Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Testicular Torsion: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15382-testicular-torsion

  Testicular torsion occurs when your spermatic cord twists, cutting off blood supply to your testicle. It requires immediate treatment to prevent permanent damage to your testicle. […] Testicular torsion is rare. It affects about one in 4,000 men under age 25. Its usually a spontaneous event, meaning it occurs without any apparent cause. […] Most testicular torsion cases occur in people who have a bell clapper deformity. […] Testicular torsion can also occur after an injury to your testicle or scrotum. […] You may be more likely to have testicular torsion if you’ve had one before or if someone in your biological family has had one. […] Without prompt treatment, testicular torsion may cause permanent damage to your testicle. Your testicles can only survive about six hours without blood flow. […] The only way to prevent testicular torsion is through surgery. Most people don’t know they’re susceptible to testicular torsion until they have it. Surgery prevents a torsion from occurring in your other testicle.

• #2 Testicular torsion – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testicular_torsion

  Testicular torsion occurs when the spermatic cord (from which the testicle is suspended) twists, cutting off the blood supply to the testicle. […] Most of those affected have no obvious prior underlying health problems. Testicular tumor or prior trauma may increase risk. […] Other risk factors include a congenital malformation known as a „bell-clapper deformity” wherein the testis is inadequately attached to the scrotum allowing it to move more freely and thus potentially twist. […] A larger testicle either due to normal variation or testicular tumor increases the risk of torsion. […] Similarly, the presence of a mass or malignancy involving the spermatic cord can also predispose to torsion. […] Several congenital anatomic malformations or variations in the testicle or the surrounding structures may allow for increased scrotal rotation and increase the risk of testicular torsion.

• #2 Testicular torsion – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testicular_torsion

  Testicular torsion may also be caused by trauma to the scrotum or exercise (in particular, bicycle riding); however, only about 48% of cases are the result of trauma. […] The undescended testis is at increased risk of testicular torsion. […] The mechanism for torsion in the undescended testicle is not fully understood, though it may be due to abnormal contractions of the cremaster muscle, which covers the testicle and spermatic cord and is responsible for raising and lowering the testicle to regulate scrotal temperature.

• #3 Testicular torsion – information for teenagers | CUH

  https://www.cuh.nhs.uk/patient-information/testicular-torsion-information-for-teenagers/

  Testicular torsion occurs when the cord (called the spermatic cord) which carries blood to the testicle becomes twisted. The amount of twisting can range from 180 degrees (half a turn) to 720 degrees (2 complete turns). The twisting cuts off the blood supply to the testicle which causes pain and swelling. Testicular torsion is therefore a condition which necessitates emergency management. […] In some boys the testicle is not secured at the base of the scrotum (called bell clapper deformity) making it freer to move and potentially twist. In many boys though there is no apparent cause. […] Testicular torsion can happen at any age (including before birth in a few boys), but is most common between the ages of 10 and 25 years. Testicular torsion may occur during exercise or during sleep and may occur after a trauma or injury to the testicle. […] There is nothing that you did, or did not do, that resulted in testicular torsion.

• #4 Testicular Torsion | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/testicular-torsion

  Testicular torsion, sometimes referred to as torsion of the spermatic cord, is a twisting of the spermatic cord that cuts off the blood supply to the testicle. It’s a rare condition that can destroy a testicle in as little as four to six hours. […] In general, testicular torsion accounts for about 40 percent of all cases of acute scrotal pain and swelling. It usually occurs during two time periods at birth and during puberty but it can occur at any age. Many boys and men who develop testicular torsion have an anatomic abnormality that causes the spermatic cord to twist more freely. […] Newborn torsion, which accounts for 12 percent of all cases of testicular torsion, is usually discovered after the development of an enlarged, swollen, and reddened scrotum. If this happens before birth, most likely the testicle cannot be saved, but a torsion occurring in the weeks after birth can potentially be untwisted if discovered in time.

• #5 Testicular Torsion | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2006/1115/p1739.html

  Each year, testicular torsion affects one in 4,000 males younger than 25 years. […] The annual incidence of testicular torsion is one in 4,000 males younger than 25 years.1 Intravaginal torsion, caused by a congenital malformation of the processus vaginalis, accounts for 90 percent of cases.2 In this malformation, the tunica vaginalis covers not only the testicle and the epididymis but also the spermatic cord. This creates a bell-clapper deformity that allows the testis to rotate freely within the tunica vaginalis. […] Torsion usually occurs in the absence of any precipitating event3; only 4 to 8 percent of cases are a result of trauma.4 Other factors predisposing patients to testicular torsion include an increase in testicular volume (often associated with puberty), testicular tumor, testicles with horizontal lie, a history of cryptorchidism, and a spermatic cord with a long intrascrotal portion.5

• #6 Testicular Torsion – Genitourinary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/penile-and-scrotal-disorders/testicular-torsion

  Testicular torsion is an emergency condition due to rotation of the testis and consequent strangulation of its blood supply. […] Anomalous development of the tunica vaginalis and spermatic cord can lead to incomplete fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis (bell-clapper deformitysee figure Abnormal testicular fixation leading to torsion). This anomaly predisposes the testis to twisting on its cord spontaneously or after trauma. The predisposing anomaly is present in about 12% of males. Torsion is most common between the ages of 12 and 18, with a secondary peak in infancy. It is uncommon in men age 30. It is more common in the left testis. […] Immediate manual detorsion without imaging can be attempted during the initial examination; its success is variable. […] If detorsion fails, immediate surgery is indicated, because exploration within a few hours offers the only hope of testicular salvage. Testicular salvage drops rapidly from 80 to 100% at 6 to 8 hours to near zero at 12 hours. […] Testicular torsion typically causes rapid onset of severe scrotal pain, nausea, and vomiting, followed by scrotal edema and induration. […] Rotate the affected testicle outward and, if not successful, arrange for immediate surgery.

• #7 Testicular Torsion (for Teens) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/torsion.html

  Testicular torsion happens when a spermatic cord becomes twisted, cutting off the flow of blood to the attached testicle. […] Most cases of testicular torsion (also called testis torsion) affect guys who have a condition called a bell clapper deformity. […] Testicular torsion can happen to boys and men of any age, but is most common in 12- to 18-year-olds. It can happen after strenuous exercise, while someone is sleeping, or after an injury to the scrotum. A lot of times, though, there is no apparent cause.

• #8 Testicular Torsion: Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/1215/p835.html

  Testicular torsion is a twisting of the spermatic cord and its contents and is a surgical emergency affecting 3.8 per 100,000 males younger than 18 years annually. It accounts for 10% to 15% of acute scrotal disease in children, and results in an orchiectomy rate of 42% in boys undergoing surgery for testicular torsion. […] Testicular torsion is a twisting of the spermatic cord and its contents and is a surgical emergency, with an annual incidence of 3.8 per 100,000 males younger than 18 years. Historically, the annual incidence has been closer to one per 4,000. It accounts for approximately 10% to 15% of acute scrotal disease in children, and results in an orchiectomy rate of 42% in boys undergoing surgery for testicular torsion. […] In older children and adults, testicular torsion is usually intravaginal (twisting of the cord within the tunica vaginalis).

• #9 Testicular Torsion – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/testicular-torsion

  Testicular torsion is twisting of the spermatic cord, which supports the testes in the scrotum. When this occurs, blood supply is cut off to the testicles and nearby tissue in the scrotum. This may cause permanent damage to the testicle. […] Some men are more prone to this condition because of defects in the connective tissue within the scrotum. The problem may also occur after an injury to the scrotum that results in a lot of swelling, or following heavy exercise. In some cases, there is no clear cause. […] The condition is more common during the first year of life and at the beginning of adolescence (puberty). However, it may happen in older men.

• #10 Testicular Torsion

  https://www.healthhub.sg/a-z/diseases-and-conditions/testicular-torsion

  Testicular torsion usually occurs in testicles that have an abnormal anatomy which allow the testicle to rotate more easily in the scrotum. […] Many boys or men who develop testicular torsion may have an abnormal anatomy which allows the testicles to rotate more easily in the scrotum. […] Testicular torsion can occur at any age group, even before birth. […] Peak occurrence: At birth, and during puberty (mostly occur between 12 18 years).

• #11 Testicular Torsion: Definition, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/testicular-torsion

  The most common cause of an emergency related to the male genitourinary tract is a highly painful one called testicular torsion. […] Many of those who have testicular torsion are born with a higher risk for the condition, although they may not know it. […] Those who experience torsion sometimes have weaker connective tissue in the scrotum. […] In some instances, this may be caused by a congenital trait known as a bell clapper deformity. […] This deformity accounts for 90 percent of testicular torsion cases. […] Testicular torsion can run in families, affecting multiple generations as well as siblings. […] The condition can occur at any time, even before birth. […] Testicular torsion can occur when you’re sleeping or engaging in physical activity. […] It can also occur after an injury to the groin, such as a sports injury. […] Rapid growth of the testicles during puberty may also cause the condition.

• #12 Testicular torsion | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/testicular-torsion?lang=us

  Testicular torsion occurs when a testis torts on the spermatic cord resulting in the cutting off of blood supply. The most common underlying cause, a bell-clapper deformity. […] The most common underlying abnormality is the so-called bell clapper deformity which is the abnormally high attachment of the tunica vaginalis to the spermatic cord, allowing the testis and adjacent epididymis to move more freely, and thus places it at risk of twisting around the spermatic cord. This deformity is seen in 5-16% of males and is bilateral in 66-100%. […] The majority of cases of testicular torsion are either spontaneous or in the setting of minor/incidental trauma. In approximately 5-8% of cases, scrotal trauma is significant.

• #13 Testicular Torsion: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment | Ada

  https://ada.com/conditions/testicular-torsion/

  Testicular torsion occurs when a testicle moves freely within the scrotum, twisting the spermatic cord that it is attached to. When the spermatic cord becomes twisted, blood flow between the abdomen and the affected testicle becomes restricted. A testicle without blood supply can quickly become damaged and, if blood flow is not restored in time, may die. […] Most cases of testicular torsion occur in people who are born with a condition called bell clapper deformity. This condition means the testicle is not adequately attached to the scrotal wall and hangs freely, resulting in a predisposition to rotation. Bell clapper deformity is only present in about 12 percent of men. […] However, testicular torsion can still occur in people without bell clapper deformity. Tissues connecting the testes to the scrotum usually prevent the testes from rotating. In some people these surrounding tissues are too loose, which can result in a greater level of testicular movement and the risk of torsion occurring.

• #14 Testicular Torsion: Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/1215/p835.html

  Whether testicular torsion is intravaginal or extravaginal, twisting of the spermatic cord initially increases venous pressure and congestion, with subsequent decrease in arterial blood flow and ischemia. […] The viability of the testicle in cases of torsion is difficult to predict; hence, emergent surgical treatment is indicated despite many patients presenting beyond the four- to eight-hour time frame. […] Orchiectomy rates vary widely in the literature, typically ranging from 39% to 71% in most series. Age and prolonged time to definitive treatment have been identified as risk factors for orchiectomy. […] The bell-clapper deformity that increases testicular mobility and, therefore, the risk of torsion, is bilateral in up to 80% of patients.

• #15 Bilateral Testicular Torsion: A Systematic Review of Case Reports

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10256955/

  Bilateral testicular torsion is a rare but serious condition characterized by twisting both testicles around their respective spermatic cords, leading to reduced blood flow and potential loss of the testicles. […] The exact causes of bilateral testicular torsion are not fully understood, but it has been associated with anatomical abnormalities, trauma, and certain activities that involve sudden, forceful movements of the lower body. […] Bilateral testicular torsion is a rare urological emergency characterized by twisting both testes along their axis, resulting in compromised blood flow and potentially leading to testicular ischemia and necrosis. […] Testicular torsion can be categorized into two types: intravaginal and extravaginal. […] The potential long-term complications of bilateral testicular torsion include testicular atrophy and infertility, which may require further management, such as assisted reproductive techniques.

• #16 Testicular Torsion – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448199/

  The majority of cases occur in younger patients ( 25 years old) and are usually due to a congenital abnormality of the processus vaginalis. […] Testicular torsion is caused by the twisting of the blood supply and spermatic cord. […] If the attachment of the tunica vaginalis is high, then this allows the spermatic cord to twist inside, leading to intravaginal torsion. […] Testicular torsion has been known to occur in the presence of testicular malignancy in adults.

• #17 Testicular Torsion | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/testicular-torsion

  Testicular torsion occurs when the testicle twists around the cord (the structure extending from the groin to the testes that contains the sperm ducts and blood vessels), like an apple twisting on its stem. […] In pre-adolescent and adolescent boys, torsion occurs primarily from incomplete attachment of the testes within the scrotum. This permits the testes to be more movable, allowing them to twist. Testicular torsion in the fetus results when the protective sac that surrounds the testicles within the scrotum does not attach to the scrotum internally.

• #18 Testicular Torsion in Children | Phoenix Children’s Hospital

  https://phoenixchildrens.org/specialties-conditions/testicular-torsion-children

  Testicular torsion is a painful twisting of the testicles and spermatic cord. Torsion can happen to 1 or both testicles. Torsion causes blood to not flow to the testicles. This can damage them. […] Testicular torsion in young children and teens occurs when the testicles are not completely attached in the scrotum. This lets the testicles move more freely and twist. Torsion may happen during physical activity. […] Testicular torsion in a baby happens when the sac around the testicles doesnt attach to the scrotum. […] Testicular torsion often occurs in children ages 10 and older. It can also happen when a baby is growing in the birth parent’s uterus, or shortly after a baby is born. The condition is sometimes seen in fathers, sons, and brothers. This means it may be linked to a gene. […] Torsion causes blood to not flow to the testicles. This can damage them. To reduce the risk of long-term problems, surgery is often done within 6 hours of symptoms. […] If the condition is not treated quickly, it can lead to loss of the testicle.

• #19 Testicular Torsion: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2036003-overview

  Cryptorchid testes are at increased risk of torsion and are difficult to assess due to their extrascrotal location. These patients typically present with a painful inguinal mass and an empty ipsilateral scrotum. In one series of 22 patients with cryptorchid testicular torsion, the testicular salvage rate was significantly lower in prepubertal patients than in postpubertal ones (16.7% versus 60.0%, respectively). […] There may be a familial predisposition to torsion, but the genetic transmission is unknown. Evaluation of a familial basis for testis torsion has also been evaluated in animal models. Although candidate genes INSL3 and RXFP2 were identified in a mouse model of testis torsion, no functionally significant mutations were found. […] Testicular tumors were noted in 6% of patients presenting with testicular torsion, in one series. Although malignancy remains an uncommon cause of torsion, it should be considered in postpubertal males presenting with acute scrotal pain. […] Possible risk factors for extravaginal torsion include high birth weight, prolonged labor, pre-eclampsia, and gestational diabetes. However, those predispositions have yet to be confirmed in controlled studies.

• #19 Testicular Torsion: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2036003-overview

  The exact precipitating event for spermatic cord torsion is unknown. The only consistently reported anatomic factor noted has been the lack of appropriate testicular fixation: the bell clapper deformity in intravaginal torsion, or the lack of fixation of the tunica in extravaginal torsion. Understanding of how the bell clapper deformity forms remains speculative. Suggestions have included a congenital anomaly of formation of the embryonic scrotum, spermatic cord, and testicle. […] Precipitating factors for the development of torsion include exercise and injury. Cold temperatures have been hypothesized to trigger torsion by causing asymmetric contraction of the cremaster muscle in susceptible individuals; however, a review of 2413 pediatric cases in the United States found that episodes of testicular torsion were evenly distributed across all seasons, even when analysis was limited to states with cold winters.

• #20 Testicular Torsion: Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://atlanticurologyclinics.com/conditions/testicular-torsion/

  Testicular torsion is when the spermatic cord twists. The spermatic cord provides blood flow to the testicles. This twisting can lead to a reduction or even a complete blockage of blood flow to the affected testicle. It is considered a medical emergency because, without prompt treatment, the lack of blood flow can cause severe damage to the testicle. […] This often occurs without a specific cause, but certain factors can increase the risk: […] Age: It is more common in males between puberty and early adulthood. […] Physical Activity: Vigorous physical activities, especially those involving sudden movements, can lead to testicular torsion. […] Anatomy: Some individuals are predisposed if their testicles are attached more loosely to the scrotum. […] Previous Torsion: If someone has had testicular torsion in one testicle before, they might be at a slightly higher risk for it happening again.

• #21 Testicular torsion: Causes, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/190514

  Previous testicular torsion: If the torsion occurs once and resolves without treatment, it is likely to happen again in either testicle unless surgery can correct the underlying problem. […] Climate: Many health experts call torsions winter syndrome because they commonly occur during cold weather. For example, a person’s scrotum is often in a state of relaxation while in a warm bed. When the individual leaves the bed, the scrotum becomes exposed to colder room air. If the spermatic cord becomes twisted while the scrotum is loose, the sudden contraction from the abrupt temperature change can trap the testicle in that position, causing testicular torsion.

• #22 Testicular torsion: Signs, causes and what to do – Children’s Health

  https://www.childrens.com/health-wellness/testicular-torsion-signs-causes-what-to-do

  Testicular torsion occurs when a testicle twists inside of the scrotum so much that it chokes the blood flow to the testicle. […] This twisting may occur due to rapid growth during puberty; about 65% of cases of testicular torsion occur in adolescents ages 11-19. Testicular torsion may also occur following an injury to the groin area. However, the condition can happen at any age, without provocation or a known cause. […] „We believe that some males are more susceptible to testicular torsion than others because of the looseness of the way the testis is attached inside the scrotum,” says Dr. Schlomer. Some males may be born with this looseness due to a congenital trait known as a bell clapper anomaly. With the rapid growth of the testicles during puberty, the testis can flop and twist, which increases the risk of the spermatic cord becoming twisted.

• #23 Testicular torsion | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/testicular-torsion

  Testicular torsion occurs when the testicle rotates on the spermatic cord, which brings blood to the testicle from the abdomen. If the testicle rotates several times, blood flow to it can be entirely blocked, causing damage more quickly. […] It’s not clear why testicular torsion occurs. Most males who get testicular torsion have an inherited trait that allows the testicle to rotate freely inside the scrotum. This inherited condition often affects both testicles. But not every male with the trait will have testicular torsion. […] Testicular torsion often occurs several hours after vigorous activity, after a minor injury to the testicles or while sleeping. Cold temperature or rapid growth of the testicle during puberty also might play a role.

• #24 Testicular torsion | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/testicular-torsion

  Testicular torsion is when your testicle twists around, cutting off its blood supply. […] It is not always clear why a testicle twists. Sometimes it happens after intensive exercise or an injury to the area, but most of the time there is no known cause. […] Some people have testicles that are held in place loosely inside their scrotum and can move more easily than for other people. This can lead to testicular torsion. […] Testicular torsion is also more likely if: it runs in your family; you or your child is going through puberty, which is a time when the testicles grow especially fast; you or your child has undescended testicles.

• #25 Testicular Torsion | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2006/1115/p1739.html

  Torsion initially obstructs venous return. Subsequent equalization of venous and arterial pressures compromises arterial flow, resulting in testicular ischemia. The degree of ischemia depends on the duration of torsion and the degree of rotation of the spermatic cord. Ischemia can occur as soon as four hours after torsion and is almost certain after 24 hours. […] Common causes of testicular loss after torsion are delay in seeking medical attention (58 percent), incorrect initial diagnosis (29 percent), and delay in treatment at the referral hospital (13 percent).24

• #26 Testicular Torsion – Core EM

  https://coreem.net/core/testicular-torsion/

  Definition: Twisting of the spermatic cord leading to decreased blood flow to the testicle resulting in ischemia, infarction and potentially, tissue necrosis. […] Risk factors: History of cryptorchidism, horizontal testicular lie, increased spermatic cord length. […] Twisting of the testicle initially causes compromised venous return and can lead to arterial obstruction, ischemia and tissue necrosis. […] Longer duration of torsion increases the risk of tissue necrosis.

• #27 Bilateral Testicular Torsion: A Systematic Review of Case Reports

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10256955/

  The duration of symptoms prior to detorsion and the degree of twisting is crucial prognostic factors determining the extent of testicular damage and its potential for salvageability. […] The viability of the testis starts to deteriorate significantly after six hours of symptom onset. […] Further research is needed to better understand bilateral testicular torsion’s pathogenesis and risk factors.

• #28 Testicular Torsion (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/torsion.html

  Testicular torsion (also called testis torsion) requires immediate surgery to fix. If it goes on too long, it can result in severe damage to the testicle and even its removal. […] Saving a testicle becomes more difficult the longer the spermatic cord stays twisted. The degree of twisting (whether it’s one entire revolution or several) determines how quickly the testicle will become damaged.

• #29 Testicular Torsion – Symptoms and Causes

  https://ercare24.com/testicular-torsion-symptoms-causes

  Testicular torsion occurs when the testicle rotates causing twisting of the spermatic cord impairing its own blood supply. […] In majority of cases the exact cause of torsion is unknown. In some young men, there seems to be laxity of the tissues that surround the testicle. This allows the testicle to twist around in the scrotum and with it, the spermatic cord. […] Testicular torsion is a true medical emergency and you should seek medical attention immediately. […] The sooner the testicle is untwisted, the greater the chance it can be saved. After 6 hours from the start of pain, the chances of needing testicle removal are greatly increased. […] Delays beyond 12 hours from pain onset increase risk of testicle removal to 75%.

• #30 Testicular Torsion: Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.urology-textbook.com/testicular-torsion.html

  Testicular torsion is a mostly spontaneous torsion of the testicle around the spermatic cord with consecutive ischemia. […] Abnormal mobility of the testicle causes testicular torsion. Cremasteric contraction causes a rotational force to the testes and can induce testicular torsion, as also manipulation or testicular trauma may trigger a torsion. […] Subfertility may develop after testicular torsion; the prevalence and mechanisms are unclear and controversial. Possible mechanisms are reflectory sympathetic vasocontriction with subsequent ischemia and damage to the blood-testis barrier with formation of anti-sperm antibodies. In addition, testicular torsion may be a form of congenital testicular dysgenesis, explaining the bilateral risk of torsion and reduced testicular function found in patients after torsion.

• #31

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/genitourinary-tract/Pages/Testicular-Torsion.aspx

  Most torsions don’t improve on their own. Waiting for the testicle to untwist increases the risk of losing a testicle. […] Even after untwisting, the testicle is at risk for a future episode of torsion. […] The testicle is removed (orchiectomy) if the torsion is severe, the blood supply is lost, and the tissue in the testicle dies. […] However, in some rare cases, testicular torsion can increase the risk for infertility.

• #32

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00247-018-4093-0

  Testicular torsion has been reported to have a bimodal distribution, an initial peak in the first year of age where the torsion is of extravaginal type, and a second surge in adolescence where intravaginal torsion is common. […] Complete torsion occurs when the testis twists 360 or greater, usually leading to absence of intratesticular flow on color Doppler exam; however sometimes the flow is preserved or decreased. […] Intermittent torsion is defined as sudden onset of unilateral testicular pain of short duration with spontaneous resolution. […] In partial or incomplete torsion, the degree of spermatic cord twist is less than 360, allowing for some residual perfusion to the testis. […] There is wide consensus that bell clapper anomaly is the primary risk factor for acute intravaginal torsion.

• #33 Testicular Torsion: Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment | Prof.Dr. Emin ÖZBEK

  https://dreminozbek.com/en/testicular-torsion-causes-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  Testicular torsion (TT) is a condition characterized by painful and testicular swelling due to disruption of the blood vessels of the testis. […] The causes of testicular rotation are not fully known. It is possible to list the situations that cause torsion as follows: Genetic causes: In these patients, the torsion is usually bilateral. Excessive physical activity. Testicular trauma. Some people may develop torsion during sleep and patients wake up with severe pain. Cold weather may have an effect. May be the result of rapid growth of testicles during puberty. Most patients have no cause. […] There are some risk factors for testicular rotation. It is more common in men with these risk factors. It is possible to rank them as follows; Age: It is often seen in boys aged 12-18 years. Genetic causes: The risk of torsion is higher in men with a family member with this disease. People who have had previous torsion: Some people may have mild intermittent torsion. Intermittent TT should be considered in men with intermittent testicular pain that resolves spontaneously. These people have a higher risk of developing torsion in the future.

• #34 Testicular Torsion: Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment | Prof.Dr. Emin ÖZBEK

  https://dreminozbek.com/en/testicular-torsion-causes-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  TT is a very serious and urological emergency. In this case, there is occlusion in the vessels of the testis and impaired blood flow. The definitive treatment of the disease is surgery. […] The causes of testicular rotation are not fully known. It is possible to list the situations that cause torsion as follows: Genetic causes: In these patients, the torsion is usually bilateral. Excessive physical activity. Testicular trauma. Some people may develop torsion during sleep and patients wake up with severe pain. Cold weather may have an effect. May be the result of rapid growth of testicles during puberty. Most patients have no cause. […] TT is an urgent urological disease. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment should be given. If it is delayed, testicular functions will be lost and serious complications will develop in the future, since the blood supply of the testis will be impaired.

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