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• #1 About Swimmer’s Itch | Swimmer’s Itch (Cercarial Dermatitis) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/swimmers-itch/about/index.html

  Swimmers itch, also called cercarial dermatitis, appears as a skin rash caused by an allergic reaction to certain microscopic parasites that infect some birds and mammals. […] If the parasite comes into contact with a swimmer, it burrows into the skin causing an allergic reaction and rash. […] Because swimmers itch is caused by an allergic reaction to infection, the more often you swim or wade in contaminated water, the more likely you are to develop more serious symptoms. […] The greater the number of exposures to contaminated water, the more intense and immediate symptoms of swimmers itch will be. […] Although humans are not suitable hosts, the microscopic larvae burrow into the swimmers skin, and may cause an allergic reaction and rash. Because these larvae cannot develop inside a human, they soon die.

• #1 Swimmer’s itch – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimmer%27s_itch

  Swimmer’s itch, cercarial dermatitis or schistosome dermatitis is a short-term allergic contact dermatitis occurring in the skin of humans that have been infected by water-borne schistosomes, a type of flatworm. […] The main symptom is itchy papules (raised skin) that commonly occur within 2 days of infection. […] The cercaria penetrates the skin and dies in the skin immediately. The cercariae cannot infect humans, but they cause an inflammatory immune reaction. This reaction causes initially mildly itchy spots on the skin. Within hours, these spots become raised papules which are intensely itchy. Each papule corresponds to the penetration site of a single parasite. […] Swimmer’s itch was known to exist as early as the 19th century, but it was not until 1928 that a biologist found that the dermatitis was caused by the larval stage of a group of flatworm parasites in the family Schistosomatidae.

• #1 Swimmer’s itch – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimmer%27s_itch

  The genera most commonly associated with swimmer’s itch in humans are Trichobilharzia and Gigantobilharzia. […] These parasites use both freshwater snails and vertebrates as hosts in their parasitic life cycles as follows: Once a schistosome egg is immersed in water, a short-lived, non-feeding, free-living stage known as the miracidium emerges. […] After infecting a snail, it develops into a mother sporocyst, which in turn undergoes asexual reproduction, yielding large numbers of daughter sporocysts, which asexually produce another short-lived, free-living stage, the cercaria. […] Cercariae use a tail-like appendage (often forked in genera causing swimmer’s itch) to swim to the surface of the water; and use various physical and chemical cues in order to locate the next and final (definitive) host in the life cycle, a bird.

• #1 Swimmer’s itch – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/swimmers-itch/symptoms-causes/syc-20355043

  Swimmer’s itch is an allergic reaction to tiny parasites that burrow into your skin while you’re swimming or wading outdoors. […] Swimmer’s itch is usually caused by a reaction to tiny parasites in the water that burrow into your skin while you’re swimming or wading in warm, calm water. […] Swimmer’s itch is caused by an allergic reaction to parasites that burrow into your skin from warm water. These parasites are found in some animals that live near ponds and lakes, including geese, ducks and muskrats. […] The parasites’ eggs get into the water through the animals’ waste. When the young parasites hatch, they live and grow in a type of snail that lives in shallow water. The snails then release the parasites into the water, where they can infect humans.

• #1 What is swimmer’s itch? Symptoms and how to treat it

  https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/health-wellness/2024/07/18/what-is-swimmers-itch/74102665007/

  Swimmers itch is a rash caused by an allergic reaction to the larvae of microscopic parasites that are found in both fresh and saltwater. […] Swimming in contaminated water for even a short period of time can cause swimmers itch, and after you come in contact with the larvae, when the skin dries off, those parasites burrow under people’s skin and cause an itchy rash, says Dr. Christina Boull, MD, an associate professor of dermatology and pediatrics at M Health Fairview University of Minnesota Medical Center. […] The parasites that cause swimmers itch can only burrow into your skin after you’ve dried off. So, it’s really important after getting out of a lake or areas where you’re swimming that would have snails, that you take a towel and really wipe the water off your skin. Showering after you’ve gotten out of the water can also help to prevent the parasites from getting underneath your skin.

• #1 Swimmer’s itch (cercarial dermatitis) – Dermatology Advisor

  https://www.dermatologyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/dermatology/swimmers-itch-cercarial-dermatitis/

  Swimmers itch occurs when free-swimming cercariae penetrate the skin of humans (incidental host) and cause an allergic skin reaction (types I and IV hypersensitivity). The life cycle begins as cercariae infect birds (definitive host), maturing into adult worms within blood vessels. Adult worms then produce eggs that are passed in avian feces. […] The eggs hatch and liberate ciliated miracidia into the water, which infect snails (intermediate host). Miracidia mature within snails and produce free-swimming cercariae, which either reinfect birds or infect humans. Cercarie die upon penetration into human skin, thus halting the schistosome life cycle.

• #1 Swimmer’s Itch 101: What Every Lake Lover Needs to Know – Conservation Corps Minnesota & Iowa

  https://conservationcorps.org/updates-stories/swimmers-itch-101-what-every-lake-lover-needs-to-know/

  Swimmers itch has a complicated life cycle. […] When the cercariae find a potential host, they burrow into the hosts skin. If the host is suitable, the life cycle starts all over again. […] Luckily for us, humans are not a suitable host and the cercariae die after penetrating the skin. Our bodys immune system detects the organism as a foreign protein, attacking and killing it shortly after it penetrates the skin. The itching and welts are not caused by the burrowing of the organism, but by an allergic reaction.

• #1 Swimmers Itch in Kids | Children’s Hospital Colorado

  https://www.childrenscolorado.org/conditions-and-advice/conditions-and-symptoms/symptoms/swimmers-itch-lakes-and-oceans/

  Swimmer’s itch is caused by a very tiny parasite. You can only see it with a microscope. It gets into the skin of humans by mistake. […] The rash and itching are the body’s allergic reaction to parasites in the skin. […] Swimmer’s itch is the body’s allergic reaction to the parasite. Each time the body is exposed, the more intense the reaction will be. This is called sensitization. […] The more the exposures, the faster the rash occurs. It also causes the rash and itching to become more severe.

• #1 Swimmer’s Itch | Disease Outbreak Control Division

  https://health.hawaii.gov/docd/disease_listing/swimmers-itch/

  Swimmers itch is a rash caused by an allergic reaction to certain microscopic parasites that infect birds and animals. […] The parasite larvae burrow into human skin and causes allergic reaction and rash. […] The allergic reaction to penetrating cercariae is self-limiting; signs and symptoms usually will resolve within 12 weeks. Minimal symptomatic treatment and good hygiene to prevent itching and secondary infections are usually sufficient treatment for most cases of cercarial dermatitis. […] Treatment of cercarial dermatitis has not been evaluated in clinical trials. Systemic antihistamines or topical antihistamines or corticosteroids can be used to reduce symptoms. Topical antiseptics or antibiotics as well as systemic antibiotics may be needed in the case of secondary infection.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00436-016-5060-z

  Cercarial dermatitis called swimmers itch has been listed for several years in human populations around the world. It reveals an allergic skin reaction in the form of painful, then itchy lumpy rash. It occurs in people bathing or wading in ponds populated by snails infected with bird schistosome larvae. Lumpy skin lesions resembling early stage of chickenpox, is a result of penetration by cercariae of bird schistosomes, and the number and size of bubbles depend on the number of penetrating larvae. […] Snails play a key role as first intermediate hosts in the life cycle of bird schistosomes. Miracydium enters the mollusk, then in hepatopancreas transforms into sporocyst, inside which after 6-7 weeks numerous furcocercariae invasive for vertebrates emerge. Cercariae abandon host snail and penetrate the webbed feet of waterfowl, transforming into schistosomulae. In ventral organs of bird host, parasites mature and reproduce sexually. However, bird schistosomes are not capable of sexual maturity in man, some authors suspect the possibility of schistosomulae occurrence inside human organs. This point of view is based on facts that appearing dermatitis in a person infected can be accompanied by further symptoms such as nausea, diarrhea, swollen glands, insomnia, fever, or even anaphylactic shock and disorders of the respiratory system.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00436-016-5060-z

  The potential risk of human invasion is increased by the fact that bird schistosomes quoted around the world including several taxa of hosts. Some species belonging to the so-called nasal schistosomes are considered to be particularly dangerous because they have a high affinity for the central nervous system. Kouilov et al. (2004) and Lichtenbergov et al. (2011) observed a locomotion disorder in mice experimentally invaded by nasal bird schistosome Trichobilharzia regenti, very similar to those in typical bird host. […] The lowering of groundwater level and the need for rational management of water resources are the reasons for using the artificial reservoirs in summer season for recreational or educational purpose. The occurrence of swimmers itch in the child and adult bathers in the artificial reservoir is the first well-documented case in this region, although another one associated with anthropogenic reservoir used for recreation in the world.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00436-016-5060-z

  Temperature has a significant and direct influence on a life cycle of trematodes. In physiological limits, temperature increase accelerates the development of parasites inside ectothermic animals, but may also cause an accelerated death of hosts. These observations were also confirmed in our study, it has been demonstrated that naturally infected snails lived significantly shorter than non-infected ones. […] Not clearly explained the ultimate fate of bird schistosome larvae penetrating human skin, additional symptoms like fever, catarrhal changes in the mucosa and bronchial obstruction in people, especially in infected children, and common presence of these parasites in environment are a strong argument for the inclusion of snail testing for the presence of bird schistosome larvae to the standard control procedure of security in bathing places.

• #1

  https://apps.dnr.wi.gov/lakes/swimmersitch/

  Swimmer’s itch is caused by the larvae (immature stage) of certain flatworms that can be picked up while swimming. […] When the larva penetrates the skin, it causes a small red welt. […] The flatworm parasite (schistosome) lives as an adult in suitable mammals and birds, such as mice and ducks. The adult worm sheds its eggs via the hosts excretory tract into the water. Here they hatch into a free-swimming stage called a miracidium. […] The cercariae release normally occurs when the water temperatures reach their near-maximum summer temperature. […] The cercariae may not penetrate the skin until after the bather leaves the water, at which time the person may feel a slight tingling sensation. […] Studies have shown that 30 to 40 percent of people contacting the parasites are sensitive and experience irritation.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00436-016-5060-z

  Statistical analysis of the data shows that both the intermediate Digenea hosts and the parasites have gained better living conditions in parts of the reservoir as compared to the river. Good living conditions for the snail development in the reservoir, the presence of waterfowl freely moving between both parts, and recreational use of the Water Valley allowed the invasion of bird schistosome cercariae to the people. […] The real threat of swimmers itch in the basin lies in a dissonance with a low prevalence of bird schistosomes in snail host populations, however the recorded values did not differ from the results of other authors conducting research in the regions of frequent occurrence of this kind of dermatosis. The real danger of the invasion can be affected by three important factors: (i) high productivity of cercariae inside snail host, (ii) extended life of the infected snails, and (iii) high survival of invasive cercariae in an environment.

• #1 Cercarial dermatitis, a neglected allergic disease – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22915284/

  Cercarial dermatitis (swimmer’s itch) is a common non-communicable water-borne disease. It is caused by penetration of the skin by larvae (cercariae) of schistosomatid flukes and develops as a maculopapular skin eruption after repeated contacts with the parasites. […] Recent results have shown that mammalian infections (including man) manifest themselves as an allergic reaction which is able to trap and eliminate parasites in the skin. […] Studies on mammals experimentally infected by bird schistosome cercariae revealed, however, that during primary infection, parasites are able to escape from the skin to the lungs or central nervous system.

• #1 Swimmer’s Itch – Isle Royale National Park (U.S. National Park Service)

  https://www.nps.gov/isro/planyourvisit/swimmers-itch.htm

  Swimmers itch (cercarial dermatitis) is a skin rash caused by an allergic reaction to certain microscopic parasites that infect some birds and mammals. […] If the parasite comes into contact with a human, it sometimes burrows into the skin causing an allergic reaction and rash. […] The parasite causing swimmers itch is present in Isle Royale waters, particularly in warm and/or shallow areas. […] Because swimmers itch is caused by an allergic reaction, the more you swim or wade in infested waters, the more likely it is symptoms will develop. […] The greater number of exposures to infested water will result in more intense and immediate symptoms.

• #2 Cercarial dermatitis, a neglected allergic disease – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22915284/

  Cercarial dermatitis (swimmer’s itch) is a common non-communicable water-borne disease. It is caused by penetration of the skin by larvae (cercariae) of schistosomatid flukes and develops as a maculopapular skin eruption after repeated contacts with the parasites. […] Recent results have shown that mammalian infections (including man) manifest themselves as an allergic reaction which is able to trap and eliminate parasites in the skin. […] Studies on mammals experimentally infected by bird schistosome cercariae revealed, however, that during primary infection, parasites are able to escape from the skin to the lungs or central nervous system.

• #2 Swimmer’s Itch or Cercarial Dermatitis

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/what-to-know-about-swimmers-itch

  A swimmer’s itch is an allergic reaction to certain parasites that typically infect specific mammals and birds. This allergic reaction is also known as cercarial dermatitis, which develops as a skin rash. […] Swimmer’s itch happens when parasites from infected aquatic snails burrow into your skin after you swim in contaminated water. […] Adult parasites thrive in the blood of an infected bird or mammal, especially those that live in or near water such as ducks, swans, or raccoons. The adult parasites then produce eggs that are passed in the infected bird or mammal’s excrement. If these eggs end up in the water, they hatch into microscopic larvae, which look for specific aquatic snails to infect. […] Once the infected snail releases the cercariae in the water, it swims in search of an aquatic bird or mammal. Generally, humans are not a perfect host for cercariae, but the parasite can burrow into the skin, causing allergic reactions and itchy rashes. Since the larvae cannot survive in the human body, they eventually die in the skin. […] Swimmer’s itch is an allergic reaction caused by parasites that live in shallow fresh water and salt water.

• #2 Swimmer’s itch – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimmer%27s_itch

  After locating a bird, the parasite penetrates through the skin (usually the feet), dropping the forked tail in the process. Inside the circulatory system, the immature worms (schistosomula) develop into mature male and female worms, mate and migrate through the host’s circulatory system (or nervous system in case of T. regenti) to the final location (veins feeding the gastrointestinal tract) within the host body.

• #2 ENY-2038/IN1200: Swimmer’s Itch (Cercarial Dermatitis)

  https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/IN1200

  Swimmer’s itch, also known as cercarial dermatitis, is a skin rash caused by infection with parasitic flatworms in the family Schistosomatidae, also known as schistosomes. […] Humans are noncompatible, accidental hosts and are infected when the larval worms penetrate their skin while looking for a compatible wildlife host, like a bird, dog, raccoon, rodent, or other animal. […] The cercariae penetrate the skin of the human but soon die because the parasitic worm cannot mature in the human host. […] Unfortunately, this is not the end of the problem, because our immune systems attack these foreign bodies, causing an inflammatory reaction that can be very itchy and uncomfortable. This inflammatory reaction is what we call swimmer’s itch.

• #2 Swimmer’s Itch | Wisconsin Department of Health Services

  https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/disease/swimmers-itch.htm

  Swimmer’s itch is a skin rash caused by tiny parasites found in water. The parasite normally infects birds or mammals that live near water, but can sometimes find a human and cause an allergic reaction. […] People get swimmers itch when the parasites burrow into their skin. The parasites are unable to live in a human and soon die. This can happen when someone air dries after being in water where the parasite is living. Air drying gives the parasite time to burrow into the skin. The dead remains of the parasite under the skin are what cause people to have the allergic reaction we call swimmers itch. […] Waterfowl, such as ducks or geese, are a common source of the parasite and should be kept away from swimming beaches. Infected waterfowl poop contains eggs of the parasite. When the poop enter the water, the eggs hatch into the first life stage of the parasite. This first stage swims around until it finds and burrows into a snail. Over the next three to four weeks, it grows into the second stage of the parasite, which is colorless and very small, so you cant see them. When the water temperature rises, the parasites are released from the snails to go in search of their new bird or mammal host to infect. If the parasite finds a human instead, it can cause swimmers itch.

• #2 Swimmer’s itch | Minnesota DNR

  https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/swimming/swimmersitch.html

  Swimmer’s itch is a temporary skin rash that is caused by an allergic reaction to microscopic parasites that are carried by waterfowl, semi-aquatic mammals, and snails. […] The good news is the organism that causes swimmer’s itch cannot complete its life history in the human body. Your body’s immune system detects it as a foreign protein, then attacks and kills it shortly after it penetrates your skin. […] The itching and welts are not caused by the organism living under your skin, but by an allergic reaction. […] The organism that causes swimmer’s itch has a complicated life history. […] Humans are not a suitable host and the cercariae die after penetrating the skin. […] Swimmer’s itch is not spread from person to person.

• #2 Swimmer’s itch | HealthLink BC

  https://www.healthlinkbc.ca/healthlinkbc-files/swimmers-itch

  Swimmer’s itch is a skin rash caused by an allergic reaction to small worm-like parasites called schistosomes (shiss-toe-soams). […] It is the reaction to these tiny parasitic larvae under the skin that causes swimmers itch. […] The severity of your symptoms will depend on how many larvae get on to your skin, and how sensitive you are to them. […] Repeat infections are usually worse. People become more sensitive to the larvae and develop stronger responses each time.

• #2 Swimmer’s Itch – Lakes and Oceans

  https://www.carolinapedswilm.com/is-your-child-sick/Swimmer-s-Itch-Lakes-and-Oceans

  Swimmer’s itch is caused by a very tiny parasite. You can only see it with a microscope. It gets into the skin of humans by mistake. […] The rash and itching are the body’s allergic reaction to parasites in the skin. […] Swimmer’s itch is the body’s allergic reaction to the parasite. Each time the body is exposed, the more intense the reaction will be. This is called sensitization. […] The more the exposures, the faster the rash occurs. It also causes the rash and itching to become more severe. […] Swimmer’s itch is caused by a small parasite found in many lakes. It is less common in salt water. The parasite normally only attacks water birds. […] No specific medicine is needed. Reason: the parasites die once they pass into the skin. The itching is a temporary allergic reaction.

• #2 Reporting system for ‘swimmer’s itch’ could help prevent nuisance skin infection, researchers argue | LSTM

  https://www.lstmed.ac.uk/news-events/news/reporting-system-for-%E2%80%98swimmer%E2%80%99s-itch%E2%80%99-could-help-prevent-nuisance-skin-infection

  Swimmers itch, or human cercarial dermatitis (HCD), is a skin infection caused by parasites that live in freshwater snails that can be spread during warm, sunny weather. […] HCD is caused by a parasite, avian schistosome cercariae, first discovered in the US a hundred years ago. The parasite lives and multiplies in freshwater snails before it is released into the water, where it usually infects aquatic birds. It can occasionally instead infect human skin, where the parasite dies and triggers an allergic reaction which causes the redness and an itchy rash. […] Although the skin usually heals in a week without serious complications, secondary bacterial infection can occur, especially in children, who will need antibiotics.

• #2 Trematode Infection Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/230112-clinical

  Cercarial dermatitis, also known as swimmer’s itch, is an allergic reaction caused by the penetration of cercariae in persons who have been exposed to cercariae in fresh water. […] The neurological symptoms result from the inflammatory response of the host to the deposition of eggs in the brain and spinal cord. […] Schistosomal myelopathy tends to occur early after infection and is more likely to be symptomatic than cerebral schistosomiasis. […] The process is usually related to avian schistosomal species of the genera Trichobilharzia, Gigantobilharzia, and Orientobilharzia, which do not develop further in humans.

• #2 Swimmer’s Itch | The Crystal Lake Watershed Association

  https://crystallakewatershed.org/swimmers-itch/

  Swimmers itch is a skin condition caused when swimming larvae of several species of parasitic flatworms encounter human beings rather than their usual avian host, penetrate the skin and trigger an allergic reaction in many people. […] CLWA has collaborated with biologists from Oakland University who have used these data to examine the behavior of swimmers itch parasites and how that affects human reaction. Their studies show that swimmers are most at risk in the morning and when the wind is directly on shore.

• #2 About Swimmer’s Itch | Swimmer’s Itch (Cercarial Dermatitis) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/swimmers-itch/about/index.html

  Swimmers itch, also called cercarial dermatitis, appears as a skin rash caused by an allergic reaction to certain microscopic parasites that infect some birds and mammals. […] If the parasite comes into contact with a swimmer, it burrows into the skin causing an allergic reaction and rash. […] Because swimmers itch is caused by an allergic reaction to infection, the more often you swim or wade in contaminated water, the more likely you are to develop more serious symptoms. […] The greater the number of exposures to contaminated water, the more intense and immediate symptoms of swimmers itch will be. […] Although humans are not suitable hosts, the microscopic larvae burrow into the swimmers skin, and may cause an allergic reaction and rash. Because these larvae cannot develop inside a human, they soon die.

• #3 Swimmer’s itch (cercarial dermatitis) – Dermatology Advisor

  https://www.dermatologyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/dermatology/swimmers-itch-cercarial-dermatitis/

  Swimmers itch occurs when free-swimming cercariae penetrate the skin of humans (incidental host) and cause an allergic skin reaction (types I and IV hypersensitivity). The life cycle begins as cercariae infect birds (definitive host), maturing into adult worms within blood vessels. Adult worms then produce eggs that are passed in avian feces. […] The eggs hatch and liberate ciliated miracidia into the water, which infect snails (intermediate host). Miracidia mature within snails and produce free-swimming cercariae, which either reinfect birds or infect humans. Cercarie die upon penetration into human skin, thus halting the schistosome life cycle.

• #3 What Is Swimmer’s Itch?

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/swimmers-itch-7151852

  An allergic reaction to cercarial larvae causes swimmer’s itch. The cercarial eggs pass into the water through the feces of infected animals. […] After they hatch, the larvae burrow into your skin, creating an itchy rash. Humans aren’t good hosts for them, so they die off before long, which means not everyone who enters water will get swimmer’s itch—you must have an allergy to the larvae. (The ideal host is a duck.) […] However, it’s important to remember swimmer’s itch is caused by an allergy. Each time you get swimmer’s itch, it will likely be more severe than the last. Be sure to take precautions to prevent future exposure to the parasites.

• #3 Swimmer’s itch – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/swimmers-itch/symptoms-causes/syc-20355043

  Swimmer’s itch is an allergic reaction to tiny parasites that burrow into your skin while you’re swimming or wading outdoors. […] Swimmer’s itch is usually caused by a reaction to tiny parasites in the water that burrow into your skin while you’re swimming or wading in warm, calm water. […] Swimmer’s itch is caused by an allergic reaction to parasites that burrow into your skin from warm water. These parasites are found in some animals that live near ponds and lakes, including geese, ducks and muskrats. […] The parasites’ eggs get into the water through the animals’ waste. When the young parasites hatch, they live and grow in a type of snail that lives in shallow water. The snails then release the parasites into the water, where they can infect humans.

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