Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Sleep Disorders: Types, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11429-sleep-disorders

  Causes of sleep disorders can include an underlying condition, neurochemical imbalances and genetics. […] A disruption to your bodys cycle of sleep and daytime wakefulness causes sleep disorders. Specific things may cause this to happen, and it varies based on the type of sleep disorder you have. They may include: […] Genetic factors (a mutation). […] You may be more at risk of sleep disorders if you: […] Research suggests that females are more likely to experience sleep disorders than males. […] If you dont get the proper amount or quality of sleep that your body needs, it can affect you beyond feeling tired during the daytime. A lack of adequate sleep can lead to: […] Sleep loss can also contribute to the development of health conditions like: […] While rare, some sleep disorders can be life-threatening.

• #2 Sleep disorders – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sleep-disorders/symptoms-causes/syc-20354018

  Sleep disorders are often grouped according to why they happen or their effects. […] Sometimes the exact cause is not known, but several factors can increase the risk of having a sleep disorder. […] These issues can raise the risk of sleep disorders: Age. Sleep varies depending on age, and age may play a role in sleep disorders. Some sleep disorders, such as bed-wetting, may be more common in children. Other sleep disorders are more common with older age. […] Genetics. Having some sleep disorders, such as insomnia, restless leg syndrome, sleepwalking, and sleep apnea, may be more likely if a family member also has them. […] Medical conditions. Brain and nerve conditions, such as Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis and traumatic brain injury, may raise the risk of sleep disorders. Heart disease, lung disease, cancer, diabetes and chronic pain are linked with insomnia. Being overweight raises the risk of obstructive sleep apnea. Heart failure and atrial fibrillation raise the risk of central sleep apnea.

• #2 Sleep disorders – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sleep-disorders/symptoms-causes/syc-20354018

  Mental health conditions. Stress, depression, anxiety and other mental health conditions may affect sleep. […] Schedule changes. Jet lag or shift work can change your sleep-wake cycle and disrupt sleep. […] Medicines and drugs. Certain medicines, caffeine, alcohol, and legal or illegal drugs that may be sold on the streets, also called recreational drugs, can affect sleep.

• #3 The Six Types of Sleep Disorders | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/blog/understanding-treating-sleep-disturbances.html

  Chronic snoring, tossing-and-turning and nightmares leave many yawning and desperate for relief the next day without realizing these symptoms are part of the six classes of sleep disorders. […] About 50 to 70 million U.S. adults have a sleep disorder, a family of 90 conditions that affect sleep cycles and depth, according to the National Institutes of Health. […] „If you’re going to bed at a reasonable time for your schedule and still waking up exhausted most days, don’t assume your sleep issue will disappear without finding and addressing the cause,” says Dr. Oragun Rojanapairat, Cedars-Sinai pulmonologist and sleep medicine expert. […] Over time, sleep deprivation can lead to obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, stroke and poor mental health. […] A sleep specialist can help diagnose your sleep disorder using an in-depth assessment or sleep study and offer tailored care plans that improve quality of life.

• #4 Psychiatry.org – What are Sleep Disorders?

  https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/sleep-disorders/what-are-sleep-disorders

  Sleep disorders (or sleep-wake disorders) involve problems with the quality, timing, and amount of sleep, which result in daytime distress and impairment in functioning. Sleep-wake disorders often occur along with medical conditions or other mental health conditions, such as depression, anxiety, or cognitive disorders. […] Sleep difficulties are linked to both physical and emotional problems. Sleep problems can both contribute to or exacerbate mental health conditions and can be a symptom of other mental health conditions. […] More than 50 million Americans have chronic sleep disorders. […] Lack of sleep and too much sleep are linked to many chronic health problems, such as heart disease, diabetes and obesity. Sleep disturbances can also be a warning sign for medical and neurological problems, such as congestive heart failure, osteoarthritis and Parkinsons disease.

• #5 Causes of Sleep Problems

  https://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/sleep-disorders-causes

  Sleep problems can be caused by various factors. Although causes may differ, the end result of all sleep disorders is that the body’s natural cycle of slumber and daytime wakefulness is disrupted or exaggerated. […] Short-term or acute insomnia can be caused by life stresses (such as job loss or change, death of a loved one, or moving), illness, or environmental factors, such as light, noise, or extreme temperatures. […] Long-term or chronic insomnia (insomnia that occurs at least three nights a week for at least three months) can be caused by factors such as depression, chronic stress, and pain or discomfort at night. […] Genetics: Researchers have found a genetic basis for narcolepsy, a neurological disorder of sleep regulation that affects the control of sleep and wakefulness. […] Night shift work: People who work at night often experience sleep disorders, because they cannot sleep when they start to feel drowsy. Their activities run contrary to their biological clocks.

• #6 9. Common causes of sleep disruption and daytime sleepiness: childhood sleep disorders II | The Medical Journal of Australia

  https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2005/182/9/9-common-causes-sleep-disruption-and-daytime-sleepiness-childhood-sleep

  Narcolepsy is primarily a disorder of hypersomnolence. Its cause is still not clearly understood, but a clear association with specific human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) and deficiencies of hypocretin level in cerebrospinal fluid have been identified in narcoleptic patients. Its prevalence in children is not known given the complexities of diagnosis in children. […] Diagnosis requires a combination of excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy (sudden loss of muscle tone), hypnagogic hallucinations (vivid dreams at sleep onset), and sleep paralysis (experience of being unable to move on waking). […] Referral is recommended when respiratory or neurological causes of sleep disturbance are suspected.

• #7 Sleep Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560720/

  Sleep disorders encompass several clinical problems encountered in outpatient settings. Sleep disorders have a broad differential diagnosis; therefore, standardized definitions and classifications are essential. There are many different types of sleep disorders. Using the International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD) helps in providing a standardized classification and definitions for sleep disorders. Sleep disorders are common in both adults and children. However, children with sleep disorders may present with different symptoms than adults. […] […] There are different causes for different sleep disorders. For each sleep disorder listed below, more details are discussed in the pertinent section referenced below. […] The exact causes of insomnia are unknown. Some contributing factors include environmental, genetic, psychological, and behavioral, leading to hyperarousal. […] The causes of SDB range from breathing control to upper airway and chest wall mechanics, causing compromised ventilatory and resistive loading. SDB is a spectrum of disorders ranging from syndrome to OSA and central sleep apnea (CSA). In the obstructive type of SDB, obesity plays a key role, and more information is discussed in the sections on OSA, CSA, and obesity hypoventilation syndrome. […] The central causes of hypersomnolence are commonly due to intrinsic abnormalities in the central nervous system’s control of sleep-wake. Central hypersomnia is usually divided into three main subtypes: narcolepsy type 1, narcolepsy type 2, and idiopathic hypersomnia (IH), which are reviewed in more detail in separate sections. In addition, other causes of central hypersomnolence include Kleine-Levin syndrome, hypersomnia due to a medical disorder, medication or substance, psychiatric disorder, and sleep insufficiency syndrome. […] The responsible causes of CRSD can be divided into two major groups (1): the environment is not well aligned with the internal circadian timing (e.g., shift work, jetlag); and (2) those occurring when the circadian timing system becomes altered relative to the external environment (e.g., delayed sleep phase syndrome, non-24, advanced sleep phase syndrome, irregular sleep-wake rhythm). […] The causes of parasomnia vary from environmental, genetic, and gene-environment interactions, all of which may play a significant role in the origin of parasomnias. […] The etiology of various movements condition during sleep depends on the type of that disorder. For example, in restless legs syndrome (RLS), the etiology could be primarily due to familial and genetic predisposition or secondary to iron deficiency.

• #8 Understanding Sleep Disorders: Causes, Diagnosis & Treatments

  https://drjeffsteinberg.com/sleep-disorders-causes-diagnosis-and-treatments/

  Sleep disorders encompass a range of conditions that disrupt the natural sleep-wake cycle, leading to significant disturbances in the quality and quantity of sleep. […] Chronic stress, anxiety, depression, irregular sleep schedules, and poor sleep habits contribute to the development of insomnia. […] Obesity, age, family history, and certain anatomical features can contribute to sleep apnea development. […] The exact cause of RLS remains unclear, but genetic factors and abnormal dopamine levels in the brain may contribute to its onset. […] The exact cause of narcolepsy is still under study, but it is believed to involve genetic factors and an autoimmune response.

• #9 5 sleep disorders: Causes, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/sleep-disorders

  Insomnia has various causes. In some cases, there is a genetic component. […] One example of this is fatal familial insomnia, which is a rare genetic brain disorder that runs in families. The condition causes insomnia so severe that it becomes life threatening. […] Some other, more typical causes of comorbid insomnia include: alcohol, nicotine, caffeine, and drug use; stress, anxiety, and other mental health conditions; health problems that cause pain, discomfort, or frequent bathroom visits; some medical conditions. […] Snoring and OSA seem to be linked. Most individuals with OSA snore. However, not everyone who snores has OSA. […] Some causes of snoring and OSA include: head and neck anatomy; chronic nasal congestion; obesity; sleeping position; aging; hypothyroidism. […] Central sleep apnea (CSA) is a condition that causes pauses in breathing due to a lack of respiratory effort during sleep.

• #10 Insomnia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insomnia

  Sleep studies using polysomnography have suggested that people who have sleep disruption have elevated night-time levels of circulating cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone. […] A genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified 3 genomic loci and 7 genes that influence the risk of insomnia and showed that insomnia is highly polygenic. […] It has been hypothesized that epigenetics might also influence insomnia through a controlling process of both sleep regulation and brain-stress response, having an impact as well on brain plasticity.

• #10 Insomnia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insomnia

  Insomnia can occur independently or as a result of another problem. […] Conditions that can result in insomnia include psychological stress, chronic pain, heart failure, hyperthyroidism, heartburn, restless leg syndrome, menopause, certain medications, and drugs such as caffeine, nicotine, and alcohol. […] While insomnia can be caused by many conditions, it can also occur without any identifiable cause. This is known as Primary Insomnia. […] Symptoms of insomnia can be caused by or associated with: Sleep breathing disorders, such as sleep apnea or upper airway resistance syndrome; Use of psychoactive drugs (such as stimulants), including certain medications, herbs, caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines, methylphenidate, aripiprazole, MDMA, modafinil, or excessive alcohol intake; Use of or withdrawal from alcohol and other sedatives, such as anti-anxiety and sleep drugs like benzodiazepines; Use of or withdrawal from pain-relievers such as opioids; Heart disease; Restless legs syndrome, which can cause sleep onset insomnia due to the discomforting sensations felt and the need to move the legs or other body parts to relieve these sensations; Periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD), which occurs during sleep and can cause arousals of which the sleeper is unaware; Pain: an injury or condition that causes pain can preclude an individual from finding a comfortable position in which to fall asleep, and can also cause awakening; Hormone shifts such as those that precede menstruation and those during menopause; Life events such as fear, stress, anxiety, emotional or mental tension, work problems, financial stress, birth of a child, and bereavement; Gastrointestinal issues such as heartburn or constipation; Mental, neurobehavioral, or neurodevelopmental disorders such as bipolar disorder, clinical depression, generalized anxiety disorder, post traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia, obsessive compulsive disorder, autism, dementia, ADHD, and FASD; Disturbances of the circadian rhythm, such as shift work and jet lag, can cause an inability to sleep at some times of the day and excessive sleepiness at other times of the day.

• #11 Sleep Disorders: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/sleep/disorders

  You may have a sleep disorder if you regularly have sleeping problems. They can also result from underlying conditions such as insomnia and sleep apnea, among others. […] Sleep disorders are a group of conditions that affect the ability to sleep well on a regular basis. Whether they are caused by a health problem or by too much stress, sleep disorders are becoming increasingly common in the United States. […] In some cases, sleep disorders can be a symptom of another medical or mental health condition. These sleeping problems may eventually go away once treatment is obtained for the underlying cause. […] There are many conditions, diseases, and disorders that can cause sleep disturbances. In many cases, sleep disorders develop as a result of an underlying health problem. […] Stress and anxiety often have a negative impact on sleep quality. It can be difficult for you to fall asleep or to stay asleep. Nightmares, sleep talking, or sleepwalking may also disrupt your sleep.

• #12 Medical Causes of Sleep Problems – HelpGuide.org

  https://www.helpguide.org/wellness/sleep/medical-causes-of-sleep-problems

  If you’re not sleeping well, there may be a medical cause. […] A sleep disturbance may be a symptom of a health issue or an adverse effect of therapy to treat the problem. […] Common conditions often associated with sleep problems include heartburn, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, musculoskeletal disorders, kidney disease, mental health problems, neurological disorders, respiratory problems, and thyroid disease. […] People with diabetes whose blood sugar levels are not well controlled may experience sleep problems due to night sweats, a frequent need to urinate, or symptoms of hypoglycemia. […] Heart failure can cause fluid to build up in the lungs and tissues. […] Men with heart failure frequently have obstructive sleep apnea, a breathing disorder characterized by multiple nighttime awakenings which can disrupt sleep, cause daytime sleepiness, and worsen heart failure.

• #13 Medical Causes of Sleep Problems – HelpGuide.org

  https://www.helpguide.org/wellness/sleep/medical-causes-of-sleep-problems

  Disturbed sleep is a prominent feature of bipolar disorder. […] Certain brain and nerve disorders can contribute to sleeplessness. […] Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia may disrupt sleep regulation and other brain functions. […] People with epilepsy are twice as likely as others to suffer from insomnia. […] Almost all people with Parkinson’s disease have insomnia.

• #13 Medical Causes of Sleep Problems – HelpGuide.org

  https://www.helpguide.org/wellness/sleep/medical-causes-of-sleep-problems

  People with fibromyalgia are likely to wake in the morning still feeling fatigued and as stiff and achy as a person with arthritis. […] Kidney disease can cause waste products to build up in the blood and can result in insomnia or symptoms of restless legs syndrome. […] Nocturia may be a product of age, but other causes include certain medical conditions, medication, and excessive fluid intake after dinner. […] An overactive thyroid gland can cause sleep problems. […] Almost all people with anxiety or depression have trouble falling asleep and staying asleep. […] Severe anxiety is characterized by persistent, nagging feelings of worry, apprehension, or uneasiness. […] Because almost 90% of people with serious depression experience insomnia, a physician evaluating a person with insomnia will consider depression as a possible cause.

• #14 Sleep-Wake Disorders: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/287104-overview

  Sleep disorders may be primary or may result from a variety of psychiatric and medical conditions. […] Primary sleep disorders result from an endogenous disturbance in sleep-wake generating or timing mechanisms, often complicated by behavioral conditioning. […] The major causes of insomnia may be divided into medical conditions, psychological conditions, and environmental problems. […] Cardiac conditions that may give rise to disordered sleep include ischemia and congestive heart failure. Neurologic conditions include stroke, degenerative conditions, dementia, peripheral nerve damage, myoclonic jerks, restless leg syndrome, hypnic jerk, and central sleep apnea. Endocrine conditions affecting sleep are related to hyperthyroidism, menopause, the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and hypogonadism in elderly men.

• #15 5 sleep disorders: Causes, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/sleep-disorders

  Experts often link CSA to an underlying health condition, such as stroke or heart failure, medication use, or living at a high altitude. […] There are several potential causes of parasomnia. A person may have multiple triggers, including: stress and anxiety; depression or post-traumatic stress disorder; certain medications; other sleep disorders, such as insomnia, sleep apnea, or sleep deprivation; neurological conditions, such as Parkinsons disease. […] Type 1 narcolepsy is linked to low levels of a brain chemical called hypocretin. This chemical helps people stay awake and maintain muscle tone. […] Some potential causes of RLS include: iron deficiency; pregnancy; obesity; alcohol, nicotine, and caffeine use; the use of certain medications and supplements.

• #16 Sleep Disorders: Common Causes and Information | Sleepopolis

  https://sleepopolis.com/education/sleep-disorders-typical-causes-and-information/

  The cause behind sleep-related breathing disorders depends on the category: Central sleep apnea happens when your brain has trouble sending signals that tell you to breathe, whereas the obstructive type stems from a physical block in your airway (like your tongue or tonsils). […] Experts dont know what exactly causes parasomnias, but plenty of theories have been thrown out there. Some believe parasomnias can be triggered by anything that affects your slow-wave sleep, like alcohol, medications, fever, and other sleep disorders. […] The causes of sleep-related movement disorders are mostly unclear, but experts believe family history and the presence of certain genes may play a part.

• #17 What Causes Sleep Disorders? – Jeff Steinberg MD

  https://drjeffsteinberg.com/what-causes-sleep-disorders/

  Most of the causes of lack of sleep are the result of an underlying health issue. The most common insomnia causes are: […] Allergies, colds, and upper respiratory infections can make breathing difficult at night while lying on the bed. […] Nocturia, or frequent urination, may cause you to wake up from sleep during the night. […] Constant pain can make it challenging for you to fall asleep. […] Sleep quality often gets affected by stress and anxiety. […] It is a neurological disorder that negatively impacts your ability to wake and sleep. […] People who work night shifts often experience sleep disorders. […] Drugs can disrupt your sleep. […] Most adults over the age of 65 start experiencing some sort of sleep disorder. […] The quality of sleep of a pregnant woman gets affected due to the hormonal changes and physical discomforts associated with pregnancy. […] Approx 75%-85% of menopausal women struggle with sleep disorders.

• #18 Psychiatry.org – What are Sleep Disorders?

  https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/sleep-disorders/what-are-sleep-disorders

  Sleep disorders (or sleep-wake disorders) involve problems with the quality, timing, and amount of sleep, which result in daytime distress and impairment in functioning. Sleep-wake disorders often occur along with medical conditions or other mental health conditions, such as depression, anxiety, or cognitive disorders. […] Sleep difficulties are linked to both physical and emotional problems. Sleep problems can both contribute to or exacerbate mental health conditions and can be a symptom of other mental health conditions. […] More than 50 million Americans have chronic sleep disorders. […] Lack of sleep and too much sleep are linked to many chronic health problems, such as heart disease, diabetes and obesity. Sleep disturbances can also be a warning sign for medical and neurological problems, such as congestive heart failure, osteoarthritis and Parkinsons disease.

• #18 Psychiatry.org – What are Sleep Disorders?

  https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/sleep-disorders/what-are-sleep-disorders

  Insomnia, the most common sleep disorder, involves problems getting to sleep or staying asleep. […] An estimated 40 to 50% of individuals with insomnia also have another mental disorder. […] To diagnose insomnia, a physician will rule out other sleep disorders, medication side effects, substance misuse, depression and other physical and mental illnesses. […] Sleep problems can occur at any age but most commonly start in young adulthood. […] Sleep apnea is a very common disorder with the prevalence particularly high among men as compared to women, in older adults, and certain racial and ethnic groups (including African Americans, American Indians, and Hispanics). Major risk factors for sleep apnea are obesity, male gender, family history of sleep apnea, menopause and certain genetic or endocrine disorders. […] Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders can be caused by internal factors (a person’s body clock is different than the light-dark cycle) or external factors (such as shift work or jet lag).

• #19 Insomnia Causes: Anxiety, Stress, and Caffeine

  https://www.healthline.com/health/insomnia-causes

  Insomnia is a sleep disorder that can make falling or staying asleep difficult. Common causes include stress, taking stimulants, and side effects of medications. […] Depending on the cause, insomnia may go away after a few days or weeks. However, in some cases, it can also become a long-term condition. […] Some common causes for secondary insomnia include the following. […] Worries can often keep your mind active at night and make it difficult for you to fall or stay asleep. It may stem from issues at work, school, or with family, which can make you anxious. […] Depression is a common source of insomnia. People who have depression may find it difficult to fall asleep, or it can often affect sleep patterns. […] Insomnia increases with age as your sleep patterns change. Older adults often have trouble with sustained sleep over an eight-hour period.

• #20 Insomnia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/insomnia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355167

  Insomnia may be the main problem or it may be related to other conditions. […] Long-term insomnia is usually due to stress, life events or habits that disrupt sleep. While treating the cause of your sleep problem may stop your insomnia, sometimes it can last for years. […] Common causes of long-term insomnia include: Stress. Concerns about work, school, health, money or family can keep your mind active at night, making it hard to sleep. Stressful life events, such as the death or illness of a loved one, divorce, or a job loss, also may lead to insomnia. […] Travel or work schedule. Your body’s „internal clock,” known as circadian rhythms, guides things such as your sleep-wake cycle, metabolism and body temperature. Disrupting these rhythms can lead to insomnia. Causes include feeling jet lag from traveling across multiple time zones, working a late or early shift, or changing shifts often.

• #20 Insomnia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/insomnia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355167

  Poor sleep habits. Poor sleep habits include going to bed and waking up at different times each day, taking naps, being too active before bedtime and having a sleep area that is not comfortable. Other poor sleep habits include working, eating or watching TV while in bed. Using computers or smartphones, playing video games, or watching TV just before bed can disrupt your sleep cycle. […] Eating too much late in the evening. Having a light snack before bedtime is OK. But eating too much may cause you to feel uncomfortable while lying down. Many people also have heartburn. This is when stomach acid backs up into the tube that carries food from your mouth to your stomach. This tube is called the esophagus. Heartburn may keep you awake. […] Mental health disorders. Anxiety disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder, may disrupt your sleep. Waking up too early can be a sign of depression. Insomnia often occurs with other mental health conditions.

• #20 Insomnia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/insomnia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355167

  Caffeine, nicotine and alcohol. Coffee, tea, cola and other drinks that have caffeine are stimulants. Drinking them in the late afternoon or evening can keep you from falling asleep at night. Nicotine in tobacco products is another stimulant that can disrupt sleep. Alcohol may help you fall asleep, but it prevents deeper stages of sleep and often results in waking up in the middle of the night.

• #20 Insomnia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/insomnia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355167

  Medicines. Many prescription drugs can interfere with sleep, such as certain antidepressants and medicines for asthma or blood pressure. Many medicines available without a prescription, such as some pain medicines, allergy and cold medicines, and weight-loss products, contain caffeine and other stimulants that can disrupt sleep. […] Medical conditions. Examples of conditions linked with insomnia include ongoing pain, cancer, diabetes, heart disease, asthma, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), overactive thyroid, Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. […] Sleep-related disorders. Sleep apnea causes you to stop breathing at times during the night, disrupting your sleep. Restless legs syndrome causes a strong uncomfortable urge to move your legs when trying to fall asleep. This may keep you from falling asleep or getting back to sleep.

• #21 Sleep-Wake Disorders: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/287104-overview

  Depression may cause alterations in REM sleep. As many as 40% of people with depression have insomnia. […] Stressful or life-threatening events (eg, bereavement or PTSD) may cause insomnia. Shift work may disturb the sleep cycle, as may jet lag or changes in altitude. Sleep deprivation may occur as a result of an overly warm sleeping environment, environmental noise, or frequent intrusions (such as occur in an intensive care unit [ICU]).

• #22 Sleep Disorders – Causes, Risk Factors, and More

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/sleep-disorder-causes-4014585

  Sleep problems can stem from a range of things, from age to weight, illness to stress, and more. […] Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can affect sleep and cause nightmares and insomnia. […] Sleep deprivation or insomnia may lead to visual hallucinations. […] Medications may be needed to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) if it causes anxiety, difficulty sleeping, and insomnia.

• #23 The Six Types of Sleep Disorders | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/blog/understanding-treating-sleep-disturbances.html

  Certain health conditions and medications—including kidney disease, iron deficiency, neuropathy, pregnancy, anxiety and antidepressants—can bring on these uncomfortable or painful urges, which happen to about 7% to 10% of people. […] Some parasomnias such as nightmares can be set off by post-traumatic stress or sleep deprivation. […] Narcolepsy, a nervous system disorder caused by a lack of orexin brain chemicals, has an added symptom: sudden-onset muscle weakness (cataplexy) that gets worse with strong emotions.

• #23 The Six Types of Sleep Disorders | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/blog/understanding-treating-sleep-disturbances.html

  Insomnia often spikes during stress but can become chronic if symptoms last for three months or longer. Poor sleep habits, environmental changes, medications and co-occurring medical conditions such as asthma or sleep apnea can all aggravate the problem. […] More than 20 million Americans have sleep apnea. The frequent choking and breathing interruptions at least 5 times an hour affect sleep quality and oxygen levels. Without treatment, it’s tied to high blood pressure, heart disease and stroke. […] „Lark” and „night owl” tendencies are biologically wired—caused by advanced (early riser) or delayed (late sleeper) sleep-wake phase disorders. […] A body clock that’s out of balance with your schedule may trigger insomnia or repeated waking at times that don’t allow a full seven to eight hours of sleep, leading to sleepiness and focus and mood problems.

• #24 Understanding Sleep Disorders | Brain Institute | OHSU

  https://www.ohsu.edu/brain-institute/understanding-sleep-disorders

  Long distance travel: Frequent business and professional travelers across multiple time zones often struggle to sleep enough hours to maintain good health. […] Environmental conditions: Nighttime light and noise, particularly in cities, may disrupt your body’s circadian rhythm (body clock) and upset your sleep routine. […] Chronic medical conditions: People with health issues such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, chronic headaches, heart disease or cancer often develop sleep disorders. […] Secondhand sleep issues: Partners who snore, grind teeth or talk in their sleep, or children who awaken during the night, can disrupt the sleep of others. […] Medications: Antidepressants, antihistamines, asthma medications, and drugs and alcohol all may contribute to insomnia.

• #24 Understanding Sleep Disorders | Brain Institute | OHSU

  https://www.ohsu.edu/brain-institute/understanding-sleep-disorders

  Sleep disorders can be caused by physical, emotional and mental health issues. They can also be linked to other conditions. Factors include: […] Weight: If you carry excess weight, fat deposits around your nose and throat may block your breathing. This can cause apnea, in which breathing repeatedly stops for a few or more seconds during sleep. […] Mental health: Trauma, depression, mental illnesses and stress can lead to insomnia and other sleep disorders. […] Shift work: Night shift workers often have trouble getting enough sleep to stay healthy. A growing body of research shows possible connections between night shift work and diseases such as cancer. […] Hormone changes in women: Hormone shifts in menstruation, pregnancy and menopause can affect sleep patterns. Hot flashes during menopause, for example, can disrupt sleep.

• #25 Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders – Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerve Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/brain-spinal-cord-and-nerve-disorders/sleep-disorders/circadian-rhythm-sleep-disorders

  Circadian rhythm sleep disorders occur when peoples internal sleep-wake schedule (clock) does not align with the earths cycle of darkness (night) and light (day). […] Causes of circadian rhythm sleep disorders may be internal or external. […] Internal causes include the following: Damage to the brainfor example, due to a brain infection (encephalitis), stroke, head injury, or Alzheimer disease. Insensitivity to the cycle of night and day. […] External causes include the following: Jet lag (especially when traveling from west to east). Working irregular shifts on a regular basis. Frequently going to bed and getting up at different times. Being confined to bed for a long time. Blindness or not being exposed to sunlight for long periods of time. Taking certain medications (or illicit drugs).

• #26 Insomnia | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/mental-health/insomnia/

  Insomnia can be triggered by many factors. Its not always possible to identify a clear cause. […] The most common causes of insomnia are: stress, anxiety, depression, noise, a room thats too hot or cold, an uncomfortable bed, alcohol, caffeine, drugs, jet lag, shift work. […] The causes of insomnia vary so treatments can vary from person to person.

• #27 Causes of Sleep Problems

  https://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/sleep-disorders-causes

  Medications: Many drugs can interfere with sleep, such as certain antidepressants, blood pressure medication, and over-the-counter cold medicine. […] Aging: About half of all adults over the age of 65 have some sort of sleep disorder. It is not clear if it is a normal part of aging or a result of medications that older people commonly use.

• #28 Sleep Disorders: Types, Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellmind.com/sleep-disorders-6834214

  Sleep disorders can be caused by various factors that affect your body’s circadian rhythm, such as: […] Physical conditions, such as ulcers […] Medical conditions, such as asthma […] Psychiatric conditions, such as depression or anxiety […] Genetic factors, as narcolepsy is genetic […] Substances, such as alcohol […] Stimulants, such as caffeine […] Medications, since some drugs can hamper sleep […] Irregular schedules, which can interfere with the body’s biological clock […] Aging, since people spend less time in deep sleep as they get older.

• #29 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Insomnia-Causes.aspx

  Aside from anxiety and depression, a number of other mental health problems can affect a persons sleeping pattern and cause insomnia including mood disorders, panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder and schizophrenia. […] A number of underlying health conditions may also affect sleeping patterns and cause insomnia. […] Poor lifestyle habits such as drinking alcohol, taking drugs, low levels of exercise and even eating too much late at night can affect a persons ability to sleep. […] Certain drugs that are either prescribed or bought over the counter can cause insomnia as a side effect and these include: Some antidepressants, Steroid medications, Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), Drugs for epilepsy, Drugs for high blood pressure, Stimulants used to treat conditions such as narcolepsy or attention deficit hypersensitivity disorder, Certain asthma treatments.

• #29 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Insomnia-Causes.aspx

  Insomnia is described as either primary or secondary insomnia. Primary insomnia is not directly related to the presence of any other health problems, while secondary insomnia arises as a result of another factor such as depression, anxiety, arthritis, heartburn or the use of substances such as drugs or alcohol, for example. […] Since insomnia can be caused by many different things, it can sometimes be difficult to establish what the underlying problem is. Some of the main factors that are known to contribute are described below. […] Stressful events such as the loss of a loved one, financial problems or problems at work can trigger insomnia in some people. […] Depression can affect a persons ability to sleep and the risk of severe insomnia is significantly higher among people with major depressive disorders.

• #30 Learn about Sleep Disorders – Sleep Education by AASM

  https://sleepeducation.org/sleep-disorders/

  This type of sleep disorder involves the inability to fall asleep or stay asleep. […] Hypersomnias are a group of sleep disorders that causes a person to be excessively sleepy. […] Insufficient sleep syndrome occurs when you regularly fail to get enough sleep at night and the result is sleep deprivation. […] This sleep disorder makes you feel overwhelmingly tired and has the potential for uncontrollable sleep attacks. […] This sleep disorder involves daily periods of an irrepressible need to sleep. […] Sleep disorders that involve difficulty breathing during sleep are classified as sleep-related breathing disorders. […] Obstructive sleep apnea is the most common disorder of this type, however there are a number of variations of sleep apnea. […] Sleep apnea in infants may be due to a developmental problem or it may be caused by another medical condition.

• #30 Learn about Sleep Disorders – Sleep Education by AASM

  https://sleepeducation.org/sleep-disorders/

  About two percent of young children have obstructive sleep apnea that requires treatment. […] Central sleep apnea causes your body to decrease or stop breathing during sleep in an off-and-on cycle. […] Untreated obstructive sleep apnea causes you to stop breathing during sleep because of obstructions in the airway. […] This classification of sleep disorders includes conditions that cause movement during or prior to sleep. […] These disorders can make it difficult to fall asleep or stay asleep, or to get restful sleep.

• #31 Sleep Disorders

  https://www.ellismedicine.org/services/sleep-disorders-types.aspx

  Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders (CRSDs) are a group of conditions characterized by disruptions in the bodys natural sleep-wake cycle. […] Narcolepsy is a chronic neurologic disorder that affects the brains ability to control sleep-wake cycles. […] Hypersomnia is the inability to stay awake and alert during the day despite having an adequate amount of nighttime sleep. […] Parasomnias are a type of sleep disorder that causes abnormal experiences or behaviors during sleep.

• #31 Sleep Disorders

  https://www.ellismedicine.org/services/sleep-disorders-types.aspx

  Sleep disorders can significantly impact various aspects of health, including cognitive function, mood, physical well-being and overall quality of life. […] The cumulative effects of sleep loss and sleep disorders have been associated with a wide range of negative health issues including risk of hypertension, diabetes, obesity, depression, heart attack and stroke. […] About 70 million people experience sleep disorders each year. […] Causes of insomnia may include: Stress and anxiety, Medical conditions such as depression, pain, or sleep apnea, Lifestyle habits such as caffeine or alcohol consumptions and irregular sleep schedules, Medications that may act as a stimulant, Genetics. […] Causes are not well understood but research suggests the following may contribute to RLS: Genetics, Iron deficiency, Underlying medical conditions such as anemia, diabetes, kidney disease, peripheral neuropathy, pregnancy or substance abuse, Medications such as antihistamines, antidepressants or antinausea medications.

• #32 Sleep Disorders and Problems: Types, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.helpguide.org/wellness/sleep/sleep-disorders-and-problems

  Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder that involves excessive, uncontrollable daytime sleepiness. It is caused by a dysfunction of the brain mechanism that controls sleeping and waking. […] Delayed sleep phase disorder is a condition where your biological clock is significantly delayed. […] Jet lag is a temporary disruption in circadian rhythms that occurs when you travel across time zones. Symptoms include daytime sleepiness, fatigue, headaches, stomach problems, and insomnia. […] Circadian rhythms have been linked to a variety of sleeping problems and sleep disorders, as well as depression, bipolar disorder, and seasonal affective disorder (the winter blues).

• #32 Sleep Disorders and Problems: Types, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.helpguide.org/wellness/sleep/sleep-disorders-and-problems

  Sleep disorders cause more than just daytime sleepiness. They can take a serious toll on your mental and physical health, including your mood, energy, and ability to handle stress. Ignoring sleep problems and disorders can lead to weight gain, car accidents, impaired job performance, memory problems, and strained relationships. […] Insomnia, the inability to get to sleep or sleep well at night, can be caused by stress, jet lag, a health condition, the medications you take, or even the amount of coffee you drink. Insomnia can also be caused by other sleep disorders or mood disorders such as anxiety and depression. […] Sleep apnea is a common (and treatable) sleep disorder in which your breathing temporarily stops during sleep, awakening you frequently. […] Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a sleep disorder that causes an almost irresistible urge to move your legs (or arms) at night.

• #33

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/narcolepsy/

  Narcolepsy is often caused by a lack of the brain chemical hypocretin (also known as orexin), which regulates wakefulness. […] The lack of hypocretin is thought to be caused by the immune system mistakenly attacking the cells that produce it or the receptors that allow it to work. […] But this does not explain all cases of narcolepsy, and the exact cause of the problem is often unclear. […] Things that have been suggested as possible triggers of narcolepsy include hormonal changes, which can occur during puberty or the menopause, major psychological stress, and an infection, such as swine flu, or the medicine used to vaccinate against it (Pandemrix).

• #34 Circadian Rhythm Disorders: Symptoms, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12115-circadian-rhythm-disorders

  Circadian rhythm disorders are conditions that disrupt or affect your body’s natural sleep-wake cycle. These disruptions affect how well you sleep, when you sleep and how you function while awake. […] People with circadian rhythm disorders often have differences in their body’s natural clock or related processes. Sometimes, that involves a problem in part of your brain. […] Circadian rhythm disorders can happen because of: Brain damage or disruptions in brain activity. Examples include degenerative brain diseases, head injuries and infections that cause encephalitis. […] Some people have circadian rhythm disorders for reasons that experts can’t explain or find a cause for. […] Several potential risk factors can make circadian rhythm disorders more likely to develop. […] Circadian rhythm disorders can vary widely. Some have minimal effects, while others cause major disruptions.

• #35 Sleep Disorders Center: Types of Sleep Disorders, Symptoms, Treatments, Causes, and Tests

  https://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/default.htm

  Insomnia is a sleep disorder that is characterized by difficulty falling and/or staying asleep. […] Hypersomnia, or excessive sleepiness, is a condition in which a person has trouble staying awake during the day. […] Parasomnias are disruptive sleep disorders that can occur during arousals from REM sleep or partial arousals from non-REM sleep. […] People with insomnia may have an imbalance of substances in the brain that cause them to feel awake compared to those that make them feel sleepy. Quviviq is known as an orexin receptor antagonist. It blocks the wakeful effect of orexins, which leads to more sleep. […] People with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) or narcolepsy can feel very sleepy during the daytime. Sunosi helps you feel more awake. It increases the levels of two substances in the brain called norepinephrine and dopamine, but the exact way it works is not known. […] A clinical trial is a program that tests the effectiveness and safety of various interventions in people with sleep disorders.

• #36 Sleep Disorders: Types, Causes, Risk Factors, Statistics and Treatment

  https://www.therecoveryvillage.com/mental-health/sleep-disorders/

  Sleep disorders are conditions that keep an individual from attaining enough sleep, or restful sleep, on a regular basis. […] Sleep disorders are so common in the United States that more than 75 percent of Americans between the ages of 20 and 59 years report having sleeping difficulties regularly. These can be caused by a health problem or large amounts of stress. […] A sleep disorder could be a symptom of another underlying medical condition. If so, the treatment of the medical condition usually results in the disappearance of the sleep disorder. […] Causes of hypersomnolence are diverse and may include: Other sleep disorders, such as narcolepsy and sleep apnea, Sleep deprivation, Genetics, Depression, Drug and alcohol use or addiction, Brain disease or injury, Being overweight. […] A few causes of circadian rhythm disorders include recurring shift work, time zone changes, prescription medication side effects and medical or mental health problems.

• #37 What Causes Insomnia?

  https://sleepdoctor.com/insomnia/causes-of-insomnia

  Injury and illness commonly contribute to insomnia. About 40% of people with some sort of medical problem experience chronic insomnia. […] What complicates sleep even further is that medications — including those used for many of the health issues already discussed — can cause insomnia. […] Sleep apnea causes a person to briefly stop breathing at multiple points during the night, which can lead to restless and shallow sleep. […] Shift work is any work that falls outside of typical daytime work hours. […] Another sleep disorder connected with insomnia is restless legs syndrome (RLS). […] Unfortunately, insomnia can occur at the same time as other conditions and sleep disorders. The symptoms can overlap, which makes it tricky to determine whether insomnia itself or underlying issue is the culprit behind your poor sleep.

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