Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Syringomyelia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537110/

  Syringomyelia develops due to a disturbance in CSF flow dynamics, often resulting from spinal subarachnoid space obstruction in most cases. […] Cranio-cervical anomalies: These include CM-1 and basilar impression. CM-1 represents the most frequent cause, with syringo-hydromyelia reported in 23% to 80% of CM-1 patients according to current literature. […] Other causes: These include tumors, trauma leading to dorsal arachnoidal webs, arachnoiditis, meningitis, postoperative scarring, and dysraphism. […] Intradural Pathologies Obstructing the CSF Flow: Tonsils occupying the foramen magnum and overlying foramen of Magendie, medialized tonsils, tonsillar gliosis, and tonsillar hypertrophy. […] The prevalence of CM-1 ranges from 3 to 8 per 100,000 individuals, with syringomyelia diagnosed in 65% of CM-1 patients.

• #1 Syringomyelia > Treatment, symptoms, therapy, surgery

  https://avicenna-klinik.com/en/spine-symptoms-disorders/syringomyelia/

  Syringomyelia, the formation of a so-called syrinx, is a rare disorder. The causes of syringomyelia are extremely diverse. Basically, a distinction must be made between congenital and acquired syringomyelia. In studies, it is mostly assumed that congenital syringomyelia is responsible for 55 – 70% of all cases and therefore occurs significantly more frequently than acquired syringomyelia. […] The congenital form of syringomyelia is usually due to a malformation of the spine or skull abnormalities. A frequent cause is, for example, the Chiari malformation. […] The causes of the acquired form of syringomyelia vary: For example, an accident can be a determining factor: about five percent of all patients with an injury to the spinal cord due to an accident develop syringomyelia in the following years. […] Syringomyelia can also develop after treatment by spinal cord surgery.

• #1 What is syringomyelia? – Bobby Jones CSF

  https://bobbyjonescsf.org/chiari/syringomyelia/

  Syringomyelia occurs when a cavity, sometimes called a syrinx, is formed inside the spinal cord. The syrinx is caused by a build-up of fluid, resulting from a blockage. […] That blockage can either be from a Chiari malformation, a spinal trauma, a tumor, or some other cause. Syringomyelia can sometimes be called something different, depending on the person these other names may include hydromyelia, syringohydromyelia or spinal cord cyst. […] Syringomyelia is treated based on its etiology, or the underlying cause of the syrinx. Different causes of syringomyelia include: Chiari I malformation, Spina bifida (related to Chiari II malformation), Tethered cord (a.k.a., spina bifida occulta), Arachnoiditis (a.k.a., spinal inflammation), Spinal trauma, Spinal cord tumor, Idiopathic unknown cause. […] Prognosis is largely dependent on the cause of the syrinx.

• #1 Syringomyelia | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/syringomyelia

  Syringomyelia has several possible causes. Many cases are associated with a Chiari malformation. This is a condition in which brain tissue pushes into the spinal canal. […] Other causes of syringomyelia include spinal cord tumors, spinal cord injuries and damage caused by swelling around the spinal cord. […] Several conditions and diseases can lead to syringomyelia, including: Chiari malformation, a condition in which brain tissue pushes into the spinal canal and blocks the regular flow of cerebrospinal fluid. Meningitis, which is swelling of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Spinal cord tumor, which can interfere with the regular flow of cerebrospinal fluid. Conditions present at birth, such as a tethered spinal cord. A tethered spinal cord is a condition caused when tissue attached to the spinal cord limits its movement. Spinal cord injury, which can cause symptoms months or years later.

• #1 Syringomyelia: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1151685-overview

  Etiology of syringomyelia often is associated with craniovertebral junction abnormalities. […] Bony abnormalities include the following: Small posterior fossa, Platybasia and basilar invagination, Assimilation of the atlas. […] Soft-tissue masses of abnormal nature include the following: Tumors (eg, meningioma at foramen magnum), Inflammatory masses. […] Neural tissue abnormalities include the following: Cerebellar tonsils and vermis herniation, Chiari malformation. […] Membranous abnormalities include the following: Arachnoid cysts, rhombic roof, or vascularized membranes, Posthemorrhagic or postinflammatory membranes. […] Other etiologies not associated with craniovertebral abnormalities may include the following: Arachnoid scarring related to spinal trauma, Arachnoid scarring related to meningeal inflammation, Arachnoid scarring related to surgical trauma, Subarachnoid space stenosis due to spinal neoplasm or vascular malformation, Subarachnoid space stenosis, with possible scarring, related to disk and osteophytic disease, Idiopathic.

• #1 Syringomyelia – Human Health Project

  https://humanhealthproject.org/mental-health/syringomyelia/

  Syringomyelia is a fluid collection in the spinal cord and is also known as hydromyelia or syrinx. […] There are many causes of this such as: Hydrocephalus (build-up of fluid in the cavities deep within the brain), Chiari Malformation (a condition in which brain tissue extends into the spinal canal), Trauma, Tethered spinal cord (tissue attachments that limit the movement of the spinal cord within the spinal column), Tumor, Arachnoiditis (a progressive inflammatory disorder that affects the arachnoid or middle membrane that surrounds the brain and spinal cord), and a very large number without any clear cause (idiopathic). […] The fluid that is collected is similar to spinal fluid.

• #1 Syringomyelia: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/ochspine/syringomyelia

  Syringomyelia is a neurological condition where a cyst, or syrinx, develops within the spinal cord. […] Its often unclear why and how syringomyelia happens, but some theories propose that a blockage of cerebrospinal fluid is a likely cause. The two main syringomyelia causes are congenital (present at birth) and acquired. […] Congenital syringomyelia is present at birth and is most commonly caused by birth defects like Chiari malformation type 1. […] Acquired syringomyelia refers to cases in which the condition develops later in life, or is triggered by an injury to the spinal cord. […] Causes of acquired syringomyelia include spinal cord injuries, meningitis, arachnoiditis, spinal cord tumor, and tethered cord syndrome. […] Syringomyelia can be caused by medical conditions present at birth, like Chiari malformations or tethered spinal cord.

• #1

  https://www.orthobullets.com/spine/2011/syrinx-and-syringomyelia

  prevalence of the disease is about 8.4 cases per 100,000 people […] usually result from lesions that partially obstruct CSF flow including […] more than 50% related to Chiari malformations (CM) […] found in 4-10% of patients with spinal cord injury […] 30% of patients with a spinal cord tumor develop a syrinx […] due to scarring from arachnoiditis […] 25% to 80% of cases of syringomyelia may have scoliosis […] multiple authors report resolution or improvement in syrinx size and neurologic deficits.

• #1 Syringomyelia | Handouts | MedLink Neurology

  https://www.medlink.com/handouts/syringomyelia

  Syringomyelia may have several possible causes, but most cases are associated with Chiari malformationan abnormal condition in which brain tissue extends through the hole at the bottom of the skull (foramen magnum) and into the spinal canal, obstructing the flow of CSF. […] Syringomyelia may also be caused by spinal cord injuries, spinal cord tumors, and damage caused by inflammation in around the spinal cord. […] In some cases, the cause is unknown (idiopathic). […] Congenital syringomyelia (also known as communicating syringomyelia) is most often caused by a Chiari malformation and resulting syrinx, usually in the spine’s cervical (neck) region. […] Acquired syringomyelia (also known as primary spinal syringomyelia or noncommunicating syringomyelia) can be caused by: Spinal cord injury, Meningitis (an inflammation of brain and spinal cord membranes usually caused by an infection), Arachnoiditis, Tethered cord syndrome (a condition present at birth that causes the spinal cord to abnormally attach to the tissues in the lower spine, limiting its movement), Spinal cord tumor.

• #1 Syringomyelia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syringomyelia

  The second major form of syringomyelia occurs as a complication of trauma, meningitis, hemorrhage, a tumor, or arachnoiditis. Here, the syrinx or cyst develops in a segment of the spinal cord damaged by one of these conditions. The syrinx then starts to expand. […] The precise causes of syringomyelia are still unknown, although blockage of the flow of cerebrospinal fluid has been known to be an important factor since the 1970s. Scientists in the UK and US continue to explore the mechanisms that lead to the formation of syrinxes in the spinal cord. It has been demonstrated that a block of the free flow of cerebrospinal fluid is a contributing factor in the pathogenesis of the disease.

• #1

  https://www.beaumont.org/conditions/syringomyelia

  Syringomyelia can also be known as hydromyelia. CM causes most cases of SM. Up to 50 percent of CM patients also develop SM. CM can block the normal flow of CSF, which forces the fluid into the spinal cord, creating the fluid filled syrinx. […] Birth defects, tumors, injuries, infections or past surgeries are the most common causes of these diseases of the spine. Past spine surgery can cause SM due to the growth of too much scar tissue. There also is a small chance that SM can be caused by placing a foreign liquid in the spinal canal.

• #1 Pediatric Syringomyelia | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/pediatric-syringomyelia/

  Syringomyelia may be congenital or acquired: […] The most common etiology of syringomyelia in both adult and pediatric patients is Chiari I malformation, representing 48-50% of adult cases and 43.2% of pediatric cases. […] In pediatric populations with syrinx, the next most associated conditions are idiopathic (30.6%), spinal dysraphism (7.4%), tumor (5.5%), and tethered cord (4.8%). […] Familial cases of both autosomal dominant and recessive inheritance patterns have been reported and are felt to be due to gene abnormalities in spinal cord development. […] The pathophysiology of syringomyelia is not completely understood. Several theories have emerged over time, most of which focus on altered cerebrospinal fluid flow dynamics. […] Other than CSF flow dynamics, an additional potential mechanism for syrinx formation is intramedullary tissue damage from hemorrhage and infarction in the cases of trauma, spinal cord tumors, and tethered cord. […] In syringomyelia due to spinal cord tumors, tumor syringes have been found to have an elevated protein concentration compared to normal CSF and syrinx fluid associated with other etiologies, suggesting a possible unique mechanism related to the secretory ability of the tumor itself.

• #1 Syringomyelia | Our Offices are in Dallas, Plano & Frisco, TX

  https://scoliosisinstitute.com/syringomyelia/

  Chiari Malformation: This is the most frequent cause of syringomyelia, particularly the communicating type. In Chiari malformation, part of the brain tissue protrudes through the skull’s base into the spinal canal. This can obstruct the flow of CSF, the fluid that surrounds and cushions the brain and spinal cord. The disrupted CSF flow can then put pressure on the spinal cord and potentially contribute to syrinx formation. […] In a significant portion of syringomyelia cases, doctors cannot identify a cause. These are termed idiopathic syringomyelia. Researchers believe that unidentified genetic or environmental factors are associated with these cases. […] The specific cause of syringomyelia can influence the location and size of the syrinx. For example, syrinxes associated with Chiari malformation are typically located in the lower cervical (neck) region of the spinal cord.

• #1 Idiopathic syringomyelia: retrospective case series, comprehensive review, and update on management in: Neurosurgical Focus Volume 31 Issue 6 (2011) Journals

  https://thejns.org/focus/view/journals/neurosurg-focus/31/6/2011.9.focus11198.xml

  A syrinx is a fluid-filled cavity within the spinal cord that can be an incidental finding or it can be accompanied by symptoms of pain and temperature insensitivity. […] Although it is most commonly associated with Chiari malformation Type I, the advancement of imaging techniques has resulted in more incidental idiopathic syringes that are not associated with Chiari, tumor, trauma, or postinfectious causes. […] Review of the literature suggests that an etiology-driven approach is essential in the diagnosis and management of syringomyelia, although conservative management suffices for most cases. […] The precise etiology for idiopathic syringomyelia (IS) is still unclear, although conceptual advances have been made toward the overall understanding of the pathophysiology of IS. […] Various theories include the cerebellar piston theory, intramedullary pulse pressure theory, and increased spinal subarachnoid pressure.

• #1 Syringomyelia Treatment and Causes| Institut Chiari de Barcelona

  https://institutchiaribcn.com/en/diseases-we-treat/syringomyelia/

  Idiopathic Syringomyelia is a fluid-filled intramedullary cyst. The cause of its formation is unknown. […] Secondary Syringomyelia is an intramedullary cyst filled with interstitial fluid or serum, the cause of which is tumorous, traumatic, infectious or other. Its cause could produce a necrosis of the spinal cord parenchyma, exerting an invasive effect by compression, traction or a combination of the 3 mechanisms. […] The Cord Traction Theory according to the Filum Filum System: Dr. Miguel B. Royo-Salvador’s theory considers the syringomyelic cavitation as the result of nervous tissue necrosis, caused by the ischemia-oedema produced by the traction from an overly tense film terminale (not detectable on imaging). […] Dr. Royo-Salvador, with his research and doctoral thesis (1992), proved the theory that considers several diseases of unknown cause (Arnold-Chiari Syndrome Type I, idiopathic Syringomyelia, idiopathic Scoliosis, platybasia, basilar invagination, odontoid retroflexion, brain stem kinking, and others) as part of a new disease concept (the Filum Disease) and that they share a common cause (spinal cord and entire nervous system traction).

• #1 Syringomyelia | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/syringomyelia/

  There are two major types of syringomyelia: congenital or acquired. Most cases of congenital syringomyelia are associated with neurologic conditions, such as Chiari malformations, myelomeningocele, or tethered cord; however, idiopathic and rare familial cases are described. Acquired syringomyelia can be secondary to spinal cord injury, arachnoiditis, inflammatory or infectious conditions, or neoplasms. […] The pathophysiology of syringomyelia is not entirely understood. The majority of pathophysiological theories are described using Chiari I malformation as a cause of syringomyelia. It was historically believed that syrinx formation was the result of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) being driven into the parenchyma of the spinal cord through persistent connections with the 4th ventricle or perivascular channels. Chiari I malformations affect the flow of CSF through the foramen magnum, resulting in altered fluid dynamics. Recent studies and theories, however, support the idea that the accumulations are at least partially due to impaired venous compliance, leading to a build-up of extracellular fluid. […] Syringomyelia is most often associated with Chiari I malformations and posttraumatic causes. Less common etiologies include postinfectious and postinflammatory causes. Case reports of familial causes exist, but there are no clear environmental links to syringomyelia at this time.

• #1 Syringomyelia: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options • Yesil Health

  https://yesilhealth.com/your-health/syringomyelia-causes-symptoms-diagnosis-and-treatment-options/

  Syringomyelia is a rare and complex neurological disorder that affects the spinal cord. […] The exact cause of syringomyelia is still not fully understood, but its often associated with other conditions, such as Chiari malformation, which is a congenital condition where the cerebellum protrudes into the spinal canal. Other possible causes include spinal cord injuries, tumors, and inflammation. In some cases, syringomyelia can be inherited, and its more common in certain breeds of dogs, such as Cavalier King Charles Spaniels. […] While the exact causes of syringomyelia are still not fully understood, research has identified several risk factors and potential triggers that can contribute to its development. […] One of the primary risk factors for syringomyelia is a genetic predisposition. Chiari malformation, a condition where the cerebellum protrudes into the spinal canal, is a common underlying factor in many cases of syringomyelia. In fact, studies suggest that up to 80% of people with syringomyelia also have Chiari malformation.

• #1 Syringomyelia: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001398.htm

  Syringomyelia is a cyst-like collection of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that forms in the spinal cord. Over time, it may damage the spinal cord. […] The fluid-filled cyst is called a syrinx. The spinal fluid buildup may be caused by: Birth defects (especially Chiari malformation, in which part of the brain pushes down onto the spinal cord at the base of the skull), Spinal cord trauma, Tumors of the spinal cord. […] Onset of syringomyelia is usually between 25 to 40 years old. Males are more affected than females. […] There is no known way to prevent this condition, other than avoiding injuries to the spinal cord. Getting treated right away slows the worsening due to this disorder.

• #1 Syringomyelia Treatment and Causes| Institut Chiari de Barcelona

  https://institutchiaribcn.com/en/diseases-we-treat/syringomyelia/

  The most influential risk factors for the development of Idiopathic Syringomyelia are the following: Family history: The caudal traction of the entire nervous system produced by an excessively tense Filum terminale, which we define as Filum Disease, can cause a mechanism of lack of blood flow in the spinal cord and can further develop into necrosis of the nervous tissue and the consequent intramedullary cysts. […] A sudden increase of the cord traction: It has been observed that the spinal cord traction can increase after an accident, fall or trauma to the spine with a spinal cord that is already congenitally suffering from the Filum Disease. […] The conventionally accepted treatment for Idiopathic Syringomyelia is neurosurgical. […] Since 1993, however, with the publication of Dr Royo-Salvador’s doctoral thesis, which links the caudal traction of the entire nervous system due to the filum terminale to being the cause of the syringomyelic cavitation among other diseases -, a new treatment has been designed. It is in this case etiological (cause-related) since the caudal cord traction force responsible for the pathological mechanism is eliminated by surgically sectioning the filum terminale. […] 1. Eliminates the cause of Idiopathic Syringomyelia and several associated conditions (Arnold-Chiari Syndrome Type I, Scoliosis, Platybasia, Basilar invagination, odontoid retroflexion, brain stem kinking and possibly nocturnal enuresis).

• #1 Syringomyelia: Head and Neck Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment Guide – The Kingsley Clinic

  https://thekingsleyclinic.com/resources/syringomyelia-head-and-neck-symptoms-causes-and-treatment-guide/

  Syringomyelia is a rare condition, affecting approximately 8.4 out of every 100,000 people. […] It is more common in individuals with spinal trauma, congenital abnormalities such as Chiari malformation, or spinal cord tumors. […] Several medical conditions are associated with an increased risk of syringomyelia. Chiari malformation, a structural defect in the brain that causes part of the cerebellum to extend into the spinal canal, is one of the most common. […] Genetics can also play a role in the development of syringomyelia. Some individuals may be born with congenital abnormalities, such as Chiari malformation, that predispose them to the condition. […] Age is another important factor. While syringomyelia can occur at any age, it is most commonly diagnosed in adults between the ages of 25 and 40. […] In summary, while some risk factors for syringomyelia, such as genetics and congenital abnormalities, cannot be controlled, lifestyle modifications and early intervention for spinal injuries can help reduce the risk of developing or worsening the condition.

• #1 Syringomyelia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537110/

  Approximately 22.7% of patients with syringomyelia are asymptomatic. […] The natural history of CM-1 with syringomyelia is usually benign, as only a small fraction of patients treated non-surgically eventually require surgery. […] The prognosis hinges on factors such as the underlying cause, the extent of neurological impairment, the location and size of the syrinx cavity, and a syrinx diameter exceeding 5 mm, along with associated edema, which often predicts rapid deterioration.

• #1 Idiopathic syringomyelia: retrospective case series, comprehensive review, and update on management in: Neurosurgical Focus Volume 31 Issue 6 (2011) Journals

  https://thejns.org/focus/view/journals/neurosurg-focus/31/6/2011.9.focus11198.xml

  The management strategies outlined above should only be reserved for clearly symptomatic patients with progression on serial examinations. […] In cases in which the etiology is clearly evident such as a tight cisterna magna or small posterior fossa, craniocervical decompression is the best option for restoring CSF flow dynamics. […] Idiopathic syringomyelia is a pathological entity in which no overt etiology is evident for a syrinx; numerous cases of IS are now attributed to CSF flow abnormalities.

• #1 Syringomyelia | Conditions | UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospitals

  https://www.ucsfbenioffchildrens.org/conditions/syringomyelia

  Most of the time, syringomyelia is caused by Chiari malformations, which is a birth defect of the back and lower part of the brain. […] Sometimes syringomyelia is caused by hydrocephalus, tethered spinal cord, tumor or other rare causes. […] Large syringomyelia requires surgical treatment. The treatment is directed at the cause of the syrinx, such as Chiari I malformation, or Tethered cord, rather than the syrinx itself.

• #1 Syringomyelia | What is it and How it’s Treated? | Neuroaxis

  https://neuroaxis.com.au/conditions-treated/spine-conditions/syringomyelia/

  Syringomyelia may have several possible causes. In most cases it is associated with a condition called Chiari malformation. This is where brain tissue extends through the hole at the bottom of the skull (foramen magnum) and into the spinal canal, obstructing CSF flow. […] Syringomyelia may also be caused by spinal cord injuries, spinal cord tumours, and damage caused by inflammation around the spinal cord. […] The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) is conducting studies to better understand the role of genetic factors in Chiari I malformation. This is the most common cause of syringomyelia. The research focuses on identifying the gene(s) responsible for the malformation in individuals with a Chiari malformation who also have a family member with either the abnormality or syringomyelia. […] Studies to learn how and when certain birth defects occur is also underway. This is focused on those defects associated with brain malformations that cause syringomyelia during fetal development.

• #2 Syringomyelia: What It Is, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6126-syringomyelia

  Syringomyelia is a condition in which a fluid-filled cyst called a syrinx forms within your spinal cord. […] Scientists dont yet know the exact, underlying reason for the formation of a syrinx. Most theories suggest that the obstruction or disruption of the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is the most likely cause. […] The majority of syringomyelia cases are associated with Chiari malformation type 1, which occurs when the lower part of your cerebellum extends into the hole (the foramen magnum) at the base of your skull. […] Acquired (developed later in life) causes of syringomyelia include spinal cord injuries, spinal cord tumors, inflammation of the arachnoid membrane (arachnoiditis), and meningitis. […] In some cases, syringomyelia can develop without any known cause. This is called idiopathic syringomyelia.

• #2 Syringomyelia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syringomyelia

  Syringomyelia is a generic term referring to a disorder in which a cyst or cavity forms within the spinal cord. Often, syringomyelia is used as a generic term before an etiology is determined. […] Generally, there are two forms of syringomyelia: congenital and acquired. Syringomyelia is generally a chronic disorder that occurs over time, resulting in muscular atrophy. Acquired Syringomyelia can be caused by a serious physical trauma to the body such as in a road traffic accident. Syringomyelia can also be classified into communicating and noncommunicating forms. […] The first major form relates to an abnormality of the brain called an Arnold Chiari malformation or Chiari malformation. This is the most common cause of syringomyelia, where the anatomic abnormality, which may be due to a small posterior fossa, causes the lower part of the cerebellum to protrude from its normal location in the back of the head into the cervical or neck portion of the spinal canal.

• #2 Syringomyelia | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/syringomyelia

  Syringomyelia may have several possible causes, but most cases are associated with Chiari malformationan abnormal condition in which brain tissue extends through the hole at the bottom of the skull (foramen magnum) and into the spinal canal, obstructing the flow of CSF. […] In some cases, the cause is unknown (idiopathic). […] Congenital syringomyelia (or communicating syringomyelia) is most often caused by a Chiari malformation and resulting syrinx, usually in the spine’s cervical (neck) region. […] Acquired syringomyelia (also known as primary spinal syringomyelia or non-communicating syringomyelia) can be caused by spinal cord injury, meningitis (an inflammation of brain and spinal cord membranes usually caused by an infection), arachnoiditis, tethered cord syndrome (a condition present at birth that causes the spinal cord to abnormally attach to the tissues in the lower spine, limiting its movement), or spinal cord tumor.

• #2 What is syringomyelia? – Bobby Jones CSF

  https://bobbyjonescsf.org/chiari/syringomyelia/

  Syringomyelia occurs when a cavity, sometimes called a syrinx, is formed inside the spinal cord. The syrinx is caused by a build-up of fluid, resulting from a blockage. […] That blockage can either be from a Chiari malformation, a spinal trauma, a tumor, or some other cause. Syringomyelia can sometimes be called something different, depending on the person these other names may include hydromyelia, syringohydromyelia or spinal cord cyst. […] Syringomyelia is treated based on its etiology, or the underlying cause of the syrinx. Different causes of syringomyelia include: Chiari I malformation, Spina bifida (related to Chiari II malformation), Tethered cord (a.k.a., spina bifida occulta), Arachnoiditis (a.k.a., spinal inflammation), Spinal trauma, Spinal cord tumor, Idiopathic unknown cause. […] Prognosis is largely dependent on the cause of the syrinx.

• #2 Syringomyelia: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/brain/what-is-syringomyelia

  Syringomyelia is a long-term condition that causes fluid-filled cysts, which doctors call syrinx, to form inside your spinal cord. […] You get this condition when something blocks the normal flow of cerebrospinal fluid, which protects your spinal cord and brain. It enters the central canal of the spinal cord and can cause a cyst to form. […] With syringomyelia, there are two main reasons this fluid can get blocked or rerouted: a birth defect or trauma. […] Congenital syringomyelia, also called communicating syringomyelia, usually happens when theres a problem with the babys brain development during pregnancy. A defect that doctors call a Chiari I malformation causes the lower part of the babys brain to push downward into their spinal canal. This blocks the normal flow of fluid between the spine and the brain, and a cyst forms. […] Acquired syringomyelia, also called primary spinal or noncommunicating syringomyelia, is when a cyst forms in a damaged part of the spinal cord. It may happen when there is: […] Sometimes, it happens for reasons doctors dont understand. They call this idiopathic syringomyelia.

• #2 Syringomyelia: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment and Complications

  https://www.apollohospitals.com/diseases-and-conditions/syringomyelia-symptoms-causes-treatment-complications

  Syringomyelia develops when a fluid-filled cyst forms within the spinal cord. […] There are several causes for syringomyelia, and it is mainly associated with Chiari malformation a protrusion of brain tissue into the spinal canal. Spinal cord injury, spinal cord tumour, and spinal cord damage are other causes of this condition. […] The causes of syringomyelia are unclear. It develops due to cerebrospinal fluid collection inside the spinal cord, forming a fluid-filled cyst. The cyst is known as syrinx. […] It blocks the usual fluid flow between the spine and the brain, causing a cyst to form. […] In acquired syringomyelia, the cyst forms in the damaged spinal cord. Typically occurs when there are: […] Syringomyelia due to a spinal cord injury is post-traumatic syringomyelia. It may occur months or years after the initial traumatic injury. It develops due to scar tissue blocking the flow of the CSF. […] Sometimes, acquired syringomyelia occurs without a cause, known as idiopathic syringomyelia.

• #2 Syringomyelia | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/syringomyelia

  Syringomyelia has several possible causes. Many cases are associated with a Chiari malformation. This is a condition in which brain tissue pushes into the spinal canal. […] Other causes of syringomyelia include spinal cord tumors, spinal cord injuries and damage caused by swelling around the spinal cord. […] Several conditions and diseases can lead to syringomyelia, including: Chiari malformation, a condition in which brain tissue pushes into the spinal canal and blocks the regular flow of cerebrospinal fluid. Meningitis, which is swelling of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Spinal cord tumor, which can interfere with the regular flow of cerebrospinal fluid. Conditions present at birth, such as a tethered spinal cord. A tethered spinal cord is a condition caused when tissue attached to the spinal cord limits its movement. Spinal cord injury, which can cause symptoms months or years later.

• #2 Syringomyelia | Handouts | MedLink Neurology

  https://www.medlink.com/handouts/syringomyelia

  Syringomyelia may have several possible causes, but most cases are associated with Chiari malformationan abnormal condition in which brain tissue extends through the hole at the bottom of the skull (foramen magnum) and into the spinal canal, obstructing the flow of CSF. […] Syringomyelia may also be caused by spinal cord injuries, spinal cord tumors, and damage caused by inflammation in around the spinal cord. […] In some cases, the cause is unknown (idiopathic). […] Congenital syringomyelia (also known as communicating syringomyelia) is most often caused by a Chiari malformation and resulting syrinx, usually in the spine’s cervical (neck) region. […] Acquired syringomyelia (also known as primary spinal syringomyelia or noncommunicating syringomyelia) can be caused by: Spinal cord injury, Meningitis (an inflammation of brain and spinal cord membranes usually caused by an infection), Arachnoiditis, Tethered cord syndrome (a condition present at birth that causes the spinal cord to abnormally attach to the tissues in the lower spine, limiting its movement), Spinal cord tumor.

• #2 Syringomyelia Diagnosis & Treatment – NYC | Columbia Neurosurgery in New York City

  https://www.neurosurgery.columbia.edu/patient-care/conditions/syringomyelia

  Syringomyelia can be caused by another medical condition such as a tethered spinal cord, a Chiari malformation, or a spinal cord tumor. […] Syringomyelia can also be caused by damage to a previously healthy spinal cord. This damage can be caused by trauma, meningitis (an infection in the spinal cord membranes), arachnoiditis (inflammation and scarring of the spinal cord membranes), hemorrhage (bleeding), or other problems. In some cases, there is not a clear cause. These are called cases of idiopathic syringomyelia.

• #2 Syringomyelia > Treatment, symptoms, therapy, surgery

  https://avicenna-klinik.com/en/spine-symptoms-disorders/syringomyelia/

  Syringomyelia, the formation of a so-called syrinx, is a rare disorder. The causes of syringomyelia are extremely diverse. Basically, a distinction must be made between congenital and acquired syringomyelia. In studies, it is mostly assumed that congenital syringomyelia is responsible for 55 – 70% of all cases and therefore occurs significantly more frequently than acquired syringomyelia. […] The congenital form of syringomyelia is usually due to a malformation of the spine or skull abnormalities. A frequent cause is, for example, the Chiari malformation. […] The causes of the acquired form of syringomyelia vary: For example, an accident can be a determining factor: about five percent of all patients with an injury to the spinal cord due to an accident develop syringomyelia in the following years. […] Syringomyelia can also develop after treatment by spinal cord surgery.

• #2 Syringomyelia | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/syringomyelia

  Syringomyelia is the formation of a fluid-filled cyst (syrinx) within the spinal cord. […] Causes include congenital (from birth) brain defects, spinal cord trauma and infection. […] The most common type is associated with congenital (from birth) brain abnormalities, while the second type develops as a complication following spinal trauma, infection or tumour. […] The third type is caused by unknown factors and is called idiopathic syringomyelia. […] Injury to the spinal cord including trauma, tumours and infections (such as meningitis, HIV), and where there is severe cord compression. […] Idiopathic syringomyelia the cause is unknown.

• #2 Syringomyelia | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/syringomyelia/

  There are two major types of syringomyelia: congenital or acquired. Most cases of congenital syringomyelia are associated with neurologic conditions, such as Chiari malformations, myelomeningocele, or tethered cord; however, idiopathic and rare familial cases are described. Acquired syringomyelia can be secondary to spinal cord injury, arachnoiditis, inflammatory or infectious conditions, or neoplasms. […] The pathophysiology of syringomyelia is not entirely understood. The majority of pathophysiological theories are described using Chiari I malformation as a cause of syringomyelia. It was historically believed that syrinx formation was the result of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) being driven into the parenchyma of the spinal cord through persistent connections with the 4th ventricle or perivascular channels. Chiari I malformations affect the flow of CSF through the foramen magnum, resulting in altered fluid dynamics. Recent studies and theories, however, support the idea that the accumulations are at least partially due to impaired venous compliance, leading to a build-up of extracellular fluid. […] Syringomyelia is most often associated with Chiari I malformations and posttraumatic causes. Less common etiologies include postinfectious and postinflammatory causes. Case reports of familial causes exist, but there are no clear environmental links to syringomyelia at this time.

• #2 Syringomyelia Treatment and Causes| Institut Chiari de Barcelona

  https://institutchiaribcn.com/en/diseases-we-treat/syringomyelia/

  The most influential risk factors for the development of Idiopathic Syringomyelia are the following: Family history: The caudal traction of the entire nervous system produced by an excessively tense Filum terminale, which we define as Filum Disease, can cause a mechanism of lack of blood flow in the spinal cord and can further develop into necrosis of the nervous tissue and the consequent intramedullary cysts. […] A sudden increase of the cord traction: It has been observed that the spinal cord traction can increase after an accident, fall or trauma to the spine with a spinal cord that is already congenitally suffering from the Filum Disease. […] The conventionally accepted treatment for Idiopathic Syringomyelia is neurosurgical. […] Since 1993, however, with the publication of Dr Royo-Salvador’s doctoral thesis, which links the caudal traction of the entire nervous system due to the filum terminale to being the cause of the syringomyelic cavitation among other diseases -, a new treatment has been designed. It is in this case etiological (cause-related) since the caudal cord traction force responsible for the pathological mechanism is eliminated by surgically sectioning the filum terminale. […] 1. Eliminates the cause of Idiopathic Syringomyelia and several associated conditions (Arnold-Chiari Syndrome Type I, Scoliosis, Platybasia, Basilar invagination, odontoid retroflexion, brain stem kinking and possibly nocturnal enuresis).

• #2 Syringomyelia: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options • Yesil Health

  https://yesilhealth.com/your-health/syringomyelia-causes-symptoms-diagnosis-and-treatment-options/

  In addition to Chiari malformation, other genetic conditions such as spina bifida and hydrocephalus may also increase the risk of developing syringomyelia. […] Trauma and injury to the spine or head can also contribute to the development of syringomyelia. […] In addition to genetic and traumatic factors, other potential risk factors for syringomyelia include infections, such as meningitis or abscesses that affect the spinal cord, tumors, including those that grow in the spinal cord or surrounding tissues, and arachnoiditis, a condition characterized by inflammation of the arachnoid membrane that surrounds the spinal cord. […] Its essential to note that syringomyelia can occur in people without any apparent risk factors or underlying conditions. In these cases, the exact cause of the condition may remain unknown. […] The exact causes of Syringomyelia are not fully understood, but it is often associated with other conditions such as Chiari malformation, spinal cord injuries, and tumors.

• #2 Pediatric Syringomyelia | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/pediatric-syringomyelia/

  Syringomyelia may be congenital or acquired: […] The most common etiology of syringomyelia in both adult and pediatric patients is Chiari I malformation, representing 48-50% of adult cases and 43.2% of pediatric cases. […] In pediatric populations with syrinx, the next most associated conditions are idiopathic (30.6%), spinal dysraphism (7.4%), tumor (5.5%), and tethered cord (4.8%). […] Familial cases of both autosomal dominant and recessive inheritance patterns have been reported and are felt to be due to gene abnormalities in spinal cord development. […] The pathophysiology of syringomyelia is not completely understood. Several theories have emerged over time, most of which focus on altered cerebrospinal fluid flow dynamics. […] Other than CSF flow dynamics, an additional potential mechanism for syrinx formation is intramedullary tissue damage from hemorrhage and infarction in the cases of trauma, spinal cord tumors, and tethered cord. […] In syringomyelia due to spinal cord tumors, tumor syringes have been found to have an elevated protein concentration compared to normal CSF and syrinx fluid associated with other etiologies, suggesting a possible unique mechanism related to the secretory ability of the tumor itself.

• #2 Syringomyelia: Head and Neck Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment Guide – The Kingsley Clinic

  https://thekingsleyclinic.com/resources/syringomyelia-head-and-neck-symptoms-causes-and-treatment-guide/

  Syringomyelia is a rare condition, affecting approximately 8.4 out of every 100,000 people. […] It is more common in individuals with spinal trauma, congenital abnormalities such as Chiari malformation, or spinal cord tumors. […] Several medical conditions are associated with an increased risk of syringomyelia. Chiari malformation, a structural defect in the brain that causes part of the cerebellum to extend into the spinal canal, is one of the most common. […] Genetics can also play a role in the development of syringomyelia. Some individuals may be born with congenital abnormalities, such as Chiari malformation, that predispose them to the condition. […] Age is another important factor. While syringomyelia can occur at any age, it is most commonly diagnosed in adults between the ages of 25 and 40. […] In summary, while some risk factors for syringomyelia, such as genetics and congenital abnormalities, cannot be controlled, lifestyle modifications and early intervention for spinal injuries can help reduce the risk of developing or worsening the condition.

• #2

  https://www.orthobullets.com/spine/2011/syrinx-and-syringomyelia

  prevalence of the disease is about 8.4 cases per 100,000 people […] usually result from lesions that partially obstruct CSF flow including […] more than 50% related to Chiari malformations (CM) […] found in 4-10% of patients with spinal cord injury […] 30% of patients with a spinal cord tumor develop a syrinx […] due to scarring from arachnoiditis […] 25% to 80% of cases of syringomyelia may have scoliosis […] multiple authors report resolution or improvement in syrinx size and neurologic deficits.

• #2 Syringomyelia | Neurological Surgery

  https://neurosurgery.weillcornell.org/condition/syringomyelia

  Syringomyelia is a rare chronic disorder in which a uid-lled cavity or cyst forms within the spinal cord. […] There are many causes of a syrinx such as hydrocephalus, Chiari malformation, trauma, infection, tethered spinal cord or spinal tumors. […] Sometimes a syrinx will occur without any known cause (referred to as idiopathic syringomyelia). […] The most common cause of a syrinx is Chiari malformation. […] There is no known way to prevent syringomyelia.

• #2 Diagnoses, Symptoms And Treatment Of Syringomyelia | Pediatric Neurosurgery

  https://pediatricneurosurgery.org/diagnosis/syringomyelia

  Most of the time, syringomyelia is caused by Chiari malformations, which is a birth defect of the back and lower part of the brain. […] Sometimes syringomyelia is caused by hydrocephalus, tethered spinal cord, tumor or other rare causes. […] The treatment is directed at the cause of the syrinx, such as Chiari I malformation, or Tethered cord, rather than the syrinx itself.

• #3 Syringomyelia: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/ochspine/syringomyelia

  Syringomyelia is a neurological condition where a cyst, or syrinx, develops within the spinal cord. […] Its often unclear why and how syringomyelia happens, but some theories propose that a blockage of cerebrospinal fluid is a likely cause. The two main syringomyelia causes are congenital (present at birth) and acquired. […] Congenital syringomyelia is present at birth and is most commonly caused by birth defects like Chiari malformation type 1. […] Acquired syringomyelia refers to cases in which the condition develops later in life, or is triggered by an injury to the spinal cord. […] Causes of acquired syringomyelia include spinal cord injuries, meningitis, arachnoiditis, spinal cord tumor, and tethered cord syndrome. […] Syringomyelia can be caused by medical conditions present at birth, like Chiari malformations or tethered spinal cord.

• #3 Syringomyelia | Neurosurgery Inselspital Bern

  https://neurochirurgie.insel.ch/en/diseases-specialities/spinal-disorders/syringomyelia

  Syringomyelia is always caused by a cerebrospinal fluid circulation disorder, i.e., an impairment of cerebrospinal fluid flow. […] It is assumed that a blockage of the CSF passage between the spinal cord membranes or also disturbances of the mobility of the spinal cord due to scars or other malformations are the triggering factors. […] Congenital syringomyelia is usually due to a Chiari malformation. […] Acquired or secondary syringomyelia occurs as a result of trauma, inflammation, or tumors and other constrictions in the spinal canal.

• #3

  https://www.orthobullets.com/spine/2011/syrinx-and-syringomyelia

  prevalence of the disease is about 8.4 cases per 100,000 people […] usually result from lesions that partially obstruct CSF flow including […] more than 50% related to Chiari malformations (CM) […] found in 4-10% of patients with spinal cord injury […] 30% of patients with a spinal cord tumor develop a syrinx […] due to scarring from arachnoiditis […] 25% to 80% of cases of syringomyelia may have scoliosis […] multiple authors report resolution or improvement in syrinx size and neurologic deficits.

• #3 Syringomyelia Diagnosis & Treatment – NYC | Columbia Neurosurgery in New York City

  https://www.neurosurgery.columbia.edu/patient-care/conditions/syringomyelia

  Syringomyelia can be caused by another medical condition such as a tethered spinal cord, a Chiari malformation, or a spinal cord tumor. […] Syringomyelia can also be caused by damage to a previously healthy spinal cord. This damage can be caused by trauma, meningitis (an infection in the spinal cord membranes), arachnoiditis (inflammation and scarring of the spinal cord membranes), hemorrhage (bleeding), or other problems. In some cases, there is not a clear cause. These are called cases of idiopathic syringomyelia.

• #3 Syringomyelia

  https://www.brainfacts.org/diseases-and-disorders/neurological-disorders-az/diseases-a-to-z-from-ninds/syringomyelia

  Syringomyelia is a disorder in which a cyst forms within the spinal cord. […] In most cases, the disorder is related to a congenital abnormality of the brain called a Chiari I malformation. This malformation occurs during the development of the fetus and causes the lower part of the cerebellum to protrude from its normal location in the back of the head into the cervical or neck portion of the spinal canal. Syringomyelia may occur as a complication of trauma, meningitis, hemorrhage, a tumor, or arachnoiditis. […] Some cases of syringomyelia are familial, although this is rare.

• #3

  https://step1.medbullets.com/neurology/113031/syringomyelia

  Cavitation within the spinal cord that damages surrounding spinal tracts […] may involve descending hypothalamic fibers to preganglionic sympathetic neurons of T1-T4. […] Associated conditions include Arnold-Chiari malformation, spinal trauma, and malignancy. […] Prognosis is dependent on etiology and severity.

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