Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Finger fractures

  https://pathologies.lexmedicus.com.au/collection/finger-fractures

  Fractures of the fingers’ phalanges account for up to 10% of all fractures. […] Although they may be considered less severe compared to other bone fractures, finger fractures can generate significant complications and even disabilities. […] Depending on the energy applied to the hand, finger fractures may involve injuries to the cartilage, joint capsule, tendons, ligaments, palmar fascia, the dorsal hood as well as the nerves. […] Finger fractures are caused by a variety of mechanisms, which put axial forces to the fingers. […] The most common causes are: Catching a ball in sports (football, basketball, soccer, rugby), Catching fingers in carpentry machineries (mixers, saws), Crush injuries (car doors, hammers), Falls onto fingers/hands, Other forms of direct blows (sport bats). […] Complications after finger fracture include: Non-union of the phalanges or inter-phalangeal joints, if fractures are neglected, treated too late, or in very unstable fractures. This leads to finger misalignment and improper finger rotation.

• #2 Finger fractures

  https://pathologies.lexmedicus.com.au/collection/finger-fractures

  Fractures of the fingers’ phalanges account for up to 10% of all fractures. […] Although they may be considered less severe compared to other bone fractures, finger fractures can generate significant complications and even disabilities. […] Depending on the energy applied to the hand, finger fractures may involve injuries to the cartilage, joint capsule, tendons, ligaments, palmar fascia, the dorsal hood as well as the nerves. […] Finger fractures are caused by a variety of mechanisms, which put axial forces to the fingers. […] The most common causes are: Catching a ball in sports (football, basketball, soccer, rugby), Catching fingers in carpentry machineries (mixers, saws), Crush injuries (car doors, hammers), Falls onto fingers/hands, Other forms of direct blows (sport bats). […] Complications after finger fracture include: Non-union of the phalanges or inter-phalangeal joints, if fractures are neglected, treated too late, or in very unstable fractures. This leads to finger misalignment and improper finger rotation.

• #3 Broken Finger or Broken Thumb: Symptoms & Recovery Time

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21784-broken-finger

  Broken fingers and thumbs are common bone breaks. They occur due to injury or weakened bones. A healthcare provider will use X-rays to diagnose finger and thumb fractures. Treatments usually include splints or surgery for more severe fractures. Broken fingers and thumbs generally heal well after treatment and rehabilitation. […] People often break their fingers and thumbs due to injury or weakened bones. […] A broken finger or thumb occurs when one or more of the bones in your finger or thumb break. Another name for a broken bone is a bone fracture. People often break their fingers and thumbs due to accidents or weakened bones. […] Most finger fractures and thumb fractures result from injuries. The most common situations that result in broken fingers and thumbs include having a fast-moving object, like a baseball, hit your hand, putting out your hand to break a fall, slamming your finger or thumb in a drawer or door, trauma that impacts your finger or thumb, like a car accident, and using tools like drills, power saws or hammers.

• #4 Broken Finger or Broken Thumb: Symptoms & Recovery Time

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21784-broken-finger

  Broken fingers and thumbs are common bone breaks. They occur due to injury or weakened bones. A healthcare provider will use X-rays to diagnose finger and thumb fractures. Treatments usually include splints or surgery for more severe fractures. Broken fingers and thumbs generally heal well after treatment and rehabilitation. […] People often break their fingers and thumbs due to injury or weakened bones. […] A broken finger or thumb occurs when one or more of the bones in your finger or thumb break. Another name for a broken bone is a bone fracture. People often break their fingers and thumbs due to accidents or weakened bones. […] Most finger fractures and thumb fractures result from injuries. The most common situations that result in broken fingers and thumbs include having a fast-moving object, like a baseball, hit your hand, putting out your hand to break a fall, slamming your finger or thumb in a drawer or door, trauma that impacts your finger or thumb, like a car accident, and using tools like drills, power saws or hammers.

• #5 Broken Finger or Broken Thumb: Symptoms & Recovery Time

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21784-broken-finger

  Broken fingers and thumbs are common bone breaks. They occur due to injury or weakened bones. A healthcare provider will use X-rays to diagnose finger and thumb fractures. Treatments usually include splints or surgery for more severe fractures. Broken fingers and thumbs generally heal well after treatment and rehabilitation. […] People often break their fingers and thumbs due to injury or weakened bones. […] A broken finger or thumb occurs when one or more of the bones in your finger or thumb break. Another name for a broken bone is a bone fracture. People often break their fingers and thumbs due to accidents or weakened bones. […] Most finger fractures and thumb fractures result from injuries. The most common situations that result in broken fingers and thumbs include having a fast-moving object, like a baseball, hit your hand, putting out your hand to break a fall, slamming your finger or thumb in a drawer or door, trauma that impacts your finger or thumb, like a car accident, and using tools like drills, power saws or hammers.

• #6 Finger fractures

  https://pathologies.lexmedicus.com.au/collection/finger-fractures

  Fractures of the fingers’ phalanges account for up to 10% of all fractures. […] Although they may be considered less severe compared to other bone fractures, finger fractures can generate significant complications and even disabilities. […] Depending on the energy applied to the hand, finger fractures may involve injuries to the cartilage, joint capsule, tendons, ligaments, palmar fascia, the dorsal hood as well as the nerves. […] Finger fractures are caused by a variety of mechanisms, which put axial forces to the fingers. […] The most common causes are: Catching a ball in sports (football, basketball, soccer, rugby), Catching fingers in carpentry machineries (mixers, saws), Crush injuries (car doors, hammers), Falls onto fingers/hands, Other forms of direct blows (sport bats). […] Complications after finger fracture include: Non-union of the phalanges or inter-phalangeal joints, if fractures are neglected, treated too late, or in very unstable fractures. This leads to finger misalignment and improper finger rotation.

• #7 Broken Finger or Broken Thumb: Symptoms & Recovery Time

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21784-broken-finger

  Broken fingers and thumbs are common bone breaks. They occur due to injury or weakened bones. A healthcare provider will use X-rays to diagnose finger and thumb fractures. Treatments usually include splints or surgery for more severe fractures. Broken fingers and thumbs generally heal well after treatment and rehabilitation. […] People often break their fingers and thumbs due to injury or weakened bones. […] A broken finger or thumb occurs when one or more of the bones in your finger or thumb break. Another name for a broken bone is a bone fracture. People often break their fingers and thumbs due to accidents or weakened bones. […] Most finger fractures and thumb fractures result from injuries. The most common situations that result in broken fingers and thumbs include having a fast-moving object, like a baseball, hit your hand, putting out your hand to break a fall, slamming your finger or thumb in a drawer or door, trauma that impacts your finger or thumb, like a car accident, and using tools like drills, power saws or hammers.

• #8 Is My Finger Broken? | Merivale Hand Clinic

  https://www.merivalehandclinic.co.nz/resource-hub/is-my-finger-broken/

  Finger fractures are common injuries, and the mechanism of injury (how it happens) varies from balls hitting fingertips, fingers getting caught in dog leads, fingers being crushed in door jams, through to simple trips and falls. […] A common myth is that if you can move your finger, it is not broken. While severe fractures or joint dislocations may prevent movement, for most fractures the finger will still move quite well. Generally, movement will become more difficult once swelling increases. […] Swelling and Inflammation is a sign of the bodys normal response to injury and the inflammatory response normally peaks at 2-3 days post-injury. The pain and swelling from a broken finger can last for weeks, but it should steadily begin to improve a few days after the break. […] A common sign when a fracture is severe, is the changed alignment of the finger. The finger may sit at an odd angle, or cross over other fingers when trying to make a fist. These fractures need to be reduced (put back into the correct position) before commencing splinting and rehabilitation.

• #9 Broken finger – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_finger

  A broken finger or finger fracture is a common type of bone fracture, affecting a finger. Symptoms may include pain, swelling, tenderness, bruising, deformity and reduced ability to move the finger. Although most finger fractures are easy to treat, failing to deal with a fracture appropriately may result in long-term pain and disability. The cause is usually traumatic injury. These are most commonly falls, crushing injuries, and sports injuries. Pathological fractures, from an infection or a tumour, are rarer. […] If the blow that breaks the bone bends it sideways, it will usually cause a transverse fracture, a break across the finger. A force at an angle is likely to produce an oblique fracture, and a twisting force is more likely to cause a spiral fracture. Crushing injuries may or may not shatter the bone into multiple pieces, which is called a comminuted fracture.

• #10 First (thumb) metacarpal fractures – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/first-thumb-metacarpal-fractures

  Metacarpal fractures are among the most common hand injuries and frequently present to emergency departments and clinics. Fractures of the first metacarpal (ie, thumb metacarpal) comprise a substantial portion of these fractures. […] First metacarpal (thumb) fractures make up almost 25 percent of all metacarpal fractures, placing them second only to fifth metacarpal neck (ie, „boxers”) fractures in terms of frequency. Of the fractures of the first metacarpal, over 80 percent involve the base. […] Thumb fractures overall occur most commonly in children under age 16 and adults over age 65, but thumb metacarpal fractures occur most often among younger males (10 to 29 years old). They are commonly caused by falls and direct trauma secondary to sports, bicycle accidents, and from punching solid objects. […] The thumb is distinct from the other fingers anatomically and biomechanically, and of critical importance to hand function. Accordingly, fractures to the thumb are considered separately from other metacarpal fractures, and must be managed with great care.

• #11 First (thumb) metacarpal fractures – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/first-thumb-metacarpal-fractures

  Metacarpal fractures are among the most common hand injuries and frequently present to emergency departments and clinics. Fractures of the first metacarpal (ie, thumb metacarpal) comprise a substantial portion of these fractures. […] First metacarpal (thumb) fractures make up almost 25 percent of all metacarpal fractures, placing them second only to fifth metacarpal neck (ie, „boxers”) fractures in terms of frequency. Of the fractures of the first metacarpal, over 80 percent involve the base. […] Thumb fractures overall occur most commonly in children under age 16 and adults over age 65, but thumb metacarpal fractures occur most often among younger males (10 to 29 years old). They are commonly caused by falls and direct trauma secondary to sports, bicycle accidents, and from punching solid objects. […] The thumb is distinct from the other fingers anatomically and biomechanically, and of critical importance to hand function. Accordingly, fractures to the thumb are considered separately from other metacarpal fractures, and must be managed with great care.

• #12 Phalanx Fractures of the Hand – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557625/

  Phalanx fractures of the hand are often related to blunt, penetrating, or crush trauma; however, pathologic causes such as tumor and infection cannot be overlooked. […] Bending forces to the phalanx shaft tend to produce transverse fractures while torsional and angular forces produce spiral and oblique fractures. In general, crushing injuries produce significant comminution in fractures. Intra-articular fractures are often caused by axial loading but can also be caused by avulsion of tendinous insertion sites causing angular patterns. The deforming forces of the proximal attachment of the central slip combined with the attachment of the intrinsic hand muscles to the extensor mechanism in relation to the more distal FDS tendon insertion cause apex volar angulation of proximal phalanx fractures. Similarly, fractures near the base of the middle phalanx that occur between the two tendinous insertions result in apex dorsal angulation. Fractures of the middle phalanx occurring distal to the insertion of the FDS tendon are often apex volar due to its flexion of the proximal fragment in relation to extension of the distal fragment by the terminal slip of the extensor mechanism.

• #13 Phalanx Fractures of the Hand – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557625/

  Phalanx fractures of the hand are often related to blunt, penetrating, or crush trauma; however, pathologic causes such as tumor and infection cannot be overlooked. […] Bending forces to the phalanx shaft tend to produce transverse fractures while torsional and angular forces produce spiral and oblique fractures. In general, crushing injuries produce significant comminution in fractures. Intra-articular fractures are often caused by axial loading but can also be caused by avulsion of tendinous insertion sites causing angular patterns. The deforming forces of the proximal attachment of the central slip combined with the attachment of the intrinsic hand muscles to the extensor mechanism in relation to the more distal FDS tendon insertion cause apex volar angulation of proximal phalanx fractures. Similarly, fractures near the base of the middle phalanx that occur between the two tendinous insertions result in apex dorsal angulation. Fractures of the middle phalanx occurring distal to the insertion of the FDS tendon are often apex volar due to its flexion of the proximal fragment in relation to extension of the distal fragment by the terminal slip of the extensor mechanism.

• #14 Phalanx Fractures of the Hand – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557625/

  Phalanx fractures of the hand are often related to blunt, penetrating, or crush trauma; however, pathologic causes such as tumor and infection cannot be overlooked. […] Bending forces to the phalanx shaft tend to produce transverse fractures while torsional and angular forces produce spiral and oblique fractures. In general, crushing injuries produce significant comminution in fractures. Intra-articular fractures are often caused by axial loading but can also be caused by avulsion of tendinous insertion sites causing angular patterns. The deforming forces of the proximal attachment of the central slip combined with the attachment of the intrinsic hand muscles to the extensor mechanism in relation to the more distal FDS tendon insertion cause apex volar angulation of proximal phalanx fractures. Similarly, fractures near the base of the middle phalanx that occur between the two tendinous insertions result in apex dorsal angulation. Fractures of the middle phalanx occurring distal to the insertion of the FDS tendon are often apex volar due to its flexion of the proximal fragment in relation to extension of the distal fragment by the terminal slip of the extensor mechanism.

• #15 Phalanx Fractures of the Hand – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557625/

  Phalanx fractures of the hand are often related to blunt, penetrating, or crush trauma; however, pathologic causes such as tumor and infection cannot be overlooked. […] Bending forces to the phalanx shaft tend to produce transverse fractures while torsional and angular forces produce spiral and oblique fractures. In general, crushing injuries produce significant comminution in fractures. Intra-articular fractures are often caused by axial loading but can also be caused by avulsion of tendinous insertion sites causing angular patterns. The deforming forces of the proximal attachment of the central slip combined with the attachment of the intrinsic hand muscles to the extensor mechanism in relation to the more distal FDS tendon insertion cause apex volar angulation of proximal phalanx fractures. Similarly, fractures near the base of the middle phalanx that occur between the two tendinous insertions result in apex dorsal angulation. Fractures of the middle phalanx occurring distal to the insertion of the FDS tendon are often apex volar due to its flexion of the proximal fragment in relation to extension of the distal fragment by the terminal slip of the extensor mechanism.

• #16

  https://journal.aspetar.com/en/archive/volume-5-issue-1/hand-injuries-in-boxing

  […] […] BENNETTS FRACTURE […] Injury mechanism […] Bennetts fractures are caused by an axial force direct against the partially flexed first metacarpal. Such forces occur very commonly in boxing because the sport routinely involves impacts on the clenched fist. The dislocation that is commonly associated with Bennett fractures occurs due to the interrelation between the ligamentous and muscle tendon attachments and the location of the fracture. Thus, at the point of fracture, the anterior oblique ligaments remain attached to the small proximal portion of the metacarpal in the normal anatomic position. However, the rest of the metacarpal subluxates dorsally, radially and proximally in response to the action of the thumb extensor muscles. […] […] […] TRAUMATIC CARPAL BOSS […] Injury mechanism

• #17

  https://surgeryreference.aofoundation.org/orthopedic-trauma/adult-trauma/thumb/distal-phalanx-distal-and-shaft-transverse/definition

  Fractures of the distal phalanx are the most common fractures in the hand. Most frequently, the thumb, the middle finger, or somewhat less often, the index finger is injured. The vast majority of these fractures result from crush injuries with associated soft-tissue (nail bed, or pulp) lacerations. […] The majority of fractures of the distal phalangeal diaphysis are closed and either undisplaced, or minimally displaced. If these fractures are stable, they can be treated nonoperatively with splintage. Crush injuries often have associated soft-tissue lacerations. Some of these are open fractures. […] Closed fractures may look harmless on x-rays, but in the majority of cases, the nail bed has been torn. Flexor and extensor tendons displace the fracture with a typical palmar angulation of the tuft fragment. […] Open fractures present in two ways: with an avulsed nail plate, or with a fractured nail. In both types, the fracture opens dorsally, and the nail bed is also injured. It is mandatory precisely to repair the nail bed. Otherwise, permanent deformity of the nail growth can result.

• #18

  https://surgeryreference.aofoundation.org/orthopedic-trauma/adult-trauma/thumb/distal-phalanx-distal-and-shaft-transverse/definition

  Fractures of the distal phalanx are the most common fractures in the hand. Most frequently, the thumb, the middle finger, or somewhat less often, the index finger is injured. The vast majority of these fractures result from crush injuries with associated soft-tissue (nail bed, or pulp) lacerations. […] The majority of fractures of the distal phalangeal diaphysis are closed and either undisplaced, or minimally displaced. If these fractures are stable, they can be treated nonoperatively with splintage. Crush injuries often have associated soft-tissue lacerations. Some of these are open fractures. […] Closed fractures may look harmless on x-rays, but in the majority of cases, the nail bed has been torn. Flexor and extensor tendons displace the fracture with a typical palmar angulation of the tuft fragment. […] Open fractures present in two ways: with an avulsed nail plate, or with a fractured nail. In both types, the fracture opens dorsally, and the nail bed is also injured. It is mandatory precisely to repair the nail bed. Otherwise, permanent deformity of the nail growth can result.

• #19 Mallet finger | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/mallet-finger?lang=us

  Mallet finger is an injury of the extensor mechanism of the finger at the level of the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint. It may represent an isolated tendinous injury or occur in combination with an avulsion fracture of the dorsal base of the distal phalanx. […] Injury to these structures commonly results from direct axial or flexion loading of the DIP joint, as can occur by direct blow from a ball. […] The terminal extensor tendon inserts on the DIP joint capsule, and so injurious force may also result in an intra-articular avulsion fracture of the base of the distal phalanx. This may represent an epiphyseal injury in skeletally-immature children.

• #20

  https://www.orthobullets.com/hand/6014/mallet-finger

  Mallet Finger is a finger deformity caused by disruption of the terminal extensor tendon distal to DIP joint. […] Diagnosis is made clinically when the distal phalanx rests at ~45 of flexion with lack of active DIP extension. […] Treatment is usually extension splinting of DIP joint for 6-8 weeks. Surgical management is indicated for volar subluxation of the distal phalanx, chronic injuries, or significant arthritis. […] mechanism of injury: usually caused by a traumatic impaction blow (i.e. sudden forced flexion) to the tip of the finger in the extended position. […] forces the DIP joint into forced flexion. […] a less common mechanism of injury is a sharp or crushing-type laceration to the dorsal DIP joint.

• #21 Bennett’s fracture – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennett%27s_fracture

  Bennett fracture is a type of partial broken finger involving the base of the thumb, and extends into the carpometacarpal (CMC) joint. […] This intra-articular fracture is the most common type of fracture of the thumb, and is nearly always accompanied by some degree of subluxation or frank dislocation of the carpometacarpal joint. […] The Bennett fracture is an oblique intraarticular metacarpal fracture dislocation, caused by an axial force directed against the partially flexed metacarpal. This type of compression along the metacarpal bone is often sustained when a person punches a hard object, such as the skull or tibia of an opponent, or a wall. It can also occur as a result of a fall onto the thumb. […] Tension from the APL and ADP muscles frequently leads to displacement of the fracture fragments, even in cases where the fracture fragments are initially in their proper anatomic position. Because of the aforementioned biomechanical features, Bennett fractures nearly always require some form of intervention to ensure healing in the correct anatomical position and restoration of proper function of the thumb CMC joint.

• #22 Bennett’s fracture – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennett%27s_fracture

  Bennett fracture is a type of partial broken finger involving the base of the thumb, and extends into the carpometacarpal (CMC) joint. […] This intra-articular fracture is the most common type of fracture of the thumb, and is nearly always accompanied by some degree of subluxation or frank dislocation of the carpometacarpal joint. […] The Bennett fracture is an oblique intraarticular metacarpal fracture dislocation, caused by an axial force directed against the partially flexed metacarpal. This type of compression along the metacarpal bone is often sustained when a person punches a hard object, such as the skull or tibia of an opponent, or a wall. It can also occur as a result of a fall onto the thumb. […] Tension from the APL and ADP muscles frequently leads to displacement of the fracture fragments, even in cases where the fracture fragments are initially in their proper anatomic position. Because of the aforementioned biomechanical features, Bennett fractures nearly always require some form of intervention to ensure healing in the correct anatomical position and restoration of proper function of the thumb CMC joint.

• #23 Bennett’s fracture – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennett%27s_fracture

  Bennett fracture is a type of partial broken finger involving the base of the thumb, and extends into the carpometacarpal (CMC) joint. […] This intra-articular fracture is the most common type of fracture of the thumb, and is nearly always accompanied by some degree of subluxation or frank dislocation of the carpometacarpal joint. […] The Bennett fracture is an oblique intraarticular metacarpal fracture dislocation, caused by an axial force directed against the partially flexed metacarpal. This type of compression along the metacarpal bone is often sustained when a person punches a hard object, such as the skull or tibia of an opponent, or a wall. It can also occur as a result of a fall onto the thumb. […] Tension from the APL and ADP muscles frequently leads to displacement of the fracture fragments, even in cases where the fracture fragments are initially in their proper anatomic position. Because of the aforementioned biomechanical features, Bennett fractures nearly always require some form of intervention to ensure healing in the correct anatomical position and restoration of proper function of the thumb CMC joint.

• #24 Broken Finger or Broken Thumb: Symptoms & Recovery Time

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21784-broken-finger

  People with calcium deficiencies or weakened bones are at higher risk of finger and thumb fractures. Fractures are also more likely to occur due to infection, lack of calcium (calcium deficiency) or vitamin D (vitamin D deficiency), metabolic bone disease, malnutrition, osteomalacia, and osteoporosis or osteopenia. […] Finger fracture treatment depends on the location and severity of the fracture, as well as whether or not the fracture is displaced (out of alignment) or nondisplaced (aligned). […] If you have a displaced fracture, your provider may immobilize your finger or thumb with a splint after reducing and aligning the fragments of the fracture. […] You may need surgery for a fractured finger or fractured thumb if you have an injury that involves a joint, loose bone fragments, multiple fractures, tendon or ligament damage, or unstable fractures that a splint can’t support.

• #25 Broken Finger or Broken Thumb: Symptoms & Recovery Time

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21784-broken-finger

  People with calcium deficiencies or weakened bones are at higher risk of finger and thumb fractures. Fractures are also more likely to occur due to infection, lack of calcium (calcium deficiency) or vitamin D (vitamin D deficiency), metabolic bone disease, malnutrition, osteomalacia, and osteoporosis or osteopenia. […] Finger fracture treatment depends on the location and severity of the fracture, as well as whether or not the fracture is displaced (out of alignment) or nondisplaced (aligned). […] If you have a displaced fracture, your provider may immobilize your finger or thumb with a splint after reducing and aligning the fragments of the fracture. […] You may need surgery for a fractured finger or fractured thumb if you have an injury that involves a joint, loose bone fragments, multiple fractures, tendon or ligament damage, or unstable fractures that a splint can’t support.

• #26 Broken Finger or Broken Thumb: Symptoms & Recovery Time

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21784-broken-finger

  People with calcium deficiencies or weakened bones are at higher risk of finger and thumb fractures. Fractures are also more likely to occur due to infection, lack of calcium (calcium deficiency) or vitamin D (vitamin D deficiency), metabolic bone disease, malnutrition, osteomalacia, and osteoporosis or osteopenia. […] Finger fracture treatment depends on the location and severity of the fracture, as well as whether or not the fracture is displaced (out of alignment) or nondisplaced (aligned). […] If you have a displaced fracture, your provider may immobilize your finger or thumb with a splint after reducing and aligning the fragments of the fracture. […] You may need surgery for a fractured finger or fractured thumb if you have an injury that involves a joint, loose bone fragments, multiple fractures, tendon or ligament damage, or unstable fractures that a splint can’t support.

• #27 Broken Finger or Broken Thumb: Symptoms & Recovery Time

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21784-broken-finger

  People with calcium deficiencies or weakened bones are at higher risk of finger and thumb fractures. Fractures are also more likely to occur due to infection, lack of calcium (calcium deficiency) or vitamin D (vitamin D deficiency), metabolic bone disease, malnutrition, osteomalacia, and osteoporosis or osteopenia. […] Finger fracture treatment depends on the location and severity of the fracture, as well as whether or not the fracture is displaced (out of alignment) or nondisplaced (aligned). […] If you have a displaced fracture, your provider may immobilize your finger or thumb with a splint after reducing and aligning the fragments of the fracture. […] You may need surgery for a fractured finger or fractured thumb if you have an injury that involves a joint, loose bone fragments, multiple fractures, tendon or ligament damage, or unstable fractures that a splint can’t support.

• #28 Broken Finger or Broken Thumb: Symptoms & Recovery Time

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21784-broken-finger

  People with calcium deficiencies or weakened bones are at higher risk of finger and thumb fractures. Fractures are also more likely to occur due to infection, lack of calcium (calcium deficiency) or vitamin D (vitamin D deficiency), metabolic bone disease, malnutrition, osteomalacia, and osteoporosis or osteopenia. […] Finger fracture treatment depends on the location and severity of the fracture, as well as whether or not the fracture is displaced (out of alignment) or nondisplaced (aligned). […] If you have a displaced fracture, your provider may immobilize your finger or thumb with a splint after reducing and aligning the fragments of the fracture. […] You may need surgery for a fractured finger or fractured thumb if you have an injury that involves a joint, loose bone fragments, multiple fractures, tendon or ligament damage, or unstable fractures that a splint can’t support.

• #29 Broken Finger or Broken Thumb: Symptoms & Recovery Time

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21784-broken-finger

  People with calcium deficiencies or weakened bones are at higher risk of finger and thumb fractures. Fractures are also more likely to occur due to infection, lack of calcium (calcium deficiency) or vitamin D (vitamin D deficiency), metabolic bone disease, malnutrition, osteomalacia, and osteoporosis or osteopenia. […] Finger fracture treatment depends on the location and severity of the fracture, as well as whether or not the fracture is displaced (out of alignment) or nondisplaced (aligned). […] If you have a displaced fracture, your provider may immobilize your finger or thumb with a splint after reducing and aligning the fragments of the fracture. […] You may need surgery for a fractured finger or fractured thumb if you have an injury that involves a joint, loose bone fragments, multiple fractures, tendon or ligament damage, or unstable fractures that a splint can’t support.

• #30 Broken Finger or Broken Thumb: Symptoms & Recovery Time

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21784-broken-finger

  People with calcium deficiencies or weakened bones are at higher risk of finger and thumb fractures. Fractures are also more likely to occur due to infection, lack of calcium (calcium deficiency) or vitamin D (vitamin D deficiency), metabolic bone disease, malnutrition, osteomalacia, and osteoporosis or osteopenia. […] Finger fracture treatment depends on the location and severity of the fracture, as well as whether or not the fracture is displaced (out of alignment) or nondisplaced (aligned). […] If you have a displaced fracture, your provider may immobilize your finger or thumb with a splint after reducing and aligning the fragments of the fracture. […] You may need surgery for a fractured finger or fractured thumb if you have an injury that involves a joint, loose bone fragments, multiple fractures, tendon or ligament damage, or unstable fractures that a splint can’t support.

• #31 Broken finger – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_finger

  Occasionally, an infection or tumour can cause a broken finger; this is called a pathological fracture. […] Some finger fractures are severe enough to need surgery. In these severe cases, complications often occur, but most eventually heal functionally. Rarely, there are long-term complications, including decreased range of motion and deformity. A break that affects the joint surface may be displaced so that there is a step in the joint surface, which should be smooth. This will hinder motion and risks post-traumatic osteoarthritis, so it is usually reduced (put back in place) surgically. If the fracture is unstable (won’t stay reduced), or a joint is dislocated or partially dislocated, hand surgeons agree it should be surgically repaired. Open fractures, in which the skin is broken, also increase the risk of infection and complications, especially if the wound is dirty or parts have to be removed. Open fractures are usually operated on. […] Surgery may be needed for an unstable fracture (one that won’t stay in the right place once reduced), a finger broken in multiple places, a fracture that extends into the joint between the broken bone and another bone, and a fracture with damaged tendon function or damaged nerves.

• #32 Thumb Fractures – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/thumb-fractures/

  A broken thumb can be a serious problem. Loss of thumb function due to a fracture can affect your ability to grasp items, and certain types of thumb fractures can increase the risk of arthritis later in life. […] All of the bones in the thumb are susceptible to fracture. Typically, the most concerning and problematic broken bones involve the joints. Fractures that involve the joints are typically more difficult to treat and are at increased risk for an unfavorable outcome. […] Sometimes, thumb fractures can result in joint instability when they involve the important ligaments that keep the joints aligned. These are often avulsion injuries, which occur during an extreme force to the joint that causes the ligament to rip away from its attachment, taking a piece of bone with it. These injuries function as ligament injuries and are often treated as such. […] If the thumb fracture involves a joint, there is an increased tendency to develop arthritis in the long term even if the fracture is treated perfectly. Arthritis can result in limited joint motion and pain in the joint. This typically occurs several years after the injury.

• #33 Thumb Fractures – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/thumb-fractures/

  A broken thumb can be a serious problem. Loss of thumb function due to a fracture can affect your ability to grasp items, and certain types of thumb fractures can increase the risk of arthritis later in life. […] All of the bones in the thumb are susceptible to fracture. Typically, the most concerning and problematic broken bones involve the joints. Fractures that involve the joints are typically more difficult to treat and are at increased risk for an unfavorable outcome. […] Sometimes, thumb fractures can result in joint instability when they involve the important ligaments that keep the joints aligned. These are often avulsion injuries, which occur during an extreme force to the joint that causes the ligament to rip away from its attachment, taking a piece of bone with it. These injuries function as ligament injuries and are often treated as such. […] If the thumb fracture involves a joint, there is an increased tendency to develop arthritis in the long term even if the fracture is treated perfectly. Arthritis can result in limited joint motion and pain in the joint. This typically occurs several years after the injury.

• #34 Thumb Fractures – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/thumb-fractures/

  A broken thumb can be a serious problem. Loss of thumb function due to a fracture can affect your ability to grasp items, and certain types of thumb fractures can increase the risk of arthritis later in life. […] All of the bones in the thumb are susceptible to fracture. Typically, the most concerning and problematic broken bones involve the joints. Fractures that involve the joints are typically more difficult to treat and are at increased risk for an unfavorable outcome. […] Sometimes, thumb fractures can result in joint instability when they involve the important ligaments that keep the joints aligned. These are often avulsion injuries, which occur during an extreme force to the joint that causes the ligament to rip away from its attachment, taking a piece of bone with it. These injuries function as ligament injuries and are often treated as such. […] If the thumb fracture involves a joint, there is an increased tendency to develop arthritis in the long term even if the fracture is treated perfectly. Arthritis can result in limited joint motion and pain in the joint. This typically occurs several years after the injury.

• #35 Thumb Fractures – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/thumb-fractures/

  A broken thumb can be a serious problem. Loss of thumb function due to a fracture can affect your ability to grasp items, and certain types of thumb fractures can increase the risk of arthritis later in life. […] All of the bones in the thumb are susceptible to fracture. Typically, the most concerning and problematic broken bones involve the joints. Fractures that involve the joints are typically more difficult to treat and are at increased risk for an unfavorable outcome. […] Sometimes, thumb fractures can result in joint instability when they involve the important ligaments that keep the joints aligned. These are often avulsion injuries, which occur during an extreme force to the joint that causes the ligament to rip away from its attachment, taking a piece of bone with it. These injuries function as ligament injuries and are often treated as such. […] If the thumb fracture involves a joint, there is an increased tendency to develop arthritis in the long term even if the fracture is treated perfectly. Arthritis can result in limited joint motion and pain in the joint. This typically occurs several years after the injury.

• #36 Thumb Fractures – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/thumb-fractures/

  A broken thumb can be a serious problem. Loss of thumb function due to a fracture can affect your ability to grasp items, and certain types of thumb fractures can increase the risk of arthritis later in life. […] All of the bones in the thumb are susceptible to fracture. Typically, the most concerning and problematic broken bones involve the joints. Fractures that involve the joints are typically more difficult to treat and are at increased risk for an unfavorable outcome. […] Sometimes, thumb fractures can result in joint instability when they involve the important ligaments that keep the joints aligned. These are often avulsion injuries, which occur during an extreme force to the joint that causes the ligament to rip away from its attachment, taking a piece of bone with it. These injuries function as ligament injuries and are often treated as such. […] If the thumb fracture involves a joint, there is an increased tendency to develop arthritis in the long term even if the fracture is treated perfectly. Arthritis can result in limited joint motion and pain in the joint. This typically occurs several years after the injury.

• #37 Common Finger Fractures and Dislocations | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0415/p805.html

  A dorsal PIP dislocation is the most common type of finger dislocation. It usually involves injury to the volar plate and may include a volar plate avulsion fracture. […] If relocation of the joint is unsuccessful or if the joint remains unstable following reduction and subsequently dislocates again, the injured finger should be evaluated using radiography. […] Referral to a hand specialist is indicated if more than 30 percent of the volar intra-articular surface is involved, or if subluxation or instability of the PIP joint is detected. […] Failure to treat PIP dislocations appropriately can lead to chronic pain, degenerative changes, and loss of function. […] Traditional treatment following reduction of uncomplicated dorsal PIP joint dislocations is splinting for one to two weeks followed by buddy taping for another one to two weeks.

• #38 Common Finger Fractures and Dislocations | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0415/p805.html

  A dorsal PIP dislocation is the most common type of finger dislocation. It usually involves injury to the volar plate and may include a volar plate avulsion fracture. […] If relocation of the joint is unsuccessful or if the joint remains unstable following reduction and subsequently dislocates again, the injured finger should be evaluated using radiography. […] Referral to a hand specialist is indicated if more than 30 percent of the volar intra-articular surface is involved, or if subluxation or instability of the PIP joint is detected. […] Failure to treat PIP dislocations appropriately can lead to chronic pain, degenerative changes, and loss of function. […] Traditional treatment following reduction of uncomplicated dorsal PIP joint dislocations is splinting for one to two weeks followed by buddy taping for another one to two weeks.

• #39 First (thumb) metacarpal fractures – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/first-thumb-metacarpal-fractures

  Metacarpal fractures are among the most common hand injuries and frequently present to emergency departments and clinics. Fractures of the first metacarpal (ie, thumb metacarpal) comprise a substantial portion of these fractures. […] First metacarpal (thumb) fractures make up almost 25 percent of all metacarpal fractures, placing them second only to fifth metacarpal neck (ie, „boxers”) fractures in terms of frequency. Of the fractures of the first metacarpal, over 80 percent involve the base. […] Thumb fractures overall occur most commonly in children under age 16 and adults over age 65, but thumb metacarpal fractures occur most often among younger males (10 to 29 years old). They are commonly caused by falls and direct trauma secondary to sports, bicycle accidents, and from punching solid objects. […] The thumb is distinct from the other fingers anatomically and biomechanically, and of critical importance to hand function. Accordingly, fractures to the thumb are considered separately from other metacarpal fractures, and must be managed with great care.

• #40 Thumb Fractures and Dislocations: Practice Essentials, History of the Procedure, Problem

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1287814-overview

  Proximal phalanx fractures consist of fractures of the phalangeal head and shaft. These are treated similarly to phalangeal fractures of digits 2-5, although the mobility of the thumb allows for more acceptance of angulation and rotation. […] Closed mallet thumb injuries are uncommon. The mechanism of closed injury is usually secondary to an acute forceful flexion of the thumb IP joint, leading to an avulsion of the extensor tendon with or without a bony fragment at its distal phalangeal insertion. The open injury secondary to laceration of the distal portion of the extensor tendon is more frequent. […] The IP joint of the thumb functions as a hinge (trochlear) joint with motion primarily in the plane of flexion and extension. Collateral and accessory collateral ligaments as well as the trochlear shape of the joint provide IP joint stability to radial and ulnar forces. The palmar plate, a thick fibrocartilaginous structure, provides support to the volar aspect of the joint. A flexible capsule is present dorsally and volarly providing freedom in flexion and extension. In approximately 70% of individuals, a single sesamoid is present within the palmar plate at the IP joint; this functions to increase mechanical advantage of the flexor pollicis longus (FPL) tendon.

• #41 Thumb Fractures and Dislocations: Practice Essentials, History of the Procedure, Problem

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1287814-overview

  Proximal phalanx fractures consist of fractures of the phalangeal head and shaft. These are treated similarly to phalangeal fractures of digits 2-5, although the mobility of the thumb allows for more acceptance of angulation and rotation. […] Closed mallet thumb injuries are uncommon. The mechanism of closed injury is usually secondary to an acute forceful flexion of the thumb IP joint, leading to an avulsion of the extensor tendon with or without a bony fragment at its distal phalangeal insertion. The open injury secondary to laceration of the distal portion of the extensor tendon is more frequent. […] The IP joint of the thumb functions as a hinge (trochlear) joint with motion primarily in the plane of flexion and extension. Collateral and accessory collateral ligaments as well as the trochlear shape of the joint provide IP joint stability to radial and ulnar forces. The palmar plate, a thick fibrocartilaginous structure, provides support to the volar aspect of the joint. A flexible capsule is present dorsally and volarly providing freedom in flexion and extension. In approximately 70% of individuals, a single sesamoid is present within the palmar plate at the IP joint; this functions to increase mechanical advantage of the flexor pollicis longus (FPL) tendon.

• #42 Thumb Fractures and Dislocations: Practice Essentials, History of the Procedure, Problem

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1287814-overview

  Proximal phalanx fractures consist of fractures of the phalangeal head and shaft. These are treated similarly to phalangeal fractures of digits 2-5, although the mobility of the thumb allows for more acceptance of angulation and rotation. […] Closed mallet thumb injuries are uncommon. The mechanism of closed injury is usually secondary to an acute forceful flexion of the thumb IP joint, leading to an avulsion of the extensor tendon with or without a bony fragment at its distal phalangeal insertion. The open injury secondary to laceration of the distal portion of the extensor tendon is more frequent. […] The IP joint of the thumb functions as a hinge (trochlear) joint with motion primarily in the plane of flexion and extension. Collateral and accessory collateral ligaments as well as the trochlear shape of the joint provide IP joint stability to radial and ulnar forces. The palmar plate, a thick fibrocartilaginous structure, provides support to the volar aspect of the joint. A flexible capsule is present dorsally and volarly providing freedom in flexion and extension. In approximately 70% of individuals, a single sesamoid is present within the palmar plate at the IP joint; this functions to increase mechanical advantage of the flexor pollicis longus (FPL) tendon.

• #43 Thumb Fractures and Dislocations: Practice Essentials, History of the Procedure, Problem

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1287814-overview

  Proximal phalanx fractures consist of fractures of the phalangeal head and shaft. These are treated similarly to phalangeal fractures of digits 2-5, although the mobility of the thumb allows for more acceptance of angulation and rotation. […] Closed mallet thumb injuries are uncommon. The mechanism of closed injury is usually secondary to an acute forceful flexion of the thumb IP joint, leading to an avulsion of the extensor tendon with or without a bony fragment at its distal phalangeal insertion. The open injury secondary to laceration of the distal portion of the extensor tendon is more frequent. […] The IP joint of the thumb functions as a hinge (trochlear) joint with motion primarily in the plane of flexion and extension. Collateral and accessory collateral ligaments as well as the trochlear shape of the joint provide IP joint stability to radial and ulnar forces. The palmar plate, a thick fibrocartilaginous structure, provides support to the volar aspect of the joint. A flexible capsule is present dorsally and volarly providing freedom in flexion and extension. In approximately 70% of individuals, a single sesamoid is present within the palmar plate at the IP joint; this functions to increase mechanical advantage of the flexor pollicis longus (FPL) tendon.

• #44 Thumb Fractures and Dislocations: Practice Essentials, History of the Procedure, Problem

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1287814-overview

  Proximal phalanx fractures consist of fractures of the phalangeal head and shaft. These are treated similarly to phalangeal fractures of digits 2-5, although the mobility of the thumb allows for more acceptance of angulation and rotation. […] Closed mallet thumb injuries are uncommon. The mechanism of closed injury is usually secondary to an acute forceful flexion of the thumb IP joint, leading to an avulsion of the extensor tendon with or without a bony fragment at its distal phalangeal insertion. The open injury secondary to laceration of the distal portion of the extensor tendon is more frequent. […] The IP joint of the thumb functions as a hinge (trochlear) joint with motion primarily in the plane of flexion and extension. Collateral and accessory collateral ligaments as well as the trochlear shape of the joint provide IP joint stability to radial and ulnar forces. The palmar plate, a thick fibrocartilaginous structure, provides support to the volar aspect of the joint. A flexible capsule is present dorsally and volarly providing freedom in flexion and extension. In approximately 70% of individuals, a single sesamoid is present within the palmar plate at the IP joint; this functions to increase mechanical advantage of the flexor pollicis longus (FPL) tendon.

• #45 Thumb Fractures and Dislocations: Practice Essentials, History of the Procedure, Problem

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1287814-overview

  Proximal phalanx fractures consist of fractures of the phalangeal head and shaft. These are treated similarly to phalangeal fractures of digits 2-5, although the mobility of the thumb allows for more acceptance of angulation and rotation. […] Closed mallet thumb injuries are uncommon. The mechanism of closed injury is usually secondary to an acute forceful flexion of the thumb IP joint, leading to an avulsion of the extensor tendon with or without a bony fragment at its distal phalangeal insertion. The open injury secondary to laceration of the distal portion of the extensor tendon is more frequent. […] The IP joint of the thumb functions as a hinge (trochlear) joint with motion primarily in the plane of flexion and extension. Collateral and accessory collateral ligaments as well as the trochlear shape of the joint provide IP joint stability to radial and ulnar forces. The palmar plate, a thick fibrocartilaginous structure, provides support to the volar aspect of the joint. A flexible capsule is present dorsally and volarly providing freedom in flexion and extension. In approximately 70% of individuals, a single sesamoid is present within the palmar plate at the IP joint; this functions to increase mechanical advantage of the flexor pollicis longus (FPL) tendon.

• #46 Thumb Fractures and Dislocations: Practice Essentials, History of the Procedure, Problem

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1287814-overview

  Thumb metacarpal base fractures are common. The mechanism of injury is usually an axial load applied to a slightly flexed metacarpal shaft. The thumb CMC joint has considerable mobility secondary to the bony anatomy of the trapezium and metacarpal base, two apposed saddles whose longitudinal axes are perpendicular to one another. Ligamentous stability at the trapeziometacarpal joint is maintained by the anterior (volar) and posterior oblique ligaments, anterior and posterior intermetacarpal ligaments, and the dorsal radial ligament. […] Thumb metacarpal base fractures are classified into extra-articular and intra-articular. Intra-articular fractures are more common and are subdivided into Bennett fractures, Rolando fractures, and comminuted fractures. […] Comminuted fractures are relatively common; they produce a pilon type of fracture as well as varying degrees of articular surface impaction.

• #47 Thumb Fractures and Dislocations: Practice Essentials, History of the Procedure, Problem

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1287814-overview

  Thumb metacarpal base fractures are common. The mechanism of injury is usually an axial load applied to a slightly flexed metacarpal shaft. The thumb CMC joint has considerable mobility secondary to the bony anatomy of the trapezium and metacarpal base, two apposed saddles whose longitudinal axes are perpendicular to one another. Ligamentous stability at the trapeziometacarpal joint is maintained by the anterior (volar) and posterior oblique ligaments, anterior and posterior intermetacarpal ligaments, and the dorsal radial ligament. […] Thumb metacarpal base fractures are classified into extra-articular and intra-articular. Intra-articular fractures are more common and are subdivided into Bennett fractures, Rolando fractures, and comminuted fractures. […] Comminuted fractures are relatively common; they produce a pilon type of fracture as well as varying degrees of articular surface impaction.

• #48 Finger Fractures – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/finger-fractures/

  Although the bones in the fingers are small, a broken (fractured) finger is not a minor injury. […] When you fracture a finger bone, it can cause dysfunction affecting your entire hand. Without appropriate treatment, your broken finger may end up misaligned, stiff, or painful. […] Generally, a fractured finger occurs as the result of an injury to the hand. […] Fractures of the metacarpal bone that attaches your little finger to your hand, which account for about one-third of all hand fractures in adults, are typically caused by a punching force (these are known as „boxer’s fractures”). […] Bones can break in several ways: Straight across the bone, In a spiral pattern, Into several pieces, Shattered completely. […] It is not uncommon for a finger that is fractured to also have injuries to tendons, nerves, and/or ligaments. These injuries may need to be treated along with the broken bone(s) to ensure a good outcome.

• #49 Fingertip Fractures – Injuries; Poisoning – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/injuries-poisoning/fractures/fingertip-fractures

  Fingertip (tuft) fractures occur in the distal phalanx. The usual mechanism is a crush injury (eg, in a door jamb). […] Fingertip fractures are common. They range from simple transverse fractures to complex comminution of the tuft (the flat, wide area at the tip of the distal phalanges). […] A fracture with significant soft-tissue injury may cause hyperesthesia, which frequently persists long after the fracture heals. […] Diagnosis of a fingertip fracture is based on radiographs, which include anteroposterior, oblique, and lateral views. […] Most fingertip fractures are treated symptomatically with a protective covering (eg, commercially available aluminum and foam splint material) wrapped around the fingertip, often for 2 weeks. […] Persistent hyperesthesia may resolve when treated with desensitization therapy. […] The nail does not need to be removed if there is no significant injury or deformity to the nail itself. […] Although the injury is technically an open fracture, antibiotics are not needed after nail bed repair in patients with a tuft fracture.

• #50 Fingertip Fractures – Injuries; Poisoning – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/injuries-poisoning/fractures/fingertip-fractures

  Fingertip (tuft) fractures occur in the distal phalanx. The usual mechanism is a crush injury (eg, in a door jamb). […] Fingertip fractures are common. They range from simple transverse fractures to complex comminution of the tuft (the flat, wide area at the tip of the distal phalanges). […] A fracture with significant soft-tissue injury may cause hyperesthesia, which frequently persists long after the fracture heals. […] Diagnosis of a fingertip fracture is based on radiographs, which include anteroposterior, oblique, and lateral views. […] Most fingertip fractures are treated symptomatically with a protective covering (eg, commercially available aluminum and foam splint material) wrapped around the fingertip, often for 2 weeks. […] Persistent hyperesthesia may resolve when treated with desensitization therapy. […] The nail does not need to be removed if there is no significant injury or deformity to the nail itself. […] Although the injury is technically an open fracture, antibiotics are not needed after nail bed repair in patients with a tuft fracture.

• #51 Finger injuries: basics and bones – Don’t Forget the Bubbles

  https://dontforgetthebubbles.com/finger-injuries-basics-and-bones/

  Typically, proximal phalangeal base fractures result from a finger being abducted beyond the acceptable limits of the MCP joints. […] A displaced fracture to the base of the proximal phalanx can cause malrotation of the finger. A significantly displaced fracture or a fracture that causes a rotational deformity requires closed reduction to correct the deformity. […] Volar plate injuries are commonly caused by forced, sudden hyperextension injuries of the PIPJ, typically seen in older children and adolescents involved in hand/contact sports. […] A Seymour fracture is an injury unique to children. This fracture pattern is usually caused by a crush injury and results in an angulated Salter-Harris type I or Salter-Harris type II fracture with an associated nail bed injury. […] It is important to seek a surgical opinion regarding the management of Seymour fractures as if left untreated possible complications include osteomyelitis, malunion, and pre-closure of the physis.

• #52 Finger injuries: basics and bones – Don’t Forget the Bubbles

  https://dontforgetthebubbles.com/finger-injuries-basics-and-bones/

  Typically, proximal phalangeal base fractures result from a finger being abducted beyond the acceptable limits of the MCP joints. […] A displaced fracture to the base of the proximal phalanx can cause malrotation of the finger. A significantly displaced fracture or a fracture that causes a rotational deformity requires closed reduction to correct the deformity. […] Volar plate injuries are commonly caused by forced, sudden hyperextension injuries of the PIPJ, typically seen in older children and adolescents involved in hand/contact sports. […] A Seymour fracture is an injury unique to children. This fracture pattern is usually caused by a crush injury and results in an angulated Salter-Harris type I or Salter-Harris type II fracture with an associated nail bed injury. […] It is important to seek a surgical opinion regarding the management of Seymour fractures as if left untreated possible complications include osteomyelitis, malunion, and pre-closure of the physis.

• #53 Finger Fractures – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/finger-fractures/

  Although the bones in the fingers are small, a broken (fractured) finger is not a minor injury. […] When you fracture a finger bone, it can cause dysfunction affecting your entire hand. Without appropriate treatment, your broken finger may end up misaligned, stiff, or painful. […] Generally, a fractured finger occurs as the result of an injury to the hand. […] Fractures of the metacarpal bone that attaches your little finger to your hand, which account for about one-third of all hand fractures in adults, are typically caused by a punching force (these are known as „boxer’s fractures”). […] Bones can break in several ways: Straight across the bone, In a spiral pattern, Into several pieces, Shattered completely. […] It is not uncommon for a finger that is fractured to also have injuries to tendons, nerves, and/or ligaments. These injuries may need to be treated along with the broken bone(s) to ensure a good outcome.

• #54 Finger Fractures – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/finger-fractures/

  Although the bones in the fingers are small, a broken (fractured) finger is not a minor injury. […] When you fracture a finger bone, it can cause dysfunction affecting your entire hand. Without appropriate treatment, your broken finger may end up misaligned, stiff, or painful. […] Generally, a fractured finger occurs as the result of an injury to the hand. […] Fractures of the metacarpal bone that attaches your little finger to your hand, which account for about one-third of all hand fractures in adults, are typically caused by a punching force (these are known as „boxer’s fractures”). […] Bones can break in several ways: Straight across the bone, In a spiral pattern, Into several pieces, Shattered completely. […] It is not uncommon for a finger that is fractured to also have injuries to tendons, nerves, and/or ligaments. These injuries may need to be treated along with the broken bone(s) to ensure a good outcome.

• #55 Thumb Fractures – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/thumb-fractures/

  A broken thumb can be a serious problem. Loss of thumb function due to a fracture can affect your ability to grasp items, and certain types of thumb fractures can increase the risk of arthritis later in life. […] All of the bones in the thumb are susceptible to fracture. Typically, the most concerning and problematic broken bones involve the joints. Fractures that involve the joints are typically more difficult to treat and are at increased risk for an unfavorable outcome. […] Sometimes, thumb fractures can result in joint instability when they involve the important ligaments that keep the joints aligned. These are often avulsion injuries, which occur during an extreme force to the joint that causes the ligament to rip away from its attachment, taking a piece of bone with it. These injuries function as ligament injuries and are often treated as such. […] If the thumb fracture involves a joint, there is an increased tendency to develop arthritis in the long term even if the fracture is treated perfectly. Arthritis can result in limited joint motion and pain in the joint. This typically occurs several years after the injury.

• #56 Thumb Fractures – Emergency Department

  https://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/fractures/Thumb_Fractures_-_Emergency_Department/

  Normal thumb function is an essential part of many activities of daily living, leisure activities and future occupational function. Careful early detection and management of thumb injuries in the ED is important for minimising any long-term morbidity associated with the injury […] Crush mechanism (for example in doorways) is particularly common in younger children, often resulting in tuft fractures or less commonly Seymour fractures, and may be associated with a nailbed injury […] Hyperabduction of the thumb from either a fall or awkward contact from a ball whilst playing sports may result in a 'Skier’s thumb’ (UCL injury with or without bony avulsion from the base of P1) […] Axial loading of the thumb may result in intra-articular metacarpal base fracture in the adolescent patient (Bennett or Rolando)

• #57 Broken finger: Signs & Symptoms with Tests & Treatment

  https://handtherapy.co.za/finger/broken-finger/

  In fractures this delivery of vital nutrients is disrupted which causes broken bone to heal much slower. […] If however the bone is not protected it can grow back in the wrong place or change the shape of your finger. This leads to a deformity with continuous pain, discomfort, lack of movement and grip strength. […] Ignoring a broken finger alters movement patterns and leaves you in pain, because the stability that the bone provides is absent. […] This is when the bone grows back in the wrong position. This causes movement problems because the bones position is out of its normal alignment. […] This is when the bone doesnt join together at all, and the separate pieces grind and scratch against each other every time you move your finger. […] The highest priority in a broken finger is the splintered bone. Theres guaranteed soft tissue damage surrounding the fracture site like bone that pierces muscles, tendons and ligaments.

• #58 Broken finger: Signs & Symptoms with Tests & Treatment

  https://handtherapy.co.za/finger/broken-finger/

  In fractures this delivery of vital nutrients is disrupted which causes broken bone to heal much slower. […] If however the bone is not protected it can grow back in the wrong place or change the shape of your finger. This leads to a deformity with continuous pain, discomfort, lack of movement and grip strength. […] Ignoring a broken finger alters movement patterns and leaves you in pain, because the stability that the bone provides is absent. […] This is when the bone grows back in the wrong position. This causes movement problems because the bones position is out of its normal alignment. […] This is when the bone doesnt join together at all, and the separate pieces grind and scratch against each other every time you move your finger. […] The highest priority in a broken finger is the splintered bone. Theres guaranteed soft tissue damage surrounding the fracture site like bone that pierces muscles, tendons and ligaments.

• #59 Common hand fractures

  https://yourhands.co.uk/conditions/hand-and-wrist-injuries/hand-fractures

  The metacarpal bones are usually broken after a fall or punching an object or person (also known as a 'boxer’s fracture’. There will be pain, bruising and swelling over the broken bone. […] Sometimes the finger can rotate so that when you make a fist is crosses over the adjacent finger, which will require treatment to correct. […] Some fractures need treating with an operation. These include those fractures which are displaced and if the finger is rotated and crossing over the adjacent finger when making a fist. […] If surgery has been performed there will be a permanent scar and sometimes the tendons can get stuck in the scar tissue causing some finger stiffness.

• #60 Broken finger: Signs & Symptoms with Tests & Treatment

  https://handtherapy.co.za/finger/broken-finger/

  In fractures this delivery of vital nutrients is disrupted which causes broken bone to heal much slower. […] If however the bone is not protected it can grow back in the wrong place or change the shape of your finger. This leads to a deformity with continuous pain, discomfort, lack of movement and grip strength. […] Ignoring a broken finger alters movement patterns and leaves you in pain, because the stability that the bone provides is absent. […] This is when the bone grows back in the wrong position. This causes movement problems because the bones position is out of its normal alignment. […] This is when the bone doesnt join together at all, and the separate pieces grind and scratch against each other every time you move your finger. […] The highest priority in a broken finger is the splintered bone. Theres guaranteed soft tissue damage surrounding the fracture site like bone that pierces muscles, tendons and ligaments.

• #61 Thumb Fractures – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/thumb-fractures/

  A broken thumb can be a serious problem. Loss of thumb function due to a fracture can affect your ability to grasp items, and certain types of thumb fractures can increase the risk of arthritis later in life. […] All of the bones in the thumb are susceptible to fracture. Typically, the most concerning and problematic broken bones involve the joints. Fractures that involve the joints are typically more difficult to treat and are at increased risk for an unfavorable outcome. […] Sometimes, thumb fractures can result in joint instability when they involve the important ligaments that keep the joints aligned. These are often avulsion injuries, which occur during an extreme force to the joint that causes the ligament to rip away from its attachment, taking a piece of bone with it. These injuries function as ligament injuries and are often treated as such. […] If the thumb fracture involves a joint, there is an increased tendency to develop arthritis in the long term even if the fracture is treated perfectly. Arthritis can result in limited joint motion and pain in the joint. This typically occurs several years after the injury.

• #62 Thumb Fractures – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/thumb-fractures/

  A broken thumb can be a serious problem. Loss of thumb function due to a fracture can affect your ability to grasp items, and certain types of thumb fractures can increase the risk of arthritis later in life. […] All of the bones in the thumb are susceptible to fracture. Typically, the most concerning and problematic broken bones involve the joints. Fractures that involve the joints are typically more difficult to treat and are at increased risk for an unfavorable outcome. […] Sometimes, thumb fractures can result in joint instability when they involve the important ligaments that keep the joints aligned. These are often avulsion injuries, which occur during an extreme force to the joint that causes the ligament to rip away from its attachment, taking a piece of bone with it. These injuries function as ligament injuries and are often treated as such. […] If the thumb fracture involves a joint, there is an increased tendency to develop arthritis in the long term even if the fracture is treated perfectly. Arthritis can result in limited joint motion and pain in the joint. This typically occurs several years after the injury.

• #63 Bennett’s Fracture and other Thumb Injuries | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/bennetts-fracture-and-other-thumb-injuries

  A Bennett’s fracture is an intra-articular fracture of the base of the first metacarpal with resultant dislocation of the first carpometacarpal joint. The fracture is unstable and inadequate treatment leads to osteoarthritis, weakness and loss of function of the first carpometacarpal joint. […] Bennett’s fracture usually occurs due to an axial blow on a partially-flexed first metacarpal, such as would occur during delivery of a punch with a clenched fist. […] The volar fracture fragment on the ulnar aspect of the metacarpal base is held firmly in place by the volar anterior oblique ligament, whilst the traction of the abductor pollicis longus muscle tendon pulls the distal metacarpal fragment (containing most of the articular surface) proximally, radially and dorsally. […] Osteoarthritis of the thumb carpometacarpal joint as a result of osteocartilaginous injury, even if joint congruity and fragment reduction are achieved. […] The mechanism of injury is a significant axial load that splits and crushes the metacarpal articular surface.

• #64 4 Signs You Have A Fractured Finger: Is Surgical Repair Needed? – Minnesota Valley Surgery Center

  https://minnesotavalleysurgerycenter.com/hand-surgery/4-signs-you-have-a-fractured-finger-is-surgical-repair-needed/

  A fracture or broken finger is when the bones of the finger break. A fractured finger occurs as a result of an injury or fragile bones. An x-ray and physical examination help in diagnosing the injury as there are different types of fractured fingers. Treatment depends on the severity and type of the fracture. […] The treatment includes conservative and surgery options but the chosen treatment depends on the severity and location of the fracture. In a stable fracture, a splint is applied. An unstable fracture requires aligning the fracture fragments then applying a splint which is usually done under local anesthesia. […] The prognosis after healing a broken finger depends on the severity and the patients overall well-being. The healing time can take 4-6 weeks, or even a year depending on the case. A common issue patients experience after treatment is joint stiffness. Usually, a healthcare provider would advise physical therapy and exercises to solve the stiffness and any swelling. The doctor would also advise when the patient can resume using the finger.

• #65 Finger Fractures – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/finger-fractures/

  Depending on the type and severity of the fracture, you may need surgery to put the bones into alignment and keep them there while they heal. […] Fractures that involve the CMC, MCP, or IP joints are particularly worrisome and very often require surgery. When these fractures are not treated promptly and adequately, they can lead to substantial finger dysfunction and long-term consequences, such as arthritis. […] Finger fractures requiring surgery often need therapy after the procedure to help prevent or correct stiffness. […] If you suspect you have a finger fracture, seek treatment as soon as possible. The sooner a fracture is addressed by a doctor, the better the outcome will likely be.

• #66 Fingertip Fractures – Injuries; Poisoning – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/injuries-poisoning/fractures/fingertip-fractures

  Fingertip (tuft) fractures occur in the distal phalanx. The usual mechanism is a crush injury (eg, in a door jamb). […] Fingertip fractures are common. They range from simple transverse fractures to complex comminution of the tuft (the flat, wide area at the tip of the distal phalanges). […] A fracture with significant soft-tissue injury may cause hyperesthesia, which frequently persists long after the fracture heals. […] Diagnosis of a fingertip fracture is based on radiographs, which include anteroposterior, oblique, and lateral views. […] Most fingertip fractures are treated symptomatically with a protective covering (eg, commercially available aluminum and foam splint material) wrapped around the fingertip, often for 2 weeks. […] Persistent hyperesthesia may resolve when treated with desensitization therapy. […] The nail does not need to be removed if there is no significant injury or deformity to the nail itself. […] Although the injury is technically an open fracture, antibiotics are not needed after nail bed repair in patients with a tuft fracture.

• #67 How to manage my mallet finger – GC Hand Therapy

  https://gchandtherapy.com/how-to-manage-my-mallet-finger-or-thumb-injury/

  Mallet finger is usually caused by a sudden blow to the tip of your finger (or thumb) that then results in being unable to straighten the tip of your finger. The sudden force to the tip of the finger has caused the tendon to rupture (tendinous mallet injury) or the tendon and a piece of bone has been pulled away (bony mallet injury), resulting in there being no mechanism to pull the finger back straight. […] If you have a mallet finger, it needs to be treated, it will not heal on its own. […] In some cases, surgical intervention may be required if the bone fragment that has been pulled away with the tendon is a large fragment or if there is poor joint alignment. […] If left untreated or through failed conservative management, mallet finger can lead to a swan neck deformity. A swan neck deformity is from PIP joint hyper extension and DIP joint flexion due to an imbalance in the soft tissue structures.

• #68 Mallet Finger • LITFL • Trauma Library

  https://litfl.com/mallet-finger/

  Rupture / avulsion of the distal extensor mechanism of the finger, resulting in an inability to extend the distal phalanx at the DIP joint. […] Forced flexion +/- axial loading of the DIP joint leading to tendon rupture or bony avulsion. […] A tendinous mallet involves rupture of the extensor tendon proximal to the DIP joint. […] A bony mallet is an avulsion fracture of the dorsal aspect of the base of distal phalanx. […] Look for evidence of an avulsion fracture on the dorsal aspect of the base of the distal phalanx (=bony mallet). […] Surgery may be required if 30% of the articular surface is avulsed, or if the distal phalanx demonstrates volar subluxation. […] Clinical mallet deformity + no fractures seen on x-ray = tendinous mallet injury. […] The DIP joint needs to be kept in extension at all times to avoid separation of the tendon and protracted healing time. […] Tendinous mallet injuries are slower to heal. The recommended period of splintage is 6-8 weeks for a bony mallet and 8-12 weeks for a tendinous mallet. […] Mallet injuries may lead to a chronic swan-neck deformity if treatment is delayed or splintage is inadequate.

• #69 Causes & Treatment For Dislocations At The Hands Physio

  https://www.thehandsphysio.com.au/injuries/dislocations/

  When a finger is dislocated, the most commonly affected joint is the middle one, called the proximal interphalangeal joint (PIPJ). These dislocations often push the joint dorsally, away from the palm of the hand. Such an injury causes instability in your middle knuckle, resulting in excessive side-to-side and up-and-down movement, which can make it painful to grip or hold objects for prolonged periods. […] A dislocated thumb is often referred to as a Skiers Thumb or Gamekeepers Thumb. The most common mechanism of injury is when the thumb is caught or pulled backwards. […] A thumb dislocation can result in a Stener lesion. This is where the ulnar collateral ligament is either torn or avulsed from the proximal phalanx. The torn segment or flap shifts outside the aponeurosis of the thumb adductor muscle, making it unable to attach to the other side of the ligament or bone. This misalignment prevents proper healing. Diagnosis of a Stener lesion requires ultrasound, followed by surgical correction.

• #70 Common Finger Fractures and Dislocations | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0415/p805.html

  A dorsal PIP dislocation is the most common type of finger dislocation. It usually involves injury to the volar plate and may include a volar plate avulsion fracture. […] If relocation of the joint is unsuccessful or if the joint remains unstable following reduction and subsequently dislocates again, the injured finger should be evaluated using radiography. […] Referral to a hand specialist is indicated if more than 30 percent of the volar intra-articular surface is involved, or if subluxation or instability of the PIP joint is detected. […] Failure to treat PIP dislocations appropriately can lead to chronic pain, degenerative changes, and loss of function. […] Traditional treatment following reduction of uncomplicated dorsal PIP joint dislocations is splinting for one to two weeks followed by buddy taping for another one to two weeks.

• #71 Thumb Fractures and Dislocations: Practice Essentials, History of the Procedure, Problem

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1287814-overview

  Thumb metacarpal base fractures are common. The mechanism of injury is usually an axial load applied to a slightly flexed metacarpal shaft. The thumb CMC joint has considerable mobility secondary to the bony anatomy of the trapezium and metacarpal base, two apposed saddles whose longitudinal axes are perpendicular to one another. Ligamentous stability at the trapeziometacarpal joint is maintained by the anterior (volar) and posterior oblique ligaments, anterior and posterior intermetacarpal ligaments, and the dorsal radial ligament. […] Thumb metacarpal base fractures are classified into extra-articular and intra-articular. Intra-articular fractures are more common and are subdivided into Bennett fractures, Rolando fractures, and comminuted fractures. […] Comminuted fractures are relatively common; they produce a pilon type of fracture as well as varying degrees of articular surface impaction.

• #72 Thumb Fractures and Dislocations: Practice Essentials, History of the Procedure, Problem

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1287814-overview

  Thumb metacarpal base fractures are common. The mechanism of injury is usually an axial load applied to a slightly flexed metacarpal shaft. The thumb CMC joint has considerable mobility secondary to the bony anatomy of the trapezium and metacarpal base, two apposed saddles whose longitudinal axes are perpendicular to one another. Ligamentous stability at the trapeziometacarpal joint is maintained by the anterior (volar) and posterior oblique ligaments, anterior and posterior intermetacarpal ligaments, and the dorsal radial ligament. […] Thumb metacarpal base fractures are classified into extra-articular and intra-articular. Intra-articular fractures are more common and are subdivided into Bennett fractures, Rolando fractures, and comminuted fractures. […] Comminuted fractures are relatively common; they produce a pilon type of fracture as well as varying degrees of articular surface impaction.

• #73 Thumb Fractures – Emergency Department

  https://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/fractures/Thumb_Fractures_-_Emergency_Department/

  Normal thumb function is an essential part of many activities of daily living, leisure activities and future occupational function. Careful early detection and management of thumb injuries in the ED is important for minimising any long-term morbidity associated with the injury […] Crush mechanism (for example in doorways) is particularly common in younger children, often resulting in tuft fractures or less commonly Seymour fractures, and may be associated with a nailbed injury […] Hyperabduction of the thumb from either a fall or awkward contact from a ball whilst playing sports may result in a 'Skier’s thumb’ (UCL injury with or without bony avulsion from the base of P1) […] Axial loading of the thumb may result in intra-articular metacarpal base fracture in the adolescent patient (Bennett or Rolando)

• #74 Finger Fractures – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/finger-fractures/

  Depending on the type and severity of the fracture, you may need surgery to put the bones into alignment and keep them there while they heal. […] Fractures that involve the CMC, MCP, or IP joints are particularly worrisome and very often require surgery. When these fractures are not treated promptly and adequately, they can lead to substantial finger dysfunction and long-term consequences, such as arthritis. […] Finger fractures requiring surgery often need therapy after the procedure to help prevent or correct stiffness. […] If you suspect you have a finger fracture, seek treatment as soon as possible. The sooner a fracture is addressed by a doctor, the better the outcome will likely be.

• #75 How to manage my mallet finger – GC Hand Therapy

  https://gchandtherapy.com/how-to-manage-my-mallet-finger-or-thumb-injury/

  Mallet finger is usually caused by a sudden blow to the tip of your finger (or thumb) that then results in being unable to straighten the tip of your finger. The sudden force to the tip of the finger has caused the tendon to rupture (tendinous mallet injury) or the tendon and a piece of bone has been pulled away (bony mallet injury), resulting in there being no mechanism to pull the finger back straight. […] If you have a mallet finger, it needs to be treated, it will not heal on its own. […] In some cases, surgical intervention may be required if the bone fragment that has been pulled away with the tendon is a large fragment or if there is poor joint alignment. […] If left untreated or through failed conservative management, mallet finger can lead to a swan neck deformity. A swan neck deformity is from PIP joint hyper extension and DIP joint flexion due to an imbalance in the soft tissue structures.

• #76 Mallet Finger • LITFL • Trauma Library

  https://litfl.com/mallet-finger/

  Rupture / avulsion of the distal extensor mechanism of the finger, resulting in an inability to extend the distal phalanx at the DIP joint. […] Forced flexion +/- axial loading of the DIP joint leading to tendon rupture or bony avulsion. […] A tendinous mallet involves rupture of the extensor tendon proximal to the DIP joint. […] A bony mallet is an avulsion fracture of the dorsal aspect of the base of distal phalanx. […] Look for evidence of an avulsion fracture on the dorsal aspect of the base of the distal phalanx (=bony mallet). […] Surgery may be required if 30% of the articular surface is avulsed, or if the distal phalanx demonstrates volar subluxation. […] Clinical mallet deformity + no fractures seen on x-ray = tendinous mallet injury. […] The DIP joint needs to be kept in extension at all times to avoid separation of the tendon and protracted healing time. […] Tendinous mallet injuries are slower to heal. The recommended period of splintage is 6-8 weeks for a bony mallet and 8-12 weeks for a tendinous mallet. […] Mallet injuries may lead to a chronic swan-neck deformity if treatment is delayed or splintage is inadequate.

• #77 Broken Finger or Broken Thumb: Symptoms & Recovery Time

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21784-broken-finger

  People with calcium deficiencies or weakened bones are at higher risk of finger and thumb fractures. Fractures are also more likely to occur due to infection, lack of calcium (calcium deficiency) or vitamin D (vitamin D deficiency), metabolic bone disease, malnutrition, osteomalacia, and osteoporosis or osteopenia. […] Finger fracture treatment depends on the location and severity of the fracture, as well as whether or not the fracture is displaced (out of alignment) or nondisplaced (aligned). […] If you have a displaced fracture, your provider may immobilize your finger or thumb with a splint after reducing and aligning the fragments of the fracture. […] You may need surgery for a fractured finger or fractured thumb if you have an injury that involves a joint, loose bone fragments, multiple fractures, tendon or ligament damage, or unstable fractures that a splint can’t support.

• #78 Common Finger Fractures and Dislocations | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0415/p805.html

  Referral is recommended for fracture involving greater than 30 to 40 percent of the intra-articular surface, if reduction is difficult or unsuccessful, or if the patient is unable to achieve full extension following reduction. […] Dislocations of the MCP joint are usually dorsal. […] Dislocations of the DIP joint are often associated with trauma and may have associated fractures and soft tissue injury. […] Several types of fractures can involve the phalanx or the intra-articular surface. Failure to identify and appropriately treat these fractures can lead to long-term reduced function and disability. […] Mallet fractures (mallet finger) occur at the insertion of the terminal finger extensor mechanism into the dorsal portion of the distal phalanx. […] Treatment of a mallet fracture includes splinting the DIP joint in extension for eight weeks.

• #79 Common Finger Fractures and Dislocations | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0415/p805.html

  Referral for surgical management of mallet fractures has been suggested for those involving greater than 30 percent of the intra-articular surface and for those associated with volar subluxation of the distal phalanx. […] An avulsion fracture typically results from forced hyperextension of a flexed DIP joint. […] Because of the risk of tendon retraction and the need for surgical treatment, patients with flexor digitorum profundus avulsion fractures should be referred to a hand specialist. […] Intra-articular fractures are often complicated and unstable and should be referred to a hand specialist.

• #80 Thumb Fractures – Emergency Department

  https://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/fractures/Thumb_Fractures_-_Emergency_Department/

  Extra-articular fractures with 30 degrees angulation require closed reduction, which may occur in the ED under local/regional anaesthesia or procedural sedation or both, with K-wire fixation if reduction is inadequate or unstable […] Seymour fractures require early identification with debridement and pinning in theatre to avoid malunion, infection or nail deformities […] Fractures at the base of the Metacarpal require reduction with hand surgery team involvement, and likely K-wire fixation […] Arthritis, particularly in the case of intra-articular fractures or delay to diagnosis Malunion […] Stenar Lesion of UCL resulting in MCP joint instability […] Delayed diagnosis of base of thumb fractures leading to long term reduction in joint function.

• #81 Broken Finger or Broken Thumb: Symptoms & Recovery Time

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21784-broken-finger

  Recovery time for a finger or thumb fracture ranges from several weeks to a year. Healing time depends on the extent of the injury and your treatment. […] The outlook varies depending on your age and overall health, as well as the type and severity of the fracture. Finger fractures and thumb fractures generally heal very well after treatment, but you may require physical therapy to regain motion, which is critical to a successful outcome.

• #82 Broken Finger or Broken Thumb: Symptoms & Recovery Time

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21784-broken-finger

  Recovery time for a finger or thumb fracture ranges from several weeks to a year. Healing time depends on the extent of the injury and your treatment. […] The outlook varies depending on your age and overall health, as well as the type and severity of the fracture. Finger fractures and thumb fractures generally heal very well after treatment, but you may require physical therapy to regain motion, which is critical to a successful outcome.

• #83 Broken Finger or Broken Thumb: Symptoms & Recovery Time

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21784-broken-finger

  Recovery time for a finger or thumb fracture ranges from several weeks to a year. Healing time depends on the extent of the injury and your treatment. […] The outlook varies depending on your age and overall health, as well as the type and severity of the fracture. Finger fractures and thumb fractures generally heal very well after treatment, but you may require physical therapy to regain motion, which is critical to a successful outcome.

• #84 Thumb and finger injuries | Merivale Hand Clinic

  https://www.merivalehandclinic.co.nz/what-we-do/thumb-and-finger-injuries/

  A fracture is a break in a bone. They occur from falls, direct blows, or crush injuries. […] Signs of a fracture or broken bone include, swelling, bruising, numbness and deformity. It is best to get any injury assessed early to check for a fracture. […] Bones can heal in 6 weeks but tendons and ligaments take longer as they have less blood supply. […] A sprain is when some or all of the ligament fibres tear, the type and severity of the sprain will determine how it is treated. […] Ligaments in the hand are very small and have low blood supply, so these injuries can take 6-8 weeks to recover and sometimes longer to feel normal again. […] Joints can dislocate when forced out of their normal position. It is usually obvious if a finger or thumb has been dislocated as it will appear crooked, swollen and will be very painful. […] A mallet finger injury is when the tip of your finger doesnt straighten. It can be a tendon injury or a fracture.

• #85 Finger Fractures – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/finger-fractures/

  Depending on the type and severity of the fracture, you may need surgery to put the bones into alignment and keep them there while they heal. […] Fractures that involve the CMC, MCP, or IP joints are particularly worrisome and very often require surgery. When these fractures are not treated promptly and adequately, they can lead to substantial finger dysfunction and long-term consequences, such as arthritis. […] Finger fractures requiring surgery often need therapy after the procedure to help prevent or correct stiffness. […] If you suspect you have a finger fracture, seek treatment as soon as possible. The sooner a fracture is addressed by a doctor, the better the outcome will likely be.

• #86 Mallet Finger • LITFL • Trauma Library

  https://litfl.com/mallet-finger/

  Rupture / avulsion of the distal extensor mechanism of the finger, resulting in an inability to extend the distal phalanx at the DIP joint. […] Forced flexion +/- axial loading of the DIP joint leading to tendon rupture or bony avulsion. […] A tendinous mallet involves rupture of the extensor tendon proximal to the DIP joint. […] A bony mallet is an avulsion fracture of the dorsal aspect of the base of distal phalanx. […] Look for evidence of an avulsion fracture on the dorsal aspect of the base of the distal phalanx (=bony mallet). […] Surgery may be required if 30% of the articular surface is avulsed, or if the distal phalanx demonstrates volar subluxation. […] Clinical mallet deformity + no fractures seen on x-ray = tendinous mallet injury. […] The DIP joint needs to be kept in extension at all times to avoid separation of the tendon and protracted healing time. […] Tendinous mallet injuries are slower to heal. The recommended period of splintage is 6-8 weeks for a bony mallet and 8-12 weeks for a tendinous mallet. […] Mallet injuries may lead to a chronic swan-neck deformity if treatment is delayed or splintage is inadequate.

• #87 Common Finger Fractures and Dislocations | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0415/p805.html

  A dorsal PIP dislocation is the most common type of finger dislocation. It usually involves injury to the volar plate and may include a volar plate avulsion fracture. […] If relocation of the joint is unsuccessful or if the joint remains unstable following reduction and subsequently dislocates again, the injured finger should be evaluated using radiography. […] Referral to a hand specialist is indicated if more than 30 percent of the volar intra-articular surface is involved, or if subluxation or instability of the PIP joint is detected. […] Failure to treat PIP dislocations appropriately can lead to chronic pain, degenerative changes, and loss of function. […] Traditional treatment following reduction of uncomplicated dorsal PIP joint dislocations is splinting for one to two weeks followed by buddy taping for another one to two weeks.

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