Materiały źródłowe

• #1 About Swimmer’s Itch | Swimmer’s Itch (Cercarial Dermatitis) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/swimmers-itch/about/index.html

  Swimmer’s itch is an infection caused by a parasite. […] Swimmers itch, also called cercarial dermatitis, appears as a skin rash caused by an allergic reaction to certain microscopic parasites that infect some birds and mammals. […] If the parasite comes into contact with a swimmer, it burrows into the skin causing an allergic reaction and rash. […] Because swimmers itch is caused by an allergic reaction to infection, the more often you swim or wade in contaminated water, the more likely you are to develop more serious symptoms. […] The adult parasite lives in the blood of infected animals such as ducks, geese, gulls, swans, and certain mammals such as muskrats and raccoons. […] The parasites produce eggs that are passed in the feces of infected birds or mammals. […] If the larvae find one of these snails, they infect the snail, multiply and undergo further development. […] Infected snails release a different type of microscopic larvae (or cercariae, hence the name cercarial dermatitis) into the water. […] Although humans are not suitable hosts, the microscopic larvae burrow into the swimmers skin, and may cause an allergic reaction and rash.

• #2 Swimmer’s itch | HealthLink BC

  https://www.healthlinkbc.ca/healthlinkbc-files/swimmers-itch

  Swimmer’s itch is a skin rash caused by an allergic reaction to small worm-like parasites called schistosomes (shiss-toe-soams). […] It is the reaction to these tiny parasitic larvae under the skin that causes swimmers itch. […] Schistosomes are found in many lakes, ponds and coastal waters in British Columbia, usually in the warm summer months. […] Cases of swimmers itch have been reported across Canada, including in B.C., and the northern United States. […] Repeat infections are usually worse. People become more sensitive to the larvae and develop stronger responses each time.

• #3 Swimmer’s itch | HealthLink BC

  https://www.healthlinkbc.ca/healthlinkbc-files/swimmers-itch

  Swimmer’s itch is a skin rash caused by an allergic reaction to small worm-like parasites called schistosomes (shiss-toe-soams). […] It is the reaction to these tiny parasitic larvae under the skin that causes swimmers itch. […] Schistosomes are found in many lakes, ponds and coastal waters in British Columbia, usually in the warm summer months. […] Cases of swimmers itch have been reported across Canada, including in B.C., and the northern United States. […] Repeat infections are usually worse. People become more sensitive to the larvae and develop stronger responses each time.

• #4 CDC – DPDx – Cercarial Dermatitis

  https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/cercarialdermatitis/index.html

  Cercarial dermatitis (swimmers itch, clam-diggers itch, duck itch) is caused by the cercariae of certain species of schistosomes whose normal hosts are birds and mammals other than humans. […] Several genera/species are known to cause cercarial dermatitis; the most commonly implicated genus globally is the waterfowl schistosome Trichobilharzia spp. […] A number of species of trematodes with dermatitis-producing cercariae have been described from both freshwater and saltwater environments, and exposure to either type of cercaria will sensitize persons to both. […] Though some schistosomes of mammals cause cercarial dermatitis, the vast majority involved are of avian origin, and many of which exhibit relatively low specificity among bird hosts. […] Cercarial dermatitis occurs worldwide with cases reported from every inhabited continent.

• #5 Swimmer’s itch – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimmer%27s_itch

  Swimmer’s itch was known to exist as early as the 19th century, but it was not until 1928 that a biologist found that the dermatitis was caused by the larval stage of a group of flatworm parasites in the family Schistosomatidae. The genera most commonly associated with swimmer’s itch in humans are Trichobilharzia and Gigantobilharzia. It can also be caused by schistosome parasites of non-avian vertebrates, such as Schistosomatium douthitti, which infects snails and rodents. Other taxa reported to cause the reaction include Bilharziella polonica and Schistosoma bovis. In marine environments, especially along the coasts, swimmer’s itch can occur as well. […] These parasites use both freshwater snails and vertebrates as hosts in their parasitic life cycles as follows: Once a schistosome egg is immersed in water, a short-lived, non-feeding, free-living stage known as the miracidium emerges. The miracidium uses cilia to follow chemical and physical cues thought to increase its chances of finding the first intermediate host in its life cycle, a freshwater snail. After infecting a snail, it develops into a mother sporocyst, which in turn undergoes asexual reproduction, yielding large numbers of daughter sporocysts, which asexually produce another short-lived, free-living stage, the cercaria. Cercariae use a tail-like appendage (often forked in genera causing swimmer’s itch) to swim to the surface of the water; and use various physical and chemical cues in order to locate the next and final (definitive) host in the life cycle, a bird. These larvae can accidentally come into contact with the skin of a swimmer. The cercaria penetrates the skin and dies in the skin immediately. The cercariae cannot infect humans, but they cause an inflammatory immune reaction. This reaction causes initially mildly itchy spots on the skin. Within hours, these spots become raised papules which are intensely itchy. Each papule corresponds to the penetration site of a single parasite.

• #6 Swimmer’s itch – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimmer%27s_itch

  Swimmer’s itch was known to exist as early as the 19th century, but it was not until 1928 that a biologist found that the dermatitis was caused by the larval stage of a group of flatworm parasites in the family Schistosomatidae. The genera most commonly associated with swimmer’s itch in humans are Trichobilharzia and Gigantobilharzia. It can also be caused by schistosome parasites of non-avian vertebrates, such as Schistosomatium douthitti, which infects snails and rodents. Other taxa reported to cause the reaction include Bilharziella polonica and Schistosoma bovis. In marine environments, especially along the coasts, swimmer’s itch can occur as well. […] These parasites use both freshwater snails and vertebrates as hosts in their parasitic life cycles as follows: Once a schistosome egg is immersed in water, a short-lived, non-feeding, free-living stage known as the miracidium emerges. The miracidium uses cilia to follow chemical and physical cues thought to increase its chances of finding the first intermediate host in its life cycle, a freshwater snail. After infecting a snail, it develops into a mother sporocyst, which in turn undergoes asexual reproduction, yielding large numbers of daughter sporocysts, which asexually produce another short-lived, free-living stage, the cercaria. Cercariae use a tail-like appendage (often forked in genera causing swimmer’s itch) to swim to the surface of the water; and use various physical and chemical cues in order to locate the next and final (definitive) host in the life cycle, a bird. These larvae can accidentally come into contact with the skin of a swimmer. The cercaria penetrates the skin and dies in the skin immediately. The cercariae cannot infect humans, but they cause an inflammatory immune reaction. This reaction causes initially mildly itchy spots on the skin. Within hours, these spots become raised papules which are intensely itchy. Each papule corresponds to the penetration site of a single parasite.

• #7 Trematode Infection Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/230112-clinical

  Cercarial dermatitis, also known as swimmer’s itch, is an allergic reaction caused by the penetration of cercariae in persons who have been exposed to cercariae in fresh water. […] The process is usually related to avian schistosomal species of the genera Trichobilharzia, Gigantobilharzia, and Orientobilharzia, which do not develop further in humans. […] Human contact with water is thus necessary for infection by schistosomes. Various animals serve as reservoirs for S japonicum and Schistosoma mekongi.

• #8 CDC – DPDx – Cercarial Dermatitis

  https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/cercarialdermatitis/index.html

  Cercarial dermatitis (swimmers itch, clam-diggers itch, duck itch) is caused by the cercariae of certain species of schistosomes whose normal hosts are birds and mammals other than humans. […] Several genera/species are known to cause cercarial dermatitis; the most commonly implicated genus globally is the waterfowl schistosome Trichobilharzia spp. […] A number of species of trematodes with dermatitis-producing cercariae have been described from both freshwater and saltwater environments, and exposure to either type of cercaria will sensitize persons to both. […] Though some schistosomes of mammals cause cercarial dermatitis, the vast majority involved are of avian origin, and many of which exhibit relatively low specificity among bird hosts. […] Cercarial dermatitis occurs worldwide with cases reported from every inhabited continent.

• #9 Swimmer’s itch (cercarial dermatitis) – Dermatology Advisor

  https://www.dermatologyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/dermatology/swimmers-itch-cercarial-dermatitis/

  Swimmers itch is most often caused by non-human schistosomes (over 20 species), particularly avian schistosomes. The Trichobilharzia genus is commonly implicated. Cases are less often due to human schistosomes (e.g., Schistosoma haematobium, Schistosoma japonicum, Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma mekongi, Schistosoma intercalatum). Human schistosomes may additionally cause systemic schistosomiasis. […] Swimmers itch occurs when free-swimming cercariae penetrate the skin of humans (incidental host) and cause an allergic skin reaction (types I and IV hypersensitivity). The life cycle begins as cercariae infect birds (definitive host), maturing into adult worms within blood vessels. Adult worms then produce eggs that are passed in avian feces. […] The eggs hatch and liberate ciliated miracidia into the water, which infect snails (intermediate host). Miracidia mature within snails and produce free-swimming cercariae, which either reinfect birds or infect humans. Cercarie die upon penetration into human skin, thus halting the schistosome life cycle.

• #10 Swimmer’s itch – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimmer%27s_itch

  Swimmer’s itch was known to exist as early as the 19th century, but it was not until 1928 that a biologist found that the dermatitis was caused by the larval stage of a group of flatworm parasites in the family Schistosomatidae. The genera most commonly associated with swimmer’s itch in humans are Trichobilharzia and Gigantobilharzia. It can also be caused by schistosome parasites of non-avian vertebrates, such as Schistosomatium douthitti, which infects snails and rodents. Other taxa reported to cause the reaction include Bilharziella polonica and Schistosoma bovis. In marine environments, especially along the coasts, swimmer’s itch can occur as well. […] These parasites use both freshwater snails and vertebrates as hosts in their parasitic life cycles as follows: Once a schistosome egg is immersed in water, a short-lived, non-feeding, free-living stage known as the miracidium emerges. The miracidium uses cilia to follow chemical and physical cues thought to increase its chances of finding the first intermediate host in its life cycle, a freshwater snail. After infecting a snail, it develops into a mother sporocyst, which in turn undergoes asexual reproduction, yielding large numbers of daughter sporocysts, which asexually produce another short-lived, free-living stage, the cercaria. Cercariae use a tail-like appendage (often forked in genera causing swimmer’s itch) to swim to the surface of the water; and use various physical and chemical cues in order to locate the next and final (definitive) host in the life cycle, a bird. These larvae can accidentally come into contact with the skin of a swimmer. The cercaria penetrates the skin and dies in the skin immediately. The cercariae cannot infect humans, but they cause an inflammatory immune reaction. This reaction causes initially mildly itchy spots on the skin. Within hours, these spots become raised papules which are intensely itchy. Each papule corresponds to the penetration site of a single parasite.

• #11 15.1G: Swimmer’s Itch – Biology LibreTexts

  https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_(Boundless)/15%3A_Diseases/15.01%3A_Protozoan_and_Helminthic_Diseases_of_the_Cardiovascular_and_Lymphatic_Systems/15.1G%3A_Swimmers_Itch

  Swimmers itch is a condition often referred to as lake itch, duck itch, cercarial dermatitis and Schistosome cercarial dermatitis. It is caused by an immune response that is activated upon the entry of a water-borne flatworm parasite named schistosomatidae into the skin. The schistosomatidae results in an immune reaction in the skin that results in itchy, raised papules that occur within hours of infection. […] There are numerous types of flatworm parasites within the family Schistosomatidae that can cause swimmers itch. The schistosomatidae which are responsible for swimmers itch include the genera Trichobilharzia and Gigantobilharzia. A species that is often implicated in cases of cercarial dermatitis is Austrobilharzia variglandis. The hosts of this species are ducks and the snail is the intermediate host for this species. […] The penetration of the skin by the cercaria result in an inflammatory immune reaction that causes itchy spots and raised papules in humans.

• #12 Trematode Infection Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/230112-clinical

  Cercarial dermatitis, also known as swimmer’s itch, is an allergic reaction caused by the penetration of cercariae in persons who have been exposed to cercariae in fresh water. […] The process is usually related to avian schistosomal species of the genera Trichobilharzia, Gigantobilharzia, and Orientobilharzia, which do not develop further in humans. […] Human contact with water is thus necessary for infection by schistosomes. Various animals serve as reservoirs for S japonicum and Schistosoma mekongi.

• #13 15.1G: Swimmer’s Itch – Biology LibreTexts

  https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_(Boundless)/15%3A_Diseases/15.01%3A_Protozoan_and_Helminthic_Diseases_of_the_Cardiovascular_and_Lymphatic_Systems/15.1G%3A_Swimmers_Itch

  Swimmers itch is a condition often referred to as lake itch, duck itch, cercarial dermatitis and Schistosome cercarial dermatitis. It is caused by an immune response that is activated upon the entry of a water-borne flatworm parasite named schistosomatidae into the skin. The schistosomatidae results in an immune reaction in the skin that results in itchy, raised papules that occur within hours of infection. […] There are numerous types of flatworm parasites within the family Schistosomatidae that can cause swimmers itch. The schistosomatidae which are responsible for swimmers itch include the genera Trichobilharzia and Gigantobilharzia. A species that is often implicated in cases of cercarial dermatitis is Austrobilharzia variglandis. The hosts of this species are ducks and the snail is the intermediate host for this species. […] The penetration of the skin by the cercaria result in an inflammatory immune reaction that causes itchy spots and raised papules in humans.

• #14 Swimmer’s itch – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimmer%27s_itch

  Swimmer’s itch was known to exist as early as the 19th century, but it was not until 1928 that a biologist found that the dermatitis was caused by the larval stage of a group of flatworm parasites in the family Schistosomatidae. The genera most commonly associated with swimmer’s itch in humans are Trichobilharzia and Gigantobilharzia. It can also be caused by schistosome parasites of non-avian vertebrates, such as Schistosomatium douthitti, which infects snails and rodents. Other taxa reported to cause the reaction include Bilharziella polonica and Schistosoma bovis. In marine environments, especially along the coasts, swimmer’s itch can occur as well. […] These parasites use both freshwater snails and vertebrates as hosts in their parasitic life cycles as follows: Once a schistosome egg is immersed in water, a short-lived, non-feeding, free-living stage known as the miracidium emerges. The miracidium uses cilia to follow chemical and physical cues thought to increase its chances of finding the first intermediate host in its life cycle, a freshwater snail. After infecting a snail, it develops into a mother sporocyst, which in turn undergoes asexual reproduction, yielding large numbers of daughter sporocysts, which asexually produce another short-lived, free-living stage, the cercaria. Cercariae use a tail-like appendage (often forked in genera causing swimmer’s itch) to swim to the surface of the water; and use various physical and chemical cues in order to locate the next and final (definitive) host in the life cycle, a bird. These larvae can accidentally come into contact with the skin of a swimmer. The cercaria penetrates the skin and dies in the skin immediately. The cercariae cannot infect humans, but they cause an inflammatory immune reaction. This reaction causes initially mildly itchy spots on the skin. Within hours, these spots become raised papules which are intensely itchy. Each papule corresponds to the penetration site of a single parasite.

• #15 Swimmer’s itch – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimmer%27s_itch

  Swimmer’s itch was known to exist as early as the 19th century, but it was not until 1928 that a biologist found that the dermatitis was caused by the larval stage of a group of flatworm parasites in the family Schistosomatidae. The genera most commonly associated with swimmer’s itch in humans are Trichobilharzia and Gigantobilharzia. It can also be caused by schistosome parasites of non-avian vertebrates, such as Schistosomatium douthitti, which infects snails and rodents. Other taxa reported to cause the reaction include Bilharziella polonica and Schistosoma bovis. In marine environments, especially along the coasts, swimmer’s itch can occur as well. […] These parasites use both freshwater snails and vertebrates as hosts in their parasitic life cycles as follows: Once a schistosome egg is immersed in water, a short-lived, non-feeding, free-living stage known as the miracidium emerges. The miracidium uses cilia to follow chemical and physical cues thought to increase its chances of finding the first intermediate host in its life cycle, a freshwater snail. After infecting a snail, it develops into a mother sporocyst, which in turn undergoes asexual reproduction, yielding large numbers of daughter sporocysts, which asexually produce another short-lived, free-living stage, the cercaria. Cercariae use a tail-like appendage (often forked in genera causing swimmer’s itch) to swim to the surface of the water; and use various physical and chemical cues in order to locate the next and final (definitive) host in the life cycle, a bird. These larvae can accidentally come into contact with the skin of a swimmer. The cercaria penetrates the skin and dies in the skin immediately. The cercariae cannot infect humans, but they cause an inflammatory immune reaction. This reaction causes initially mildly itchy spots on the skin. Within hours, these spots become raised papules which are intensely itchy. Each papule corresponds to the penetration site of a single parasite.

• #16 Swimmer’s Itch: what causes this neglected snail-borne disease?

  https://blog.pensoft.net/2022/09/15/swimmers-itch-what-causes-this-neglected-snail-borne-disease/

  A new study suggests that a cercarial dermatitis outbreak in South Thailand was caused by the blood fluke Schistosoma indicum. […] Cercarial dermatitis, also known as swimmers itch or clam-diggers itch, is caused by the larvae of blood flukes that are parasites of birds or mammals. […] The cercarial dermatitis outbreak was due to ruminant parasites, such as the blood fluke Schistosoma indicum, which often uses domestic animals as its host. […] Additionally, these species of the S. indicum group primarily cause cercarial dermatitis in humans, which has become an important public health issue for people living in endemic regions. […] In South India and Southeast Asia, where S. indicum and S. spindale have been reported to be widespread, they caused major pathology and mortality to livestock, leading to welfare and socio-economic issues, predominantly among poor subsistence farmers and their families.

• #17 Waterpedia: Swimmer’s Itch – Torch Conservation Center

  https://conservetorch.org/swimmers-itch/

  Swimmers Itch is an itchy rash some people get when the larval stage of a certain parasitic flatworm burrows into their skin and dies. […] The parasitic larvae cannot distinguish between duck and human, so they try to enter through your skin while wading and playing in the shallow water. […] There are over 100 species of parasitic flatworms in the world. […] In Michigan, there are at least 10 different species of parasitic flatworms. […] Each species of flatworm uses only one species of snail and one species of bird to complete its lifecycle.

• #18

  https://apps.dnr.wi.gov/lakes/swimmersitch/

  Swimmer’s itch is caused by the larvae (immature stage) of certain flatworms that can be picked up while swimming. […] The flatworm parasite (schistosome) lives as an adult in suitable mammals and birds, such as mice and ducks. […] The cercariae release normally occurs when the water temperatures reach their near-maximum summer temperature. […] A swimmers itch problem may develop with a few as 2 percent of the snails infected. […] There is no effective way for people to eliminate swimmers itch on their beach. […] Feeding of ducks should be discouraged if swimmers itch is known to be a problem on the lake, since waterfowl are an important adult host to the parasite. […] In recent years, there have been experimental attempts at treating the host birds with veterinary medicines. […] Modern pesticide laws prohibit treatments as they were historically attempted.

• #19 Swimmer’s Itch: Incidence and Risk Factors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1448328/

  Swimmers itch (cercarial dermatitis) affects people engaged in open-water activities. […] The schistosomes for swimmers itch have a 2-host life cycle, an avian definitive host and a snail intermediate host. […] If instead they penetrate human skin during recreation or work in the water, an inflammatory response occurs. […] This study found the following risk factors for onset of swimmers itch: amount of water exposure, especially shallow-water use; exposure in several lake zones; and taking preventive action. […] Shallow water is where snail beds are typically most dense and where cercariae tend to accumulate, so incidence is higher for people using shallow water. […] The more days a person used the lake in July, the higher his or her chances of having any episode. […] The underlying biological reasons relate to density of snails, movement of cercariae, and cumulative chances of encountering cercariae.

• #20 Swimmer’s Itch – Tip of the Mitt Watershed Council

  https://watershedcouncil.org/guides-for-homeowners/swimmers-itch/

  Swimmers itch (cercarial dermatitis) is a skin irritation caused by a larval form of certain flatworms from the family Schistosomatidae. […] Schistosome flatworms are parasites with a complex life cycle usually involving certain species of snails and waterfowl. […] The life cycle of the flatworm involves two very specific hosts. Each flatworm often uses just one species of snail and one kind of waterfowl as intermediate and definitive hosts to complete its life cycle. […] Many species of parasitic flatworms are naturally occurring in most lakes. However, not all larval species cause swimmers itch. […] The life cycle and host requirements of those species responsible for swimmers itch differ widely, and the natural history of most is poorly understood. […] The itching sensation is caused by an immune response to the dead larvae under the skin and responses vary by person.

• #21 Swimmer’s Itch – Tip of the Mitt Watershed Council

  https://watershedcouncil.org/guides-for-homeowners/swimmers-itch/

  Swimmers itch (cercarial dermatitis) is a skin irritation caused by a larval form of certain flatworms from the family Schistosomatidae. […] Schistosome flatworms are parasites with a complex life cycle usually involving certain species of snails and waterfowl. […] The life cycle of the flatworm involves two very specific hosts. Each flatworm often uses just one species of snail and one kind of waterfowl as intermediate and definitive hosts to complete its life cycle. […] Many species of parasitic flatworms are naturally occurring in most lakes. However, not all larval species cause swimmers itch. […] The life cycle and host requirements of those species responsible for swimmers itch differ widely, and the natural history of most is poorly understood. […] The itching sensation is caused by an immune response to the dead larvae under the skin and responses vary by person.

• #22 Waterpedia: Swimmer’s Itch – Torch Conservation Center

  https://conservetorch.org/swimmers-itch/

  Swimmers Itch is an itchy rash some people get when the larval stage of a certain parasitic flatworm burrows into their skin and dies. […] The parasitic larvae cannot distinguish between duck and human, so they try to enter through your skin while wading and playing in the shallow water. […] There are over 100 species of parasitic flatworms in the world. […] In Michigan, there are at least 10 different species of parasitic flatworms. […] Each species of flatworm uses only one species of snail and one species of bird to complete its lifecycle.

• #23 Swimmer’s itch – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimmer%27s_itch

  Swimmer’s itch was known to exist as early as the 19th century, but it was not until 1928 that a biologist found that the dermatitis was caused by the larval stage of a group of flatworm parasites in the family Schistosomatidae. The genera most commonly associated with swimmer’s itch in humans are Trichobilharzia and Gigantobilharzia. It can also be caused by schistosome parasites of non-avian vertebrates, such as Schistosomatium douthitti, which infects snails and rodents. Other taxa reported to cause the reaction include Bilharziella polonica and Schistosoma bovis. In marine environments, especially along the coasts, swimmer’s itch can occur as well. […] These parasites use both freshwater snails and vertebrates as hosts in their parasitic life cycles as follows: Once a schistosome egg is immersed in water, a short-lived, non-feeding, free-living stage known as the miracidium emerges. The miracidium uses cilia to follow chemical and physical cues thought to increase its chances of finding the first intermediate host in its life cycle, a freshwater snail. After infecting a snail, it develops into a mother sporocyst, which in turn undergoes asexual reproduction, yielding large numbers of daughter sporocysts, which asexually produce another short-lived, free-living stage, the cercaria. Cercariae use a tail-like appendage (often forked in genera causing swimmer’s itch) to swim to the surface of the water; and use various physical and chemical cues in order to locate the next and final (definitive) host in the life cycle, a bird. These larvae can accidentally come into contact with the skin of a swimmer. The cercaria penetrates the skin and dies in the skin immediately. The cercariae cannot infect humans, but they cause an inflammatory immune reaction. This reaction causes initially mildly itchy spots on the skin. Within hours, these spots become raised papules which are intensely itchy. Each papule corresponds to the penetration site of a single parasite.

• #24 About Swimmer’s Itch | Swimmer’s Itch (Cercarial Dermatitis) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/swimmers-itch/about/index.html

  Swimmer’s itch is an infection caused by a parasite. […] Swimmers itch, also called cercarial dermatitis, appears as a skin rash caused by an allergic reaction to certain microscopic parasites that infect some birds and mammals. […] If the parasite comes into contact with a swimmer, it burrows into the skin causing an allergic reaction and rash. […] Because swimmers itch is caused by an allergic reaction to infection, the more often you swim or wade in contaminated water, the more likely you are to develop more serious symptoms. […] The adult parasite lives in the blood of infected animals such as ducks, geese, gulls, swans, and certain mammals such as muskrats and raccoons. […] The parasites produce eggs that are passed in the feces of infected birds or mammals. […] If the larvae find one of these snails, they infect the snail, multiply and undergo further development. […] Infected snails release a different type of microscopic larvae (or cercariae, hence the name cercarial dermatitis) into the water. […] Although humans are not suitable hosts, the microscopic larvae burrow into the swimmers skin, and may cause an allergic reaction and rash.

• #25 About Swimmer’s Itch | Swimmer’s Itch (Cercarial Dermatitis) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/swimmers-itch/about/index.html

  Swimmer’s itch is an infection caused by a parasite. […] Swimmers itch, also called cercarial dermatitis, appears as a skin rash caused by an allergic reaction to certain microscopic parasites that infect some birds and mammals. […] If the parasite comes into contact with a swimmer, it burrows into the skin causing an allergic reaction and rash. […] Because swimmers itch is caused by an allergic reaction to infection, the more often you swim or wade in contaminated water, the more likely you are to develop more serious symptoms. […] The adult parasite lives in the blood of infected animals such as ducks, geese, gulls, swans, and certain mammals such as muskrats and raccoons. […] The parasites produce eggs that are passed in the feces of infected birds or mammals. […] If the larvae find one of these snails, they infect the snail, multiply and undergo further development. […] Infected snails release a different type of microscopic larvae (or cercariae, hence the name cercarial dermatitis) into the water. […] Although humans are not suitable hosts, the microscopic larvae burrow into the swimmers skin, and may cause an allergic reaction and rash.

• #26 Swimmer’s itch

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/swimmers-itch

  Swimmers itch is an itchy skin rash caused by an allergic reaction to the larval forms of parasitic flatworms released from aquatic snails into fresh and salt water lakes, ponds, and lagoons. […] Swimmers itch is a disease of aquatic birds and humans are accidentally affected. […] Schistosomes are parasitic flatworms with a lifecycle that involves aquatic birds (eg, ducks, geese, gulls, swans) or mammals (eg, beavers, muskrats), specific species of aquatic snails, and warm fresh or salt water. […] Cercariae may accidentally attach to human skin, penetrate the skin, die, and cause a local allergic reaction.

• #27 About Swimmer’s Itch | Swimmer’s Itch (Cercarial Dermatitis) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/swimmers-itch/about/index.html

  Swimmer’s itch is an infection caused by a parasite. […] Swimmers itch, also called cercarial dermatitis, appears as a skin rash caused by an allergic reaction to certain microscopic parasites that infect some birds and mammals. […] If the parasite comes into contact with a swimmer, it burrows into the skin causing an allergic reaction and rash. […] Because swimmers itch is caused by an allergic reaction to infection, the more often you swim or wade in contaminated water, the more likely you are to develop more serious symptoms. […] The adult parasite lives in the blood of infected animals such as ducks, geese, gulls, swans, and certain mammals such as muskrats and raccoons. […] The parasites produce eggs that are passed in the feces of infected birds or mammals. […] If the larvae find one of these snails, they infect the snail, multiply and undergo further development. […] Infected snails release a different type of microscopic larvae (or cercariae, hence the name cercarial dermatitis) into the water. […] Although humans are not suitable hosts, the microscopic larvae burrow into the swimmers skin, and may cause an allergic reaction and rash.

• #28 Swimmer’s Itch | Utah State Parks

  https://stateparks.utah.gov/parks/sand-hollow/swimmers-itch/

  Swimmers Itch is an irritating, yet harmless rash caused by the human bodys allergic reaction to a free-swimming microscopic parasite (cercarial) found in shallow water. It is found throughout the world and is more common during the summer months. […] The adult parasite lives in the blood of infected water-loving birds. The parasite produces eggs that are then passed through the birds digestive system. The next part of the life cycle comes when snails eat the eggs. The eggs hatch and go through the snails digestive system, becoming a free-swimming parasite. The next step is to once again infect a bird and start the whole cycle over. […] The rash or blisters that occur are the bodys allergic reaction to the parasite. The parasites do not enter the body through the skin. Their attempt to burrow in releases a chemical that irritates the skin and causes the rash.

• #29 Swimmer’s itch – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimmer%27s_itch

  Swimmer’s itch was known to exist as early as the 19th century, but it was not until 1928 that a biologist found that the dermatitis was caused by the larval stage of a group of flatworm parasites in the family Schistosomatidae. The genera most commonly associated with swimmer’s itch in humans are Trichobilharzia and Gigantobilharzia. It can also be caused by schistosome parasites of non-avian vertebrates, such as Schistosomatium douthitti, which infects snails and rodents. Other taxa reported to cause the reaction include Bilharziella polonica and Schistosoma bovis. In marine environments, especially along the coasts, swimmer’s itch can occur as well. […] These parasites use both freshwater snails and vertebrates as hosts in their parasitic life cycles as follows: Once a schistosome egg is immersed in water, a short-lived, non-feeding, free-living stage known as the miracidium emerges. The miracidium uses cilia to follow chemical and physical cues thought to increase its chances of finding the first intermediate host in its life cycle, a freshwater snail. After infecting a snail, it develops into a mother sporocyst, which in turn undergoes asexual reproduction, yielding large numbers of daughter sporocysts, which asexually produce another short-lived, free-living stage, the cercaria. Cercariae use a tail-like appendage (often forked in genera causing swimmer’s itch) to swim to the surface of the water; and use various physical and chemical cues in order to locate the next and final (definitive) host in the life cycle, a bird. These larvae can accidentally come into contact with the skin of a swimmer. The cercaria penetrates the skin and dies in the skin immediately. The cercariae cannot infect humans, but they cause an inflammatory immune reaction. This reaction causes initially mildly itchy spots on the skin. Within hours, these spots become raised papules which are intensely itchy. Each papule corresponds to the penetration site of a single parasite.

• #30 Swimmer’s Itch – Health Information Library | PeaceHealth

  https://www.peacehealth.org/medical-topics/id/abl0355

  Swimmer’s itch is a rash caused by an allergic reaction to the larvae of certain parasites. […] The tiny parasites infect birds or mammals and lay eggs. […] The eggs hatch into larvae, which then infect snails. […] If they come in contact with people, the parasites can burrow under the skin. […] But the larvae can’t survive in humans, so the parasites die.

• #31 Swimmer’s itch – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimmer%27s_itch

  Swimmer’s itch was known to exist as early as the 19th century, but it was not until 1928 that a biologist found that the dermatitis was caused by the larval stage of a group of flatworm parasites in the family Schistosomatidae. The genera most commonly associated with swimmer’s itch in humans are Trichobilharzia and Gigantobilharzia. It can also be caused by schistosome parasites of non-avian vertebrates, such as Schistosomatium douthitti, which infects snails and rodents. Other taxa reported to cause the reaction include Bilharziella polonica and Schistosoma bovis. In marine environments, especially along the coasts, swimmer’s itch can occur as well. […] These parasites use both freshwater snails and vertebrates as hosts in their parasitic life cycles as follows: Once a schistosome egg is immersed in water, a short-lived, non-feeding, free-living stage known as the miracidium emerges. The miracidium uses cilia to follow chemical and physical cues thought to increase its chances of finding the first intermediate host in its life cycle, a freshwater snail. After infecting a snail, it develops into a mother sporocyst, which in turn undergoes asexual reproduction, yielding large numbers of daughter sporocysts, which asexually produce another short-lived, free-living stage, the cercaria. Cercariae use a tail-like appendage (often forked in genera causing swimmer’s itch) to swim to the surface of the water; and use various physical and chemical cues in order to locate the next and final (definitive) host in the life cycle, a bird. These larvae can accidentally come into contact with the skin of a swimmer. The cercaria penetrates the skin and dies in the skin immediately. The cercariae cannot infect humans, but they cause an inflammatory immune reaction. This reaction causes initially mildly itchy spots on the skin. Within hours, these spots become raised papules which are intensely itchy. Each papule corresponds to the penetration site of a single parasite.

• #32 Swimmer’s Itch (Cercarial Dermatitis) – ALMS

  https://alms.ca/fact-sheets/swimmers-itch-cercarial-dermatitis/

  If the eggs land in or are washed into the water, the eggs will hatch, releasing small, free-swimming larvae called miracidia. These larvae swim in the water in search of certain species of aquatic snails. […] Under optimal conditions, infected snails will then release a different type of microscopic larvae, known as cercariae, into the water. These free-swimming larvae will then search out a bird or mammal host to infect in order to complete their lifecycle.

• #33 Swimmer’s itch – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimmer%27s_itch

  Swimmer’s itch was known to exist as early as the 19th century, but it was not until 1928 that a biologist found that the dermatitis was caused by the larval stage of a group of flatworm parasites in the family Schistosomatidae. The genera most commonly associated with swimmer’s itch in humans are Trichobilharzia and Gigantobilharzia. It can also be caused by schistosome parasites of non-avian vertebrates, such as Schistosomatium douthitti, which infects snails and rodents. Other taxa reported to cause the reaction include Bilharziella polonica and Schistosoma bovis. In marine environments, especially along the coasts, swimmer’s itch can occur as well. […] These parasites use both freshwater snails and vertebrates as hosts in their parasitic life cycles as follows: Once a schistosome egg is immersed in water, a short-lived, non-feeding, free-living stage known as the miracidium emerges. The miracidium uses cilia to follow chemical and physical cues thought to increase its chances of finding the first intermediate host in its life cycle, a freshwater snail. After infecting a snail, it develops into a mother sporocyst, which in turn undergoes asexual reproduction, yielding large numbers of daughter sporocysts, which asexually produce another short-lived, free-living stage, the cercaria. Cercariae use a tail-like appendage (often forked in genera causing swimmer’s itch) to swim to the surface of the water; and use various physical and chemical cues in order to locate the next and final (definitive) host in the life cycle, a bird. These larvae can accidentally come into contact with the skin of a swimmer. The cercaria penetrates the skin and dies in the skin immediately. The cercariae cannot infect humans, but they cause an inflammatory immune reaction. This reaction causes initially mildly itchy spots on the skin. Within hours, these spots become raised papules which are intensely itchy. Each papule corresponds to the penetration site of a single parasite.

• #34 About Swimmer’s Itch | Swimmer’s Itch (Cercarial Dermatitis) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/swimmers-itch/about/index.html

  Swimmer’s itch is an infection caused by a parasite. […] Swimmers itch, also called cercarial dermatitis, appears as a skin rash caused by an allergic reaction to certain microscopic parasites that infect some birds and mammals. […] If the parasite comes into contact with a swimmer, it burrows into the skin causing an allergic reaction and rash. […] Because swimmers itch is caused by an allergic reaction to infection, the more often you swim or wade in contaminated water, the more likely you are to develop more serious symptoms. […] The adult parasite lives in the blood of infected animals such as ducks, geese, gulls, swans, and certain mammals such as muskrats and raccoons. […] The parasites produce eggs that are passed in the feces of infected birds or mammals. […] If the larvae find one of these snails, they infect the snail, multiply and undergo further development. […] Infected snails release a different type of microscopic larvae (or cercariae, hence the name cercarial dermatitis) into the water. […] Although humans are not suitable hosts, the microscopic larvae burrow into the swimmers skin, and may cause an allergic reaction and rash.

• #35 Swimmer’s itch – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimmer%27s_itch

  Swimmer’s itch was known to exist as early as the 19th century, but it was not until 1928 that a biologist found that the dermatitis was caused by the larval stage of a group of flatworm parasites in the family Schistosomatidae. The genera most commonly associated with swimmer’s itch in humans are Trichobilharzia and Gigantobilharzia. It can also be caused by schistosome parasites of non-avian vertebrates, such as Schistosomatium douthitti, which infects snails and rodents. Other taxa reported to cause the reaction include Bilharziella polonica and Schistosoma bovis. In marine environments, especially along the coasts, swimmer’s itch can occur as well. […] These parasites use both freshwater snails and vertebrates as hosts in their parasitic life cycles as follows: Once a schistosome egg is immersed in water, a short-lived, non-feeding, free-living stage known as the miracidium emerges. The miracidium uses cilia to follow chemical and physical cues thought to increase its chances of finding the first intermediate host in its life cycle, a freshwater snail. After infecting a snail, it develops into a mother sporocyst, which in turn undergoes asexual reproduction, yielding large numbers of daughter sporocysts, which asexually produce another short-lived, free-living stage, the cercaria. Cercariae use a tail-like appendage (often forked in genera causing swimmer’s itch) to swim to the surface of the water; and use various physical and chemical cues in order to locate the next and final (definitive) host in the life cycle, a bird. These larvae can accidentally come into contact with the skin of a swimmer. The cercaria penetrates the skin and dies in the skin immediately. The cercariae cannot infect humans, but they cause an inflammatory immune reaction. This reaction causes initially mildly itchy spots on the skin. Within hours, these spots become raised papules which are intensely itchy. Each papule corresponds to the penetration site of a single parasite.

• #36

  https://apps.dnr.wi.gov/lakes/swimmersitch/

  Swimmer’s itch is caused by the larvae (immature stage) of certain flatworms that can be picked up while swimming. […] The flatworm parasite (schistosome) lives as an adult in suitable mammals and birds, such as mice and ducks. […] The cercariae release normally occurs when the water temperatures reach their near-maximum summer temperature. […] A swimmers itch problem may develop with a few as 2 percent of the snails infected. […] There is no effective way for people to eliminate swimmers itch on their beach. […] Feeding of ducks should be discouraged if swimmers itch is known to be a problem on the lake, since waterfowl are an important adult host to the parasite. […] In recent years, there have been experimental attempts at treating the host birds with veterinary medicines. […] Modern pesticide laws prohibit treatments as they were historically attempted.

• #37 Swimmers Alert

  https://www.llojibwe.org/drm/environmental/swimmeralert.html

  Swimmers Itch, technically known as schistosome dermatitis, is a common malady around Minnesotas lakes during midsummer. […] Swimmers itch comes from a microscopic flatworm parasite (schisosome cercariae) that lives as an adult in aquatic birds or mammals, usually waterfowl. The adult worm sheds its eggs into the feces of the host, and the eggs are released into the water where they hatch into free-swimming miracidiae. […] The release of cercariae typically occurs in late June or early July, when lakes are nearly at their warmest summer temperatures. […] In some areas snail populations may be as high as 400 per square meter, and one infected snail may release up to 4,000 cercariae per day. […] When a swimmer leaves the water and the water drops on his/her skin begin to evaporate, the tiny cercariae burrow into the skin in an effort to survive. […] This parasite poses no serious threat to humans. People cannot become a host for the parasite, either through skin penetration or by swallowing lake water.

• #38 Swimmer’s itch – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimmer%27s_itch

  Swimmer’s itch was known to exist as early as the 19th century, but it was not until 1928 that a biologist found that the dermatitis was caused by the larval stage of a group of flatworm parasites in the family Schistosomatidae. The genera most commonly associated with swimmer’s itch in humans are Trichobilharzia and Gigantobilharzia. It can also be caused by schistosome parasites of non-avian vertebrates, such as Schistosomatium douthitti, which infects snails and rodents. Other taxa reported to cause the reaction include Bilharziella polonica and Schistosoma bovis. In marine environments, especially along the coasts, swimmer’s itch can occur as well. […] These parasites use both freshwater snails and vertebrates as hosts in their parasitic life cycles as follows: Once a schistosome egg is immersed in water, a short-lived, non-feeding, free-living stage known as the miracidium emerges. The miracidium uses cilia to follow chemical and physical cues thought to increase its chances of finding the first intermediate host in its life cycle, a freshwater snail. After infecting a snail, it develops into a mother sporocyst, which in turn undergoes asexual reproduction, yielding large numbers of daughter sporocysts, which asexually produce another short-lived, free-living stage, the cercaria. Cercariae use a tail-like appendage (often forked in genera causing swimmer’s itch) to swim to the surface of the water; and use various physical and chemical cues in order to locate the next and final (definitive) host in the life cycle, a bird. These larvae can accidentally come into contact with the skin of a swimmer. The cercaria penetrates the skin and dies in the skin immediately. The cercariae cannot infect humans, but they cause an inflammatory immune reaction. This reaction causes initially mildly itchy spots on the skin. Within hours, these spots become raised papules which are intensely itchy. Each papule corresponds to the penetration site of a single parasite.

• #39 ENY-2038/IN1200: Swimmer’s Itch (Cercarial Dermatitis)

  https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/IN1200

  Swimmer’s itch, also known as cercarial dermatitis, is a skin rash caused by infection with parasitic flatworms in the family Schistosomatidae, also known as schistosomes. […] People develop swimmer’s itch only after bathing in water containing the parasites. […] In the United States, the schistosomes most likely to cause swimmers itch are those that infect birds and dogs as their hosts. […] There are several different species of schistosomes that can cause swimmer’s itch in people in the United States. […] The parasite’s life cycle includes a stage in an aquatic snail species. […] The method of penetration depends upon the schistosome species, and penetration may occur through multiple methods within the same species. […] The cercariae penetrate the skin, usually of the foot or leg, and once inside the vertebrate host, the worms mature, mate, and migrate through the circulatory system to the veins surrounding the gut, where they lay eggs.

• #40 Swimmers Alert

  https://www.llojibwe.org/drm/environmental/swimmeralert.html

  Swimmers Itch, technically known as schistosome dermatitis, is a common malady around Minnesotas lakes during midsummer. […] Swimmers itch comes from a microscopic flatworm parasite (schisosome cercariae) that lives as an adult in aquatic birds or mammals, usually waterfowl. The adult worm sheds its eggs into the feces of the host, and the eggs are released into the water where they hatch into free-swimming miracidiae. […] The release of cercariae typically occurs in late June or early July, when lakes are nearly at their warmest summer temperatures. […] In some areas snail populations may be as high as 400 per square meter, and one infected snail may release up to 4,000 cercariae per day. […] When a swimmer leaves the water and the water drops on his/her skin begin to evaporate, the tiny cercariae burrow into the skin in an effort to survive. […] This parasite poses no serious threat to humans. People cannot become a host for the parasite, either through skin penetration or by swallowing lake water.

• #41 ENY-2038/IN1200: Swimmer’s Itch (Cercarial Dermatitis)

  https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/IN1200

  Swimmer’s itch, also known as cercarial dermatitis, is a skin rash caused by infection with parasitic flatworms in the family Schistosomatidae, also known as schistosomes. […] People develop swimmer’s itch only after bathing in water containing the parasites. […] In the United States, the schistosomes most likely to cause swimmers itch are those that infect birds and dogs as their hosts. […] There are several different species of schistosomes that can cause swimmer’s itch in people in the United States. […] The parasite’s life cycle includes a stage in an aquatic snail species. […] The method of penetration depends upon the schistosome species, and penetration may occur through multiple methods within the same species. […] The cercariae penetrate the skin, usually of the foot or leg, and once inside the vertebrate host, the worms mature, mate, and migrate through the circulatory system to the veins surrounding the gut, where they lay eggs.

• #42 ENY-2038/IN1200: Swimmer’s Itch (Cercarial Dermatitis)

  https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/IN1200

  When the cercariae are searching for a host to complete their life cycle, occasionally they infect an unsuspecting person swimming or wading in the water. […] Humans are not the preferred host of the parasitic worms, and infections in people are incidental. […] The cercariae penetrate the skin of the human but soon die because the parasitic worm cannot mature in the human host. […] This inflammatory reaction is what we call swimmer’s itch.

• #43 Swimmer’s Itch Is Caused by a Tiny Parasite: How to Prevent It – Business Insider

  https://www.businessinsider.com/swimmers-itch-caused-by-tiny-parasite-how-to-prevent-it-2022-6

  Swimmer’s itch is a rash caused by a common parasite found in lakes and oceans. […] The parasite thrives in water-dwelling birds, mammals, and snails, but it sometimes infects humans by mistake. […] The infection may trigger a minor allergic reaction after repeated exposures. […] The rash, which can appear as small red bumps on the skin, is caused by microscopic parasites that reproduce in lakes, ponds, and oceans. […] If the parasite larvae gets under your skin, it can cause an itchy but otherwise benign rash. […] The parasite doesn’t affect humans in the long term, as the larvae die shortly after entering the body. […] The more you swim in contaminated waters, the more intense and immediate the rash will be. […] The parasite that causes swimmer’s itch is more likely to be present in warm, shallow water, so children are more likely to be infected compared with adults.

• #44 Swimmers Alert

  https://www.llojibwe.org/drm/environmental/swimmeralert.html

  Swimmers Itch, technically known as schistosome dermatitis, is a common malady around Minnesotas lakes during midsummer. […] Swimmers itch comes from a microscopic flatworm parasite (schisosome cercariae) that lives as an adult in aquatic birds or mammals, usually waterfowl. The adult worm sheds its eggs into the feces of the host, and the eggs are released into the water where they hatch into free-swimming miracidiae. […] The release of cercariae typically occurs in late June or early July, when lakes are nearly at their warmest summer temperatures. […] In some areas snail populations may be as high as 400 per square meter, and one infected snail may release up to 4,000 cercariae per day. […] When a swimmer leaves the water and the water drops on his/her skin begin to evaporate, the tiny cercariae burrow into the skin in an effort to survive. […] This parasite poses no serious threat to humans. People cannot become a host for the parasite, either through skin penetration or by swallowing lake water.

• #45 About Swimmer’s Itch | Swimmer’s Itch (Cercarial Dermatitis) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/swimmers-itch/about/index.html

  Swimmer’s itch is an infection caused by a parasite. […] Swimmers itch, also called cercarial dermatitis, appears as a skin rash caused by an allergic reaction to certain microscopic parasites that infect some birds and mammals. […] If the parasite comes into contact with a swimmer, it burrows into the skin causing an allergic reaction and rash. […] Because swimmers itch is caused by an allergic reaction to infection, the more often you swim or wade in contaminated water, the more likely you are to develop more serious symptoms. […] The adult parasite lives in the blood of infected animals such as ducks, geese, gulls, swans, and certain mammals such as muskrats and raccoons. […] The parasites produce eggs that are passed in the feces of infected birds or mammals. […] If the larvae find one of these snails, they infect the snail, multiply and undergo further development. […] Infected snails release a different type of microscopic larvae (or cercariae, hence the name cercarial dermatitis) into the water. […] Although humans are not suitable hosts, the microscopic larvae burrow into the swimmers skin, and may cause an allergic reaction and rash.

• #46 Swimmer’s Itch (Cercarial Dermatitis) – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/swimitch/index.html

  Swimmers itch, also called cercarial dermatitis, appears as a skin rash caused by an allergic reaction to certain microscopic parasites that infect some birds and mammals. […] Swimmer’s itch is caused by an allergic reaction to infection, the more often you swim or wade in contaminated water, the more likely you are to develop more serious symptoms. […] Although humans are not suitable hosts, the microscopic larvae burrow into the swimmer’s skin, and may cause an allergic reaction and rash. Because these larvae cannot develop inside a human, they soon die.

• #47 Swimmer’s Itch (Cercarial Dermatitis): What Is It, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21783-swimmers-itch-cercarial-dermatitis

  Swimmers itch (cercarial dermatitis) is a skin rash that you can get if you’ve swum in fresh or salt water that is infested with a certain parasite. […] Swimmers itch (cercarial dermatitis) is a temporary, non-contagious itchy rash that appears on your skin and is caused by a certain parasite found in fresh water (lake or pond water) or salt water (ocean water). […] A certain parasite larvae, called cercariae, that can be found in fresh (pond or lake water) or salt water (ocean water) causes swimmers itch (cercarial dermatitis). […] The parasite larvae burrow (dig) into your skin and cause an allergic reaction. […] The rash and itchiness you experience when you have swimmers itch is caused by the allergic reaction.

• #48 Swimmer’s Itch – Tip of the Mitt Watershed Council

  https://watershedcouncil.org/guides-for-homeowners/swimmers-itch/

  Swimmers itch (cercarial dermatitis) is a skin irritation caused by a larval form of certain flatworms from the family Schistosomatidae. […] Schistosome flatworms are parasites with a complex life cycle usually involving certain species of snails and waterfowl. […] The life cycle of the flatworm involves two very specific hosts. Each flatworm often uses just one species of snail and one kind of waterfowl as intermediate and definitive hosts to complete its life cycle. […] Many species of parasitic flatworms are naturally occurring in most lakes. However, not all larval species cause swimmers itch. […] The life cycle and host requirements of those species responsible for swimmers itch differ widely, and the natural history of most is poorly understood. […] The itching sensation is caused by an immune response to the dead larvae under the skin and responses vary by person.

• #49 Swimmer’s itch – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimmer%27s_itch

  Swimmer’s itch was known to exist as early as the 19th century, but it was not until 1928 that a biologist found that the dermatitis was caused by the larval stage of a group of flatworm parasites in the family Schistosomatidae. The genera most commonly associated with swimmer’s itch in humans are Trichobilharzia and Gigantobilharzia. It can also be caused by schistosome parasites of non-avian vertebrates, such as Schistosomatium douthitti, which infects snails and rodents. Other taxa reported to cause the reaction include Bilharziella polonica and Schistosoma bovis. In marine environments, especially along the coasts, swimmer’s itch can occur as well. […] These parasites use both freshwater snails and vertebrates as hosts in their parasitic life cycles as follows: Once a schistosome egg is immersed in water, a short-lived, non-feeding, free-living stage known as the miracidium emerges. The miracidium uses cilia to follow chemical and physical cues thought to increase its chances of finding the first intermediate host in its life cycle, a freshwater snail. After infecting a snail, it develops into a mother sporocyst, which in turn undergoes asexual reproduction, yielding large numbers of daughter sporocysts, which asexually produce another short-lived, free-living stage, the cercaria. Cercariae use a tail-like appendage (often forked in genera causing swimmer’s itch) to swim to the surface of the water; and use various physical and chemical cues in order to locate the next and final (definitive) host in the life cycle, a bird. These larvae can accidentally come into contact with the skin of a swimmer. The cercaria penetrates the skin and dies in the skin immediately. The cercariae cannot infect humans, but they cause an inflammatory immune reaction. This reaction causes initially mildly itchy spots on the skin. Within hours, these spots become raised papules which are intensely itchy. Each papule corresponds to the penetration site of a single parasite.

• #50 Swimmer’s itch (cercarial dermatitis) – Dermatology Advisor

  https://www.dermatologyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/dermatology/swimmers-itch-cercarial-dermatitis/

  Swimmers itch is most often caused by non-human schistosomes (over 20 species), particularly avian schistosomes. The Trichobilharzia genus is commonly implicated. Cases are less often due to human schistosomes (e.g., Schistosoma haematobium, Schistosoma japonicum, Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma mekongi, Schistosoma intercalatum). Human schistosomes may additionally cause systemic schistosomiasis. […] Swimmers itch occurs when free-swimming cercariae penetrate the skin of humans (incidental host) and cause an allergic skin reaction (types I and IV hypersensitivity). The life cycle begins as cercariae infect birds (definitive host), maturing into adult worms within blood vessels. Adult worms then produce eggs that are passed in avian feces. […] The eggs hatch and liberate ciliated miracidia into the water, which infect snails (intermediate host). Miracidia mature within snails and produce free-swimming cercariae, which either reinfect birds or infect humans. Cercarie die upon penetration into human skin, thus halting the schistosome life cycle.

• #51 Swimmer’s Itch: Incidence and Risk Factors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1448328/

  Swimmers itch (cercarial dermatitis) affects people engaged in open-water activities. […] The schistosomes for swimmers itch have a 2-host life cycle, an avian definitive host and a snail intermediate host. […] If instead they penetrate human skin during recreation or work in the water, an inflammatory response occurs. […] This study found the following risk factors for onset of swimmers itch: amount of water exposure, especially shallow-water use; exposure in several lake zones; and taking preventive action. […] Shallow water is where snail beds are typically most dense and where cercariae tend to accumulate, so incidence is higher for people using shallow water. […] The more days a person used the lake in July, the higher his or her chances of having any episode. […] The underlying biological reasons relate to density of snails, movement of cercariae, and cumulative chances of encountering cercariae.

• #52 Swimmer’s Itch: Incidence and Risk Factors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1448328/

  Swimmers itch (cercarial dermatitis) affects people engaged in open-water activities. […] The schistosomes for swimmers itch have a 2-host life cycle, an avian definitive host and a snail intermediate host. […] If instead they penetrate human skin during recreation or work in the water, an inflammatory response occurs. […] This study found the following risk factors for onset of swimmers itch: amount of water exposure, especially shallow-water use; exposure in several lake zones; and taking preventive action. […] Shallow water is where snail beds are typically most dense and where cercariae tend to accumulate, so incidence is higher for people using shallow water. […] The more days a person used the lake in July, the higher his or her chances of having any episode. […] The underlying biological reasons relate to density of snails, movement of cercariae, and cumulative chances of encountering cercariae.

• #53 Swimmer’s Itch – Causes, Symptoms and Treatment | Apollo Hospitals

  https://www.apollohospitals.com/diseases-and-conditions/swimmers-itch-causes-symptoms-and-treatment

  Swimmers itch, otherwise known as cercarial dermatitis, is a rash caused by an allergy to certain parasites. These parasites typically get transmitted by infected snails into water bodies such as lakes and ponds. […] The primary cause is a parasite called schistosome. These parasites live in the blood of waterfowls and certain mammals. Some of the animals that carry schistosomes are geese, gulls, ducks, beavers, and muskrats. These animals infect water bodies with these parasites when they excrete in them as schistosome eggs in their feces. […] Therefore, the swimmers itch is more common among people who spend a lot of time in shallow waters.

• #54 Swimmer’s Itch: Incidence and Risk Factors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1448328/

  Swimmers itch (cercarial dermatitis) affects people engaged in open-water activities. […] The schistosomes for swimmers itch have a 2-host life cycle, an avian definitive host and a snail intermediate host. […] If instead they penetrate human skin during recreation or work in the water, an inflammatory response occurs. […] This study found the following risk factors for onset of swimmers itch: amount of water exposure, especially shallow-water use; exposure in several lake zones; and taking preventive action. […] Shallow water is where snail beds are typically most dense and where cercariae tend to accumulate, so incidence is higher for people using shallow water. […] The more days a person used the lake in July, the higher his or her chances of having any episode. […] The underlying biological reasons relate to density of snails, movement of cercariae, and cumulative chances of encountering cercariae.

• #55 Swimmer’s Itch: Incidence and Risk Factors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1448328/

  Swimmers itch (cercarial dermatitis) affects people engaged in open-water activities. […] The schistosomes for swimmers itch have a 2-host life cycle, an avian definitive host and a snail intermediate host. […] If instead they penetrate human skin during recreation or work in the water, an inflammatory response occurs. […] This study found the following risk factors for onset of swimmers itch: amount of water exposure, especially shallow-water use; exposure in several lake zones; and taking preventive action. […] Shallow water is where snail beds are typically most dense and where cercariae tend to accumulate, so incidence is higher for people using shallow water. […] The more days a person used the lake in July, the higher his or her chances of having any episode. […] The underlying biological reasons relate to density of snails, movement of cercariae, and cumulative chances of encountering cercariae.

• #56 Symptoms, treatment and prevention of swimmer’s itch

  https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-08-symptoms-treatment-swimmer.html

  Swimmer’s itch is a rash usually caused by an allergic reaction to parasites that burrow into your skin while you’re swimming or wading in warm water. […] The parasites that cause swimmer’s itch normally live in waterfowl and some mammals. These parasites can be released into the water. Humans aren’t suitable hosts, so the parasites soon die while still in your skin. […] The parasites that cause swimmer’s itch live in the blood of waterfowl and in mammals that live near ponds and lakes. […] The parasite’s eggs enter the water via their hosts’ feces. Before infecting birds, other animals or people, the hatched parasites must live for a time within a type of snail. These snails live near the shoreline, which explains why infections occur most often in shallow water. […] The parasites that cause swimmer’s itch live in the blood of waterfowl and in mammals that live near ponds and lakes. The more time you spend in infested water, the higher your risk of swimmer’s itch.

• #57 Swimmers Alert

  https://www.llojibwe.org/drm/environmental/swimmeralert.html

  Swimmers Itch, technically known as schistosome dermatitis, is a common malady around Minnesotas lakes during midsummer. […] Swimmers itch comes from a microscopic flatworm parasite (schisosome cercariae) that lives as an adult in aquatic birds or mammals, usually waterfowl. The adult worm sheds its eggs into the feces of the host, and the eggs are released into the water where they hatch into free-swimming miracidiae. […] The release of cercariae typically occurs in late June or early July, when lakes are nearly at their warmest summer temperatures. […] In some areas snail populations may be as high as 400 per square meter, and one infected snail may release up to 4,000 cercariae per day. […] When a swimmer leaves the water and the water drops on his/her skin begin to evaporate, the tiny cercariae burrow into the skin in an effort to survive. […] This parasite poses no serious threat to humans. People cannot become a host for the parasite, either through skin penetration or by swallowing lake water.

• #58 Swimmer’s itch | HealthLink BC

  https://www.healthlinkbc.ca/healthlinkbc-files/swimmers-itch

  Swimmer’s itch is a skin rash caused by an allergic reaction to small worm-like parasites called schistosomes (shiss-toe-soams). […] It is the reaction to these tiny parasitic larvae under the skin that causes swimmers itch. […] Schistosomes are found in many lakes, ponds and coastal waters in British Columbia, usually in the warm summer months. […] Cases of swimmers itch have been reported across Canada, including in B.C., and the northern United States. […] Repeat infections are usually worse. People become more sensitive to the larvae and develop stronger responses each time.

• #59 What Is Swimmer’s Itch?

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/swimmers-itch-7151852

  Swimmer’s itch (cercarial dermatitis) is a noncontagious rash caused by a parasite in water. […] An allergic reaction to cercarial larvae causes swimmer’s itch. The cercarial eggs pass into the water through the feces of infected animals. […] After they hatch, the larvae burrow into your skin, creating an itchy rash. […] It also means swimmer’s itch isn’t contagious, so you don’t have to worry about giving it to (or getting it from) people around you. […] Swimmer’s itch is an allergic reaction to a parasite in fresh water like ponds or lakes. […] Repeated cases tend to be more severe.

• #60 Swimmer’s Itch – Isle Royale National Park (U.S. National Park Service)

  https://www.nps.gov/isro/planyourvisit/swimmers-itch.htm

  Swimmers itch (cercarial dermatitis) is a skin rash caused by an allergic reaction to certain microscopic parasites that infect some birds and mammals. […] The parasite causing swimmers itch is present in Isle Royale waters, particularly in warm and/or shallow areas. […] The abundance of swimmers itch varies from year to year. […] Swimmers itch does not affect purification of drinking water. […] Because swimmers itch is caused by an allergic reaction, the more you swim or wade in infested waters, the more likely it is symptoms will develop. […] The greater number of exposures to infested water will result in more intense and immediate symptoms.

• #61 Swimmer’s Itch Is Caused by a Tiny Parasite: How to Prevent It – Business Insider

  https://www.businessinsider.com/swimmers-itch-caused-by-tiny-parasite-how-to-prevent-it-2022-6

  Swimmer’s itch is a rash caused by a common parasite found in lakes and oceans. […] The parasite thrives in water-dwelling birds, mammals, and snails, but it sometimes infects humans by mistake. […] The infection may trigger a minor allergic reaction after repeated exposures. […] The rash, which can appear as small red bumps on the skin, is caused by microscopic parasites that reproduce in lakes, ponds, and oceans. […] If the parasite larvae gets under your skin, it can cause an itchy but otherwise benign rash. […] The parasite doesn’t affect humans in the long term, as the larvae die shortly after entering the body. […] The more you swim in contaminated waters, the more intense and immediate the rash will be. […] The parasite that causes swimmer’s itch is more likely to be present in warm, shallow water, so children are more likely to be infected compared with adults.

• #62 CDC – DPDx – Cercarial Dermatitis

  https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/cercarialdermatitis/index.html

  Cercarial dermatitis (swimmers itch, clam-diggers itch, duck itch) is caused by the cercariae of certain species of schistosomes whose normal hosts are birds and mammals other than humans. […] Several genera/species are known to cause cercarial dermatitis; the most commonly implicated genus globally is the waterfowl schistosome Trichobilharzia spp. […] A number of species of trematodes with dermatitis-producing cercariae have been described from both freshwater and saltwater environments, and exposure to either type of cercaria will sensitize persons to both. […] Though some schistosomes of mammals cause cercarial dermatitis, the vast majority involved are of avian origin, and many of which exhibit relatively low specificity among bird hosts. […] Cercarial dermatitis occurs worldwide with cases reported from every inhabited continent.

• #63 CDC – DPDx – Cercarial Dermatitis

  https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/cercarialdermatitis/index.html

  Agents of cercarial dermatitis exist in both marine and freshwater environments. […] Cercarial dermatitis (swimmers itch) is a cutaneous inflammatory response usually associated with penetration of the skin by cercariae of bird schistosomes. […] Investigation into the causal agent rarely occurs except during outbreaks.

• #64 Swimmer’s itch | HealthLink BC

  https://www.healthlinkbc.ca/healthlinkbc-files/swimmers-itch

  Swimmer’s itch is a skin rash caused by an allergic reaction to small worm-like parasites called schistosomes (shiss-toe-soams). […] It is the reaction to these tiny parasitic larvae under the skin that causes swimmers itch. […] Schistosomes are found in many lakes, ponds and coastal waters in British Columbia, usually in the warm summer months. […] Cases of swimmers itch have been reported across Canada, including in B.C., and the northern United States. […] Repeat infections are usually worse. People become more sensitive to the larvae and develop stronger responses each time.

• #65 Swimmer’s itch: etiology, impact, and risk factors in Europe – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23305618/

  This review summarizes current knowledge about the occurrence and distribution of swimmer’s itch, with a focus on Europe. […] the underlying ecological factors that create favorable conditions for the parasites and the way humans interact with infested water bodies require further attention. […] Based on both records of the occurrence of the parasite infective agents, and epidemiological studies that investigate outbreaks of swimmer’s itch, this review concentrates on the risk factors for humans engaged in recreational water activities.

• #66 Swimmer’s Itch: what causes this neglected snail-borne disease?

  https://blog.pensoft.net/2022/09/15/swimmers-itch-what-causes-this-neglected-snail-borne-disease/

  A new study suggests that a cercarial dermatitis outbreak in South Thailand was caused by the blood fluke Schistosoma indicum. […] Cercarial dermatitis, also known as swimmers itch or clam-diggers itch, is caused by the larvae of blood flukes that are parasites of birds or mammals. […] The cercarial dermatitis outbreak was due to ruminant parasites, such as the blood fluke Schistosoma indicum, which often uses domestic animals as its host. […] Additionally, these species of the S. indicum group primarily cause cercarial dermatitis in humans, which has become an important public health issue for people living in endemic regions. […] In South India and Southeast Asia, where S. indicum and S. spindale have been reported to be widespread, they caused major pathology and mortality to livestock, leading to welfare and socio-economic issues, predominantly among poor subsistence farmers and their families.

• #67 CDC – DPDx – Cercarial Dermatitis

  https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/cercarialdermatitis/index.html

  Agents of cercarial dermatitis exist in both marine and freshwater environments. […] Cercarial dermatitis (swimmers itch) is a cutaneous inflammatory response usually associated with penetration of the skin by cercariae of bird schistosomes. […] Investigation into the causal agent rarely occurs except during outbreaks.

• #68

  https://www.allinahealth.org/allina-news/2024/07/what-causes-swimmers-itch

  Swimmers itch is an allergic reaction to a parasite. […] A rash can emerge within 12 to 24 hours of being in fresh water.

• #69 Swimmer’s Itch | Disease Outbreak Control Division

  https://health.hawaii.gov/docd/disease_listing/swimmers-itch/

  Swimmers itch is a rash caused by an allergic reaction to certain microscopic parasites that infect birds and animals. […] The parasite larvae burrow into human skin and causes allergic reaction and rash. […] The allergic reaction to penetrating cercariae is self-limiting; signs and symptoms usually will resolve within 12 weeks.

• #70 Swimmer’s Itch – Tip of the Mitt Watershed Council

  https://watershedcouncil.org/guides-for-homeowners/swimmers-itch/

  Symptoms include intermittent periods of itching that will continue for several days. […] Swimmers itch, although extremely annoying and uncomfortable, is not a communicable or fatal condition. […] The traditional method of controlling swimmers itch has been to attempt to kill the host snails with copper sulfate. […] Copper sulfate treatments often dont kill enough of the target snails to eliminate swimmers itch. […] There is also some evidence that snails may be capable of developing resistance to copper sulfate. […] One effective approach to controlling swimmers itch was developed by Dr. Harvey Blankespoor of Hope College in Holland, Michigan in the 1980s. […] Control programs utilizing this method have been carried out on several lakes. […] The incidents of swimmers itch were greatly reduced compared to pre-treatment levels.

• #71 Swimmer’s Itch (cercarial dermatitis, schistosome dermatitis)

  https://www.health.ny.gov/publications/6645/

  Swimmers itch (cercarial dermatitis) is caused by a parasite that lives in waterfowl and snails. […] People can get symptoms when the parasite penetrates the skin. […] Anyone can get swimmers itch. […] Swimmers itch is not contagious; it cannot be passed from person to person.

• #72 Swimmer’s itch | Minnesota DNR

  https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/swimming/swimmersitch.html

  Swimmer’s itch is a temporary skin rash that is caused by an allergic reaction to microscopic parasites that are carried by waterfowl, semi-aquatic mammals, and snails. […] The organism that causes swimmer’s itch has a complicated life history. […] The worms lay eggs inside the host animal. […] The snails then release the cercariae back into the water where they look for another host – aquatic birds, mammals or humans. […] Humans are not a suitable host and the cercariae die after penetrating the skin. […] Swimmer’s itch is not spread from person to person.

• #73 CDC – DPDx – Cercarial Dermatitis

  https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/cercarialdermatitis/index.html

  Agents of cercarial dermatitis exist in both marine and freshwater environments. […] Cercarial dermatitis (swimmers itch) is a cutaneous inflammatory response usually associated with penetration of the skin by cercariae of bird schistosomes. […] Investigation into the causal agent rarely occurs except during outbreaks.

• #74 Swimmer’s Itch – Tip of the Mitt Watershed Council

  https://watershedcouncil.org/guides-for-homeowners/swimmers-itch/

  Swimmers itch (cercarial dermatitis) is a skin irritation caused by a larval form of certain flatworms from the family Schistosomatidae. […] Schistosome flatworms are parasites with a complex life cycle usually involving certain species of snails and waterfowl. […] The life cycle of the flatworm involves two very specific hosts. Each flatworm often uses just one species of snail and one kind of waterfowl as intermediate and definitive hosts to complete its life cycle. […] Many species of parasitic flatworms are naturally occurring in most lakes. However, not all larval species cause swimmers itch. […] The life cycle and host requirements of those species responsible for swimmers itch differ widely, and the natural history of most is poorly understood. […] The itching sensation is caused by an immune response to the dead larvae under the skin and responses vary by person.

• #75 ENY-2038/IN1200: Swimmer’s Itch (Cercarial Dermatitis)

  https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/IN1200

  Swimmer’s itch, also known as cercarial dermatitis, is a skin rash caused by infection with parasitic flatworms in the family Schistosomatidae, also known as schistosomes. […] People develop swimmer’s itch only after bathing in water containing the parasites. […] In the United States, the schistosomes most likely to cause swimmers itch are those that infect birds and dogs as their hosts. […] There are several different species of schistosomes that can cause swimmer’s itch in people in the United States. […] The parasite’s life cycle includes a stage in an aquatic snail species. […] The method of penetration depends upon the schistosome species, and penetration may occur through multiple methods within the same species. […] The cercariae penetrate the skin, usually of the foot or leg, and once inside the vertebrate host, the worms mature, mate, and migrate through the circulatory system to the veins surrounding the gut, where they lay eggs.

• #76 CDC – DPDx – Cercarial Dermatitis

  https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/cercarialdermatitis/index.html

  Cercarial dermatitis (swimmers itch, clam-diggers itch, duck itch) is caused by the cercariae of certain species of schistosomes whose normal hosts are birds and mammals other than humans. […] Several genera/species are known to cause cercarial dermatitis; the most commonly implicated genus globally is the waterfowl schistosome Trichobilharzia spp. […] A number of species of trematodes with dermatitis-producing cercariae have been described from both freshwater and saltwater environments, and exposure to either type of cercaria will sensitize persons to both. […] Though some schistosomes of mammals cause cercarial dermatitis, the vast majority involved are of avian origin, and many of which exhibit relatively low specificity among bird hosts. […] Cercarial dermatitis occurs worldwide with cases reported from every inhabited continent.

• #77 ENY-2038/IN1200: Swimmer’s Itch (Cercarial Dermatitis)

  https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/IN1200

  Swimmer’s itch, also known as cercarial dermatitis, is a skin rash caused by infection with parasitic flatworms in the family Schistosomatidae, also known as schistosomes. […] People develop swimmer’s itch only after bathing in water containing the parasites. […] In the United States, the schistosomes most likely to cause swimmers itch are those that infect birds and dogs as their hosts. […] There are several different species of schistosomes that can cause swimmer’s itch in people in the United States. […] The parasite’s life cycle includes a stage in an aquatic snail species. […] The method of penetration depends upon the schistosome species, and penetration may occur through multiple methods within the same species. […] The cercariae penetrate the skin, usually of the foot or leg, and once inside the vertebrate host, the worms mature, mate, and migrate through the circulatory system to the veins surrounding the gut, where they lay eggs.

• #78 Swimmer’s Itch: Incidence and Risk Factors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1448328/

  Swimmers itch (cercarial dermatitis) affects people engaged in open-water activities. […] The schistosomes for swimmers itch have a 2-host life cycle, an avian definitive host and a snail intermediate host. […] If instead they penetrate human skin during recreation or work in the water, an inflammatory response occurs. […] This study found the following risk factors for onset of swimmers itch: amount of water exposure, especially shallow-water use; exposure in several lake zones; and taking preventive action. […] Shallow water is where snail beds are typically most dense and where cercariae tend to accumulate, so incidence is higher for people using shallow water. […] The more days a person used the lake in July, the higher his or her chances of having any episode. […] The underlying biological reasons relate to density of snails, movement of cercariae, and cumulative chances of encountering cercariae.

• #79 Swimmer’s Itch – Tip of the Mitt Watershed Council

  https://watershedcouncil.org/guides-for-homeowners/swimmers-itch/

  Symptoms include intermittent periods of itching that will continue for several days. […] Swimmers itch, although extremely annoying and uncomfortable, is not a communicable or fatal condition. […] The traditional method of controlling swimmers itch has been to attempt to kill the host snails with copper sulfate. […] Copper sulfate treatments often dont kill enough of the target snails to eliminate swimmers itch. […] There is also some evidence that snails may be capable of developing resistance to copper sulfate. […] One effective approach to controlling swimmers itch was developed by Dr. Harvey Blankespoor of Hope College in Holland, Michigan in the 1980s. […] Control programs utilizing this method have been carried out on several lakes. […] The incidents of swimmers itch were greatly reduced compared to pre-treatment levels.

• #80 Swimmer’s Itch – Tip of the Mitt Watershed Council

  https://watershedcouncil.org/guides-for-homeowners/swimmers-itch/

  Symptoms include intermittent periods of itching that will continue for several days. […] Swimmers itch, although extremely annoying and uncomfortable, is not a communicable or fatal condition. […] The traditional method of controlling swimmers itch has been to attempt to kill the host snails with copper sulfate. […] Copper sulfate treatments often dont kill enough of the target snails to eliminate swimmers itch. […] There is also some evidence that snails may be capable of developing resistance to copper sulfate. […] One effective approach to controlling swimmers itch was developed by Dr. Harvey Blankespoor of Hope College in Holland, Michigan in the 1980s. […] Control programs utilizing this method have been carried out on several lakes. […] The incidents of swimmers itch were greatly reduced compared to pre-treatment levels.

• #81

  https://apps.dnr.wi.gov/lakes/swimmersitch/

  Swimmer’s itch is caused by the larvae (immature stage) of certain flatworms that can be picked up while swimming. […] The flatworm parasite (schistosome) lives as an adult in suitable mammals and birds, such as mice and ducks. […] The cercariae release normally occurs when the water temperatures reach their near-maximum summer temperature. […] A swimmers itch problem may develop with a few as 2 percent of the snails infected. […] There is no effective way for people to eliminate swimmers itch on their beach. […] Feeding of ducks should be discouraged if swimmers itch is known to be a problem on the lake, since waterfowl are an important adult host to the parasite. […] In recent years, there have been experimental attempts at treating the host birds with veterinary medicines. […] Modern pesticide laws prohibit treatments as they were historically attempted.

• #82 Swimmer’s Itch | The Crystal Lake Watershed Association

  https://crystallakewatershed.org/swimmers-itch/

  Swimmers itch is a skin condition caused when swimming larvae of several species of parasitic flatworms encounter human beings rather than their usual avian host, penetrate the skin and trigger an allergic reaction in many people. […] In addition, the CLWA actively supports scientific research to increase knowledge of the biology of the parasitic cycle and the causes of swimmers itch, in order to find better methods of combating it. […] CLWA has collaborated with biologists from Oakland University who have used these data to examine the behavior of swimmers itch parasites and how that affects human reaction.

• #83 Swimmer’s Itch | The Crystal Lake Watershed Association

  https://crystallakewatershed.org/swimmers-itch/

  Swimmers itch is a skin condition caused when swimming larvae of several species of parasitic flatworms encounter human beings rather than their usual avian host, penetrate the skin and trigger an allergic reaction in many people. […] In addition, the CLWA actively supports scientific research to increase knowledge of the biology of the parasitic cycle and the causes of swimmers itch, in order to find better methods of combating it. […] CLWA has collaborated with biologists from Oakland University who have used these data to examine the behavior of swimmers itch parasites and how that affects human reaction.

• #84 Swimmer’s Itch – Tip of the Mitt Watershed Council

  https://watershedcouncil.org/guides-for-homeowners/swimmers-itch/

  It can do several things including the following: educate members about swimmers itch, assess the problem of swimmers itch on its lake, make recommendations for relieving the itching, and begin a control program if swimmers itch is a regular problem. […] There are several means by which you can significantly reduce your chances of contracting the swimmers itch parasite.

• #85 What’s the ‘sitch’ on swimmer’s itch? – Natural Resources

  https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/what-s-the-sitch-on-swimmer-s-itch

  Swimmers itch is an allergic reaction to a parasitic infection while it sounds frightening, its not nearly as serious as it sounds. […] In reality, swimmers itch is a temporary skin rash caused by an allergic reaction to microscopic parasites that infect some birds and mammals. […] The parasite that causes swimmers itch has a fascinating and complex life cycle. The adult parasite lives in the blood of certain infected waterfowl and mammals, and produces eggs that are passed in feces. […] The allergic reaction that we have to swimmers itch is actually a reaction to the parasite, not the result of the burrowing itself. […] One important thing to note about this intricate lifecycle is that it involves two specific host species. The presence of an infected bird does not mean swimmers itch will be present because it also requires the presence of a specific snail species. […] Despite these efforts, the best tool against swimmers itch is adjusting your behavior when swimming and leaving the water.

• #86 About Swimmer’s Itch | Swimmer’s Itch (Cercarial Dermatitis) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/swimmers-itch/about/index.html

  Swimmer’s itch is an infection caused by a parasite. […] Swimmers itch, also called cercarial dermatitis, appears as a skin rash caused by an allergic reaction to certain microscopic parasites that infect some birds and mammals. […] If the parasite comes into contact with a swimmer, it burrows into the skin causing an allergic reaction and rash. […] Because swimmers itch is caused by an allergic reaction to infection, the more often you swim or wade in contaminated water, the more likely you are to develop more serious symptoms. […] The adult parasite lives in the blood of infected animals such as ducks, geese, gulls, swans, and certain mammals such as muskrats and raccoons. […] The parasites produce eggs that are passed in the feces of infected birds or mammals. […] If the larvae find one of these snails, they infect the snail, multiply and undergo further development. […] Infected snails release a different type of microscopic larvae (or cercariae, hence the name cercarial dermatitis) into the water. […] Although humans are not suitable hosts, the microscopic larvae burrow into the swimmers skin, and may cause an allergic reaction and rash.

• #87 Swimmer’s Itch: What It Is, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://sesamecare.com/blog/swimmers-itch-symptoms-treatment?srsltid=AfmBOooGnAlvMBPHU15nMwq_9DC_1T3wsxJfWk2qk115c1U7ldIKWkhc

  Swimmer’s itch, also known as cercarial dermatitis, is a rash caused by an allergic reaction to tiny parasites that are often found in bodies of fresh and saltwater. […] Swimmers itch is caused by microscopic parasite larvae called cercariae that are released from infected aquatic snails into lake water, ponds and oceans. […] Since humans aren’t suitable hosts for these small larvae, the larvae usually die within a few hours. This results in an allergic reaction – typically in the form of a rash – known as swimmers itch.

• #88 Swimmer’s itch: Symptoms, causes, treatment, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/swimmers-itch

  Swimmers itch is the name for a skin rash that appears due to an allergic reaction to certain parasites. […] The parasites that cause swimmers itch are found in bodies of fresh and salt water, where they may come into contact with humans. […] If a person enters infected water, they may come into contact with the parasite. The parasite may mistakenly penetrate the skin of a person. This can cause the person to have an allergic reaction. […] An allergic reaction causes swimmers itch. This means that the more often a person exposes themselves to contaminated water, the more likely it is they will develop more serious symptoms. […] The larval form of the trematode parasite is often present in fresh and salt water. This parasite swims around in search of a new host. […] A human is not a suitable host for the parasite. However, the parasite can mistakenly burrow into a humans skin. When the parasite enters the skin it can cause an allergic reaction that causes swimmers itch to develop.

• #89 Swimmer’s Itch (Cercarial Dermatitis): What Is It, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21783-swimmers-itch-cercarial-dermatitis

  Swimmers itch (cercarial dermatitis) is a skin rash that you can get if you’ve swum in fresh or salt water that is infested with a certain parasite. […] Swimmers itch (cercarial dermatitis) is a temporary, non-contagious itchy rash that appears on your skin and is caused by a certain parasite found in fresh water (lake or pond water) or salt water (ocean water). […] A certain parasite larvae, called cercariae, that can be found in fresh (pond or lake water) or salt water (ocean water) causes swimmers itch (cercarial dermatitis). […] The parasite larvae burrow (dig) into your skin and cause an allergic reaction. […] The rash and itchiness you experience when you have swimmers itch is caused by the allergic reaction.

• #90

  https://apps.dnr.wi.gov/lakes/swimmersitch/

  Swimmer’s itch is caused by the larvae (immature stage) of certain flatworms that can be picked up while swimming. […] The flatworm parasite (schistosome) lives as an adult in suitable mammals and birds, such as mice and ducks. […] The cercariae release normally occurs when the water temperatures reach their near-maximum summer temperature. […] A swimmers itch problem may develop with a few as 2 percent of the snails infected. […] There is no effective way for people to eliminate swimmers itch on their beach. […] Feeding of ducks should be discouraged if swimmers itch is known to be a problem on the lake, since waterfowl are an important adult host to the parasite. […] In recent years, there have been experimental attempts at treating the host birds with veterinary medicines. […] Modern pesticide laws prohibit treatments as they were historically attempted.

• #91 Swimmer’s Itch – Tip of the Mitt Watershed Council

  https://watershedcouncil.org/guides-for-homeowners/swimmers-itch/

  It can do several things including the following: educate members about swimmers itch, assess the problem of swimmers itch on its lake, make recommendations for relieving the itching, and begin a control program if swimmers itch is a regular problem. […] There are several means by which you can significantly reduce your chances of contracting the swimmers itch parasite.

• #92 What’s the ‘sitch’ on swimmer’s itch? – Natural Resources

  https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/what-s-the-sitch-on-swimmer-s-itch

  Swimmers itch is an allergic reaction to a parasitic infection while it sounds frightening, its not nearly as serious as it sounds. […] In reality, swimmers itch is a temporary skin rash caused by an allergic reaction to microscopic parasites that infect some birds and mammals. […] The parasite that causes swimmers itch has a fascinating and complex life cycle. The adult parasite lives in the blood of certain infected waterfowl and mammals, and produces eggs that are passed in feces. […] The allergic reaction that we have to swimmers itch is actually a reaction to the parasite, not the result of the burrowing itself. […] One important thing to note about this intricate lifecycle is that it involves two specific host species. The presence of an infected bird does not mean swimmers itch will be present because it also requires the presence of a specific snail species. […] Despite these efforts, the best tool against swimmers itch is adjusting your behavior when swimming and leaving the water.

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