Zawroty głowy
Etiologia i przyczyny

Zawroty głowy (vertigo) stanowią subiektywne odczucie ruchu obrotowego lub kołysania przy braku rzeczywistego ruchu i są objawem licznych schorzeń, z których około 80% ma etiologię obwodową, a 20% ośrodkową. Patofizjologia opiera się na asymetrii sygnałów z układu przedsionkowego, wynikającej z uszkodzenia błędnika, nerwu przedsionkowego lub ośrodkowych struktur przedsionkowych. Najczęstsze przyczyny obwodowe to łagodne napadowe pozycyjne zawroty głowy (BPPV, ok. 50% przypadków), zapalenie nerwu przedsionkowego, zapalenie błędnika oraz choroba Ménière’a, charakteryzująca się epizodami zawrotów trwającymi od 20 minut do kilkunastu godzin, jednostronną utratą słuchu i szumami usznymi. Ośrodkowe zawroty głowy najczęściej wynikają z migreny przedsionkowej (dotykającej 2,7% populacji rocznie), udaru mózgu, guzów mózgu, stwardnienia rozsianego oraz urazów głowy. Diagnostyka powinna uwzględniać różnicowanie przyczyn obwodowych i ośrodkowych, zwłaszcza w obecności objawów neurologicznych, zaburzeń chodu czy utrzymujących się zawrotów.

Etiologia zawrotów głowy – przyczyny i czynniki wywołujące

Zawroty głowy (vertigo) to subiektywne doznanie ruchu obrotowego lub kołysania, mimo pozostawania w bezruchu. Należy podkreślić, że zawroty głowy nie są chorobą, a objawem wielu różnych stanów chorobowych. Około 80% przypadków zawrotów głowy ma pochodzenie obwodowe, zaś pozostałe 20% wynika z przyczyn ośrodkowych12. Etiologia zawrotów głowy jest zazwyczaj związana z zaburzeniami układu przedsionkowego, kanałów półkolistych lub nerwu przedsionkowo-ślimakowego (VIII nerw czaszkowy). Zaburzenia te mogą wynikać zarówno z uszkodzenia tych struktur, jak i z nieprawidłowych sygnałów nerwowych docierających do mózgu34.

Patofizjologia zawrotów głowy opiera się na asymetrii w układzie przedsionkowym spowodowanej uszkodzeniem lub dysfunkcją błędnika, nerwu przedsionkowego lub ośrodkowych struktur przedsionkowych w pniu mózgu czy móżdżku. Kluczowym aspektem patogenezy zawrotów głowy jest fakt, że błędnik znajduje się po obu stronach ciała. Ośrodkowy układ nerwowy odbiera sygnały z obu błędników (prawego i lewego) i porównuje je ze sobą. Gdy głowa pozostaje nieruchoma, wyładowania toniczne w aferentach przedsionkowych prawego i lewego ucha są dokładnie zrównoważone. Podczas ruchu błędniki są pobudzane lub hamowane, co prowadzi do różnicy w aktywności nerwu VIII między lewą a prawą stroną, co jest interpretowane jako ruch. Fałszywe różnice między lewą a prawą stroną, wynikające z ostrego jednostronnego obwodowego zaburzenia przedsionkowego, są również interpretowane przez ośrodkowy układ nerwowy jako ruch lub zawroty głowy5.

Przyczyny obwodowe zawrotów głowy

Obwodowe zawroty głowy pochodzą z zaburzeń w obrębie ucha wewnętrznego, nerwu przedsionkowego lub struktur przedsionkowych obwodowych. Do najczęstszych przyczyn obwodowych zawrotów głowy należą:

  1. Łagodne napadowe pozycyjne zawroty głowy (BPPV) – najczęstsza przyczyna zawrotów głowy, stanowiąca około 50% wszystkich przypadków6. Powstaje, gdy drobne kryształy węglanu wapnia (otolity) przemieszczają się z woreczka (utriculus) do kanałów półkolistych ucha wewnętrznego78. Gdy kryształy te przemieszczają się w kanałach półkolistych, poruszają endolimfę i wysyłają do mózgu sygnał, że głowa się porusza, podczas gdy w rzeczywistości pozostaje nieruchoma9. BPPV może wystąpić samoistnie (idiopatyczne BPPV) lub być związane z urazem głowy, chorobami ucha wewnętrznego, migreną lub długotrwałym przebywaniem w pozycji na plecach1011.
  2. Zapalenie nerwu przedsionkowego (neuronitis vestibularis) – stan zapalny nerwu przedsionkowego, często spowodowany infekcją wirusową, prowadzący do nagłych, intensywnych zawrotów głowy, które mogą utrzymywać się przez kilka dni, tygodni lub nawet miesięcy1213. Uważa się, że zapalenie nerwu przedsionkowego jest wynikiem reaktywacji wirusa opryszczki pospolitej w nerwach przedsionkowych14.
  3. Zapalenie błędnika (labyrinthitis) – stan zapalny ucha wewnętrznego, często spowodowany infekcją wirusową lub bakteryjną, prowadzący do zawrotów głowy, nudności i wymiotów15. W przeciwieństwie do zapalenia nerwu przedsionkowego, zapalenie błędnika może również wpływać na funkcje słuchowe, powodując utratę słuchu16.
  4. Choroba Ménière’a – rzadsze schorzenie ucha wewnętrznego charakteryzujące się epizodami zawrotów głowy trwającymi od 20 minut do kilkunastu godzin, którym towarzyszy jednostronna utrata słuchu, szumy uszne (tinnitus) i uczucie pełności w uchu1718. Przyczyną choroby Ménière’a jest nadmiar płynu endolimfatycznego (wodniak śródchłonki) w kanałach półkolistych19. Dokładna przyczyna choroby Ménière’a nie jest znana, ale może wynikać z obkurczenia naczyń krwionośnych, infekcji wirusowej lub reakcji autoimmunologicznej20.
  5. Półpasiec uszny (zespół Ramsaya Hunta) – zawroty głowy wynikające z reaktywacji wirusa ospy wietrznej i półpaśca (VZV) w zwoju kolanka, prowadzącego do zapalenia nerwu przedsionkowo-ślimakowego. Nerw twarzowy jest często również zajęty, co prowadzi do porażenia twarzy21.
  6. Nerwiak nerwu przedsionkowego (nerwiak osłonkowy) – łagodny guz rozwijający się na nerwie przedsionkowym, łączącym ucho wewnętrzne z mózgiem. Może powodować jednostronną utratę słuchu, szumy uszne i zawroty głowy22.
  7. Przetoka perylimfatyczna – nieprawidłowe połączenie między uchem środkowym a wewnętrznym, zazwyczaj spowodowane urazem, prowadzące do wycieku płynu z ucha wewnętrznego do ucha środkowego23.
  8. Otoskleroza – zaburzenie charakteryzujące się nieprawidłowym wzrostem kości w uchu środkowym, prowadzące do utraty słuchu przewodzeniowej i mogące wpływać na ślimak, powodując również szumy uszne i zawroty głowy24.
  9. Przewlekłe zapalenie ucha środkowego – długotrwała infekcja ucha środkowego może prowadzić do zawrotów głowy25.
  10. Perlak – zmiany torbielowate wypełnione złuszczonym nabłonkiem. Perlaki najczęściej zajmują ucho środkowe i wyrostek sutkowaty26.
  11. Toksyczność leków ototoksycznych – niektóre leki mogą uszkadzać ucho wewnętrzne, powodując zawroty głowy. Do leków tych należą antybiotyki aminoglikozydowe, kwas acetylosalicylowy (aspiryna), salicylany i diuretyki2728.
  12. Zespół Cogana – rzadkie zaburzenie autoimmunologiczne charakteryzujące się zapaleniem rogówki i objawami przedsionkowo-ślimakowymi, w tym zawrotami głowy i utratą słuchu29.

Przyczyny ośrodkowe zawrotów głowy

Ośrodkowe zawroty głowy pochodzą z zaburzeń w obrębie ośrodkowego układu nerwowego, głównie pnia mózgu i móżdżku. Do najczęstszych przyczyn ośrodkowych zawrotów głowy należą:

  1. Migrena przedsionkowa – jeden z najbardziej powszechnych typów migreny, dotykający około 2,7% populacji w ciągu roku i stanowiący najczęstszą przyczynę zawrotów głowy ośrodkowych3031. Migrena przedsionkowa może powodować epizody zawrotów głowy trwające od minut do dni, z towarzyszącym bólem głowy lub bez niego32.
  2. Udar mózgu lub przemijający atak niedokrwienny (TIA) – zwłaszcza w obszarze tylnego dołu czaszki, może powodować zawroty głowy, dysartrię (zaburzenia mowy), ataksję (problemy z poruszaniem się), osłabienie i drętwienie/mrowienie33. Zawroty głowy mogą być pierwszym objawem udaru mózgu, szczególnie udaru móżdżku34.
  3. Guzy mózgu – szczególnie te zlokalizowane w kącie mostowo-móżdżkowym, mogą powodować zawroty głowy, a także inne objawy, takie jak oznaki zwiększonego ciśnienia wewnątrzczaszkowego (np. ból głowy, zmieniony stan psychiczny, nudności i/lub wymioty) oraz zaburzenia chodu35.
  4. Stwardnienie rozsiane (SM) – zawroty głowy mogą być objawem stwardnienia rozsianego z powodu rozwoju plak demielinizacyjnych w drogach przedsionkowych36.
  5. Urazy głowy lub szyi – mogą powodować zawroty głowy poprzez uszkodzenie ucha wewnętrznego lub mózgu37. Zawroty głowy po urazie czaszkowo-mózgowym są często określane jako zawroty głowy pourazowe38.
  6. Napad padaczkowy – w rzadkich przypadkach zawroty głowy mogą być spowodowane napadami padaczkowymi39.
  7. Epizodyczna ataksja typu 2 – zaburzenie genetyczne charakteryzujące się epizodami ataksji i zawrotów głowy40.
  8. Malformacja Chiariego – wrodzona wada rozwojowa charakteryzująca się przemieszczeniem części móżdżku do kanału kręgowego, która może powodować zawroty głowy41.
  9. Syndrom zejścia ze statku (disembarkment syndrome) – uczucie ciągłego kołysania po zejściu ze statku lub innego poruszającego się pojazdu42.

Inne przyczyny zawrotów głowy

Oprócz przyczyn obwodowych i ośrodkowych, zawroty głowy mogą być również spowodowane przez:

  1. Zaburzenia układu krążenia – w tym arytmie, zawał mięśnia sercowego, zwężenie tętnicy szyjnej i niedociśnienie ortostatyczne. Te stany mogą prowadzić do zmniejszonego przepływu krwi do mózgu, co skutkuje zawrotami głowy43.
  2. Zaburzenia psychiczne – takie jak lęk, depresja i zespoły somatyzacyjne mogą powodować uczucie zawrotów głowy44.
  3. Leki – zawroty głowy mogą być skutkiem ubocznym wielu leków, w tym leków przeciwdrgawkowych, aspiryny, alkoholu i leków przeciwnadciśnieniowych4546.
  4. Niedociśnienie – w tym postać niedociśnienia ortostatycznego, może powodować krótkotrwałe zawroty głowy lub omdlenia47.
  5. Infekcje – różne infekcje wirusowe lub bakteryjne mogą prowadzić do zawrotów głowy, szczególnie gdy wpływają na ucho wewnętrzne lub nerw przedsionkowy48.
  6. Zespół hiperwentylacji – zbyt szybkie oddychanie może prowadzić do zmniejszenia poziomu dwutlenku węgla we krwi, co może powodować zawroty głowy49.
  7. Zaburzenia metaboliczne – takie jak hipoglikemia (niski poziom cukru we krwi), anemia i zaburzenia tarczycy mogą powodować zawroty głowy50.
  8. Odwodnienie – niedostateczne nawodnienie organizmu może prowadzić do zawrotów głowy51.
  9. Zatrucie tlenkiem węgla – objawy zatrucia tlenkiem węgla są często opisywane jako podobne do grypy, w tym zawroty głowy52.
  10. Zaburzenia podwójnego widzenia (dysfunkcja widzenia obuocznego) – zaburzenia sposobu współpracy oczu i mózgu jako zespołu mogą prowadzić do zawrotów głowy53.

Czynniki ryzyka zawrotów głowy

Istnieje wiele czynników, które mogą zwiększać ryzyko wystąpienia zawrotów głowy, w tym:

  • Wiek – starszy wiek jest znaczącym czynnikiem ryzyka, ponieważ funkcje ucha wewnętrznego i układu równowagi naturalnie pogarszają się z wiekiem (presbywestibulopatia)5455.
  • Uraz głowy – przeszły uraz głowy może zwiększać ryzyko wystąpienia zawrotów głowy, szczególnie BPPV56.
  • Czynniki genetyczne – niektóre przypadki zawrotów głowy mogą mieć komponent genetyczny i występować rodzinnie, jak w przypadku rodzinnego napadu ataksji, migreny przedsionkowej, obustronnej hipofunkcji przedsionkowej i rodzinnej choroby Ménière’a57.
  • Niedobór witaminy D – może zwiększać ryzyko rozwoju BPPV58.
  • Osteoporoza – związana z większym ryzykiem BPPV59.
  • Migrena – osoby cierpiące na migrenę mają większe ryzyko wystąpienia zawrotów głowy60.
  • Wysoki poziom cholesterolu całkowitego – może być czynnikiem ryzyka BPPV61.
  • Płeć – BPPV jest częstsze u kobiet niż u mężczyzn62.
  • Alergie sezonowe – mogą odgrywać rolę w rozwoju zawrotów głowy63.

Mechanizm powstawania zawrotów głowy

Mechanizm powstawania zawrotów głowy różni się w zależności od ich przyczyny, ale ogólnie zawroty głowy powstają, gdy istnieje konflikt między sygnałami z układu przedsionkowego a innymi sygnałami sensorycznymi dotyczącymi równowagi (tj. propriocepcją i wzrokiem)64.

W przypadku obwodowych zawrotów głowy, najczęstszą przyczyną jest BPPV, gdzie kryształki węglanu wapnia (otolity) przemieszczają się z woreczka do kanału półkolistego. Gdy głowa się porusza, kryształki te przemieszczają się w kanale półkolistym, poruszając endolimfę i stymulując komórki rzęsate, które wysyłają sygnały do mózgu o ruchu, mimo że głowa może nie poruszać się w tym kierunku65.

W przypadku choroby Ménière’a, nadmiar płynu endolimfatycznego w uchu wewnętrznym (wodniak śródchłonki) zaburza normalne sygnały równowagi i słuchu między uchem a mózgiem66. Uważa się, że wynika to z dysfunkcji kanałów sodowych, co prowadzi do gradientu osmotycznego, który przyciąga płyn do śródchłonki, zwiększając ciśnienie śródchłonkowe i powodując objawy67.

W przypadku zapalenia nerwu przedsionkowego, zapalenie nerwu przedsionkowego zakłóca transmisję sygnałów sensorycznych i błędnie informuje mózg, że dana osoba się porusza, co jest sprzeczne z sygnałami z innych zmysłów68.

W przypadku migreny przedsionkowej, mechanizm nie jest w pełni zrozumiały, ale uważa się, że migrena zakłóca sposób, w jaki mózg przetwarza informacje sensoryczne, powodując nadwrażliwość na światło, dotyk, dźwięki lub zapachy, a także zawroty głowy69.

W przypadku ośrodkowych zawrotów głowy, zaburzenie może dotyczyć pnia mózgu, móżdżku lub innych obszarów mózgu odpowiedzialnych za przetwarzanie sygnałów równowagi. Na przykład, udar w obszarze tylnego dołu czaszki może uszkodzić struktury zaangażowane w przetwarzanie sygnałów z układu przedsionkowego, co prowadzi do zawrotów głowy70.

Zawroty głowy jako objaw chorób współistniejących

Zawroty głowy mogą być objawem wielu innych chorób i zaburzeń. Diagnosci muszą dokładnie rozważyć możliwość, że zawroty głowy są objawem poważniejszych schorzń, zwłaszcza u osób starszych lub osób z czynnikami ryzyka chorób naczyniowych71.

Zawroty głowy mogą towarzyszyć takim schorzeniom jak:

  • Choroba sercowo-naczyniowa – w tym arytmie, zawał mięśnia sercowego, zwężenie tętnicy szyjnej i niedociśnienie ortostatyczne72.
  • Udar mózgu – zawroty głowy mogą być objawem udaru mózgu, szczególnie w obszarze tylnego dołu czaszki73.
  • Stwardnienie rozsiane – zawroty głowy mogą być wczesnym objawem stwardnienia rozsianego74.
  • Migrena – zawroty głowy są częstym objawem migreny, nawet bez towarzyszącego bólu głowy75.
  • Cukrzyca – nieprawidłowy poziom cukru we krwi może powodować zawroty głowy76.
  • Zaburzenia tarczycy – choroby tarczycy mogą powodować zawroty głowy77.
  • Choroby autoimmunologiczne – mogą powodować zawroty głowy jako wynik ataku układu immunologicznego na zdrowe tkanki78.
  • Napady padaczkowe – zawroty głowy mogą być objawem napadów padaczkowych79.
  • Zaburzenia psychiczne – w tym lęk, depresja i zespoły somatyzacyjne80.

Zawroty głowy jako objaw alarmowy

Chociaż większość przypadków zawrotów głowy ma przyczyny łagodne, zawroty głowy mogą być czasami objawem poważniejszego schorzenia, które wymaga natychmiastowej interwencji medycznej81.

Następujące cechy mogą wskazywać na możliwe przyczyny ośrodkowe wymagające pilnej oceny:

  • Nawracające lub utrzymujące się zawroty głowy
  • Zaburzenia chodu lub ruchu
  • Ciągłe nudności
  • Słabe wyniki w testach funkcji móżdżku
  • Towarzyszące objawy neurologiczne, takie jak osłabienie, dysartria, zmiany czuciowe, ataksja lub splątanie8283.

Zawroty głowy mogą również prowadzić do upadków, które mogą skutkować złamaniami kości lub innymi obrażeniami84.

Podsumowanie etiologii zawrotów głowy

Zawroty głowy to objaw wielu różnych schorzeń, a nie choroba sama w sobie. Około 80% przypadków zawrotów głowy ma pochodzenie obwodowe, związane z zaburzeniami ucha wewnętrznego lub nerwu przedsionkowego, a pozostałe 20% wynika z przyczyn ośrodkowych, związanych z zaburzeniami mózgu lub pnia mózgu8586.

Najczęstszą przyczyną zawrotów głowy jest łagodne napadowe pozycyjne zawroty głowy (BPPV), spowodowane przemieszczeniem kryształków węglanu wapnia w kanałach półkolistych ucha wewnętrznego. Inne częste przyczyny obwodowe obejmują zapalenie nerwu przedsionkowego, zapalenie błędnika i chorobę Ménière’a87.

Wśród przyczyn ośrodkowych zawrotów głowy najczęstsza jest migrena przedsionkowa, następnie skutki uboczne leków, zaburzenia funkcjonalne i presbywestibulopatia88.

Inne przyczyny zawrotów głowy obejmują zaburzenia układu krążenia, zaburzenia psychiczne, leki, niedociśnienie, infekcje, zespół hiperwentylacji, zaburzenia metaboliczne, odwodnienie i zatrucie tlenkiem węgla8990.

Czynniki ryzyka zawrotów głowy obejmują starszy wiek, przeszły uraz głowy, czynniki genetyczne, niedobór witaminy D, osteoporozę, migrenę, wysoki poziom cholesterolu całkowitego i płeć żeńską9192.

Chociaż większość przyczyn zawrotów głowy jest łagodna, zawroty głowy mogą czasami być objawem poważniejszych schorzeń, takich jak udar mózgu, nowotwór mózgu lub stwardnienie rozsiane, i dlatego wymagają dokładnej oceny medycznej93.

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  1. 12.04.2026
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Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Peripheral Vertigo – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430797/
    Approximately 80 percent of vertigo is peripheral, whereas approximately 20 percent is central. Peripheral vertigo is most commonly due to a benign process; benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is by far the most common cause of peripheral vertigo. […] The etiology of vertigo is typically due to a disturbance of the vestibular system, semicircular canals, or cranial nerve VIII. This disturbance could be related to damage to one of these organs or simply confused neuronal input. […] The following are the various causes of vertigo: […] Peripheral Vertigo […] Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) […] Meniere disease […] Vestibular neuritis […] Labyrinthitis […] Herpes zoster […] Acoustic neuroma […] Otitis media […] Perilymphatic fistula […] Aminoglycoside toxicity
  • #2 Peripheral Vertigo – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430797/
    Viral infections […] Cogan syndrome. […] Approximately 80% of vertigo is peripheral, whereas approximately 20% is central in origin. Of this 80%, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is by far the most common cause of peripheral vertigo. […] A disturbance of the vestibular system, semicircular canals, or cranial nerve 8 is the underlying issue. This disturbance could be related to damage to one of these organs or simply confused neuronal input. […] Usually, peripheral vertigo is, although not always, due to a benign process, whereas central vertigo often indicates a more serious pathology.
  • #3 Peripheral Vertigo – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430797/
    Viral infections […] Cogan syndrome. […] Approximately 80% of vertigo is peripheral, whereas approximately 20% is central in origin. Of this 80%, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is by far the most common cause of peripheral vertigo. […] A disturbance of the vestibular system, semicircular canals, or cranial nerve 8 is the underlying issue. This disturbance could be related to damage to one of these organs or simply confused neuronal input. […] Usually, peripheral vertigo is, although not always, due to a benign process, whereas central vertigo often indicates a more serious pathology.
  • #4 Causes of vertigo – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/causes-of-vertigo
    Causes of vertigo […] PATHOPHYSIOLOGY […] The pathophysiology, etiology, and differential diagnosis of vertigo will be reviewed here. […] Vertigo is a symptom, not a diagnosis. It arises because of asymmetry in the vestibular system due to damage to or dysfunction of the labyrinth, vestibular nerve, or central vestibular structures in the brainstem or cerebellum. […] […] Important to the pathogenesis of vertigo is the fact that there is a vestibular labyrinth on each side of the body. The central nervous system receives signals from both the right and left labyrinths and compares these signals with one another. When the head is still, tonic discharges in both right and left vestibular afferents are exactly balanced. During motion, the right and left labyrinths are excited or inhibited, leading to a left-right difference in eighth nerve activity, which is recognized as motion. The spurious left-right differences that result from an acute unilateral peripheral vestibular disorder are also interpreted by the central nervous system as motion or vertigo.
  • #5 Causes of vertigo – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/causes-of-vertigo
    Causes of vertigo […] PATHOPHYSIOLOGY […] The pathophysiology, etiology, and differential diagnosis of vertigo will be reviewed here. […] Vertigo is a symptom, not a diagnosis. It arises because of asymmetry in the vestibular system due to damage to or dysfunction of the labyrinth, vestibular nerve, or central vestibular structures in the brainstem or cerebellum. […] […] Important to the pathogenesis of vertigo is the fact that there is a vestibular labyrinth on each side of the body. The central nervous system receives signals from both the right and left labyrinths and compares these signals with one another. When the head is still, tonic discharges in both right and left vestibular afferents are exactly balanced. During motion, the right and left labyrinths are excited or inhibited, leading to a left-right difference in eighth nerve activity, which is recognized as motion. The spurious left-right differences that result from an acute unilateral peripheral vestibular disorder are also interpreted by the central nervous system as motion or vertigo.
  • #6 Understanding Vertigo: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment – Buffalo Rehab Group
    https://buffalorehab.com/blog/understanding-vertigo/
    The most common cause of vertigo, accounting for 50% of cases, is Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV). […] BPPV occurs when calcium carbonate crystals normally implanted in a gel-like substance in the utricle and saccule (organs within the inner ear) become dislodged. […] When the crystals are displaced in the semi-circular canals, they move the fluid and send a message to the brain that the head is moving when, in fact, it isnt. […] Another frequent cause of vertigo is vestibular dysfunction or hypofunction. […] There are many reasons for the vestibular hypofunction. Some causes include autoimmune disorders, vestibular neuritis, infections, injury to the vestibular nerve, and chronic polyneuropathy. […] However, many vestibular dysfunctions occur without known reason or cause.
  • #7 Vertigo: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
    https://www.webmd.com/brain/vertigo-symptoms-causes-treatment
    Vertigo often happens because of an inner ear problem. Some of the most common causes include: […] Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). This inner ear disorder happens when tiny calcium particles (canaliths) get dislodged from their normal location and collect in the inner ear. […] Meniere’s disease. This inner ear disorder may be caused by a buildup of fluid and changing pressure in the ear. […] Vestibular neuritis or labyrinthitis. This inner ear problem is usually related to a viral infection such as chickenpox, measles, or hepatitis. […] Can stress cause vertigo? Dizziness and a spinning sensation can be symptoms of stress and anxiety. […] Vertigo can also happen because of: A head or neck injury, Brain problems, such as a stroke or tumor, Certain medications that cause ear damage, including some antibiotics, heart drugs, and anti-inflammatory medicines, Migraine headaches, Ear infection, Acoustic neuroma, a noncancerous tumor in the ear, Stroke, Dehydration, Irregular heart rhythms, Ear surgery, Low blood pressure, Diseases such as multiple sclerosis or diabetes, Otosclerosis, abnormal bone growth in the middle ear. […] Vertigo has many possible triggers. Migraine headaches, an infection, dehydration, certain medications, or a head injury can all cause this spinning sensation.
  • #8 Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vertigo/symptoms-causes/syc-20370055
    Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is one of the most common causes of vertigo the sudden sensation that you’re spinning or that the inside of your head is spinning. […] Often, there’s no known cause for BPPV. This is called idiopathic BPPV. […] When there is a known cause, BPPV is often associated with a minor to severe blow to your head. Less common causes of BPPV include disorders that damage your inner ear or, rarely, damage that occurs during ear surgery or long periods positioned on your back, such as in a dentist chair. BPPV also has been associated with migraines. […] For many reasons, these crystals can become dislodged. When they become dislodged, they can move into one of the semicircular canals especially while you’re lying down. This causes the semicircular canal to become sensitive to head position changes it would normally not respond to, which is what makes you feel dizzy.
  • #9 Understanding Vertigo: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment – Buffalo Rehab Group
    https://buffalorehab.com/blog/understanding-vertigo/
    The most common cause of vertigo, accounting for 50% of cases, is Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV). […] BPPV occurs when calcium carbonate crystals normally implanted in a gel-like substance in the utricle and saccule (organs within the inner ear) become dislodged. […] When the crystals are displaced in the semi-circular canals, they move the fluid and send a message to the brain that the head is moving when, in fact, it isnt. […] Another frequent cause of vertigo is vestibular dysfunction or hypofunction. […] There are many reasons for the vestibular hypofunction. Some causes include autoimmune disorders, vestibular neuritis, infections, injury to the vestibular nerve, and chronic polyneuropathy. […] However, many vestibular dysfunctions occur without known reason or cause.
  • #10 Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vertigo/symptoms-causes/syc-20370055
    Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is one of the most common causes of vertigo the sudden sensation that you’re spinning or that the inside of your head is spinning. […] Often, there’s no known cause for BPPV. This is called idiopathic BPPV. […] When there is a known cause, BPPV is often associated with a minor to severe blow to your head. Less common causes of BPPV include disorders that damage your inner ear or, rarely, damage that occurs during ear surgery or long periods positioned on your back, such as in a dentist chair. BPPV also has been associated with migraines. […] For many reasons, these crystals can become dislodged. When they become dislodged, they can move into one of the semicircular canals especially while you’re lying down. This causes the semicircular canal to become sensitive to head position changes it would normally not respond to, which is what makes you feel dizzy.
  • #11 Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV): Treatment, Symptoms & Causes
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11858-benign-paroxysmal-positional-vertigo-bppv
    BPPV can happen when otoconia (calcium carbonate particles) from the utricle get trapped in the semicircular canals of your inner ear. […] BPPV is almost always triggered by a change in your heads position. Some people may notice symptoms when lying down or sitting up in bed. […] BPPV develops when calcium carbonate particles (otoconia) move into your semicircular canals (inner ear structures that control balance) and become trapped. […] In your utricle, the otoconia may become loose due to injury, infection or age. […] BPPV usually goes away on its own. However, until its successfully treated, it can come back. […] The most effective benign paroxysmal positional vertigo treatments involve physical therapy exercises. […] A single particle repositioning procedure is effective in treating about 80% to 90% of cases of BPPV. […] You cant prevent BPPV, but you can manage it with particle repositioning exercises. […] The good news is that BPPV doesnt indicate a serious health problem.
  • #12 Types of Vertigo: Peripheral, Central, BPPV, and More
    https://www.webmd.com/brain/types-of-vertigo
    If your doctor tells you you have peripheral vertigo, you have plenty of company. It’s the most common type of vertigo. A problem in the inner ear, which controls your balance, causes most cases. […] The most common causes of the inner ear trouble that leads to peripheral vertigo are: Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), Vestibular neuronitis, Meniere’s disease. […] BPPV is a condition that causes small crystals to get loose and float in the fluid of your inner ear. The movement of the crystals and the fluid leads you to feel dizzy. […] Vestibular neuronitis causes severe, sudden dizziness that lasts two to three weeks. Doctors think an infection with a virus may be the cause. […] Meniere’s disease is a condition that combines symptoms of dizziness with occasional hearing loss. Doctors aren’t sure what causes it, though stress can be a trigger, along with eating salt or drinking caffeine and alcohol.
  • #13 Dizziness, vertigo and balance disorders | Better Health Channel
    https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/dizziness-and-vertigo
    Acute vestibular neuronitis or labyrinthitis an inflammation of the inner ear causing sudden, intense vertigo that may persist for several days, with nausea and vomiting. This can be very disabling and may require bed rest initially. Fortunately, vestibular neuronitis generally subsides and clears up on its own. The cause of this condition is unknown but it may be a viral infection. […] Menieres disease involves the build-up of fluid pressure in the inner ear. This leads to repeated sudden episodes of vertigo lasting 20 minutes or longer, with changing hearing loss, the feeling of fullness in the ear and buzzing or ringing in the ear (tinnitus). The cause of Menieres disease is unknown. […] Vestibular migraine can cause vertigo lasting from minutes to days with or without headache. […] Anxiety and stress can intensify inner ear dizziness symptoms. […] Other causes including brain related disorders and medical conditions such as low blood pressure.
  • #14
    https://bpac.org.nz/bpj/2012/september/vertigo.aspx
    The following features are indicative of a possible central cause: Recurrent or persistent vertigo; Gait or movement abnormalities; Constant nausea; Poor performance on tests of cerebellar function, e.g. dysdiadochokinesis and heel-toe testing. […] Recurring episodes of vertigo, usually lasting for several hours, associated with fluctuating hearing, tinnitus and aural fullness is suggestive of Mnire’s disease, an incapacitating disorder of the inner ear. Mnire’s disease is caused by an excess of cochlear endolymph (endolymphatic hydrops) which eventually „refluxes” into the semicircular canals to cause vertigo. […] A single, severe episode of vertigo, lasting at least 48 hours is suggestive of vestibular neuritis. Vestibular neuritis is thought to be caused by reactivation of the herpes simplex virus in the vestibular nerves. […] Many recreational drugs, most commonly alcohol, can cause short-term vertigo. Prescribed medicines almost never cause vertigo. However, many medicines, e.g. antihypertensives, can cause a fluctuating disequilibrium and this cause should always be considered.
  • #15 Vertigo-associated disorders: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock
    https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001432.htm
    Vertigo is a sensation of motion or spinning that is often described as dizziness. […] There are two types of vertigo, peripheral and central vertigo. […] Peripheral vertigo is due to a problem in the part of the inner ear that controls balance. […] Peripheral vertigo may be caused by: Benign positional vertigo (benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, also known as BPPV), Certain medicines, such as aminoglycoside antibiotics, cisplatin, diuretics, or salicylates, which are toxic to the inner ear structures, Injury (such as head injury), Inflammation of the vestibular nerve (neuronitis), Irritation and swelling of the inner ear (labyrinthitis), Meniere disease, Pressure on the vestibular nerve, usually from a noncancerous tumor such as a meningioma or schwannoma. […] Central vertigo is due to a problem in the brain, usually in the brain stem or the back part of the brain (cerebellum). […] Central vertigo may be caused by: Blood vessel disease, Certain drugs, such as anticonvulsants, aspirin, and alcohol, Multiple sclerosis, Seizures (rarely), Stroke, Tumors (cancerous or noncancerous), Vestibular migraine, a type of migraine headache.
  • #16 Dizziness: A Diagnostic Approach | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/0815/p361.html
    Dizziness accounts for an estimated 5 percent of primary care clinic visits. The main causes of vertigo are benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, Meniere disease, vestibular neuritis, and labyrinthitis. […] Diagnosing the cause of dizziness can be difficult because symptoms are often nonspecific and the differential diagnosis is broad. […] Otologic or vestibular causes of vertigo are the most common causes of dizziness, and include benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), vestibular neuritis (viral infection of the vestibular nerve), labyrinthitis (infection of the labyrinthine organs), and Meniere disease (increased endolymphatic fluid in the inner ear). […] Hearing loss and duration of symptoms help narrow the differential diagnosis further in patients with vertigo. Vertigo with hearing loss is usually caused by Meniere disease or labyrinthitis, whereas vertigo without hearing loss is more likely caused by BPPV or vestibular neuritis.
  • #17 Vertigo – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482356/
    Vertigo is most often caused by a dysfunction in the vestibular system from a peripheral or central lesion. Peripheral etiologies include the more common causes of vertigo, such as benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) and Meniere disease. BPPV results from calcium deposits or debris in the posterior semicircular canal and causes frequent transient episodes of vertigo lasting a few minutes or less. Unlike BPPV, patients with Meniere disease often experience tinnitus, hearing loss, and aural fullness in addition to vertigo. Endolymphatic hydrops is a distinct pathologic feature of Meniere disease. Symptoms of Meniere disease result from an increased endolymph volume in the semicircular canals. Two additional distinct causes of peripheral vertigo include acute labyrinthitis and vestibular neuritis. Both arise from inflammation, often caused by a viral infection. Another viral-induced cause of vertigo is Herpes zoster oticus, also known as Ramsay Hunt syndrome. In Ramsay Hunt syndrome, vertigo results from the reactivation of latent Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) in the geniculate ganglion, leading to inflammation of the vestibulocochlear nerve. The facial nerve is often involved as well, resulting in facial paralysis. Less common peripheral causes include cholesteatoma, otosclerosis, and a perilymphatic fistula. Cholesteatomas are cyst-like lesions filled with keratin debris. Cholesteatomas most often involve the middle ear and mastoid. Otosclerosis is characterized by abnormal growth of bone in the middle ear, which leads to conductive hearing loss and may affect the cochlea, also causing tinnitus and vertigo. A perilymphatic fistula is another less common cause of peripheral vertigo and results from trauma.
  • #18 Dizziness: A Diagnostic Approach | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/0815/p361.html
    Dizziness accounts for an estimated 5 percent of primary care clinic visits. The main causes of vertigo are benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, Meniere disease, vestibular neuritis, and labyrinthitis. […] Diagnosing the cause of dizziness can be difficult because symptoms are often nonspecific and the differential diagnosis is broad. […] Otologic or vestibular causes of vertigo are the most common causes of dizziness, and include benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), vestibular neuritis (viral infection of the vestibular nerve), labyrinthitis (infection of the labyrinthine organs), and Meniere disease (increased endolymphatic fluid in the inner ear). […] Hearing loss and duration of symptoms help narrow the differential diagnosis further in patients with vertigo. Vertigo with hearing loss is usually caused by Meniere disease or labyrinthitis, whereas vertigo without hearing loss is more likely caused by BPPV or vestibular neuritis.
  • #19
    https://bpac.org.nz/bpj/2012/september/vertigo.aspx
    The following features are indicative of a possible central cause: Recurrent or persistent vertigo; Gait or movement abnormalities; Constant nausea; Poor performance on tests of cerebellar function, e.g. dysdiadochokinesis and heel-toe testing. […] Recurring episodes of vertigo, usually lasting for several hours, associated with fluctuating hearing, tinnitus and aural fullness is suggestive of Mnire’s disease, an incapacitating disorder of the inner ear. Mnire’s disease is caused by an excess of cochlear endolymph (endolymphatic hydrops) which eventually „refluxes” into the semicircular canals to cause vertigo. […] A single, severe episode of vertigo, lasting at least 48 hours is suggestive of vestibular neuritis. Vestibular neuritis is thought to be caused by reactivation of the herpes simplex virus in the vestibular nerves. […] Many recreational drugs, most commonly alcohol, can cause short-term vertigo. Prescribed medicines almost never cause vertigo. However, many medicines, e.g. antihypertensives, can cause a fluctuating disequilibrium and this cause should always be considered.
  • #20 3 Most Common Causes of Vertigo | Blog | Southern ENT Associates
    https://southernent.com/blog/3-most-common-causes-of-vertigo/
    People with vertigo have a problem with their balance system and experience a sensation that their head or the environment around them is spinning or moving. […] Persistent vertigo can have a major impact on your daily life and can lead to depression and anxiety-related symptoms. […] Vertigo is often associated with an inner ear problem. Here are the three most common causes. […] A mechanical problem with the inner ear known as benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is one of the most common causes of vertigo. […] Vertigo is a common symptom of Menieres disease, a disorder of the inner ear that affects balance and hearing. […] The exact cause of Menieres disease is unknown, but constrictions in blood vessels, allergies, immune reactions, and viral infections may be responsible. […] In vestibular neuritis, the vestibulocochlear nerve becomes inflamed, disrupting the signals sent to the brain. […] Researchers think that the vestibulocochlear swelling in vestibular neuritis is the result of a viral infection.
  • #21 Vertigo – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482356/
    Vertigo is most often caused by a dysfunction in the vestibular system from a peripheral or central lesion. Peripheral etiologies include the more common causes of vertigo, such as benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) and Meniere disease. BPPV results from calcium deposits or debris in the posterior semicircular canal and causes frequent transient episodes of vertigo lasting a few minutes or less. Unlike BPPV, patients with Meniere disease often experience tinnitus, hearing loss, and aural fullness in addition to vertigo. Endolymphatic hydrops is a distinct pathologic feature of Meniere disease. Symptoms of Meniere disease result from an increased endolymph volume in the semicircular canals. Two additional distinct causes of peripheral vertigo include acute labyrinthitis and vestibular neuritis. Both arise from inflammation, often caused by a viral infection. Another viral-induced cause of vertigo is Herpes zoster oticus, also known as Ramsay Hunt syndrome. In Ramsay Hunt syndrome, vertigo results from the reactivation of latent Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) in the geniculate ganglion, leading to inflammation of the vestibulocochlear nerve. The facial nerve is often involved as well, resulting in facial paralysis. Less common peripheral causes include cholesteatoma, otosclerosis, and a perilymphatic fistula. Cholesteatomas are cyst-like lesions filled with keratin debris. Cholesteatomas most often involve the middle ear and mastoid. Otosclerosis is characterized by abnormal growth of bone in the middle ear, which leads to conductive hearing loss and may affect the cochlea, also causing tinnitus and vertigo. A perilymphatic fistula is another less common cause of peripheral vertigo and results from trauma.
  • #22 Dizziness, Vertigo, and Imbalance – Causes – The American Institute of Balance ®
    https://dizzy.com/patients/learn-more-about-dizziness-vertigo-imbalance/dizziness-vertigo-and-imbalance-causes/
    Migraine is more than a headache disorder. […] An acoustic neuroma (vestibular schwannoma) is a noncancerous (benign) growth on the vestibular nerve, which connects the inner ear to your brain. […] Rarely, vertigo can be a symptom of a more serious neurological problem such as a stroke, brain hemorrhage or multiple sclerosis.
  • #23 Vertigo – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482356/
    Vertigo is most often caused by a dysfunction in the vestibular system from a peripheral or central lesion. Peripheral etiologies include the more common causes of vertigo, such as benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) and Meniere disease. BPPV results from calcium deposits or debris in the posterior semicircular canal and causes frequent transient episodes of vertigo lasting a few minutes or less. Unlike BPPV, patients with Meniere disease often experience tinnitus, hearing loss, and aural fullness in addition to vertigo. Endolymphatic hydrops is a distinct pathologic feature of Meniere disease. Symptoms of Meniere disease result from an increased endolymph volume in the semicircular canals. Two additional distinct causes of peripheral vertigo include acute labyrinthitis and vestibular neuritis. Both arise from inflammation, often caused by a viral infection. Another viral-induced cause of vertigo is Herpes zoster oticus, also known as Ramsay Hunt syndrome. In Ramsay Hunt syndrome, vertigo results from the reactivation of latent Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) in the geniculate ganglion, leading to inflammation of the vestibulocochlear nerve. The facial nerve is often involved as well, resulting in facial paralysis. Less common peripheral causes include cholesteatoma, otosclerosis, and a perilymphatic fistula. Cholesteatomas are cyst-like lesions filled with keratin debris. Cholesteatomas most often involve the middle ear and mastoid. Otosclerosis is characterized by abnormal growth of bone in the middle ear, which leads to conductive hearing loss and may affect the cochlea, also causing tinnitus and vertigo. A perilymphatic fistula is another less common cause of peripheral vertigo and results from trauma.
  • #24 Vertigo – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482356/
    Vertigo is most often caused by a dysfunction in the vestibular system from a peripheral or central lesion. Peripheral etiologies include the more common causes of vertigo, such as benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) and Meniere disease. BPPV results from calcium deposits or debris in the posterior semicircular canal and causes frequent transient episodes of vertigo lasting a few minutes or less. Unlike BPPV, patients with Meniere disease often experience tinnitus, hearing loss, and aural fullness in addition to vertigo. Endolymphatic hydrops is a distinct pathologic feature of Meniere disease. Symptoms of Meniere disease result from an increased endolymph volume in the semicircular canals. Two additional distinct causes of peripheral vertigo include acute labyrinthitis and vestibular neuritis. Both arise from inflammation, often caused by a viral infection. Another viral-induced cause of vertigo is Herpes zoster oticus, also known as Ramsay Hunt syndrome. In Ramsay Hunt syndrome, vertigo results from the reactivation of latent Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) in the geniculate ganglion, leading to inflammation of the vestibulocochlear nerve. The facial nerve is often involved as well, resulting in facial paralysis. Less common peripheral causes include cholesteatoma, otosclerosis, and a perilymphatic fistula. Cholesteatomas are cyst-like lesions filled with keratin debris. Cholesteatomas most often involve the middle ear and mastoid. Otosclerosis is characterized by abnormal growth of bone in the middle ear, which leads to conductive hearing loss and may affect the cochlea, also causing tinnitus and vertigo. A perilymphatic fistula is another less common cause of peripheral vertigo and results from trauma.
  • #25
    https://info.health.nz/conditions-treatments/ear-nose-throat/vertigo
    Mnire’s disease is a disorder of the inner ear where you experience episodes of vertigo with hearing loss and a feeling of pressure or fullness in one ear. […] Some people feel dizzy and have a sensation of motion or spinning during or just before a migraine headache. […] Stroke or Transient Ischaemic Attack (TIA) can also cause vertigo. […] Ongoing infection of the middle ear (chronic otitis media) can lead to vertigo. […] Some medications such as some antibiotics, phenytoin, carbamazepine and water tablets (diuretics) can cause vertigo. […] Alcohol can also be a cause of vertigo.
  • #26 Vertigo – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482356/
    Vertigo is most often caused by a dysfunction in the vestibular system from a peripheral or central lesion. Peripheral etiologies include the more common causes of vertigo, such as benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) and Meniere disease. BPPV results from calcium deposits or debris in the posterior semicircular canal and causes frequent transient episodes of vertigo lasting a few minutes or less. Unlike BPPV, patients with Meniere disease often experience tinnitus, hearing loss, and aural fullness in addition to vertigo. Endolymphatic hydrops is a distinct pathologic feature of Meniere disease. Symptoms of Meniere disease result from an increased endolymph volume in the semicircular canals. Two additional distinct causes of peripheral vertigo include acute labyrinthitis and vestibular neuritis. Both arise from inflammation, often caused by a viral infection. Another viral-induced cause of vertigo is Herpes zoster oticus, also known as Ramsay Hunt syndrome. In Ramsay Hunt syndrome, vertigo results from the reactivation of latent Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) in the geniculate ganglion, leading to inflammation of the vestibulocochlear nerve. The facial nerve is often involved as well, resulting in facial paralysis. Less common peripheral causes include cholesteatoma, otosclerosis, and a perilymphatic fistula. Cholesteatomas are cyst-like lesions filled with keratin debris. Cholesteatomas most often involve the middle ear and mastoid. Otosclerosis is characterized by abnormal growth of bone in the middle ear, which leads to conductive hearing loss and may affect the cochlea, also causing tinnitus and vertigo. A perilymphatic fistula is another less common cause of peripheral vertigo and results from trauma.
  • #27 Vertigo-associated disorders: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock
    https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001432.htm
    Vertigo is a sensation of motion or spinning that is often described as dizziness. […] There are two types of vertigo, peripheral and central vertigo. […] Peripheral vertigo is due to a problem in the part of the inner ear that controls balance. […] Peripheral vertigo may be caused by: Benign positional vertigo (benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, also known as BPPV), Certain medicines, such as aminoglycoside antibiotics, cisplatin, diuretics, or salicylates, which are toxic to the inner ear structures, Injury (such as head injury), Inflammation of the vestibular nerve (neuronitis), Irritation and swelling of the inner ear (labyrinthitis), Meniere disease, Pressure on the vestibular nerve, usually from a noncancerous tumor such as a meningioma or schwannoma. […] Central vertigo is due to a problem in the brain, usually in the brain stem or the back part of the brain (cerebellum). […] Central vertigo may be caused by: Blood vessel disease, Certain drugs, such as anticonvulsants, aspirin, and alcohol, Multiple sclerosis, Seizures (rarely), Stroke, Tumors (cancerous or noncancerous), Vestibular migraine, a type of migraine headache.
  • #28 Vertigo (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)
    https://patient.info/doctor/vertigo
    Vertigo causes: Vestibular neuritis and labyrinthitis. […] Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). […] Vertebrobasilar ischaemia. […] Eustachian tube dysfunction (causes mild vertigo). […] Mnire’s disease. […] Chronic otitis media. […] Drugs: salicylates, quinine, aminoglycosides. […] Vestibular migraine. […] Epilepsy: the likely diagnosis if vertigo is associated with loss of consciousness. […] Acoustic neuroma: may cause mild vertigo but associated with unilateral sensorineural deafness and tinnitus. […] Nasopharyngeal carcinoma. […] Neurological: brain stem cerebrovascular accident, multiple sclerosis, syringobulbia, cerebellar tumours. […] Following head injury.
  • #29 Peripheral Vertigo – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430797/
    Approximately 80 percent of vertigo is peripheral, whereas approximately 20 percent is central. Peripheral vertigo is most commonly due to a benign process; benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is by far the most common cause of peripheral vertigo. […] The etiology of vertigo is typically due to a disturbance of the vestibular system, semicircular canals, or cranial nerve VIII. This disturbance could be related to damage to one of these organs or simply confused neuronal input. […] The following are the various causes of vertigo: […] Peripheral Vertigo […] Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) […] Meniere disease […] Vestibular neuritis […] Labyrinthitis […] Herpes zoster […] Acoustic neuroma […] Otitis media […] Perilymphatic fistula […] Aminoglycoside toxicity
  • #30 Dizziness and Vertigo – Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/approach-to-the-patient-with-ear-problems/dizziness-and-vertigo
    The most common causes of peripheral dizziness or vertigo are listed in decreasing order of frequency (3): Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), Meniere disease, Vestibular neuronitis, Labyrinthitis, Presbyvestibulopathy. […] The most common causes of central dizziness or vertigo, in decreasing order of frequency, include the following: Vestibular migraine (4), Medication side effects, especially antihypertensives such as beta-blockers or when multiple antihypertensives are used concurrently (5), Functional dizziness (persistent postural perceptual dizziness [PPPD], formerly known as visual vertigo or chronic subjective dizziness, motion sickness, mal de debarquement syndrome) (6), Presbyvestibulopathy(7). […] In the United States, vestibular migraine has a 1-year prevalence of 2.7%, making it likely the most common cause of dizziness (4).
  • #31 Dizziness: A Diagnostic Approach | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/0815/p361.html
    Migrainous vertigo, or vestibular migraine, is another underlying cause of vertigo that affects about 3 percent of the general population and about 10 percent of persons with migraine. […] Cardiovascular causes of dizziness include arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, carotid artery stenosis, and orthostatic hypotension. […] There are many underlying conditions that may cause a sense of imbalance. […] Psychiatric causes of lightheadedness are common, particularly anxiety; therefore, questions about anxiety and depression should be included in the patient history. […] Hyperventilation syndrome is an important cause of lightheadedness.
  • #32 What doctors wish patients knew about vertigo | American Medical Association
    https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/public-health/what-doctors-wish-patients-knew-about-vertigo
    Another common cause that is episodicmeaning the vertigo would come and gois migraine. About one out of three patients who get migraine headaches will experience vertigo, Dr. Wycherly said, noting the vertigo could accompany the headache or it could occur even without a headache. […] Theres an inner ear condition called Menieres disease, which is a chronic disorder that affects balance and hearing, said Dr. Wycherly, noting it is not nearly as common as BPPV or migraine. […] Treatment is dependent on the cause of vertigo. For example, for BPPV, a simple physical therapy maneuver such as the Epley maneuver, can be used to treat vertigo, Dr. Fattal said. […] Additionally, if the vertigo is Menieres disease related, a water pill can help, said Dr. Fattal. And if it is migraine related, treating the migraines can help.
  • #33 Types of Vertigo: Peripheral, Central, BPPV, and More
    https://www.webmd.com/brain/types-of-vertigo
    An issue in the brain, typically the brain stem or cerebellum (back part of the brain), triggers central vertigo. […] Central vertigo is caused by a disease or injury to the brain, such as: Head injuries, Illness or infection, Multiple sclerosis, Migraines, Brain tumors, Strokes. […] The only way to manage central vertigo is to find and treat its root cause. If migraines are the cause, for instance, medication and reducing stress may help. […] A stroke in the brain can trigger vertigo, dysarthria (slurred speech), ataxia (problems moving), weakness, and numbness/tingling. You should get emergency help right away.
  • #34 Overview of vertigo – Summary of relevant conditions | BMJ Best Practice
    https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/965
    Dizziness is a common presenting feature in cerebrovascular events. Cerebellar stroke (due to infarction or haemorrhage) may present in a similar fashion to peripheral causes of vertigo with sudden intense vertigo, nausea, and vomiting. […] Intracranial tumours and vestibular schwannomas may present with vertigo, as well as other symptoms such as signs of intracranial pressure (e.g., headache, altered mental status, nausea, and/or vomiting) and gait abnormality.
  • #35 Overview of vertigo – Summary of relevant conditions | BMJ Best Practice
    https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/965
    Dizziness is a common presenting feature in cerebrovascular events. Cerebellar stroke (due to infarction or haemorrhage) may present in a similar fashion to peripheral causes of vertigo with sudden intense vertigo, nausea, and vomiting. […] Intracranial tumours and vestibular schwannomas may present with vertigo, as well as other symptoms such as signs of intracranial pressure (e.g., headache, altered mental status, nausea, and/or vomiting) and gait abnormality.
  • #36 Vertigo – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482356/
    Central etiologies of vertigo should always be considered in the differential. Ischemic or hemorrhagic strokes, particularly involving the cerebellum or vertebrobasilar system, are life-threatening and must be ruled out by history, physical, and other diagnostic tests if warranted. Other more serious central causes include tumors, particularly those arising from the cerebellopontine angle. Examples of such tumors include a brainstem glioma, medulloblastoma, and vestibular schwannoma, which can lead to sensorineural hearing loss as well as vertiginous symptoms. Vestibular migraines are a common central cause of vertigo. They are characterized by unilateral headaches associated with other symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, photophobia, and phonophobia. Finally, multiple sclerosis has been associated with both central and peripheral causes of vertigo. Multiple sclerosis can cause vertigo by developing demyelinating plaques in the vestibular pathways. BPPV is a common peripheral cause of vertigo in patients with multiple sclerosis. Other causes can lead to vertigo. These include medication-induced vertigo and psychologic disorders, including mood, anxiety, and somatization. Medications associated with vertigo include anticonvulsants such as phenytoin and salicylates.
  • #37 Vertigo: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and More
    https://www.healthline.com/health/vertigo
    Head or neck injury. Vertigo is a common symptom after a traumatic injury to the head or neck, especially if there is damage to the vestibular system. […] In some cases, vertigo can be hereditary. Also known as familial benign recurrent vertigo, hereditary vertigo is a form of migrainous vertigo because it’s strongly associated with migraine attacks.
  • #38 Vertigo Causes and Risk Factors
    https://www.everydayhealth.com/vertigo/causes-risk-factors/
    Stroke A blood clot or bleeding in the brain otherwise known as a stroke can cause symptoms of vertigo. […] Head trauma is not uncommon in the United States: There were more than 220,000 traumatic brain injuryrelated hospitalizations in 2019. […] These injuries can damage the inner ear and lead to vertigo, which is often referred to as post-traumatic vertigo. […] The most common cause of vertigo is BPPV, and certain risk factors may increase the chances of you developing this form of vertigo: Vitamin D deficiency, Osteoporosis, Migraine, Past head trauma, High total cholesterol level.
  • #39 Types of Vertigo: Peripheral, Central, BPPV, and More
    https://www.webmd.com/brain/types-of-vertigo
    An issue in the brain, typically the brain stem or cerebellum (back part of the brain), triggers central vertigo. […] Central vertigo is caused by a disease or injury to the brain, such as: Head injuries, Illness or infection, Multiple sclerosis, Migraines, Brain tumors, Strokes. […] The only way to manage central vertigo is to find and treat its root cause. If migraines are the cause, for instance, medication and reducing stress may help. […] A stroke in the brain can trigger vertigo, dysarthria (slurred speech), ataxia (problems moving), weakness, and numbness/tingling. You should get emergency help right away.
  • #40 Causes of vertigo – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/causes-of-vertigo
    […] Causes of vertigo include peripheral etiologies such as benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, vestibular neuritis, herpes zoster oticus, Meniere disease, labyrinthine concussion, perilymphatic fistula, semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome, vestibular paroxysmia, Cogan syndrome, recurrent vestibulopathy, and other disorders like vestibular schwannoma (acoustic neuroma), aminoglycoside toxicity, and otitis media. Central etiologies include vestibular migraine, brainstem ischemia, cerebellar infarction and hemorrhage, epileptic vertigo, Chiari malformation, multiple sclerosis, episodic ataxia type 2, and disembarkment syndrome.
  • #41 Causes of vertigo – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/causes-of-vertigo
    […] Causes of vertigo include peripheral etiologies such as benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, vestibular neuritis, herpes zoster oticus, Meniere disease, labyrinthine concussion, perilymphatic fistula, semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome, vestibular paroxysmia, Cogan syndrome, recurrent vestibulopathy, and other disorders like vestibular schwannoma (acoustic neuroma), aminoglycoside toxicity, and otitis media. Central etiologies include vestibular migraine, brainstem ischemia, cerebellar infarction and hemorrhage, epileptic vertigo, Chiari malformation, multiple sclerosis, episodic ataxia type 2, and disembarkment syndrome.
  • #42 Causes of vertigo – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/causes-of-vertigo
    […] Causes of vertigo include peripheral etiologies such as benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, vestibular neuritis, herpes zoster oticus, Meniere disease, labyrinthine concussion, perilymphatic fistula, semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome, vestibular paroxysmia, Cogan syndrome, recurrent vestibulopathy, and other disorders like vestibular schwannoma (acoustic neuroma), aminoglycoside toxicity, and otitis media. Central etiologies include vestibular migraine, brainstem ischemia, cerebellar infarction and hemorrhage, epileptic vertigo, Chiari malformation, multiple sclerosis, episodic ataxia type 2, and disembarkment syndrome.
  • #43 Dizziness: A Diagnostic Approach | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/0815/p361.html
    Migrainous vertigo, or vestibular migraine, is another underlying cause of vertigo that affects about 3 percent of the general population and about 10 percent of persons with migraine. […] Cardiovascular causes of dizziness include arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, carotid artery stenosis, and orthostatic hypotension. […] There are many underlying conditions that may cause a sense of imbalance. […] Psychiatric causes of lightheadedness are common, particularly anxiety; therefore, questions about anxiety and depression should be included in the patient history. […] Hyperventilation syndrome is an important cause of lightheadedness.
  • #44 Dizziness: A Diagnostic Approach | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/0815/p361.html
    Migrainous vertigo, or vestibular migraine, is another underlying cause of vertigo that affects about 3 percent of the general population and about 10 percent of persons with migraine. […] Cardiovascular causes of dizziness include arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, carotid artery stenosis, and orthostatic hypotension. […] There are many underlying conditions that may cause a sense of imbalance. […] Psychiatric causes of lightheadedness are common, particularly anxiety; therefore, questions about anxiety and depression should be included in the patient history. […] Hyperventilation syndrome is an important cause of lightheadedness.
  • #45 Vertigo-associated disorders: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock
    https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001432.htm
    Vertigo is a sensation of motion or spinning that is often described as dizziness. […] There are two types of vertigo, peripheral and central vertigo. […] Peripheral vertigo is due to a problem in the part of the inner ear that controls balance. […] Peripheral vertigo may be caused by: Benign positional vertigo (benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, also known as BPPV), Certain medicines, such as aminoglycoside antibiotics, cisplatin, diuretics, or salicylates, which are toxic to the inner ear structures, Injury (such as head injury), Inflammation of the vestibular nerve (neuronitis), Irritation and swelling of the inner ear (labyrinthitis), Meniere disease, Pressure on the vestibular nerve, usually from a noncancerous tumor such as a meningioma or schwannoma. […] Central vertigo is due to a problem in the brain, usually in the brain stem or the back part of the brain (cerebellum). […] Central vertigo may be caused by: Blood vessel disease, Certain drugs, such as anticonvulsants, aspirin, and alcohol, Multiple sclerosis, Seizures (rarely), Stroke, Tumors (cancerous or noncancerous), Vestibular migraine, a type of migraine headache.
  • #46 Vertigo – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482356/
    Central etiologies of vertigo should always be considered in the differential. Ischemic or hemorrhagic strokes, particularly involving the cerebellum or vertebrobasilar system, are life-threatening and must be ruled out by history, physical, and other diagnostic tests if warranted. Other more serious central causes include tumors, particularly those arising from the cerebellopontine angle. Examples of such tumors include a brainstem glioma, medulloblastoma, and vestibular schwannoma, which can lead to sensorineural hearing loss as well as vertiginous symptoms. Vestibular migraines are a common central cause of vertigo. They are characterized by unilateral headaches associated with other symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, photophobia, and phonophobia. Finally, multiple sclerosis has been associated with both central and peripheral causes of vertigo. Multiple sclerosis can cause vertigo by developing demyelinating plaques in the vestibular pathways. BPPV is a common peripheral cause of vertigo in patients with multiple sclerosis. Other causes can lead to vertigo. These include medication-induced vertigo and psychologic disorders, including mood, anxiety, and somatization. Medications associated with vertigo include anticonvulsants such as phenytoin and salicylates.
  • #47 Dizziness – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dizziness/symptoms-causes/syc-20371787
    Migraine. People who get migraines may have bouts of vertigo or other types of dizziness even when they’re not having bad headaches. […] Meniere’s disease. This rare disease involves the buildup of too much fluid in the inner ear. It causes sudden bouts of vertigo that can last for hours. […] Drop in blood pressure. A form of low blood pressure called orthostatic hypotension may make you briefly feel faint or dizzy. […] Poor blood flow. Conditions such as cardiomyopathy, heart attack, irregular heartbeat and transient ischemic attack could cause dizziness. […] Nervous system conditions. Some conditions that affect the brain, spinal cord or parts of the body controlled by nerves can lead to a loss of balance that becomes worse over time. […] Medicines. Dizziness can be a side effect of certain medicines.
  • #48 Peripheral Vertigo – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430797/
    Approximately 80 percent of vertigo is peripheral, whereas approximately 20 percent is central. Peripheral vertigo is most commonly due to a benign process; benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is by far the most common cause of peripheral vertigo. […] The etiology of vertigo is typically due to a disturbance of the vestibular system, semicircular canals, or cranial nerve VIII. This disturbance could be related to damage to one of these organs or simply confused neuronal input. […] The following are the various causes of vertigo: […] Peripheral Vertigo […] Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) […] Meniere disease […] Vestibular neuritis […] Labyrinthitis […] Herpes zoster […] Acoustic neuroma […] Otitis media […] Perilymphatic fistula […] Aminoglycoside toxicity
  • #49 Dizziness: A Diagnostic Approach | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/0815/p361.html
    Migrainous vertigo, or vestibular migraine, is another underlying cause of vertigo that affects about 3 percent of the general population and about 10 percent of persons with migraine. […] Cardiovascular causes of dizziness include arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, carotid artery stenosis, and orthostatic hypotension. […] There are many underlying conditions that may cause a sense of imbalance. […] Psychiatric causes of lightheadedness are common, particularly anxiety; therefore, questions about anxiety and depression should be included in the patient history. […] Hyperventilation syndrome is an important cause of lightheadedness.
  • #50 Dizziness – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dizziness/symptoms-causes/syc-20371787
    Anxiety disorders. Certain types of anxiety may cause lightheadedness or a woozy feeling often referred to as dizziness. […] Anemia. There are several conditions that result in having too few healthy red blood cells, also called anemia. […] Low blood sugar. Another name for this is hypoglycemia. […] Carbon monoxide poisoning. Symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning are often described as flu-like. […] Overheating or not enough hydration. If you’re active in hot weather or if you don’t drink enough fluids, you may feel dizzy from overheating or from not being hydrated enough.
  • #51 Dizziness – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dizziness/symptoms-causes/syc-20371787
    Anxiety disorders. Certain types of anxiety may cause lightheadedness or a woozy feeling often referred to as dizziness. […] Anemia. There are several conditions that result in having too few healthy red blood cells, also called anemia. […] Low blood sugar. Another name for this is hypoglycemia. […] Carbon monoxide poisoning. Symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning are often described as flu-like. […] Overheating or not enough hydration. If you’re active in hot weather or if you don’t drink enough fluids, you may feel dizzy from overheating or from not being hydrated enough.
  • #52 Dizziness – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dizziness/symptoms-causes/syc-20371787
    Anxiety disorders. Certain types of anxiety may cause lightheadedness or a woozy feeling often referred to as dizziness. […] Anemia. There are several conditions that result in having too few healthy red blood cells, also called anemia. […] Low blood sugar. Another name for this is hypoglycemia. […] Carbon monoxide poisoning. Symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning are often described as flu-like. […] Overheating or not enough hydration. If you’re active in hot weather or if you don’t drink enough fluids, you may feel dizzy from overheating or from not being hydrated enough.
  • #53 Visual Vertigo: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment
    https://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/related/vertigo/
    Visual or ocular vertigo is caused by a problem in the deepest part of your ear, called your inner ear. It can also happen when something changes the way your eyes and brain communicate with your inner ear. […] Visual vertigo is related to a problem with your vestibular system. This part of your inner ear helps you balance your body and move your head. […] While doctors can sometimes find an underlying cause, they don’t always know why someone experiences ocular vertigo. But they do know it connects to the vestibular system in some way. […] Some of the more common underlying causes include: Persistent postural perceptual dizziness (PPPD) An inner ear problem that causes visual vertigo and vertigo when you’re standing up. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) A vestibular condition that makes you feel dizzy whenever you move your head. Vestibular migraine A type of migraine that causes vertigo symptoms. It can also make objects look smaller than they actually are. Head or neck injury A concussion, whiplash, or other head or neck injury could affect your vestibular system and cause visual vertigo. Vestibular neuritis Temporary vertigo spells likely caused by an aggravated nerve inside your head. Researchers think this happens during or after a viral infection. Labyrinthitis Dizziness and hearing loss caused by inflammation in the maze-like labyrinth inside the inner ear. Mnire’s disease A rare inner ear condition that can cause vertigo and affect hearing. Binocular vision dysfunction (BVD) Mix-ups in the way your eyes and brain work together as a team.
  • #54 Vertigo and Dizziness: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment – Physical Therapy & Sports Medicine Centers
    https://ptsmc.com/vertigo-and-dizziness/
    Several factors can increase the likelihood of experiencing vertigo and dizziness. Age is a significant contributor, with older adults being more susceptible due to changes in the inner ear and balance systems. […] Ignoring vertigo and dizziness might lead to severe complications. One major concern is the increased risk of falls, which can result in fractures or other injuries.
  • #55 Dizziness and Vertigo – Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/approach-to-the-patient-with-ear-problems/dizziness-and-vertigo
    Other less common causes of central vertigo include disorders with a more global effect on cerebral function (eg, brain stem hemorrhage or infarction, multiple sclerosis, dementia, Parkinson disease), cerebellar dysfunction brain tumor (specifically posterior fossa tumor), a psychiatric disorder, or a disorder affecting visual or proprioceptive input. Oftentimes, no definitive cause can be found. […] As with hearing, there is a natural decline in both the peripheral and central centers for controlling balance in the inner ear and brain (presbyvestibulopathy) (7). […] Regardless of the diagnosis, dizziness, vertigo, or imbalance of any kind significantly increases the risk for falls and falls-related injuries, and should be taken seriously (8).
  • #56 Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV): Treatment, Symptoms & Causes
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11858-benign-paroxysmal-positional-vertigo-bppv
    BPPV can happen when otoconia (calcium carbonate particles) from the utricle get trapped in the semicircular canals of your inner ear. […] BPPV is almost always triggered by a change in your heads position. Some people may notice symptoms when lying down or sitting up in bed. […] BPPV develops when calcium carbonate particles (otoconia) move into your semicircular canals (inner ear structures that control balance) and become trapped. […] In your utricle, the otoconia may become loose due to injury, infection or age. […] BPPV usually goes away on its own. However, until its successfully treated, it can come back. […] The most effective benign paroxysmal positional vertigo treatments involve physical therapy exercises. […] A single particle repositioning procedure is effective in treating about 80% to 90% of cases of BPPV. […] You cant prevent BPPV, but you can manage it with particle repositioning exercises. […] The good news is that BPPV doesnt indicate a serious health problem.
  • #57 Vertigo: Causes, symptoms, and treatments
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/160900
    Vertigo stems from a problem with the inner ear, brain, or sensory nerve pathway. Possible causes include labyrinthitis, pregnancy, and stroke. […] Various conditions can lead to vertigo, which usually involves either an imbalance in the inner ear or a problem with the central nervous system (CNS). […] Conditions that can lead to vertigo include labyrinthitis, vestibular neuritis, Mnires disease, and benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). […] The exact cause of Mnires disease is unclear, but it may stem from blood vessel constriction, a viral infection, or an autoimmune reaction. […] There may also be a genetic component, meaning that it runs in some families. […] Examples of conditions that can trigger vertigo and appear to involve genetic factors include familial episodic ataxia, migrainous vertigo, bilateral vestibular hypofunction, and familial Mnires disease. […] Peripheral vertigo usually results from problems in the inner ear. […] Central vertigo relates to problems with the CNS.
  • #58 Vertigo Causes and Risk Factors
    https://www.everydayhealth.com/vertigo/causes-risk-factors/
    Stroke A blood clot or bleeding in the brain otherwise known as a stroke can cause symptoms of vertigo. […] Head trauma is not uncommon in the United States: There were more than 220,000 traumatic brain injuryrelated hospitalizations in 2019. […] These injuries can damage the inner ear and lead to vertigo, which is often referred to as post-traumatic vertigo. […] The most common cause of vertigo is BPPV, and certain risk factors may increase the chances of you developing this form of vertigo: Vitamin D deficiency, Osteoporosis, Migraine, Past head trauma, High total cholesterol level.
  • #59 Vertigo Causes and Risk Factors
    https://www.everydayhealth.com/vertigo/causes-risk-factors/
    Stroke A blood clot or bleeding in the brain otherwise known as a stroke can cause symptoms of vertigo. […] Head trauma is not uncommon in the United States: There were more than 220,000 traumatic brain injuryrelated hospitalizations in 2019. […] These injuries can damage the inner ear and lead to vertigo, which is often referred to as post-traumatic vertigo. […] The most common cause of vertigo is BPPV, and certain risk factors may increase the chances of you developing this form of vertigo: Vitamin D deficiency, Osteoporosis, Migraine, Past head trauma, High total cholesterol level.
  • #60 Vertigo Causes and Risk Factors
    https://www.everydayhealth.com/vertigo/causes-risk-factors/
    Stroke A blood clot or bleeding in the brain otherwise known as a stroke can cause symptoms of vertigo. […] Head trauma is not uncommon in the United States: There were more than 220,000 traumatic brain injuryrelated hospitalizations in 2019. […] These injuries can damage the inner ear and lead to vertigo, which is often referred to as post-traumatic vertigo. […] The most common cause of vertigo is BPPV, and certain risk factors may increase the chances of you developing this form of vertigo: Vitamin D deficiency, Osteoporosis, Migraine, Past head trauma, High total cholesterol level.
  • #61 Vertigo Causes and Risk Factors
    https://www.everydayhealth.com/vertigo/causes-risk-factors/
    Stroke A blood clot or bleeding in the brain otherwise known as a stroke can cause symptoms of vertigo. […] Head trauma is not uncommon in the United States: There were more than 220,000 traumatic brain injuryrelated hospitalizations in 2019. […] These injuries can damage the inner ear and lead to vertigo, which is often referred to as post-traumatic vertigo. […] The most common cause of vertigo is BPPV, and certain risk factors may increase the chances of you developing this form of vertigo: Vitamin D deficiency, Osteoporosis, Migraine, Past head trauma, High total cholesterol level.
  • #62 Vertigo: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment | Ausmed
    https://www.ausmed.com/learn/articles/vertigo
    The primary cause of vertigo is an inner ear problem or condition, the most common of these being benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) (Healthdirect 2022). […] Other causes of vertigo include: Vestibular neuronitis (inflammation of the vestibular nerve), Mnire’s disease, Labyrinthitis, Certain medications (e.g., anticonvulsants), Head injuries, Migraine, Brain tumor, Stroke, Circulation problems, Infections. (Healthdirect 2022; Stanton Freeman 2023; Mayo Clinic 2022a) […] Most of the listed causes of vertigo are benign; however, serious conditions such as multiple sclerosis, tumors, and psychogenic causes must be considered, particularly in the case of older patients and/or patients with a high risk of vascular disease (Dommaraju Perera 2016). […] BPPV can occur at any age but is most common in people over the age of 50. Its more common in females than in males (Mayo Clinic 2022b).
  • #63 What Causes Vertigo and How Can You Treat It?
    https://www.aarp.org/health/conditions-treatments/vertigo-causes-treatments/
    BPPV is positionally triggered, says Kim Bell, a San Diego-based doctor of physical therapy who specializes in vestibular rehabilitation. […] Experts say seasonal allergies may play a role. […] The shifting of the crystals sends a faulty signal from your inner ear to your brain about how youre moving, which leads to that world is spinning sensation. […] Unsettling symptoms aside, BPPV isnt life-threatening. […] However, he notes, there are times when dizziness can point to more serious disorders, such as heart disease, stroke, diabetes, brain tumors or multiple sclerosis.
  • #64 Vertigo – Causes – Differential Diagnosis – Management – TeachMeSurgery
    https://teachmesurgery.com/ent/presentations/vertigo/
    Vertigo is a specific symptom of hallucination of movement or spinning of the environment, often resulting in issues with balance. […] Whilst aetiology varies, all causes of vertigo produce a conflict between the vestibular input and other sensory inputs of balance (i.e. proprioception and vision), resulting in the sensation of vertigo. […] The causes of which can be divided into central or otological: Central causes of vertigo include multiple sclerosis, posterior stroke, migraine, or intracranial space occupying lesion. […] Otological causes of vertigo include Benign Positional Paroxysmal Vertigo, Menieres Disease, and Vestibular Neuronitis. […] Balance disorders can be multifactorial and have a wide range of causes outside of disorders of the vestibular system or brain. […] It is important to consider alternative medical issues, such as circulatory/cardiac disease and metabolic issues.
  • #65 What is Vertigo? (Signs, Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments)
    https://www.houstonent.com/blog/what-is-vertigo-signs-symptoms-causes-and-treatments
    Ultimately, vertigo is the name for a sensation of spinning and dizziness. This sensation, while often described as the feeling one gets when looking down from great heights, is not the same thing as a fear of heights. Instead, vertigo applies to temporary or persistent spells of dizziness often caused by problems in the inner ear or the brain. […] There are many potential causes of vertigo. While often dismissed as an inner ear condition, many other conditions might lead to symptoms of vertigo including these: […] Acoustic neuromas. Noncancerous tumors the grow along the nerve connecting the brain and the ear. […] Allergies. Seasonal allergy-related sinus congestion can lead to both dizziness and vertigo. […] Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). Caused by collections of calcium in the ear, BPPV is often brief, lasting only minutes, and typically triggered by moving the head.
  • #66 What Are Causes and Treatments for Vertigo? – Scripps Health
    https://www.scripps.org/news_items/3012-vertigo-causes-and-treatments
    BPPV is usually triggered by certain head movements that cause displacement of calcium carbonite crystals, called otoconia. […] Menieres disease, an inner-ear disorder that causes peripheral vertigo, typically affects adults. It happens when fluid builds up in the inner ears labyrinth and disrupts the normal balance and hearing signals between the ear and the brain. […] Labyrinthitis is inflammation of the labyrinth, often triggered by an infection. This infection is usually viral but can be bacterial too. […] Vestibular neuritis is inflammation of the vestibular nerve, often caused by a viral infection. This nerve sends balance and position information from the inner ear to the brain. […] Central vertigo is less common than peripheral vertigo and stems from problems in the central nervous system, such as stroke, multiple sclerosis or brain tumors.
  • #67 Vertigo – Causes – Differential Diagnosis – Management – TeachMeSurgery
    https://teachmesurgery.com/ent/presentations/vertigo/
    Indeed, in the acute setting, the most critical diagnosis to exclude is a posterior circulation stroke. […] Menieres Disease is a disorder comprised with a triad of symptoms including vertigo, hearing loss, and tinnitus. […] Current theories in its pathophysiology suggest the symptoms result from an increase in endolymphatic pressure. […] Caused by dysfunctioning sodium channels, an osmotic gradient is subsequently set up that draws fluid into the endolymph, increasing the endolymphatic pressure to cause symptoms. […] Vestibular neuronitis is inflammation of the vestibular nerve, resulting in vertigo that typically lasts days but can last weeks to months. […] Most cases are due to a viral infection, with a upper respiratory tract infection preceding its onset in half of cases. […] Vertigo can be divided into central and otological causes.
  • #68 Vertigo Explained: Causes, Types, and Treatment – IMPACT Physical Therapy
    https://www.impactphysicaltherapy.com/vertigo-explained/
    The vertigo attacks are often preceded by warning symptoms, which include lightheadedness, sound sensitivity, increased tinnitus, or headaches. […] Vestibular neuritis is a disorder resulting from infection to the inner ear leading to inflammation of the vestibular nerve. […] The inflammation disrupts the transmission of sensory signals and incorrectly notifies the brain that the individual is moving, which contradicts signals from our other senses. […] Migraine associate vertigo is characterized as severe, progressive head pain with accompanying dizziness, vertigo or balance deficits.
  • #69 Coping with recurring vertigo – Harvard Health
    https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/coping-with-recurring-vertigo
    Recurring vertigo usually is caused by a disorder involving the vestibular (balance) system, which includes several tiny, fluid-filled canals called the semicircular canals inside your ears. There are several vestibular disorders. […] In this condition, tiny crystals in the inner ear can become dislodged when you do a particular movement, such as putting your head back to use eye drops. […] Some types of vertigo occur because of problems in the neck (the cervical part of the spine). […] In this condition, another small canal inside the ear becomes swollen, for uncertain reasons. […] When you think of migraines, you think of headaches. But pain is just one aspect of migraines. Migraines disturb the way the brain processes sensory information, causing sensitivity to light, touch, sounds, or smells.
  • #70 Vertigo – Causes – Differential Diagnosis – Management – TeachMeSurgery
    https://teachmesurgery.com/ent/presentations/vertigo/
    Balance disorders can be caused by a wide range of multifactorial and medical issues such as cardiac or metabolic disorders, especially a posterior circulation stroke in the acute setting. […] Main otological causes include Benign Positional Paroxysmal Vertigo, Menieres Disease, and Vestibular Neuronitis.
  • #71 An approach to vertigo in general practice
    https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2016/april/an-approach-to-vertigo-in-general-practice
    Peripheral pathology is associated with symptoms of nausea, vomiting and hearing loss. Vertigo can be triggered by a change in the position of the head, recent upper respiratory tract infection (URTI), stress or trauma. […] The most common causes of vertigo seen in primary care are BPPV, VN and Mnires disease. While most of the causes of vertigo are benign, more serious causes, including CVAs, MS, tumours, psychogenic causes and perilymphatic fistula, need to be considered, particularly in patients who are older or have risk factors for vascular diseases. […] BPPV is the most common cause of vertigo in clinical practice. It is caused by an accumulation of calcium crystals in the posterior semicircular canal. These crystals affect the movement of the endolymph in the semicircular canals, which causes vertigo.
  • #72 Dizziness: A Diagnostic Approach | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/0815/p361.html
    Migrainous vertigo, or vestibular migraine, is another underlying cause of vertigo that affects about 3 percent of the general population and about 10 percent of persons with migraine. […] Cardiovascular causes of dizziness include arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, carotid artery stenosis, and orthostatic hypotension. […] There are many underlying conditions that may cause a sense of imbalance. […] Psychiatric causes of lightheadedness are common, particularly anxiety; therefore, questions about anxiety and depression should be included in the patient history. […] Hyperventilation syndrome is an important cause of lightheadedness.
  • #73 Types of Vertigo: Peripheral, Central, BPPV, and More
    https://www.webmd.com/brain/types-of-vertigo
    An issue in the brain, typically the brain stem or cerebellum (back part of the brain), triggers central vertigo. […] Central vertigo is caused by a disease or injury to the brain, such as: Head injuries, Illness or infection, Multiple sclerosis, Migraines, Brain tumors, Strokes. […] The only way to manage central vertigo is to find and treat its root cause. If migraines are the cause, for instance, medication and reducing stress may help. […] A stroke in the brain can trigger vertigo, dysarthria (slurred speech), ataxia (problems moving), weakness, and numbness/tingling. You should get emergency help right away.
  • #74 Vertigo-associated disorders: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock
    https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001432.htm
    Vertigo is a sensation of motion or spinning that is often described as dizziness. […] There are two types of vertigo, peripheral and central vertigo. […] Peripheral vertigo is due to a problem in the part of the inner ear that controls balance. […] Peripheral vertigo may be caused by: Benign positional vertigo (benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, also known as BPPV), Certain medicines, such as aminoglycoside antibiotics, cisplatin, diuretics, or salicylates, which are toxic to the inner ear structures, Injury (such as head injury), Inflammation of the vestibular nerve (neuronitis), Irritation and swelling of the inner ear (labyrinthitis), Meniere disease, Pressure on the vestibular nerve, usually from a noncancerous tumor such as a meningioma or schwannoma. […] Central vertigo is due to a problem in the brain, usually in the brain stem or the back part of the brain (cerebellum). […] Central vertigo may be caused by: Blood vessel disease, Certain drugs, such as anticonvulsants, aspirin, and alcohol, Multiple sclerosis, Seizures (rarely), Stroke, Tumors (cancerous or noncancerous), Vestibular migraine, a type of migraine headache.
  • #75 Dizziness – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dizziness/symptoms-causes/syc-20371787
    Migraine. People who get migraines may have bouts of vertigo or other types of dizziness even when they’re not having bad headaches. […] Meniere’s disease. This rare disease involves the buildup of too much fluid in the inner ear. It causes sudden bouts of vertigo that can last for hours. […] Drop in blood pressure. A form of low blood pressure called orthostatic hypotension may make you briefly feel faint or dizzy. […] Poor blood flow. Conditions such as cardiomyopathy, heart attack, irregular heartbeat and transient ischemic attack could cause dizziness. […] Nervous system conditions. Some conditions that affect the brain, spinal cord or parts of the body controlled by nerves can lead to a loss of balance that becomes worse over time. […] Medicines. Dizziness can be a side effect of certain medicines.
  • #76 Vestibular and Non-Vestibular Causes of Dizziness
    https://vestibular.org/article/what-is-vestibular/causes-of-dizziness/
    The ANS is a component of our nervous system that controls involuntary functions such as breathing, blood pressure, heart rate, digestion, salivation, and many more. […] Dizziness is a common side effect of medications, and the mechanism for dizziness varies. […] Both high blood sugar (hyperglycemia) and low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) can lead to dizziness. […] The flow of blood throughout the body is controlled primarily by the heart and the vessels that make up the cardiovascular system. […] The system responsible for gas exchange is referred to as the respiratory system. […] This cause of dizziness primarily affects the elderly population. […] Thyroid disease is a widespread endocrine disorder and the most common autoimmune disease in the US. […] There is a close relationship between psychiatric disorders and dizziness or vertigo. […] Alcohol can cause dizziness by affecting both the central and peripheral components of the vestibular system. […] Unexplained postural headaches and dizziness should prompt healthcare professionals to search for hidden cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks.
  • #77 Vestibular and Non-Vestibular Causes of Dizziness
    https://vestibular.org/article/what-is-vestibular/causes-of-dizziness/
    The ANS is a component of our nervous system that controls involuntary functions such as breathing, blood pressure, heart rate, digestion, salivation, and many more. […] Dizziness is a common side effect of medications, and the mechanism for dizziness varies. […] Both high blood sugar (hyperglycemia) and low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) can lead to dizziness. […] The flow of blood throughout the body is controlled primarily by the heart and the vessels that make up the cardiovascular system. […] The system responsible for gas exchange is referred to as the respiratory system. […] This cause of dizziness primarily affects the elderly population. […] Thyroid disease is a widespread endocrine disorder and the most common autoimmune disease in the US. […] There is a close relationship between psychiatric disorders and dizziness or vertigo. […] Alcohol can cause dizziness by affecting both the central and peripheral components of the vestibular system. […] Unexplained postural headaches and dizziness should prompt healthcare professionals to search for hidden cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks.
  • #78 Vestibular and Non-Vestibular Causes of Dizziness
    https://vestibular.org/article/what-is-vestibular/causes-of-dizziness/
    This disorder is caused by the vertebral artery compressing the vestibulocochlear nerve. […] Otosclerosis is a disorder marked by abnormal bone growth in the middle ear. […] There are several medication classes associated with damage to the ear (ototoxicity). […] Autoimmune disease is the result of the body’s immune system attacking healthy body tissues. […] A stroke is a condition marked by neurological deficits such as sudden dizziness, imbalance, or vertigo. […] Physical trauma refers to physical damage to the body. […] The origins of dizziness complaints are not confined to the central and peripheral vestibular systems. […] The name of this disorder, cervicogenic dizziness, means dizziness produced from the cervical spine or neck region. […] The influence of the visual system plays a significant role in our balance.
  • #79 Vertigo (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)
    https://patient.info/doctor/vertigo
    Vertigo causes: Vestibular neuritis and labyrinthitis. […] Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). […] Vertebrobasilar ischaemia. […] Eustachian tube dysfunction (causes mild vertigo). […] Mnire’s disease. […] Chronic otitis media. […] Drugs: salicylates, quinine, aminoglycosides. […] Vestibular migraine. […] Epilepsy: the likely diagnosis if vertigo is associated with loss of consciousness. […] Acoustic neuroma: may cause mild vertigo but associated with unilateral sensorineural deafness and tinnitus. […] Nasopharyngeal carcinoma. […] Neurological: brain stem cerebrovascular accident, multiple sclerosis, syringobulbia, cerebellar tumours. […] Following head injury.
  • #80 Vestibular and Non-Vestibular Causes of Dizziness
    https://vestibular.org/article/what-is-vestibular/causes-of-dizziness/
    The ANS is a component of our nervous system that controls involuntary functions such as breathing, blood pressure, heart rate, digestion, salivation, and many more. […] Dizziness is a common side effect of medications, and the mechanism for dizziness varies. […] Both high blood sugar (hyperglycemia) and low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) can lead to dizziness. […] The flow of blood throughout the body is controlled primarily by the heart and the vessels that make up the cardiovascular system. […] The system responsible for gas exchange is referred to as the respiratory system. […] This cause of dizziness primarily affects the elderly population. […] Thyroid disease is a widespread endocrine disorder and the most common autoimmune disease in the US. […] There is a close relationship between psychiatric disorders and dizziness or vertigo. […] Alcohol can cause dizziness by affecting both the central and peripheral components of the vestibular system. […] Unexplained postural headaches and dizziness should prompt healthcare professionals to search for hidden cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks.
  • #81 Is Vertigo a Sign of Serious Illness? | University Hospitals
    https://www.uhhospitals.org/blog/articles/2022/11/is-vertigo-a-sign-of-serious-illness
    Vertigo is a medical term used to describe the sensation that you, or the environment around you, is moving or spinning. […] Although not usually a serious health concern, vertigo can be a symptom of an underlying medical condition and should always be evaluated by a doctor to determine what treatment, if any, is needed. […] Brief and temporary episodes of vertigo may occur due to dehydration, cold viruses or inner ear infection/inflammation. […] Recurring episodes of vertigo that do not go away on their own may be caused by a problem related to the inner ear or the brain. […] Central vertigo can be linked to serious conditions such as stroke, brain tumor and multiple sclerosis. […] Peripheral vertigo is caused by a problem in the part of the inner ear that controls balance. […] The most common type of peripheral vertigo is Benign Positional Paroxysmal Vertigo or BPPV. […] Crystals can become dislodged due to head trauma, normal aging of the inner ear, other inner ear disorders or after an upper respiratory infection. In some cases, the cause is unknown. […] Although BPPV can be bothersome, it’s rarely serious.
  • #82
    https://bpac.org.nz/bpj/2012/september/vertigo.aspx
    The following features are indicative of a possible central cause: Recurrent or persistent vertigo; Gait or movement abnormalities; Constant nausea; Poor performance on tests of cerebellar function, e.g. dysdiadochokinesis and heel-toe testing. […] Recurring episodes of vertigo, usually lasting for several hours, associated with fluctuating hearing, tinnitus and aural fullness is suggestive of Mnire’s disease, an incapacitating disorder of the inner ear. Mnire’s disease is caused by an excess of cochlear endolymph (endolymphatic hydrops) which eventually „refluxes” into the semicircular canals to cause vertigo. […] A single, severe episode of vertigo, lasting at least 48 hours is suggestive of vestibular neuritis. Vestibular neuritis is thought to be caused by reactivation of the herpes simplex virus in the vestibular nerves. […] Many recreational drugs, most commonly alcohol, can cause short-term vertigo. Prescribed medicines almost never cause vertigo. However, many medicines, e.g. antihypertensives, can cause a fluctuating disequilibrium and this cause should always be considered.
  • #83 An approach to vertigo in general practice
    https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2016/april/an-approach-to-vertigo-in-general-practice
    Dizziness is a common and very distressing presentation in general practice. In more than half of these cases, the dizziness is due to vertigo, which is the illusion of movement of the body or its surroundings. It can have central or peripheral causes, and determining the cause can be difficult. […] The causes of vertigo may be central (involving the brainstem or cerebellum) or peripheral (involving the inner ear). A careful history and physical examination can distinguish between these causes. The most common causes of vertigo seen in primary care are benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), vestibular neuronitis (VN) and Mnires disease. These peripheral causes of vertigo are benign, and treatment involves reassurance and management of symptoms. […] More serious central causes, such as cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs), tumours and multiple sclerosis (MS), need to be considered. Central causes are suspected if the patient presents with associated neurological symptoms such as weakness, dysarthria, sensory changes, ataxia or confusion.
  • #84 Vertigo: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/21769-vertigo
    Vertigo causes vary from person to person and may include: […] Vertigo is a symptom of lots of health conditions rather than a disease itself, but it can occur along with other symptoms. […] Peripheral vertigo is the most common type. It happens when there’s an issue with your inner ear or vestibular nerve. […] Central vertigo occurs when you have a condition affecting your brain, like an infection, stroke or traumatic brain injury. […] Vertigo can cause falls, which may result in bone fractures (broken bones) or other injuries. […] Vertigo treatment depends on the underlying cause. […] Vertigo medication may help in some cases of acute (sudden onset, short duration) vertigo. […] Unfortunately, there’s no surefire way to get rid of vertigo permanently and keep it from coming back. […] If you have severe or frequent episodes of vertigo, it’s time to call your healthcare provider. There could be an underlying health condition causing your symptoms.
  • #85 Peripheral Vertigo – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430797/
    Approximately 80 percent of vertigo is peripheral, whereas approximately 20 percent is central. Peripheral vertigo is most commonly due to a benign process; benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is by far the most common cause of peripheral vertigo. […] The etiology of vertigo is typically due to a disturbance of the vestibular system, semicircular canals, or cranial nerve VIII. This disturbance could be related to damage to one of these organs or simply confused neuronal input. […] The following are the various causes of vertigo: […] Peripheral Vertigo […] Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) […] Meniere disease […] Vestibular neuritis […] Labyrinthitis […] Herpes zoster […] Acoustic neuroma […] Otitis media […] Perilymphatic fistula […] Aminoglycoside toxicity
  • #86 Peripheral Vertigo – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430797/
    Viral infections […] Cogan syndrome. […] Approximately 80% of vertigo is peripheral, whereas approximately 20% is central in origin. Of this 80%, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is by far the most common cause of peripheral vertigo. […] A disturbance of the vestibular system, semicircular canals, or cranial nerve 8 is the underlying issue. This disturbance could be related to damage to one of these organs or simply confused neuronal input. […] Usually, peripheral vertigo is, although not always, due to a benign process, whereas central vertigo often indicates a more serious pathology.
  • #87 Dizziness: A Diagnostic Approach | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/0815/p361.html
    Dizziness accounts for an estimated 5 percent of primary care clinic visits. The main causes of vertigo are benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, Meniere disease, vestibular neuritis, and labyrinthitis. […] Diagnosing the cause of dizziness can be difficult because symptoms are often nonspecific and the differential diagnosis is broad. […] Otologic or vestibular causes of vertigo are the most common causes of dizziness, and include benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), vestibular neuritis (viral infection of the vestibular nerve), labyrinthitis (infection of the labyrinthine organs), and Meniere disease (increased endolymphatic fluid in the inner ear). […] Hearing loss and duration of symptoms help narrow the differential diagnosis further in patients with vertigo. Vertigo with hearing loss is usually caused by Meniere disease or labyrinthitis, whereas vertigo without hearing loss is more likely caused by BPPV or vestibular neuritis.
  • #88 Dizziness and Vertigo – Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/approach-to-the-patient-with-ear-problems/dizziness-and-vertigo
    The most common causes of peripheral dizziness or vertigo are listed in decreasing order of frequency (3): Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), Meniere disease, Vestibular neuronitis, Labyrinthitis, Presbyvestibulopathy. […] The most common causes of central dizziness or vertigo, in decreasing order of frequency, include the following: Vestibular migraine (4), Medication side effects, especially antihypertensives such as beta-blockers or when multiple antihypertensives are used concurrently (5), Functional dizziness (persistent postural perceptual dizziness [PPPD], formerly known as visual vertigo or chronic subjective dizziness, motion sickness, mal de debarquement syndrome) (6), Presbyvestibulopathy(7). […] In the United States, vestibular migraine has a 1-year prevalence of 2.7%, making it likely the most common cause of dizziness (4).
  • #89 Dizziness: A Diagnostic Approach | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/0815/p361.html
    Migrainous vertigo, or vestibular migraine, is another underlying cause of vertigo that affects about 3 percent of the general population and about 10 percent of persons with migraine. […] Cardiovascular causes of dizziness include arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, carotid artery stenosis, and orthostatic hypotension. […] There are many underlying conditions that may cause a sense of imbalance. […] Psychiatric causes of lightheadedness are common, particularly anxiety; therefore, questions about anxiety and depression should be included in the patient history. […] Hyperventilation syndrome is an important cause of lightheadedness.
  • #90 Dizziness – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dizziness/symptoms-causes/syc-20371787
    Anxiety disorders. Certain types of anxiety may cause lightheadedness or a woozy feeling often referred to as dizziness. […] Anemia. There are several conditions that result in having too few healthy red blood cells, also called anemia. […] Low blood sugar. Another name for this is hypoglycemia. […] Carbon monoxide poisoning. Symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning are often described as flu-like. […] Overheating or not enough hydration. If you’re active in hot weather or if you don’t drink enough fluids, you may feel dizzy from overheating or from not being hydrated enough.
  • #91 Vertigo Causes and Risk Factors
    https://www.everydayhealth.com/vertigo/causes-risk-factors/
    Stroke A blood clot or bleeding in the brain otherwise known as a stroke can cause symptoms of vertigo. […] Head trauma is not uncommon in the United States: There were more than 220,000 traumatic brain injuryrelated hospitalizations in 2019. […] These injuries can damage the inner ear and lead to vertigo, which is often referred to as post-traumatic vertigo. […] The most common cause of vertigo is BPPV, and certain risk factors may increase the chances of you developing this form of vertigo: Vitamin D deficiency, Osteoporosis, Migraine, Past head trauma, High total cholesterol level.
  • #92 Vertigo: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment | Ausmed
    https://www.ausmed.com/learn/articles/vertigo
    The primary cause of vertigo is an inner ear problem or condition, the most common of these being benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) (Healthdirect 2022). […] Other causes of vertigo include: Vestibular neuronitis (inflammation of the vestibular nerve), Mnire’s disease, Labyrinthitis, Certain medications (e.g., anticonvulsants), Head injuries, Migraine, Brain tumor, Stroke, Circulation problems, Infections. (Healthdirect 2022; Stanton Freeman 2023; Mayo Clinic 2022a) […] Most of the listed causes of vertigo are benign; however, serious conditions such as multiple sclerosis, tumors, and psychogenic causes must be considered, particularly in the case of older patients and/or patients with a high risk of vascular disease (Dommaraju Perera 2016). […] BPPV can occur at any age but is most common in people over the age of 50. Its more common in females than in males (Mayo Clinic 2022b).
  • #93 An approach to vertigo in general practice
    https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2016/april/an-approach-to-vertigo-in-general-practice
    Peripheral pathology is associated with symptoms of nausea, vomiting and hearing loss. Vertigo can be triggered by a change in the position of the head, recent upper respiratory tract infection (URTI), stress or trauma. […] The most common causes of vertigo seen in primary care are BPPV, VN and Mnires disease. While most of the causes of vertigo are benign, more serious causes, including CVAs, MS, tumours, psychogenic causes and perilymphatic fistula, need to be considered, particularly in patients who are older or have risk factors for vascular diseases. […] BPPV is the most common cause of vertigo in clinical practice. It is caused by an accumulation of calcium crystals in the posterior semicircular canal. These crystals affect the movement of the endolymph in the semicircular canals, which causes vertigo.