-treatment/index.html

  There is no specific treatment for yellow fever. […] There is no medicine to treat yellow fever. However, a vaccine is available to prevent disease. […] People with severe symptoms of yellow fever infection should be hospitalized for close observation and supportive care.

• #2 Treatment and Prevention of Yellow Fever | Yellow Fever Virus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/yellow-fever/hcp/treatment-prevention/index.html

  There is no specific treatment for yellow fever; clinical management is supportive. […] Treatment for symptoms can include rest, fluids, and use of analgesics and antipyretics. […] Patients who develop more severe symptoms should be hospitalized for close observation and supportive treatment.

• #3

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/yellow-fever

  There is no specific anti-viral drug for yellow fever. Patients should rest, stay hydrated and seek medical advice. Depending on the clinical manifestations and other circumstances, patients may be sent home, be referred for in-hospital management, or require emergency treatment and urgent referral. Treatment for dehydration, liver and kidney failure, and fever improves outcomes. Associated bacterial infections can be treated with antibiotics.

• #4 Yellow fever: Treatment and prevention – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/yellow-fever-treatment-and-prevention

  Yellow fever: Treatment and prevention […] TREATMENT […] Supportive care — The treatment of yellow fever consists of supportive care; there is no specific antiviral therapy available. Management of patients may be improved by modern intensive care, but this is generally not available in remote areas where yellow fever often occurs. Travelers hospitalized after return to the United States or Europe have had fatal outcomes in spite of intensive care, demonstrating the inexorable course of severe yellow fever. […] Supportive care should include maintenance of nutrition, prevention of hypoglycemia, nasogastric suction to prevent gastric distention and aspiration, treatment of hypotension by fluid replacement and vasoactive drugs if necessary, administration of oxygen, prophylactic anticonvulsant therapy, management of metabolic acidosis, treatment of bleeding with fresh-frozen plasma, dialysis if indicated by renal failure, and treatment of secondary infections. […] Investigational agents — Antiviral therapies for yellow fever are under investigation.

• #5 Yellow fever: Treatment and prevention – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/yellow-fever-treatment-and-prevention/print

  Yellow fever: Treatment and prevention […] Supportive care — The treatment of yellow fever consists of supportive care; there is no specific antiviral therapy available. Management of patients may be improved by modern intensive care, but this is generally not available in remote areas where yellow fever often occurs. Travelers hospitalized after return to the United States or Europe have had fatal outcomes in spite of intensive care, demonstrating the inexorable course of severe yellow fever. […] Supportive care should include maintenance of nutrition, prevention of hypoglycemia, nasogastric suction to prevent gastric distention and aspiration, treatment of hypotension by fluid replacement and vasoactive drugs if necessary, administration of oxygen, prophylactic anticonvulsant therapy, management of metabolic acidosis, treatment of bleeding with fresh-frozen plasma, dialysis if indicated by renal failure, and treatment of secondary infections. […] Investigational agents — Antiviral therapies for yellow fever are under investigation.

• #6 Yellow fever – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_fever

  As with other Flavivirus infections, no cure is known for yellow fever. Hospitalization is advisable and intensive care may be necessary because of rapid deterioration in some cases. Certain acute treatment methods lack efficacy: passive immunization after the emergence of symptoms is probably without effect; ribavirin and other antiviral drugs, as well as treatment with interferons, are ineffective in yellow fever patients. Symptomatic treatment includes rehydration and pain relief with drugs such as paracetamol (acetaminophen). However, aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are often avoided because of an increased risk of gastrointestinal bleeding due to their anticoagulant effects. […] Death occurs in up to half of those who get severe disease.

• #7 Yellow Fever Treatment, Prevention & Symptoms

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/yellow_fever/article_em.htm

  Up to 50% of severely affected people will die from yellow fever without treatment. […] Treatment is directed at reducing the symptoms until the illness completes its course. There is no specific treatment for yellow fever. […] Yellow fever treatment is directed at support of vital functions such as blood pressure and heartbeat and medications for pain and fever control in the first stage of illness. If progression to the second stage occurs, supportive medical management at a tertiary care facility may be necessary. Clinicians can telephone the CDC for advice on diagnosis and treatment of the disease.

• #8

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/yellow-fever/

  There’s no specific treatment for yellow fever. […] Most people make a full recovery after 3 or 4 days. […] Things you can do to help ease your symptoms include: taking painkillers, such as paracetamol or ibuprofen, which can help lower your temperature and relieve muscle pain or backache. […] drinking plenty of fluids to avoid dehydration. […] If you have more serious symptoms of yellow fever, you’ll need to go into hospital immediately to be treated.

• #9 Treatments for Yellow Fever | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/primary-care/yellow-fever/treatments.html

  No specific treatment exists for yellow fever, which is one reason that preventative measures such as vaccination are so important. Supportive treatment is aimed at controlling the symptoms, and includes rest, fluids, and use of medicines to help relieve fever and aching. Certain medications should be avoided, such as aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, which may increase the risk for bleeding. […] People with yellow fever should be protected from further mosquito exposure (for example, they should stay indoors or under a mosquito net) during the first few days of illness, so they do not contribute to the disease transmission cycle. […] It is believed that people who have had yellow fever develop lifelong immunity.

• #10 Yellow fever : symptoms, treatment, prevention – Institut Pasteur

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/medical-center/disease-sheets/yellow-fever

  There is no specific treatment for yellow fever. Apart from prevention by vaccination, the only way to fight the disease once it has been contracted is through rest, rehydration therapy, and drugs to lower temperature and relieve vomiting and pain.

• #11 Yellow fever | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/yellow-fever

  There is no specific treatment for yellow fever, but it can be prevented by getting vaccinated and protecting yourself against mosquito bites. […] Some symptoms of yellow fever, such as dehydration and fever, can be treated. […] To reduce fever and pain, people with yellow fever should: rest, drink plenty of fluids, take pain relief medicine. […] It is important not to take medicines including aspirin or other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (like ibuprofen or naproxen). These may increase the risk of bleeding. […] People with severe symptoms of yellow fever need hospital treatment. Those who are seriously ill will need to be looked after in intensive care.

• #12 Yellow Fever: Symptoms and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/yellow-fever-symptoms-treatment

  How Is Yellow Fever Treated? […] Because there is no cure for the viral infection itself, medical treatment of yellow fever focuses on easing symptoms such as fever, muscle pain, and dehydration. […] Because of the risk of internal bleeding, avoid aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs if you suspect you have yellow fever. Hospitalization is often needed.

• #13 Yellow Fever: What Is It, Symptoms, Causes & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23162-yellow-fever

  No, theres no cure or treatment for yellow fever. Thats why its so important to get the vaccine and to avoid mosquitoes. […] Your healthcare provider may advise you to get a lot of rest and drink lots of fluids to feel better. If you need to take a pain reliever, avoid those which can cause bleeding, such as aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). […] If you have a more serious form of yellow fever, you should be admitted to a hospital.

• #14 Yellow Fever: Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.health.com/yellow-fever-8727950

  Because yellow fever is a viral infection, there is no medication to treat the virus. […] Most people recover on their own with the usual remedies prescribed for viral infections, such as rest, fluids, and over-the-counter (OTC) medications. OTC medications help relieve symptoms like fever, headache, and muscle pain. It’s best to avoid aspirin and drugs like Advil (ibuprofen) because they increase the risk of bleeding. […] People with severe yellow fever infections typically need to be hospitalized for symptom management and observation. Dehydration caused by fever and vomiting, as well as kidney and liver problems, are risk factors for potentially fatal illness. Receiving medical attention and care to manage these symptoms helps lower the risk of death in severe cases of yellow fever. […] Medical care for yellow fever may include receiving intravenous (IV) fluids, oxygen supplementation, blood transfusions, and treatment for any bacterial infections resulting from illness.

• #15 Yellow Fever Transmission, Symptoms, Treatment, Vaccine

  https://www.medicinenet.com/yellow_fever/article.htm

  Avoid acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) because of the increased risk of bleeding. […] For the first few days of illness, infected individuals should also be isolated indoors and/or under mosquito netting to prevent further mosquito exposure, thus eliminating the potential for further transmission of the disease.

• #16 Yellow Fever: Symptoms, Complications, and Treatment

  https://www.practo.com/health-wiki/yellow-fever-symptoms-complications-and-treatment/67/article

  There is no specific medication to treat yellow fever. At the most you will be hospitalized and provided supportive care which includes, providing fluids, oxygen if needed, replacing any blood loss, providing dialysis in event of kidney failure, and treating any other complications if they arise. The treatment is more focused on providing you relief from the symptoms of yellow fever such as dehydration, bleeding or haemorrhaging, muscle and joint pains and so on. […] You may be quarantined depending on your condition. And if treated at home, the doctor will ask you to stay safe from mosquito bites, by using a mosquito net, or mosquito repellent cream, to avoid spreading the disease to others.

• #17 Yellow Fever | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/31451

  Yellow fever is a reportable infection. Once the virus is contracted, symptoms develop after 3 to 6 days. There is no specific treatment, but severe cases require aggressive supportive care and hydration. Patients should be managed in the intensive care unit (ICU) and closely monitored for disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), hemorrhage, kidney, and liver dysfunction. Coagulopathy is managed with fresh frozen plasma, and renal failure may require dialysis. Even though yellow fever is not transmitted from person to person, isolation of the individual should be undertaken until the diagnosis is confirmed. Universal precautions are required when looking after patients with yellow fever although person-person transmission of the virus is unlikely. Infected patients should avoid mosquitoes, as they may transmit the virus to mosquitoes, which can serve as vectors for infection other patients.

• #18 Yellow Fever Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Emergency Department Care, Deterrence and Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/232244-treatment

  No specific treatment exists for yellow fever; however, supportive care is critical. Severely ill patients should be treated in an intensive care setting. The required management consists of vasoactive medications, fluid resuscitation, ventilator management, and treatment of disseminated intravascular coagulation, hemorrhage, secondary infections, and renal and hepatic dysfunction. Salicylates should be avoided because of the increased risk of bleeding secondary to platelet dysfunction. […] Clinical studies are ongoing, but no specific treatment is currently available. Administration of interferon- (or possibly IVIG) would be a reasonable postexposure prophylactic treatment in an unvaccinated laboratory or hospital worker exposed to yellow fever or blood of an acutely ill (potentially viremic) patient with yellow fever if administered within 24 hours. […] The primary approach to treating yellow fever involves providing supportive care. Bleeding may be managed with vitamin K. To prevent gastrointestinal bleeding, an H2 blocker or a proton pump inhibitor along with sucralfate can be beneficial and should be considered for all hospitalized patients.

• #19 Yellow fever – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/yellow-fever

  There is no specific treatment for yellow fever. Treatment is supportive and focuses on: […] Blood products for severe bleeding […] Dialysis for kidney failure […] Fluids through a vein (intravenous fluids).

• #20 Yellow Fever: Causes, Symptoms & Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/yellow-fever

  Theres no cure for yellow fever. Treatment involves managing symptoms and assisting your immune system in fighting off the infection by: […] getting enough fluids, possibly through your veins […] getting oxygen […] maintaining a healthy blood pressure […] getting blood transfusions […] having dialysis if you experience kidney failure […] getting treatment for other infections that may develop.

• #21 Yellow fever: Symptoms, causes, and prevention

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/174372

  There is no effective antiviral medication to treat yellow fever, so treatment consists of supportive care in a hospital. […] This includes providing fluids, oxygen, making sure blood pressure is adequate, replacing lost blood, kidney dialysis if there is kidney failure, and treating any secondary infections. […] Some patients may be given plasma transfusion to replace proteins that help with clotting. […] The patient should be kept away from mosquitoes. If a mosquito bites the patient, they will become infected and then pass the disease on to other people. […] They should not use aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) because of the risk of bleeding. […] In 2014, a study published in the journal PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases reported that changes in white blood cells could signal an early sign of fatal yellow fever. This, say the scientists, could lead to better diagnosis and treatment.

• #22 Yellow Fever – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/arboviruses-arenaviridae-and-filoviridae/yellow-fever

  Treatment of yellow fever is mainly supportive. Bleeding may be treated with vitamin K. An H2 blocker or a proton pump inhibitor and sucralfate can be helpful as prophylaxis for gastrointestinal bleeding and can be used in all patients ill enough to require hospitalization. […] Treat supportively (including using vitamin K to treat bleeding and an H2 blocker or a proton pump inhibitor and sucralfate to prevent bleeding).

• #23 Yellow Fever – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/arboviruses-arenaviruses-filoviruses/yellow-fever

  Treatment of yellow fever involves supportive care, including medications to treat or prevent bleeding, such as injections of vitamin K (which can help blood clot). […] There is no specific treatment for yellow fever.

• #24 Yellow Fever Medication: Vaccines, Histamine H2 antagonists, Proton Pump Inhibitors, Antipyretics

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/232244-medication

  Adjunctive measures include nonhepatotoxic antipyretics to reduce fever and pain and gastric acid suppression to prevent gastric bleeding. Use of heparin for documented cases of DIC is controversial. In a retrospective analysis of patients with yellow fever vaccineassociated viscerotropic disease accompanied by shock, 3 of 4 (75%) case-patients who received stress-dose steroids survived, compared with 2 of 7 (29%) patients who did not receive stress-dose steroids. […] Treatment of yellow fever is symptomatic and supportive. Bed rest and mild analgesic-antipyretic therapy often help to relieve associated lethargy, malaise, and fever. Salicylates should be avoided because of bleeding risk.

• #25 Yellow fever | Cause, Symptoms, & Treatment | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/yellow-fever

  The disease, caused by a flavivirus, infects humans, all species of monkeys, and certain other small mammals. […] There is no specific treatment for those with yellow fever beyond good nursing and supportive care. […] Treatment is supportive and is designed to correct the acid-base imbalance and electrolyte abnormalities caused by vomiting, heart failure, and kidney derangements. Good nursing and supportive care, particularly in reducing fever, are important both in maintaining comfort and in reducing mortality. […] Immunization is now the most practical and reliable way to prevent yellow fever in people who live in and travel to areas where it is endemic. Still, control of mosquito populations is an essential component of any program designed to prevent the spread of yellow fever, particularly in urban areas.

• #26 Centre for Health Protection – Yellow fever

  https://www.chp.gov.hk/en/healthtopics/content/24/25044.html

  There is no specific antiviral drug treatment for yellow fever. Management is mainly for symptomatic relief. For severe forms of infection, hospitalization and treatment for dehydration, liver and kidney failure, and fever will improve the outcomes. Associated bacterial infections can be treated with antibiotics. […] Patients carrying the virus should be isolated to prevent mosquito bites that may spread the disease to others.

• #27 Rapid antibody development yields possible treatment for yellow fever | MIT News | Massachusetts Institute of Technology

  https://news.mit.edu/2020/antibody-yellow-fever-treatment-0729

  The experimental drug has shown promise in early-stage clinical trials conducted in Singapore. […] An international team of researchers, led by MIT Professor Ram Sasisekharan, has now developed a potential treatment for yellow fever. Their drug, an engineered monoclonal antibody that targets the virus, has shown success in early-stage clinical trials in Singapore. […] The researchers narrowed their candidates down to one antibody, which they called TY014. They then developed production methods to create small, uniform batches that they could use to perform necessary testing phases in parallel. […] The researchers found that following treatment, the virus was undetectable in blood samples from people who received the antibodies. The treatment also reduced inflammation following vaccination, compared to people who received the vaccine but not the antibody treatment. The phase 1b trial was completed in July 2019, and the researchers now hope to perform phase 2 clinical trials in patients infected with the disease.

• #28 Research advances in development of therapy for yellow fever | Oswaldo Cruz Institute

  https://www.ioc.fiocruz.br/en/noticias/pesquisa-avanca-no-desenvolvimento-de-terapia-para-febre-amarela

  In animal tests, synthetic antibodies were effective in preventing worsening and death. […] The development of a modern therapy against the disease could change this scenario. In animal tests, a study, with the participation of the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/Fiocruz), demonstrated the effectiveness of synthetic antibodies against yellow fever. […] According to the scientist, the next stage of the work should be the manufacture of a batch of antibodies, following procedures of good manufacturing practices, for carrying out tests on humans. […] If its effectiveness is confirmed, it will be a very important treatment for cases of severe yellow fever, in which approximately half of the patients die. It could be a therapeutic tool to save many people. […] For the authors of the study, the results indicate that the tested monoclonal antibodies can save lives and should follow for the clinical development of a therapy, with tests in human beings.

• #29 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20200805/Potential-antibody-treatment-for-yellow-fever-developed-in-7-months-using-Rapid-Response-Strategy.aspx

  Researchers from Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR), an interdisciplinary group at Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART), MITs research enterprise in Singapore, have developed TY014, a potential antibody treatment for yellow fever. […] The study has demonstrated the potential for yellow fever treatment using TY014, a fully engineered, human manufactured IgG1 monoclonal antibody that targets the yellow fever virus, with success in early-stage clinical trials in Singapore. […] Management of yellow fever in these groups is usually through supportive care. […] An antibody treatment will not only plug these gaps but could also prepare global healthcare systems for potential outbreaks. […] Researchers used a computational approach to develop the TY014 antibody to specifically target an epitope on the yellow fever virus envelope (E) protein in post-infection therapy.

• #30

  https://consensus.app/questions/yellow-fever-treated/

  Yellow fever treatment is challenging due to its etiology, pathology, and symptomatology, making it difficult to cure or prevent death in spite of all treatments. […] A single dose of potent monoclonal antibodies from vaccinated humans can effectively prevent severe disease and death in hamster and nonhuman primate models of yellow fever infection.

• #30

  https://consensus.app/questions/yellow-fever-treated/

  While there is no specific antiviral treatment for yellow fever, current management focuses on symptomatic and supportive care, with investigational therapies showing promise. Antiviral drugs like ribavirin and sofosbuvir, as well as neutralizing monoclonal antibodies, represent potential future treatments that could improve outcomes for yellow fever patients. […] Sofosbuvir may show potential as a treatment for yellow fever, with a randomized controlled trial in Brazil examining its effectiveness and clinical outcomes. […] Yellow fever treatment, which often fails to cure or even save patients, and the importance of preventing transmission. […] Effective treatment of yellow fever is crucial for controlling the spread and ensuring patient recovery, with modern pathology providing guidance on the simplest, safest, and most effective methods.

• #31 Lab-made antibodies offer potential cure for yellow fever | OHSU News

  https://news.ohsu.edu/2023/03/29/lab-made-antibodies-offer-potential-cure-for-yellow-fever

  Lab-made antibodies offer potential cure for yellow fever. This research suggests lab-made antibodies may be able to cure people who get sick with yellow fever, a disease for which there is no approved treatment. […] New research from Oregon Health Science University and collaborators indicates lab-made antibodies may be able to cure people infected with yellow fever, a virus for which there is no treatment. […] A study published today in Science Translational Medicine suggests that a single monoclonal antibody infusion can strengthen the body’s fight against yellow fever. […] Two monoclonal antibodies that we evaluated completely removed all signs of infection from research animals, said the study’s corresponding author, Ben Burwitz, Ph.D. […] By showing such efficacy in a primate model that mimics severe human disease, we hope to advance this to clinical trials and be ready to deploy treatments for the next outbreak of yellow fever.

• #32 Experimental therapies for yellow fever

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3563926/

  A number of viruses in the family Flaviviridae are the focus of efforts to develop effective antiviral therapies. […] However, no treatment has been developed against the prototype flavivirus, yellow fever virus (YFV). […] This paper reviews current efforts to develop antiviral therapies, either directly targeting the virus or blocking detrimental host responses to infection. […] Vaccination is the only countermeasure available for those inhabiting or visiting YF-endemic areas. […] This paper reviews current efforts to develop antiviral therapies, either directly targeting the virus or blocking detrimental host responses to infection, and briefly discusses some of the limitations and hazards associated with YF vaccination. […] This review will focus on the development of antiviral therapies for the treatment of YF, but ideally, an effective antiviral would have broad-spectrum activity against other members of the Flaviviridae family.

• #33 Experimental therapies for yellow fever

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3563926/

  Direct antivirals are likely key to a successful treatment regimen and much work has been done to identify antiviral compounds with efficacy against YFV. […] The NS1 protein is also essential for viral RNA synthesis, and targeting NS1 would also potentially inhibit viral replication in addition to the interruption of immune evasion described above. […] Direct targeting of viral RNA through pathways of small RNA interference has been shown to be effective in the inhibition of many viruses, although efficient delivery to key sites is one important hurdle to clinical development. […] Inhibitors of the immune system also have the potential for combination therapy together with a direct antiviral. […] It has been suggested that focus be placed on agents that may potentially reduce the immunopathology associated with systemic inflammatory response syndrome that is observed in fatal cases of YFV.

• #34 Yellow Fever Medication: Vaccines, Histamine H2 antagonists, Proton Pump Inhibitors, Antipyretics

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/232244-medication

  Prior to the development of a vaccine, passive immunization was utilized in the prevention and management of yellow fever. This posed many challenges because of difficulty in obtaining sufficient amounts of human serum and subsequent serum sickness; its use was discontinued in 1936. […] Present day supplies of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) have been found to contain high titers of yellow fever antibodies. In 2000, an unpublished case of a patient being treated with IVIG to prevent illness prior to a trip to the Amazon was reported. Vaccination was contraindicated in this individual, who had chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Despite this event, no published reports exist of off-label use of IVIG in the treatment of yellow fever. […] No approved antiviral drug against yellow fever is available; nonclinical testing of antiviral agents has yielded modest results. Ribavirin, given at high doses to hamsters challenged with yellow fever, reduced mortality when administered as late as 120 hours after infection. However, in studies of nonhuman primates, ribavirin treatment did not prolong survival. Interferon- has also been found to reduce mortality when administered to monkeys with yellow fever; however, it was only effective when given within 24 hours of infection. A long list of novel small molecules have shown activity against yellow fever and other flaviviruses in vitro or in animal models, but none is currently available clinically. These findings suggest that antiviral therapies may only be effective early in the course of disease, when clinical symptoms are nonspecific and indistinguishable from other viral infections.

• #35 Yellow fever

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/yellow-fever

  There is no specific treatment for yellow fever. Current management is based around supportive and preventive care such as fluid replacement, renal dialysis, and medication to reduce gastric acid production. Intensive supportive care may improve outcomes for seriously ill patients, but is rarely available in developing countries. […] Medications such as interferon and ribavirin are currently being researched as a treatment for yellow fever.

• #36 Experimental therapies for yellow fever

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3563926/

  Various natural products demonstrate some antiviral activity against YFV. […] The prospect for the development of anti-YF countermeasures is a difficult one. However, the efforts of researchers to discover vaccines and antivirals for the prevention and treatment of YF have resulted in various candidates for further evaluation.

• #37 Yellow Fever | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/31451

  Since there is no effective treatment or vaccine, prevention is critical. This is best accomplished by avoiding mosquito bites entirely. Even very short periods outdoors can lead to exposure to mosquito bites, so people should wear proper protective clothing. This protection includes long sleeves, long pants, socks, and closed-toe shoes. Pant legs can be tucked into socks to prevent bites to exposed ankles. Transmission is common during the warmer months, and mosquitoes may bite through very thin clothing, so treating clothing with repellents containing permethrin, DEET, oil of lemon eucalyptus, or other EPA-registered insect repellants will reduce this risk. Permethrin should not be applied directly to the skin, but when applied to clothing, it provides protection even after the clothing is washed. Transmission is most frequent when mosquitoes feed, between dawn and dusk, so outdoor activities during this period should be avoided. However, one of the mosquitos responsible for transmitting the virus, Aedes Aegypty, feeds during the daytime; so there is no safe time during the day for a traveler without repellent and wearing protective clothing. Travelers should sleep in air-conditioned spaces or use mosquito nets or screens to prevent bites during sleep. Standing water is a breeding ground for mosquitoes, so flower pots, buckets, and other containers should be drained. Childrens wading pools should be emptied and stored on their sides, and tire swings should have holes drilled into the bottom to allow trapped water to drain.

• #38 Yellow Fever | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/31451

  There is a safe and highly effective live-attenuated vaccine available to prevent yellow fever. A single dose confers lifelong immunity and is effective within 30 days for 99% of patients. Patients with relative contraindications to live attenuated vaccine who plan to travel to endemic areas should review the recommendations for vaccination prior to travel.

• #39 History of Yellow Fever in the U.S.

  https://asm.org/articles/2021/may/history-of-yellow-fever-in-the-u-s

  The last major outbreak of yellow fever in the U.S. occurred in 1905 in New Orleans. […] Prevention of yellow fever primarily relies on vaccination, as there is no antiviral treatment available for the disease. […] The live-attenuated vaccine has been demonstrated to be safe and effective (lifelong protection offered from one shot within 30 days of immunization in 99% of people who receive it), production can be slow and result in a low vaccine supply for areas in need.

• #40 Yellow Fever Virus (YFV) | Florida Department of Health

  https://www.floridahealth.gov/diseases-and-conditions/yellow-fever/index.html

  There is no specific treatment, only supportive care and treatment of symptoms. Aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (such as ibuprofen and naproxen) should be avoided because these may increase the risk for bleeding. […] Vaccination is the most important preventive measure against yellow fever. The single dose vaccine is safe, affordable and highly effective. The vaccine confers sustained immunity and life-long protection against yellow fever disease without the need for a booster. The vaccine provides effective immunity within 30 days for 99% of persons vaccinated.

• #41 Yellow fever vaccine (subcutaneous route) – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/yellow-fever-vaccine-subcutaneous-route/description/drg-20066731

  Yellow fever vaccine is used to prevent infection by the yellow fever virus. This vaccine works by causing your body to produce its own protection (antibodies) against the virus. […] Vaccination against yellow fever is recommended for all persons 9 months of age and older who are traveling to or living in areas of Africa, South America, or other countries where there is yellow fever infection and for people who are traveling to countries that require yellow fever immunization (certificate of vaccination). […] Pregnant women should be vaccinated only if they must travel to areas where there is an epidemic of yellow fever and they cannot be protected from mosquito bites. […] A booster dose of the vaccine is recommended every 10 years for patients who are at continuous risk of exposure to the yellow fever virus, and is required by his or her doctor.

• #42 Yellow fever – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/yellow-fever.html

  There is no specific treatment for yellow fever, only supportive care to help relieve symptoms. […] It is recommended that you get the yellow fever vaccine before you travel if you are going to a country: that requires proof of yellow fever vaccination to enter (on an International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis). […] The single-dose vaccine against yellow fever is safe, effective and recommended for most people who are over nine months of age. […] The vaccine is generally not recommended for pregnant or breastfeeding women, children under the age of nine months, adults 60 years and older (especially those who have not previously received the vaccine) and people with weakened immune systems.

• #43 Yellow Fever Vaccine: Side Effects, Uses, Dosage, Interactions, Warnings

  https://www.rxlist.com/yellow_fever_vaccine/generic-drug.htm

  The yellow fever vaccine is used to help prevent this disease in adults and children who are at least 9 months old. This vaccine works by exposing you to a small dose of the virus, which causes the body to develop immunity to the disease. This vaccine will not treat an active infection that has already developed in the body. […] A single, lifetime dose of yellow fever vaccine is sufficient for most people traveling to endemic areas, although some high-risk groups may benefit from a booster dose according to Center for Disease Control and Prevention’s Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. […] A booster dose may be given to travelers who received their last dose of yellow fever vaccine at least 10 years previously and who will be in a higher-risk setting based on season, location, activities, and duration of their travel.

• #44 Yellow Fever

  https://healthlibrary.osfhealthcare.org/Library/DiseasesConditions/Adult/Pediatrics/85,P01465

  Treatment will depend on your symptoms, age, and general health. It will also depend on how severe the condition is. […] There is no specific medicine for yellow fever, so treatment is aimed at controlling your symptoms. This includes rest and plenty of fluids. You may also need to take medicine to help relieve fever and aching. You should not take aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicines such as ibuprofen or naproxen. These may raise the risk of bleeding. […] Treatment is aimed at controlling the symptoms. It includes rest and plenty of fluids. You may also need to take medicine to help relieve fever and aching. Serious symptoms need medical care and close monitoring.

Zobacz więcej