Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Prediction Models for Tinnitus Presence and the Impact of Tinnitus on Daily Life: A Systematic Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9861218/

  The presence of tinnitus does not necessarily imply associated suffering. […] Prediction models on the impact of tinnitus on daily life could aid medical professionals to direct specific medical resources to those (groups of) tinnitus patients with specific levels of impact. […] Models of tinnitus presence could possibly identify risk factors for tinnitus. […] Adequate prediction of the experience of tinnitus or the impact of tinnitus on daily life could be beneficial for preventive or therapeutic purposes. […] In prognostic model development, it is advised that one should search, review, critically appraise and externally validate already existing prediction models before one starts to develop a new prediction model. […] We identified 21 different studies with a total of 31 models. Of these 31 models, five reported on tinnitus presence and 26 on the impact of tinnitus on daily life.

• #2 Prediction Models for Tinnitus Presence and the Impact of Tinnitus on Daily Life: A Systematic Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/2/695

  The presence of tinnitus does not necessarily imply associated suffering. Prediction models on the impact of tinnitus on daily life could aid medical professionals to direct specific medical resources to those (groups of) tinnitus patients with specific levels of impact. […] Adequate prediction of the experience of tinnitus or the impact of tinnitus on daily life could be beneficial for preventive or therapeutic purposes. Prediction models on the impact of tinnitus on daily life could aid medical professionals to direct specific medical resources to those (groups of) tinnitus patients with specific levels of impact. Models on tinnitus presence could possibly identify risk factors for tinnitus. […] Despite the high number of developed models, the quality of prognostic modelling in tinnitus research is low. To date, regrettably, no models have been validated.

• #3 The Characteristic and Short-Term Prognosis of Tinnitus Associated with Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5971248/

  Tinnitus is believed to result from the maladaptive plasticity of the auditory nervous system; reports regarding its severity and prognosis are conflicting. […] According to our statistical analysis, the degree of handicap due to tinnitus was not related to sex, age, or level of hearing loss; the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory indicated that the low-frequency-audiogram group had a low tinnitus handicap (F = 7.516, P = 0.000). Furthermore, we found that the prognosis of tinnitus was not related to the type of audiogram or level of hearing loss. Recovery from a severe level of hearing loss was, however, found to be associated with a poor tinnitus prognosis (F = 5.203, P = 0.006). […] The prognosis of tinnitus was compared in terms of audiogram result, hearing loss level, hearing prognosis, and THI score. There was no significant difference in tinnitus prognosis among the different audiogram types (F = 1.640, P = 0.181). However, there was a significant difference among the different hearing prognoses (F = 5.203, P = 0.006). Patients of the no effective group had a poor tinnitus prognosis compared to the cure group and effective group (Table 4).

• #4 The Characteristic and Short-Term Prognosis of Tinnitus Associated with Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5971248/

  Our research has demonstrated that an improvement in tinnitus is associated with the amelioration or cure of SSNHL. There was a significant correlation between tinnitus improvement and hearing recovery after treatment for SSNHL, whereas there was no relation between the degree of hearing loss and the prognosis of tinnitus. […] The results of the present study suggest that the association between tinnitus and SSNHL is extremely high. Tinnitus associated with SSNHL has a negative impact on patients’ quality of life. The tinnitus was less severe in the low-frequency-audiogram group compared with other types. Tinnitus can be ameliorated by the treatment of SSNHL. Maladaptive plasticity plays an important role in the mechanism of tinnitus. However, the present research reports the short-term prognosis of tinnitus as associated with SSNHL; the longer-term prognosis requires further analysis to assess the neural plasticity of the cochlea and the brain.

• #5 Prediction Models for Tinnitus Presence and the Impact of Tinnitus on Daily Life: A Systematic Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9861218/

  For models of tinnitus presence, the most common predictors were age, gender and smoking. For models in which the impact of tinnitus of daily life was predicted, scores of depression-associated questionnaires and anxiety-associated questionnaires were the most common. […] Despite the high number of developed models, the quality of prognostic modelling in tinnitus research is low. […] To date, regrettably, no models have been validated. […] This makes it difficult for clinicians and researchers to further develop and use the models. […] This review might serve as a base for future research groups to critically assess which predictor candidates or predictors they should use, to improve prediction models performance and their application in clinical practice. […] The focus could then be shifted towards model validation, rather than more model development studies. […] Better reporting of methods, collaboration between research groups and disciplines could aid future prediction model development.

• #6 Tinnitus risk factors and its evolution over time | Nature Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-59445-3

  Our findings show that higher scores on the questionnaire were associated with a larger odds ratio of developing severe tinnitus in the future. […] Overall, this tool represents an easy-to-use prognostic resource for identifying patients unlikely to habituate to tinnitus. […] Our results indicate that tinnitus presence is mainly predicted by hearing health. […] Our results show that tinnitus severity is predicted mainly by: mood (anxiety, depression), neuroticism (i.e., personality trait characterized by a tendency to respond with negative emotions to threat, frustration, or loss), sleep, and life stressors. […] The presence model did not predict the evolution of tinnitus over time, while the severity model provided an estimation of its progression over nine years, with a large effect size for individuals who develop severe tinnitus.

• #7 Predicting a Positive Outcome in Tinnitus | Research Review

  https://www.physiotutors.com/research/predicting-a-positive-outcome-in-tinnitus/

  Factors predicting a positive outcome in tinnitus severity include younger age, being female, and having a shorter duration of the tinnitus complaints. […] Considering tinnitus annoyance, the factors predicting a clinically significant outcome are a shorter duration of the complaints and a higher initial TQ score. These factors could correctly predict the outcome of the TQ and TFI in 68.5% and 68.1% of patients, respectively. […] It seems that the duration of the tinnitus complaints and the score on the somatic subscale of the TQ were predictive for obtaining a clinically relevant improvement on the TQ. A shorter duration of the complaints and a higher initial score on this subscale of the TQ were predictive and this model could correctly predict the outcome of the TQ in 68.5% of the individuals. […] Considering the TFI, age, gender, and the duration of tinnitus were identified as factors predicting a positive outcome in tinnitus. A younger age, a shorter duration of the tinnitus complaints, and being female could predict a clinically significant decrease in the TFI in 68.1%.

• #8 High-frequency hearing, tinnitus and patient satisfaction with stapedotomy: A randomized prospective study | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/srep13341

  These findings have practical importance for patients and their surgeons. Young patients can be advised that surgery is likely to be beneficial for their tinnitus, but a less positive message should be conveyed to older patients. […] Our data shows that high-frequency hearing declines after stapes surgery, that young subjects have a high probability of improvement in tinnitus, but older patients and those with more pronounced loss of high-frequency hearing have a higher risk of worsening tinnitus. […] These findings have practical consequences for otosclerosis patients and their surgeons. Young patients can be advised that surgery is likely to improve their tinnitus, but a less positive message should be conveyed to older patients with a similar problem. […] Although age has significant influence on the chance of tinnitus improvement, age does not influence the gain in hearing thresholds seen after the operation. Thus, patients of all ages can expect meaningful improvement of hearing thresholds.

• #9 Transcranial magnetic stimulation for tinnitus: using the Tinnitus Functional Index to predict benefit in a randomized controlled trial | Trials | Full Text

  https://trialsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13063-017-1807-9

  Identifying characteristics associated with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) benefit would offer insight as to why some individuals experience tinnitus relief following TMS treatment, whereas others do not. […] The primary outcome measure was the TFI which yields a total score and eight individual subscale scores. […] Baseline total TFI score and three of the eight TFI subscales were useful in differentiating between responders and nonresponders to TMS intervention for tinnitus. […] Overall, the main factor associated with TMS benefit was a higher tinnitus severity score for responders at baseline. […] Large-scale prospective research using systematic approaches is needed to identify and describe additional factors associated with tinnitus benefit following TMS. […] In general, responders had higher overall tinnitus severity scores at baseline compared to nonresponders.

• #10 Transcranial magnetic stimulation for tinnitus: using the Tinnitus Functional Index to predict benefit in a randomized controlled trial | Trials | Full Text

  https://trialsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13063-017-1807-9

  A higher baseline severity score among treatment responders is consistent with the findings of Lehner et al. […] The TFI is highly correlated with the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory, but for the purposes of identifying factors associated with treatment responsiveness, it is imperative to use an instrument developed and designed to specifically address this psychometric property. […] The Auditory TFI subscale showed significant differences between responders and nonresponders at baseline and assesses perceptual difficulties individuals attribute to be related to tinnitus. […] The TFI Emotional subscale also exhibited meaningful differences between responders and nonresponders at baseline. […] Findings from the current substudy, along with results from Lehner et al., suggest that the degree of tinnitus severity at baseline is associated with TMS treatment responsiveness.

• #11

  https://journals.lww.com/otology-neurotology/fulltext/2022/07000/prognostic_factors_influencing_the_tinnitus.7.aspx

  Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the factors that influence tinnitus improvement after idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSNHL) treatment. […] Audiogram configuration, tinnitus pitch, and THI scores before intervention appear to be predictive of the effectiveness of acute tinnitus improvement following ISSNHL treatment. […] The audiometric configuration, tinnitus pitch and THI score were found to be independent factors associated with tinnitus improvement. […] This research demonstrates that certain factors are prognostic for improvement in tinnitus following treatment for ISSNHL. […] According to this study, audiogram configurations, tinnitus pitch and THI scores prior to treatment were significant prognostic factors for the improvement of tinnitus after treatment for hearing loss.

• #12 Prediction Models for Tinnitus Presence and the Impact of Tinnitus on Daily Life: A Systematic Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/2/695

  The focus could then be shifted towards model validation, rather than more model development studies. […] We identified 21 different studies, which report a total of 31 models on either the presence or the impact of tinnitus on daily life. All included models were in the development stage. The reporting of the models was found to be poor and the risk of bias high. No studies regarding model validation or risk assessment were found. Knowing the impact prediction models can have on clinical decision making as well as on directing future research and policy making, we need to improve the quality of our prediction research.

• #13 Tinnitus risk factors and its evolution over time | Nature Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-59445-3

  Subjective tinnitus is an auditory percept unrelated to external sounds, for which the limited understanding of its risk factors complicates the prevention and management. […] The severity model accurately predicts tinnitus progression over nine years, with a large effect size for individuals developing severe tinnitus (Cohens d=1.3, ROC=0.78). […] The adjusted presence risk score did not predict the evolution of tinnitus at the follow-up visit, as evidenced by the Cohens d (all0.40) and AUC-ROC levels (AUC0.58, Fig. 1F, G). […] This suggests that the evolution of tinnitus presence is difficult to predict based on general health, sociodemographic, or environmental factors. […] The adjusted severity risk score predicted the evolution of tinnitus at the follow-up visit, as seen in the evolution plot (Fig. 2F), the Cohens d and AUC-ROC levels (AUC=0.62 for an evolution from severely distressing to no distress, and AUC=0.81 for an evolution from no distress to severely distressing, Fig. 2G).

• #14 Pre-Treatment Objective Diagnosis and Post-Treatment Outcome Evaluation in Patients with Vascular Pulsatile Tinnitus Using Transcanal Recording and Spectro-Temporal Analysis | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0157722

  Although vascular pulsatile tinnitus (VPT) has been classified as objective, VPT is not easily recognizable or documentable in most cases. […] We reconfirmed that the TSR/STA method is an effective modality to objectify VPT. In addition, the potential role of the TSR/STA method in the objective evaluation of treatment outcomes in patients with VPT was proven. […] Using the current methodology, we were able to objectively demonstrate post-treatment changes with regard to the spectral and temporal characteristics of the recorded signal. […] These results confirmed, in an objective way, the successful control of VPT after treatment and were used for post-treatment patient consultation. […] Taken together, we further demonstrated that the TSR/STA method is an effective modality to objectify VPT. Additionally, the potential role of the TSR/STA method in the objective evaluation of treatment outcomes in patients with VPT was shown by comparing the pre- and post-treatment ear canal signals.

• #15 Tinnitus treatment: an experimental study | The Egyptian Journal of Otolaryngology | Full Text

  https://ejo.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43163-024-00590-9

  The objective of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of the selected tinnitus management protocols for the experimental groups, based on the scores obtained for psychosocial variables, quality of life and severity of tinnitus between the four experimental groups following the various treatment protocols. […] The patients without tinnitus had significantly better quality of life in comparison to the patients with tinnitus. […] It appears that an integrated package of intervention (masking+counselling+attention diversion task) might be preferable for providing immediate tinnitus relief by masking through reducing tinnitus loudness and pitch by altering neuroplasticity (tonotopicity); in the long term, it reduces tinnitus impact through positive thinking by counselling treatment and also diverts attention to daily activity through attention training.

• #16 Tinnitus treatment: an experimental study | The Egyptian Journal of Otolaryngology | Full Text

  https://ejo.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43163-024-00590-9

  The differences in outcomes suggest that masking+counselling+attention diversion task might be preferable for providing immediate tinnitus relief by masking through reducing tinnitus loudness and pitch by altering neuroplasticity (tonotopicity); in the long term, it reduces tinnitus impact through positive thinking by counselling treatment and also diverts attention to daily activity through attention training.

• #17 Tinnitus treatment: an experimental study | The Egyptian Journal of Otolaryngology | Full Text

  https://ejo.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43163-024-00590-9

  Tinnitus affected the quality of life of 0.53% of the population, and assessing the effect of tinnitus on an individual’s quality of life depends on a variety of factors. […] Development of chronic tinnitus with high psychological distress may be prevented by early psychosocial intervention as reported by Langenbach, Olderog, Michel, Albus and Khle. […] The aim of the present study is to compare the effectiveness of tinnitus management protocols with respect to masking, counselling and attention diversion in adults having tinnitus with sensorineural hearing loss. […] The results indicate that there was a significant difference between the control and experimental groups in terms of QoL. […] Overall results indicate that there was a significant difference between the pre and post therapeutic condition through tinnitus masking, tinnitus counselling and masking+counselling+attention diversion task.

• #18 Transcranial magnetic stimulation for tinnitus: using the Tinnitus Functional Index to predict benefit in a randomized controlled trial | Trials | Full Text

  https://trialsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13063-017-1807-9

  This substudy used the TFI to identify patient factors associated with responsiveness to TMS for tinnitus. […] Conducting these future studies is essential to maximize the efficacy of TMS for tinnitus and to determine if certain characteristics or factors would identify certain individuals as ideal candidates for responding to TMS for tinnitus.

• #19 Aberrant Auditory Prediction Patterns Robustly Characterize Tinnitus

  https://elifesciences.org/reviewed-preprints/99757v2

  Phantom perceptions like tinnitus occur without any identifiable environmental or bodily source. The mechanisms and key drivers behind tinnitus are poorly understood. The dominant framework, suggesting that tinnitus results from neural hyperactivity in the auditory pathway following hearing damage, has been difficult to investigate in humans and has reached explanatory limits. As a result, researchers have tried to explain perceptual and potential neural aberrations in tinnitus within a more parsimonious predictive-coding framework. […] Despite some changes in the details of the paradigm, both studies equivalently reveal a group difference in neural representation, based on multivariate pattern analysis, of upcoming stimuli before their onset. These data strongly suggest that individuals with tinnitus engage anticipatory auditory predictions differently to controls. While the observation of different predictive processes is robust and replicable, the precise neurocognitive mechanism underlying it calls for further, ideally longitudinal, studies to establish its role as a potential contributor to, and/or consequence of, tinnitus.

• #20 Aberrant Auditory Prediction Patterns Robustly Characterize Tinnitus

  https://elifesciences.org/reviewed-preprints/99757v2

  A major limitation of this Study 1 was the insufficient control for hearing loss as a potential confound of the results. Audiometric thresholds were not assessed consistently for all control participants and hence hearing status was not matched between individuals with and without tinnitus. This motivated the implementation of a second study, aiming for an overall, rigorous matching of age, sex, and – most importantly – hearing loss. […] By showing that the key effect remains robust in another study as well and despite some important changes in the paradigm, it provides robust evidence for a role of altered predictive processing in understanding tinnitus. […] We concluded that the core pre-stimulus predictive processing effect is caused by a below-chance decoding accuracy in the non-tinnitus group. This indicates that our original notion of a more generally enhanced prediction score in tinnitus individuals is likely too simplistic.

• #21 Tinnitus and cardiovascular disease: the population-based Tromsø Study (2015–2016) | BMJ Public Health

  https://bmjpublichealth.bmj.com/content/2/2/e000621

  Analyses of the complete sample (n=17288, 51.2% women), in fully adjusted models, revealed non-significant and very weak associations between tinnitus status and all three cardiovascular outcomes (prevalence ratios (PRs): 1.04-1.11), while for tinnitus symptom intensity, we found significant positive associations between low-intensity tinnitus and hypertension (PR: 1.08, 95% CI: (1.01 to 1.16) and myocardial infarction (PR: 1.39, 95% CI: 1.07 to 1.81). […] Results from the present study indicate that there is a weak association between tinnitus and cardiovascular disease and that tinnitus should be taken seriously even at low intensities. […] In a general adult population sample, we found weak positive associations between tinnitus and the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (hypertension, myocardial infarction and stroke). Associations were strongest for tinnitus with low symptom intensity. […] Our results indicate that individuals with tinnitus who seek healthcare should be examined for cardiovascular comorbidity.

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