Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Testicular Torsion „Double Outch!” – Fairbanks Urology

  https://fairbanksurology.com/condition/testicular-torsion-double-outch/

  Having testicles that can rotate in the scrotum is a trait inherited by some males. If you have this trait, the only way to prevent testicular torsion is surgery to attach both testicles to the inside of the scrotum.

• #1 Testicular Torsion: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15382-testicular-torsion

  The only way to prevent testicular torsion is through surgery. Most people dont know theyre susceptible to testicular torsion until they have it. Surgery prevents a torsion from occurring in your other testicle.

• #1 Testicular Torsion | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2006/1115/p1739.html

  Surgical exploration provides definitive treatment for the affected testis by orchiopexy and allows for prophylactic orchiopexy of the contralateral testis. […] Elective orchiopexy is still recommended. […] The anatomic abnormality that predisposed the testicle to torsion may be bilateral. Therefore, prophylactic orchiopexy of the contralateral testis is universally recommended.

• #1 What parents need to know about testicular torsion – CHOC – Children’s health hub

  https://health.choc.org/what-parents-need-to-know-about-testicular-torsion/

  Testicular torsion almost always needs surgery to be fixed. […] If your child’s spermatic cord untwists and the pain goes away, it might be easy to dismiss what happened, but you should still call a doctor. Surgery can be done to secure the testicles and make testicular torsion unlikely to happen again. […] Most torsion surgeries are done on an outpatient basis (with no overnight hospital stay). If your child has a torsion, they’ll get a painkiller and general anesthesia to sleep and not feel pain during the procedure. […] The surgeon will make a small cut in the scrotum, untwist the spermatic cord, and stitch both testicles to the inside of the scrotum to prevent future torsions. […] It’s important that parents talk to children about the importance of letting you know if they have genital pain – even if it may be a bit embarrassing. […] Ignoring pain or simply hoping it goes away can lead to severe damage to the testicle and even its removal.

• #1 Testicular Torsion: Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment | Prof.Dr. Emin ÖZBEK

  https://dreminozbek.com/en/testicular-torsion-causes-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  The surgery is performed under general anesthesia. […] In case of future torsion as a preventive measure, the normal contralateral testis should also be fixed to the scrotum in the same surgery. […] In order to be successful in the treatment of this disease, it should be intervened in the early period. […] TT surgery is a treatment method with a hundred percent success rate if it is performed on time. […] The success rate is very high in attempts made within 6 hours.

• #1 [Eversion orchidopexy as prophylaxis for recurrence of testicular torsion] – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23328777/

  Eversion orchidopexy can be considered to be a safe and effective method for the prophylaxis of recurrent testicular torsion in comparison to alternative methods. […] A review of the literature has shown, however, that recurrence of testicular torsion can occur in many cases and that in some cases this leads to complete anatomical or functional loss of the testis.

• #1 A Survey of Current Practice in Operative Management of Testicular Torsion in Poland

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/10/4/643

  The majority of respondents (98%) fix the testicle after torsion. However, only three (3%) participants rely entirely on sutureless fixation of the testis. As a result, 94 (95%) respondents used sutures to fixate the torsed testicle. However, there was no consensus on the type of sutures used. Absorbable sutures were used by 48 (48%) surgeons, while non-absorbable sutures were used by 42 (42%), and 4 (4%) surgeons used both types. […] To prevent re-torsion, fixation is advised. This statement is in agreement with our survey results (98%). However, there is no consensus on how the fixation should be achieved. […] The majority of participants in the study (70%) shared a view of the need for routine contralateral exploration and fixation of the testis. The necessity of the contralateral fixation is usually explained by a high incidence of bilateral bell clapper deformity and therefore, the risk of anorchia. […] A vast majority (96%) of surgeons in our survey routinely excise the appendix testis in order to pre-empt torsion of the appendix in the future.

• #1 Testicular Torsion: Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.urology-textbook.com/testicular-torsion.html

  Immediate prophylactic fixation of the opposite testis is recommended after a confirmed testicular torsion. […] In cases with severe necrosis and infection, the contralateral fixation should be postponed until ipsilateral wound healing is complete.

• #1 Testicular Torsion – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/mens-health/testicular-torsion-a-to-z

  Most cases of testicular torsion cannot be prevented. However, there are boys who may comment that they are able to „spin” their testis around in the scrotum and then spin it back into its normal position. If this occurs, it may be very helpful for the person to seek the advice of a urologist. The urologist may suggest a procedure called an orchiopexy, an operation that surgically sews the bottom of the testicle to the wall of the scrotal sac (the sac that holds the testicles) to prevent the subsequent development of a torsion.

• #1 Testicular Torsion: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/mens-health/scrotal-lumps-pain-and-swelling/torsion-of-the-testis

  Twisting (torsion) of the testicle (testis) is an emergency. If the blood supply to your testis is cut off for more than about six hours then permanent damage is likely to occur. An emergency operation is usually done: […] An operation to fix the testes in place is usually advised if these warning pains occur. This is because it is likely that at some point a testis will twist fully and emergency surgery will be needed. A planned operation to fix the testes is preferable to waiting for a full-blown torsion to occur. […] Research suggests that early treatment is most likely to preserve the ability to father children. Longer delays to treatment and removal of a testis may reduce that ability.

• #1 Testicular torsion | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/testicular-torsion

  Testicular torsion is an emergency. If the blood supply is cut off for too long, your testicle could become permanently damaged. […] Testicular torsion is generally treated with surgery, which is done as soon as possible. For the best chance of preventing permanent damage your testicle, surgery should be done within 6 hours from when the pain started. […] For most people, there is no known way of preventing testicular torsion. […] If your child has undescended testicles, they may need an operation to bring their testicles down and fix them in the scrotum. This will prevent problems including torsion in the future.

• #1 What Is Testicular Torsion? Does It Hurt?

  https://www.webmd.com/men/what-is-testicular-torsion

  The only way to prevent testicular torsion is to have surgery to attach your testicles to the insides of your scrotum, but this is only done if you have already had torsion or are currently having it. This is not done as a preventive measure.

• #1

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/genitourinary-tract/Pages/Testicular-Torsion.aspx

  The most important thing to know about testicular torsion is that it is an emergency that must be treated immediately. […] Boys need to know that any genital pain is serious and should not be ignored. […] Ignoring testicle pain for too long or simply hoping it goes away can result in severe damage to the testicle and even its removal. […] If treated within 6 hours of the start of pain over 90% chance of saving the testicle. […] If treated after 24 hours of pain less than 10% chance of saving the testicle. […] Wearing a cup for any contact or high-impact sport may help prevent torsion or other injuries to the testicle. […] Talk to your son about the risks of keeping severe scrotal pain a secret. […] Encourage him to tell you or an adult if they are having sudden, severe scrotal pain. This is the best way to prevent loss of a testicle.

• #1 Testicular torsion: Signs, causes and what to do – Children’s Health

  https://www.childrens.com/health-wellness/testicular-torsion-signs-causes-what-to-do

  While testicular torsion cannot be prevented, being aware of this emergency condition can help prevent permanent damage. […] Parents should talk to their sons about any pain they may experience in their belly, groin or genitals. Research shows that most treatment delays occur at home. One study found that males under age 18 years old waited up to 20 hours before heading to the emergency room. […] „Teach your sons that any pain is serious and should not be ignored,” says Dr. Schlomer. Although it may feel awkward to discuss genital anatomy with your son, they need to understand the seriousness of the condition and that they should never keep severe pain a secret. „Reassure your son that there is nothing to be embarrassed about and that you care about his long-term health.”

• #1 Testicular Torsion: Important information for young people and parents – Mid and South Essex Integrated Care System

  https://www.midandsouthessex.ics.nhs.uk/news/testicular-torsion-important-information-for-young-people-and-parents/

  Unfortunately, there’s no guaranteed way to prevent testicular torsion. However, knowing the symptoms and seeking immediate help are the best ways to protect long-term health. […] Remember the simple rule: sudden, severe testicular pain means go to A&E right away. […] Don’t delay seeking medical attention due to embarrassment or hoping the pain will go away. With testicular torsion, time is critical.

• #1 Testicular torsion: Causes, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/190514

  Having testicles that can rotate or move back and forth freely in the scrotum is an inherited trait. Only certain people have this attribute. […] The only way to prevent testicular torsion with this trait is through surgery to attach both testicles to the inside of the scrotum so that they cannot rotate freely. […] Sometimes, the remaining testicle will grow larger to compensate. Therefore, a person should consider wearing protective clothing when taking part in sports and other activities to help protect the second testicle.

• #1 Testicular torsion – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/testicular-torsion/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378274

  Surgery is required to correct testicular torsion. But you’ll still need surgery to prevent torsion from occurring again. […] Treating testicular torsion in infants might prevent future problems with male hormone production and fertility. […] How can I prevent this from happening again?

• #1

  https://nuhsplus.edu.sg/article/keep-your-family-jewels-safe–understanding-testicular-torsion

  Testicular torsion can occur at any age but is most common in infants and those aged 12 to 18. It can occur spontaneously or result from trauma, such as contact sports or vigorous physical activity. While it typically affects only one testicle, having it in one increases the risk of it occurring in the other. […] A big factor predisposing individuals to testicular torsion is the laxity of the attachments between the testis and the surrounding scrotal walls. This allows the testis to move more than usual, said Dr Chong. This condition can affect both sides or either testicle. […] Timely treatment for testicular torsion is crucial to prevent complications such as loss of the testicle or reduced fertility, he stressed. […] Treatment for testicular torsion usually involves surgery to untwist the cord and restore blood flow. The testicle is then stitched in place to the surrounding tissues to prevent a recurrence of the twisting. […] Regular check-ups with a healthcare provider are essential to monitor hormonal levels and the affected testicular size after testicular torsion, said Dr Chong.

• #1 Analysis of factors associated with delayed diagnosis and treatment of testicular torsion in 1005 cases from Chongqing city, China: a cross-sectional study | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-49820-9

  This study aimed to investigate the clinical and social factors of delayed treatment for testicular torsion (TT) and to explore the risk factors of testicular excision in China. […] Technical training in the diagnosis and treatment of TT should be extended to primary hospitals and doctors to significantly improve their accuracy in managing this condition. […] Therefore, timely and accurate diagnosis and treatment are essential for TT patients. […] It is essential to strengthen the training programs for the diagnosis and treatment of TT for doctors in primary hospitals, lower professional titles, and emergency departments to improve their abilities of accurate diagnosis and treatment, so as to increase the rate of testicular salvage.

• #2 Testicular Torsion | Men’s Health

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/conditions/testicular-torsion

  Testicular torsion is a medical emergency. It happens when a testicle twists inside your scrotum, cutting off its blood supply. […] Treatment within six hours of your symptoms starting can prevent lasting damage to your testicle. […] To prevent testicular torsion, it is important to seek medical care to restore blood flow promptly. […] During testicular torsion surgery, we untwist your testicle to restore blood flow. We then attach your affected testicle to your scrotum to prevent it from twisting again. If you have a bell clapper deformity, we may attach the other testicle as well.

• #2 Testicular Torsion „Double Outch!” – Fairbanks Urology

  https://fairbanksurology.com/condition/testicular-torsion-double-outch/

  Having testicles that can rotate in the scrotum is a trait inherited by some males. If you have this trait, the only way to prevent testicular torsion is surgery to attach both testicles to the inside of the scrotum.

• #2 Testicular torsion – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/testicular-torsion/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378274

  Surgery is required to correct testicular torsion. But you’ll still need surgery to prevent torsion from occurring again. […] Treating testicular torsion in infants might prevent future problems with male hormone production and fertility. […] How can I prevent this from happening again?

• #2 Testicular torsion repair: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002994.htm

  Most of the time, you will get general anesthesia for testicular torsion repair surgery. You will be asleep and pain-free. […] The other testicle will be attached in the same way to prevent future problems. […] If surgery is done in time, you should have a complete recovery. When it is done within 4 hours after symptoms begin, the testicle can be saved most of the time.

• #2 A Survey of Current Practice in Operative Management of Testicular Torsion in Poland

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/10/4/643

  The majority of respondents (98%) fix the testicle after torsion. However, only three (3%) participants rely entirely on sutureless fixation of the testis. As a result, 94 (95%) respondents used sutures to fixate the torsed testicle. However, there was no consensus on the type of sutures used. Absorbable sutures were used by 48 (48%) surgeons, while non-absorbable sutures were used by 42 (42%), and 4 (4%) surgeons used both types. […] To prevent re-torsion, fixation is advised. This statement is in agreement with our survey results (98%). However, there is no consensus on how the fixation should be achieved. […] The majority of participants in the study (70%) shared a view of the need for routine contralateral exploration and fixation of the testis. The necessity of the contralateral fixation is usually explained by a high incidence of bilateral bell clapper deformity and therefore, the risk of anorchia. […] A vast majority (96%) of surgeons in our survey routinely excise the appendix testis in order to pre-empt torsion of the appendix in the future.

• #2 Testicular Torsion: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/torsion-of-the-testis-pro

  Recurrent, intermittent pain, with a 'bell-clapper’ testis, requires orchidopexy. […] Chronic intermittent torsion can result in segmental ischaemia of the testis. […] Delay has a considerable adverse effect on survival of the testis and late presentation is a substantial problem.

• #2

  https://www.singhealth.com.sg/patient-care/conditions-treatments/testicular-torsion

  Testicular torsion usually occurs in testicles that have an abnormal anatomy which allow the testicle to rotate more easily in the scrotum. There is no effective prevention. However, having awareness of the condition and seeking early treatment when it occurs can prevent permanent damage to the testicles.

• #2 Testicular torsion: Signs, causes and what to do – Children’s Health

  https://www.childrens.com/health-wellness/testicular-torsion-signs-causes-what-to-do

  While testicular torsion cannot be prevented, being aware of this emergency condition can help prevent permanent damage. […] Parents should talk to their sons about any pain they may experience in their belly, groin or genitals. Research shows that most treatment delays occur at home. One study found that males under age 18 years old waited up to 20 hours before heading to the emergency room. […] „Teach your sons that any pain is serious and should not be ignored,” says Dr. Schlomer. Although it may feel awkward to discuss genital anatomy with your son, they need to understand the seriousness of the condition and that they should never keep severe pain a secret. „Reassure your son that there is nothing to be embarrassed about and that you care about his long-term health.”

• #2 Testicular torsion: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000517.htm

  Take steps to avoid injury to the scrotum. Many cases cannot be prevented.

• #2 Testicular Torsion: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/mens-health/scrotal-lumps-pain-and-swelling/torsion-of-the-testis

  Twisting (torsion) of the testicle (testis) is an emergency. If the blood supply to your testis is cut off for more than about six hours then permanent damage is likely to occur. An emergency operation is usually done: […] An operation to fix the testes in place is usually advised if these warning pains occur. This is because it is likely that at some point a testis will twist fully and emergency surgery will be needed. A planned operation to fix the testes is preferable to waiting for a full-blown torsion to occur. […] Research suggests that early treatment is most likely to preserve the ability to father children. Longer delays to treatment and removal of a testis may reduce that ability.

• #2 Testicular Torsion: Important information for young people and parents – Mid and South Essex Integrated Care System

  https://www.midandsouthessex.ics.nhs.uk/news/testicular-torsion-important-information-for-young-people-and-parents/

  Unfortunately, there’s no guaranteed way to prevent testicular torsion. However, knowing the symptoms and seeking immediate help are the best ways to protect long-term health. […] Remember the simple rule: sudden, severe testicular pain means go to A&E right away. […] Don’t delay seeking medical attention due to embarrassment or hoping the pain will go away. With testicular torsion, time is critical.

• #2 Atypical Presentation of Testicular Torsion: Time is of the Essence – Advances in Pediatric Urology | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/advances/article/pediatric-urology/atypical-presentation-of-testicular-torsion-time-is-of-the-essence

  Testicular torsion results in obstruction of blood flow, which can lead to the potential loss of the testicle. Therefore, minimizing the time interval from determining the diagnosis to surgical intervention is critical. The reason for surgical urgency is to salvage the testicle, emphasizes Dr. Carpenter. […] We would therefore have a discussion with the family about whether to perform surgery to prevent a potential recurrence. Importantly, the family should be told that that if the testicular pain returns, they should immediately return with their child to the ED. […] Patients presenting to the ED with acute testicular torsion reporting atypical symptoms or history experience slower transit from arrival in the ED to operative management and may be at greater risk of testicular loss. Increased awareness of atypical presentations of pediatric acute testicular torsion may improve time to treatment.

• #3 Testicular torsion | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/testicular-torsion

  Testicular torsion is an emergency. If the blood supply is cut off for too long, your testicle could become permanently damaged. […] Testicular torsion is generally treated with surgery, which is done as soon as possible. For the best chance of preventing permanent damage your testicle, surgery should be done within 6 hours from when the pain started. […] For most people, there is no known way of preventing testicular torsion. […] If your child has undescended testicles, they may need an operation to bring their testicles down and fix them in the scrotum. This will prevent problems including torsion in the future.

• #3 What Is Testicular Torsion? Does It Hurt?

  https://www.webmd.com/men/what-is-testicular-torsion

  The only way to prevent testicular torsion is to have surgery to attach your testicles to the insides of your scrotum, but this is only done if you have already had torsion or are currently having it. This is not done as a preventive measure.

• #3 Testicular Torsion: Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.urology-textbook.com/testicular-torsion.html

  Immediate prophylactic fixation of the opposite testis is recommended after a confirmed testicular torsion. […] In cases with severe necrosis and infection, the contralateral fixation should be postponed until ipsilateral wound healing is complete.

• #3 Testicular Torsion | Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/t/testicular-torsion

  Since there are no specific causes of testicular torsion, you cannot prevent it. […] Preventive surgery to secure the testicles is sometimes offered to prevent full twisting of the spermatic cord that could result in loss of the testicle. […] Since there is a high chance of testicular torsion in undescended testicles, a child may have surgery on the testicle to prevent it from ever twisting.

• #3 Testicular Torsion: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment | Ada

  https://ada.com/conditions/testicular-torsion/

  Although it is not possible to prevent testicular torsion, good surgical management can prevent the testicle from becoming twisted again.

• #3 Testicular Torsion: Important information for young people and parents – Mid and South Essex Integrated Care System

  https://www.midandsouthessex.ics.nhs.uk/news/testicular-torsion-important-information-for-young-people-and-parents/

  Unfortunately, there’s no guaranteed way to prevent testicular torsion. However, knowing the symptoms and seeking immediate help are the best ways to protect long-term health. […] Remember the simple rule: sudden, severe testicular pain means go to A&E right away. […] Don’t delay seeking medical attention due to embarrassment or hoping the pain will go away. With testicular torsion, time is critical.

• #3 Testicular Torsion Treatment in Delhi, India | Symptoms, Causes & Types | Max Hospital

  https://www.maxhealthcare.in/our-specialities/urology/conditions-treatments/testicular-torsion

  Testicular Torsion Prevention […] While it’s not always possible to prevent testicular torsion, certain measures can reduce the risk: […] Recognising the signs and seeking prompt medical care can prevent complications. […] Wearing protective clothing during sports can reduce the risk of trauma-induced torsion. […] In some cases, preventive surgery (orchiopexy) may be recommended for high-risk patients.

• #4 Testicular torsion | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/testicular-torsion

  Testicular torsion is an emergency. If the blood supply is cut off for too long, your testicle could become permanently damaged. […] Testicular torsion is generally treated with surgery, which is done as soon as possible. For the best chance of preventing permanent damage your testicle, surgery should be done within 6 hours from when the pain started. […] For most people, there is no known way of preventing testicular torsion. […] If your child has undescended testicles, they may need an operation to bring their testicles down and fix them in the scrotum. This will prevent problems including torsion in the future.

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