Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Toxicodendron Toxicity – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557866/

  A large portion of the population is sensitized to urushiol. Acute allergic dermatitis affects virtually all ages, ethnicities, and skin types, with an estimated 25 to 40 million cases requiring treatment yearly. Occupational exposure is common in forest service workers and comprises many of these cases, with exposure to extremities being more common. […] Toxicodendron dermatitis is the most common cause of allergic contact dermatitis in North America and is caused by skin exposure to urushiol, producing a type IV hypersensitivity reaction.

• #2 Poison Ivy Dermatitis Treatment Patterns and Utilization: A Retrospective Claims-based Analysis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9391006/

  Poison ivy (toxicodendron) dermatitis (TD) resulting from contact with poison ivy, oak, or sumac is a common form of allergic contact dermatitis that impacts millions of people in the United State every year and results in an estimated 43,000 emergency department (ED) visits annually. […] Poison ivy (toxicodendron) dermatitis (TD) results from contact with poison ivy, oak, or sumac and is a common form of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) that affects millions of people in the United States every year, and it accounts for an estimated 43,000 annual visits to the emergency department (ED). […] Due to the variability in the treatments and healthcare setting, we hypothesized that this variability could result in the prescription of subtherapeutic therapies for patients presenting with TD, resulting in poorer health utilization outcomes, including increased risk of return visits.

• #3 Poison ivy (Toxicodendron) dermatitis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/poison-ivy-toxicodendron-dermatitis

  Poison ivy dermatitis affects all ethnicities and skin types, and most geographical regions in the United States are at risk [6] (see 'Geographic distribution’ below). […] Approximately 50 to 75 percent of the United States adult population is sensitized to poison ivy, oak, and sumac [1,3]. Annually, an estimated 10 to 50 million Americans require medical treatment for poison ivy dermatitis [2]. […] Firefighters, forestry workers, and farmers constitute a large proportion of the victims affected through occupational exposure [4,5]. […] Children are also affected; most children over the age of eight years are sensitized [4]. Allergic responsiveness to poison ivy appears to wane with age, especially in those with mild reactions and limited sensitizing exposures [7].

• #4 How To Treat Poison Ivy Rash | Plymouth Meeting Dermatology

  https://plymouthmeetingdermatology.com/treat-poison-ivy/

  According to the American Skin Association, poison ivy rash is the most common allergic reaction in the United States, with as many as 50 million people affected each year. […] It is estimated that 85% of the American population is allergic to this plant, with 10-15% being extremely allergic. […] Many factors can affect how long a poison ivy rash will last, but most cases of the allergic reaction will subside within one to three weeks. […] Poison ivy and other poison plant rashes cant be spread directly from one person to another. However, it can be possible to pick up the rash from plant oil that may have stuck to a persons clothing, pets, gardening tools or other items. […] The best way to prevent poison ivy rash is to avoid contact with the poison ivy plant and other poisonous plants. […] While most cases of poison ivy rash will resolve on their own within a couple of weeks, you may want to schedule an appointment with a dermatologist if symptoms are severe or if the rash does not appear to be improving within a week.

• #5 What you should know about the most common allergies in the US

  https://www.hattiesburgamerican.com/story/news/education/usm/2018/07/24/poison-oak-ivy-what-you-should-know-most-common-allergies-us/778441002/

  Poison ivy is prevalent in the United States, except in Alaska and Hawaii. […] According to the American Skin Association, about 10 to 15 percent of the population is extremely allergic to poison ivy, oak or sumac. It’s the most common allergic reaction in the United States and affects as many as 50 million Americans each year. […] A poison ivy rash is not contagious. Fluid from its blisters do not spread the injury. But you can get poison ivy from another person who has urishiol on his skin.

• #6 Thinking Big about Poison Ivy – Rhody Today

  https://www.uri.edu/news/2013/08/thinking-big-about-poison-ivy/

  Yes, but 85-90% of people will become allergic to poison ivy at some time. […] The only way for Poison Ivy to spread from one person to another is for one person to spread the urushiol chemical to another by direct contact. […] It only takes tiny amounts to do this. It appears to spread, over time depending on the amount of chemical deposited on the skin and the thickness of the skin in the area affected. This process can continue for 2-3 weeks.

• #6 Thinking Big about Poison Ivy – Rhody Today

  https://www.uri.edu/news/2013/08/thinking-big-about-poison-ivy/

  Poison Ivy, Sumac and Oak are the most common cause of allergic reaction in the United States. […] Problems with Poison Ivy are most prominent during the spring and summer. […] The rash can occur from a few hours after exposure up to many days later depending on previous exposures and reactions. Symptoms can continue to develop/persist for up to 21 days. […] Studies have shown that use of a chemical inactivating compound such as Tecnu and a topical surfactant such as Dial ultra dishwashing soap are effective when used up to two hours after exposure. […] The vesicles (blisters) of Poison Ivy dermatitis can become infected and require treatment with antibiotics. Inhaled smoke from burning plants can cause lung irritation and severe respiratory symptoms. Rarely, the immune reaction to urushiol can cause kidney damage.

• #7 Poisonous Plants and Work | Outdoor | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/outdoor-workers/about/poisonous-plants.html

  Many plants are poisonous to humans when ingested or through skin contact with plant chemicals. The most common problems with poisonous plants arise from contact with the sap oil. Several plants native to the United States can cause an allergic skin reaction. These include poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac. Workers may also develop lung irritation from contact with burning poisonous plants. […] Poisonous plant species are found throughout the United States (except Alaska and Hawaii). […] Poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac release an oil (urushiol) when part of the plant is damaged or burned. When the oil gets on the skin, most exposed people have an allergic reaction (contact dermatitis). […] Exposure to an amount of urushiol less than a grain of salt causes a rash in 80-90 percent of adults. The rash may significantly impede or prevent a person from working. Burning these poisonous plants can be very dangerous because the allergens can irritate lungs.

• #8

  https://www.cbsnews.com/news/poison-ivy-poison-oak-becoming-stronger-over-time/

  Poison ivy, poison oak and poison sumac plants are becoming larger and stronger, a trend that’s been developing over recent years, according to researchers. […] According to the U.S. Forest Service, 70 to 85 percent of people exposed to urushiol oil in poison ivy and its cousins will experience an allergic reaction. […] Poison ivy grows in every one of the lower 48 states except California. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the best protection is to avoid contact with the plants; don’t try to remove or burn them because the oil can cause lung irritation if inhaled. […] The U.S. Forest Service recommends cleaning the skin with isopropyl (rubbing) alcohol within 10 minutes.

• #9 Patient education: Poison ivy (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/poison-ivy-beyond-the-basics/print

  The rash caused by poison ivy is usually diagnosed based upon how the skin looks and a history of exposure to poison ivy or areas where it is likely to grow. By looking at the rash alone (without a history), no one can be certain that poison ivy is the cause of the allergic reaction. Further testing is not usually necessary. A study revealed that visiting an emergency department for poison ivy dermatitis costs three times more than going to an urgent care clinic or doctor’s office. […] The best way to prevent poison ivy dermatitis is to identify and avoid the plants that cause it. These plants can irritate the skin year round, even during the winter months, and they can still cause a reaction after dying.

• #10 Wiki – Poison Ivy/Poison Oak | Medical Billing and Coding Forum – AAPC

  https://www.aapc.com/discuss/threads/poison-ivy-poison-oak.198594/?srsltid=AfmBOorjFUIkawe2YiHOWJAIGRHCDkg8G70n7knWcP4mAOkpdnQ8zo8_

  Poison ivy dermatitis rashes are self-limited. […] Poison ivy dermatitis is an acute self-limiting problem of two or three weeks’ duration that can cause significant discomfort. […] This rash is usually self-limiting and resolves one to two weeks after exposure. […] Number and Complexity of Problems Addressed at the Encounter Minimal: 1 self-limited or minor problem. This makes it straightforward (99202 for new patient office visit; 99212 for established office visit).

• #11 Urushiol-induced contact dermatitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urushiol-induced_contact_dermatitis

  The American Academy of Dermatology estimates that there are up to 50 million cases of urushiol-induced dermatitis annually in the United States alone, accounting for 10% of all lost-time injuries in the United States Forest Service. Poison oak is a significant problem in the rural Western and Southern United States, while poison ivy is most rampant in the Eastern United States. Dermatitis from poison sumac is less common. […] Urushiol-induced contact dermatitis is caused by contact with a plant or any other object containing urushiol oil. […] Once allergic to urushiol, however, most people break out 48 to 72 hours after contact with the oil. […] The rash typically persists one to two weeks, but in some cases may last up to five weeks. […] Poison ivy and poison oak are still harmful when the leaves have fallen off, as the toxic residue is persistent, and exposure to any parts of plants containing urushiol can cause a rash at any time of the year.

• #12 Poison Ivy Rash, Poison Oak, Poison Sumac: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10655-poison-plants-poison-ivy–poison-oak–poison-sumac

  Up to 90% of people who come into contact with poison ivy oil develop an itchy rash. […] Poison ivy, poison oak and poison sumac produce urushiol oil. Almost everyone is allergic to it. The oil causes an allergic reaction when it touches your skin. The itchy rash that develops is a type of allergic contact dermatitis. […] Poison ivy rashes cause mild (but annoying) symptoms that go away within a week or two. Rarely, a skin rash can last for longer than a month. […] Poison oak and poison sumac rashes should go away within one to two weeks.

• #13 10 Things to Know About Poison Ivy Rash

  https://mydoctor.kaiserpermanente.org/mas/news/10-things-to-know-about-poison-ivy-rash-2184009

  You may have been exposed to poison ivy, which causes tens of millions of people to have poison ivy rash each year. […] Poison ivy rash—also called poison ivy dermatitis—is caused by contact with a sticky oil called urushiol. […] The rash usually doesn’t show up immediately after exposure to urushiol. […] Poison ivy rashes aren’t contagious. […] Symptoms of poison ivy rash include itching, hives, and blisters. […] Some hobbies and occupations put people at higher risk of exposure to poison ivy. […] By taking some preventive steps, such as wearing thick, vinyl gloves while gardening or wearing long pants and long sleeves while hiking, you may be able to reduce your risk of developing a poison ivy rash.

• #14 0767–2313P-MTDC: Outsmarting Poison Ivy and Its Relatives

  https://www.fs.usda.gov/t-d/pubs/htmlpubs/htm07672313/index.htm

  Exposure to poison ivy, poison oak, or poison sumac is one of the hazards of working in the field. […] The U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Safety and Health Information Portal System (SHIPS) analyzes and tracks trends from all CA-1 incident forms for injury, illness, or near misses submitted by Forest Service employees. During 2005 and 2006, about 8 percent of the more than 9,000 individual incident reports received by SHIPS were from employees who came into contact with these plants. […] Some people who are extremely sensitive to urushiol oil in these plants may need to be assigned to duties that do not expose them to these plants. […] Everyone should be able to recognize and avoid the plants, being especially alert for black spots on a plant’s leaves.

• #15 Toxicodendron Poisoning: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/817671-overview

  Toxicodendron dermatitis occurs outside North America. However, the most prevalent form of plant dermatitis worldwide occurs from exposure to the numerous members of the family Compositae and varied sesquiterpene lactone allergens from these plants. With increasing global travel and transport of plants, true toxicodendron dermatitis is being increasingly reported in Europe, although it is still case reportable. […] No clear racial difference in susceptibility exists. No difference in susceptibility between the sexes exists. Elderly people have reduced sensitivity.

• #15 Toxicodendron Poisoning: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/817671-overview

  Toxicodendron species are abundant throughout the United States except in desert areas, elevations above 4000 ft, Alaska, and Hawaii. Poison oak is most common west of the Rockies, poison ivy to the east, and poison sumac in the southeast. […] Approximately 50-70% of the United States population is susceptible if exposed casually; however, this percentage increases with significant exposure. Approximately 10-15% of the population is extremely sensitive. Toxicodendron dermatitis is the most common cause of contact dermatitis in the United States, exceeding all other causes combined. According to the 2021 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers’ National Poison Data System, skin irritation from Toxicodendron was the 7th most common plant exposure, accounting for 807 cases.

• #16 Update: Plant Dermatitis Among Active Component Service Members, U.S. Armed Forces, 2010–2020 | Health.mil

  https://www.health.mil/News/Articles/2021/11/01/Plant-Dermatitis-Among-Active-Component-Service-Members

  Incidence of plant dermatitis remained stable between 2010 and 2015, increased in 2016 and 2017, then decreased in 2018 through 2020. […] During the 11-year surveillance period there were 73,725 cases of plant dermatitis diagnosed in active component service members (rate: 5.3 per 1,000 person-years [p-yrs]). […] Plant dermatitis can cause significant disability and lost duty time particularly in highly sensitized individuals. Service members should be informed of the risk of exposure particularly during combat-training, and advised on poisonous plant identification and personal protective measures to prevent exposure. […] This report describes the numbers and incidence rates of plant dermatitis in active component service members, its seasonality, and its distribution across U.S. military installations during 2010-2020.

• #17 Update: Plant Dermatitis Among Active Component Service Members, U.S. Armed Forces, 2010–2020 | Health.mil

  https://www.health.mil/News/Articles/2021/11/01/Plant-Dermatitis-Among-Active-Component-Service-Members

  The crude incidence rates of plant dermatitis increased approximately 27% from 2010 to the peak annual incidence rate in 2017. […] Military members, particularly those in ground combat units, should be informed of the risks associated with exposures to toxic plants and personal protective measures.

• #18 Poison Ivy Dermatitis Treatment Patterns and Utilization: A Retrospective Claims-based Analysis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9391006/

  This study revealed that oral corticosteroids were prescribed to treat TD at the initial visit for less than half of visits. Most prescriptions were for durations of less than two weeks, which is shorter than the recommended treatment duration reported in the literature. […] Treatment in an ED was predictive of return visits within 28 days when compared to other clinician groups, except for dermatologists in the multivariable model. […] This study was the first to identify treatment patterns for toxicodendron dermatitis for those treated in the ED as well as explore the association between duration of treatment and healthcare utilization outcomes such as return visits.

• #19 Poison ivy, oak, and sumac: Who gets a rash, and is it contagious?

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/itchy-skin/poison-ivy-oak-and-sumac

  So many people develop a rash from poison ivy, oak, or sumac that its important to avoid areas where these plants grow. […] Because most people are allergic to this oil, just about everyone who comes into contact with it develops a rash. […] The more exposure you have to these plants, the more severe your allergic reaction tends to be. […] Anyone can have an allergic reaction to one of these plants, even a baby. […] The rash looks the same in children and adults. […] Yes. These plants are poisonous year-round. Touching any part of these plants, including the roots, can cause a rash, even during the winter. […] The rash isnt contagious. If someone has a rash, touching that rash wont cause a rash on your skin. You can develop a rash, if you touch the persons skin or clothing while oil from one of these plants is still on it. […] Yes, the oil that causes this rash can stick to just about anything, including fur. […] If your pet has brushed up against one of these plants, you can get the oil that causes the rash on your skin when you touch your pet. This could lead to a rash.

• #20 Poisonous Plants and Work | Outdoor | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/outdoor-workers/about/poisonous-plants.html

  Employers can protect their workers from poisonous plants by training them about their risk of exposure to poisonous plants, how to identify poisonous plants, how to prevent exposure to poisonous plants, and what they should do if they are exposed to poisonous plants. […] Employers should prevent workers from being exposed to burning poisonous plants whenever possible. When exposure to burning poisonous plants is unavoidable, employers should provide workers with a NIOSH-certified half-face piece particulate respirator.

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