Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Ankle Sprain | UConn Musculoskeletal Institute

  https://health.uconn.edu/msi/clinical-services/orthopaedic-surgery/foot-ankle-and-podiatry/ankle-sprain/

  A sprained ankle is a very common injury. Approximately 25,000 people experience it each day. A sprained ankle can happen to athletes and non-athletes, children and adults. It can happen when you take part in sports and physical fitness activities. It can also happen when you simply step on an uneven surface, or step down at an angle. […] A ligament is an elastic structure. Ligaments usually stretch within their limits, and then go back to their normal positions. When a ligament is forced to stretch beyond its normal range, a sprain occurs. A severe sprain causes actual tearing of the elastic fibers. […] Ankle sprains happen when the foot twists, rolls or turns beyond its normal motions. A great force is transmitted upon landing. You can sprain your ankle if the foot is planted unevenly on a surface, beyond the normal force of stepping. This causes the ligaments to stretch beyond their normal range in an abnormal position.

• #1 Sprained Ankle – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/sprained-ankle/

  Ankle sprains are common injuries that occur among people of all ages and at all activity levels; in fact, they are the number one reason for missed participation in athletics. […] An ankle sprain occurs when the strong ligaments that support the ankle stretch beyond their limits and tear. The severity of a sprain can vary greatly depending on the number of ligaments involved and the extent to which the ligaments are torn. […] Around 90% of ankle sprains involve an inversion injury (the foot turns inward) to the anterior talofibular (ATFL) and calcaneofibular (CFL) ligaments the lateral ligaments on the outside of the ankle. […] The less common medial ankle sprain is caused by an eversion injury (the foot turns out) to the deltoid ligament on the inside of the ankle. […] Patients often recall a twisting injury to their foot or ankle. If there is severe tearing of the ligaments, you might also hear or feel a pop. Sprains may occur unexpectedly during many different activities, such as: Walking or exercising on an uneven surface, Falling down or tripping, Participating in sports that require cutting or jumping actions, such as trail running, basketball, tennis, football, and soccer. […] Without proper treatment and rehabilitation, a chronic or untreated severe sprain can weaken your ankle, making it more likely that you will injure it again. Repeated ankle sprains can lead to long-term problems, including chronic ankle pain, arthritis, and instability.

• #1 Sprained Ankles: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/orthopedics/columbia-orthopedics/ankle-sprain

  Ankle sprains are common musculoskeletal injuries that occur in people of all ages and activity levels. When you twist, roll, or turn your ankle too far in any direction, you can tear or stretch the ligaments, causing a sprain. […] A sprained ankle occurs when the ankle’s ligaments are forced outside of their usual range of motion, which can sometimes result in a popping sound or sensation. Ankle sprains can occur unexpectedly, but common causes include: […] Walking, dancing, or exercising on an uneven surface […] A fall that causes you to twist or bend your ankle […] Tripping […] Contact with another person during a sport such as basketball, soccer, football, or rugby.

• #1 Sprained Ankle: Symptoms, Types, Treatment & Recovery

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22048-sprained-ankle

  A sprained ankle is a common injury that occurs when the ankle ligaments are torn or stretched too far, often after a fall, or if you roll or twist your ankle. […] A sprained ankle is a common injury when the tissue that connects your ankle bones and supports your ankle (ligaments) is torn or stretched beyond its limits, often after a fall, ankle roll or twist. […] A sprained ankle is when the ligaments in your ankle are torn. […] Rolling or twisting the ankle causes ankle sprains. The most common ankle sprains are the result of: Falling or tripping on uneven surfaces. Landing incorrectly after a jump. Losing balance. Participating in sports that involve rolling or twisting your foot (basketball, football, soccer, tennis). […] Most sprains heal on their own, but rebuilding strength in your ankle can help prevent future injuries.

• #1 Ankle Sprain: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1907229-overview

  Mechanical forces exceeding the tensile limits of the ankle joint capsule and supportive ligaments cause ankle sprains. […] There are a number of contributing factors, which can be classified as either predisposing or provocative, as follows: […] Predisposing factors can result from a lack of physical conditioning; they include poor muscle tone and shortened and/or contracted joint capsule or tendons. Poor proprioception can also be a factor, as can inadequate training or experience with the physical activity being performed. […] Provocative factors include accidents and other unforeseen circumstances that result in mechanical stresses that exceed the tensile limits of the ankle joint capsule and ligaments. Obesity can contribute to sprains by increasing kinetic energy to a point that exceeds joint-design stress limits.

• #1 Acute Ankle Sprain – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459212/

  Ankle sprains most commonly involve injury to the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) and/or the calcaneofibular ligament (CFL). Ankle sprains vary depending on the mechanism of injury (high- versus low-energy injuries), position of the foot, and rotational force on the joint and stabilizing ligamentous structures. Low grade injuries (grade I and II) result in stretching or microscopic tears of the stabilizing ligaments, while a high grade (grade III) ankle sprain compromises the syndesmotic structures. The mechanism may also lead to complete tendon disruptions and fractures of the ankle and foot in the highest energy scenarios. […] Over two million ankle sprains are treated in the emergency departments alone in the United States and United Kingdom. Ankle sprains are the most frequent injury sustained in sports.

• #1 High Ankle Sprain (Syndesmotic Ankle Sprain) | HSS Sports

  https://www.hss.edu/conditions_high-ankle-sprain-whats-different.asp

  Ankle sprains are one of the most common injuries in the United States. […] A high ankle sprain (syndesmotic ankle sprain) involves different ligaments than in the common ankle sprain. […] A high ankle sprain is caused by an external rotation and/or dorsiflexion (foot bending toward the shin) trauma to the ankle, usually resulting from a sudden twisting, turning or cutting motion while a person is running, jumping or falling. […] Injury to the syndesmotic ligaments account for only about 14% of ankle sprains.

• #1 Ankle sprains – causes, symptoms and treatment

  https://www.bauerfeind-group.com/en/health/ankle/ankle-pain/ankle-sprains

  There is hardly a sports injury more common than a sprained ankle. […] An ankle sprain happens when one or more of the joints mentioned above is moved beyond its normal physiological range with a high level of force. […] As the ligaments that hold the joints together are only elastic to a certain extent, they are overstressed if subjected to excessive strain, with painful results. […] If the ligaments tear at their insertion site, bone fragments may also be pulled away from the joint, which is visible on an x-ray. […] In the case of a traumatic sprain or traumatic injury in the upper ankle, the joint capsule is usually damaged. […] The medical treatment depends on the extent of the injury, which is divided into three grades of severity: Grade 1: Overextension of the ligaments without damage or joint instability; Grade 2: Severe overextension of one or several ligaments or partial rupture without joint instability; Grade 3: Complete ligament tear in the ankle joint and instability of the joint. […] Avulsion fractures and complete ruptures, however, where the torn areas are no longer in contact with one another, usually have to be treated with surgery.

• #1 Sprained Ankle: Treatment & Symptoms | Mass General Brigham

  https://www.massgeneralbrigham.org/en/patient-care/services-and-specialties/sports-medicine/conditions/foot-ankle/ankle-sprain

  Ankle sprains represent one of the most common injuries in sports. An ankle sprain occurs when ligaments supporting the ankle get stretched or torn leaving the ankle weak and unable to fully support the athlete. […] Commonly as much as 90% of the time an injury to ankle ligaments results from an inversion sprain. This is where the foot turns inward, and the ligaments on the outside of the ankle stretch beyond a typical range of motion. […] An ankle sprain can occur in any athletic activity involving cutting, jumping, or running on uneven surfaces. Common causes of an ankle injury during athletic activity: A sudden cut or stopping motion applied to the foot stresses the ankle ligaments causing the ankle to roll when the body doesn’t stop in time. An athlete jumps and lands unevenly, whether on their own or by landing on another athlete’s foot. Running or cutting on an uneven surface that causes the ankle to roll.

• #1 Ankle Sprains and Strains | Orthopedics | Mercy Health

  https://www.mercy.com/health-care-services/orthopedics-sports-medicine-spine/specialties/foot-ankle/conditions/ankle-sprains-strains

  Ankle sprains and strains are common injuries for all ages. A sprain is caused by stretching or tearing ligaments while a strain is caused by stretching or tearing a muscle or tendon. […] The most common causes of a sprain or strain are blows or falls affecting the ankle. Other causes of ankle strains or sprains include: Fast and awkward side movements these movements occur when your foot is planted firmly on the ground, and your ankle turns out while your foot turns in causing an ankle strain or sprain. Sprains and strains often occur in sporting activities that involve changing foot position or direction quickly such as soccer, running, football and basketball. Inappropriate footwear can cause an ankle sprain. […] Risk factors for ankle sprains or strains include: Participating in sports or exercise without proper warm ups can be a risk factor for an ankle sprain or strain because the muscles, ligaments, and tendons are tighter when they are not warmed up. Obesity or carrying excess weight can put an individual at a higher risk of an ankle sprain or strain due to greater stress on the ankle while walking, running or participating in sports. Muscle fatigue can also be a risk factor for an ankle sprain or strain long distance runners (marathoners or ultramarathoners) are at high risk for an ankle strain or sprain due to the amount of continuous stress they are putting on the joints.

• #1 Sprained Ankle Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | UPMC

  https://www.upmc.com/services/orthopaedics/conditions/ankle-sprain

  A sprained ankle is an injury to the ankle ligaments caused by sudden twisting, leading to pain, swelling, and instability; it can be categorized as mild, moderate, or severe, and proper treatment involves rest, ice, compression, and elevation to help heal the torn ligaments. […] An ankle sprain is a tear in the ligaments of the ankle. […] Ankle sprains can occur for many reasons. […] Some common causes of ankle sprains include: Wearing the wrong type of shoes for your sport. This puts you at risk of twisting your ankle or even falling. […] Placing unusual stress to the ligament. This could be from walking or running on an uneven surface, jamming your foot, or twisting your ankle in an odd way. […] High impact sports where you run, jump, climb, or kick can put you at risk for an ankle sprain.

• #1 Ankle Injuries: Causes, Treatments, and Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/fitness-exercise/ankle-injuries-causes-and-treatments

  An ankle injury occurs when the ankle joint is twisted too far out of its normal position. Most ankle injuries occur either during sports activities or while walking on an uneven surface that forces the foot and ankle into an unnatural position. […] In addition to wearing faulty footwear, an ankle injury can happen as a result of: Tripping or falling, Landing awkwardly after a jump, Walking or running on uneven surfaces, A sudden impact such as a car crash, Twisting or rotating the ankle, Rolling the ankle.

• #1 Quick Facts:Ankle Sprains – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/quick-facts-injuries-and-poisoning/sprains-and-other-soft-tissue-injuries/ankle-sprains

  Ankle sprains usually happen when your ankle is twisted, stretched, or bent too far. This can happen when you walk or run on uneven ground, especially if you step on a rock or step off the edge of a curb. […] You may be more likely to get an ankle sprain if you: […] Had an ankle sprain before […] Have weak leg muscles or nerve damage in your legs […] Wear unstable shoes such as high heels.

• #1 Ankle Sprain Causes | Sprained Ankle | Hertfordshire UK

  https://www.davidgordonortho.co.uk/patient-info/conditions-procedures/ankle-conditions/ankle-sprains/

  A sprain is a tear or disruption of the soft tissue structures in the body. This follows an injury and causes pain, swelling and disability. Ankle sprains usually involve the lateral ligament complex (outside of the ankle) and commonly involve 2 ligaments (anterior talofibular ligament and calcaneo-fibula ligament). […] The classic injury is an inversion type, where the sole of the foot turns in and the outside ankle ligaments are stretched and injured. This may be sustained during sport or wearing high heels after a few too many drinks! However, any fall or trip on uneven ground may cause a sprain. […] Between 5-34% of people at 1 year following an ankle sprain, continue to have pain. The risk of a re-sprain is 3-34% and recurrent instability can occur in up to 33%. If you have persistent symptoms you should make an appointment with Mr Gordon further evaluation to find the cause of your symptoms. Ankle instability (recurrent sprains) may occur.

• #1 Sprained Ankle: Causes, Types, and Treatment | Thomson Medical

  https://www.thomsonmedical.com/blog/sprained-ankle

  If you had sprained your ankle in the past, you are more likely to have recurrent sprains. […] Poor muscle strength or flexibility in the ankle may increase the risk of a sprain when participating in sports. […] Shoes that don’t fit properly to your foot or aren’t suited for your specific exercise increase the chances of a sprain. […] This sprain injury is the most common injury that affects ligaments on the outer side of the ankle. […] A common lateral ankle sprain is an anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) injury because its the weakest ligament on the outer side of the ankle, making it easily sprained. […] This type of injury is less prevalent than the lateral ankle sprain and impacts the ligaments on the inner side of the ankle. […] This injury can cause severe ligament damage because it involves other ligaments in the ankle.

• #1 Causes and Risk Factors of Ankle Sprains

  https://www.honeygopodiatry.com/blogs/item/109-causes-and-risk-factors-of-ankle-sprains

  Ankle sprains are common injuries that can occur during various activities in everyday life. Ankle sprains can be caused by walking on uneven terrain or engaging in sports that involve rapid changes in direction or sudden stops, starts, and pivots. A sprain can also be caused by falling while keeping the foot planted on the ground. This exerts sudden and excessive force on the ankle, causing it to twist. […] Choice of footwear can play a role in ankle health. Wearing high-heeled or unsupportive shoes can increase the risk of instability and make ankle sprains more likely. A history of ankle sprains is a significant risk factor. If a previous ankle injury was not effectively rehabilitated, weakened ligaments may not provide the support they once did, increasing the risk of reinjury. […] Ankle sprains take place when the ligaments in your ankle are torn or stretched beyond their limits. There are multiple ways that the ankle can become injured, including twisting or rolling over onto your ankle, putting undue stress on it, or causing trauma to the ankle itself.

• #1 Sprained Ankle: Symptoms, 3 Grade Classification, & Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/fitness-exercise/what-is-an-ankle-sprain

  This injury happens when the ligaments in your ankle tear or get stretched too much. […] Most ankle sprains happen when you’re playing sports. This is especially true for games where there’s a lot of jumping or a chance of stepping on someone’s foot. […] You may have a greater chance for an ankle sprain if you’ve had one before. It’s also more likely if you have weak muscles in your hips and ankles. […] Even genetics can play a role. It’s easier to turn your ankle and put strain on the ligament if your heel naturally turns more inward. That’s known as hindfoot varus.

• #1

  https://www.footcaremd.org/conditions-treatments/ankle/ankle-sprain

  An ankle sprain refers to tearing of the ligaments of the ankle. The most common ankle sprain occurs on the lateral (outside) part of the ankle. […] As noted above, ankle sprain injuries occur when the ankle is twisted underneath the leg, called inversion. Risk factors are activities, such as jumping/cutting sports like basketball and soccer, in which an athlete can come down on and turn the ankle or step on an opponent’s foot. […] Some people are predisposed to ankle sprains. These injuries are more common in people with a high arched foot. This is because it is easier to turn on the ankle. […] In those who have had a severe sprain in the past, it is also easier to turn the ankle and sustain a new sprain. Therefore, one of the risk factors of spraining the ankle is a history of a previous sprain or instability (looseness in the ankle). Those who have weak muscles, especially the peroneals that run along the outside of the ankle that provide muscular support to the ankle, may be more predisposed. […] Ankle sprains rarely, if ever, needed to be treated with surgery. The vast majority simply need to be treated with rest, ice, compression, and elevation followed by physical therapy and temporary bracing.

• #1 Ankle Sprain / Ankle Strain: Causes, Symptoms And Treatment – AIRROSTI

  https://www.airrosti.com/injuries-we-treat/ankle-sprain-ankle-strain-causes-symptoms-and-treatment2/

  Ankle sprains and strains are among the most common injuries, often causing pain, swelling, and difficulty walking. While both injuries involve overstretching or tearing of the soft tissues around the ankle joint, they affect different structures and have distinct symptoms […] Strained or sprained ankles are common injuries, often caused by sports, physical activities, or simply stepping on uneven surfaces. Most people experience a twisted ankle at some point, with pain and swelling being the most common signs of injury. A sprain affects the ankle ligaments, while a strain involves the muscles or tendons. These tissues protect the ankle by stabilizing bones and joints during movement. […] Common causes include: High-impact sports, like basketball or jumping sports, where the ankle can twist or roll […] Walking, running, or exercising on uneven surfaces […] People with hindfoot varus (heels turned inward) are more prone to these injuries […] A history of severe sprains increases the likelihood of future ankle injuries.

• #1 Ankle Sprain

  https://www.foothealthfacts.org/conditions/ankle-sprain

  Sprained ankles often result from a fall, a sudden twist or a blow that forces the ankle joint out of its normal position. […] Sometimes ankle sprains occur because a person is born with weak ankles. Previous ankle or foot injuries can also weaken the ankle and lead to sprains. […] In more severe cases, surgery may be required to adequately treat an ankle sprain.

• #1 Ankle Sprain: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1907229-overview

  The exact etiology of recurrent ankle sprains is unknown; however, many factors may play a role. […] One possibility is that recurrent sprains result primarily from ligaments healing in a lengthened position due to scar tissue filling in the gap between the torn, separated ends. Furthermore, the weakness of the healed ligament may be due to the inherent weakness of the scar. […] An unrecognized disruption of the distal tibiofibular ligament has been cited as a potential culprit. […] Freeman et al suspected that functional instability that resulted in recurrent sprains was secondary to loss of proprioception in the foot. […] Impingement by the distal fascicle of the AITF ligament and/or impingement of the capsular scar tissue in the talofibular joint is another cause, and hereditary hypermobility of joints is an additional suggested etiologic factor.

• #1 Acute Ankle Sprain – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459212/

  While most ankle sprains are successfully managed with nonoperative modalities, recurrent instability and associated defects can be seen in up to 25-40% of patients. Recognition of these possible concomitant injuries and the appropriate referral to an orthopedic/sports medicine specialist is mandatory to mitigate the risks of long-term detrimental outcomes.

• #1 Ankle sprain: pathophysiology, predisposing factors, and management strategies

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3781861/

  With the high percentage (up to 75%) of initial lateral ankle sprains (LAS) leading to repetitive sprains and chronic symptoms, it is imperative to better understand how best to treat and rehabilitate LAS events. […] The development of these residual symptoms has been termed chronic ankle instability (CAI). Not only does CAI limit physical activity, but CAI also leads to articular degeneration of the talus, and an increased risk of osteoarthritis (OA). […] The current literature suggests it takes over six weeks for ligament healing to occur. […] However, studies have also documented joint laxity six months after injury. […] The chronic laxity that has been reported in the literature may be due to inappropriate rehabilitation, which necessitates the need for further investigation into the type of care and treatment that will best facilitate tissue healing, and normal joint function.

• #1 Chronic Ankle Pain: Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment | HSS

  https://www.hss.edu/conditions_chronic-ankle-pain.asp

  Chronic ankle pain can also come from problems with the back/spine, nerves, immunologic system, or somewhere else in the leg. […] One common cause is incomplete healing after a sprained ankle. […] This is one of the most common causes of chronic ankle pain, especially lateral (on the outside of your ankle) ankle pain. […] When you sprain your ankle, you stretch or tear the ligaments soft tissues that connect bones in your ankle. […] As a result, even after time and rehabilitation, you may still have pain, a sense of instability, weakness, or a sense of not being able to trust your ankle.

• #1 Ankle Sprains: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.thefeetpeople.com.au/symptoms-we-treat/ankle-sprains/

  You can twist your ankle during any activity where you lose your balance and roll on your ankle. […] One of the biggest risk factors for ankle sprains is having sprained your ankle before, especially when you havent taken the time to properly rehabilitate the injury and help your ankle recover to full strength and function. […] Up to 20% of people who sprain their ankles continue to have joint stability issues after their injury, with ankle sprains being a leading cause of chronic ankle instability, a condition where your ankle is permanently weakened and less stable, which puts you at a much higher risk of recurrent sprains and other foot and ankle problems. […] Chronic ankle instability also increases your falls risk, which is the largest cause of disability among seniors and the leading cause of unintentional injury deaths.

• #1 Ankle sprain treatment & recovery – Mayo Clinic Health System

  https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/speaking-of-health/sprained-your-ankle-now-what

  You may just have sprained your ankle. […] An ankle sprain typically happens when you roll your ankle inward, which stretches or tears the ligaments supporting the outer part of the joint. […] An ankle sprain is the most common injury among athletes and active adults, but it can happen to anyone. […] While common, if an ankle sprain isn’t treated properly, it can lead to chronic issues, such as ankle instability or pain, limited ability to return to sports and degenerative arthritis. […] Also, significant tendon or ligament injuries, cartilage damage or even fractures may be missed if a severe sprain isn’t properly evaluated. […] Once you’ve sprained your ankle, it’s more susceptible to future injury. […] You may need surgery if there is evidence of a complete rupture of one or more of the lateral ankle ligaments requiring repair. […] History of repeated sprains and a determination that ligament reconstruction is needed. […] An associated injury, such as a partially or completely torn tendon, a fracture, or damage to cartilage in the ankle joint.

• #1 Ankle Sprains – Injuries and Poisoning – MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/injuries-and-poisoning/sprains-and-other-soft-tissue-injuries/ankle-sprains

  Ankle sprains are tears in the ligaments that hold the ankle in place. […] Usually, ankle sprains occur when people walk or run on uneven ground and the foot turns in, stretching the ligaments of the ankle beyond their limits and tearing them. […] The severity of the sprain depends on which ligaments are injured and how badly they are stretched or torn. […] Sprains usually occur when the foot turns in, causing the sole of the foot to face the other foot (called inversion). This injury usually damages the ligaments on the outside of the ankle. […] Certain conditions tend to cause the foot to turn (or ankle to roll) out and thus increase the risk of a sprain: Having had a previous sprain that made the ligaments in the ankle loose, Having weak leg muscles or nerve damage in the legs, Wearing certain types of shoes, such as spiked heels. […] Very severe ankle sprains may fracture the cartilage at the ends of the bones in the ankle joint. This injury can result in long-term pain, swelling, and occasionally problems walking.

• #1

  https://www.footcaremd.org/conditions-treatments/ankle/high-ankle-sprain

  A high ankle sprain, also called a syndesmotic injury, occurs when there is tearing and damage to the high ankle ligaments. These injuries are much less common than a traditional ankle sprain. […] A high ankle sprain occurs from a twisting or rotational injury. They are common in sports, especially impact sports. An external rotation mechanism most commonly causes these tears, when the foot is turned towards the outside with respect to the leg. A high ankle sprain also can occur if the ankle is broken. […] In some cases, the ligament on the inside of the ankle (the deltoid) will be torn. In this event, the energy of the injury passes from the deltoid, through the high ankle ligaments (syndesmosis), and up the leg through the fibula. This causes the fibula to be broken at a very high level. This type of fracture is called a Maisonneuve fracture.

• #1 Ankle sprain: pathophysiology, predisposing factors, and management strategies

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3781861/

  The evidence overall supports the use of ankle bracing as an effective means to reduce the risk of LAS. […] The high percentage of reinjury occurrence (up to 70%) and development of CAI (up to 75%) after an LAS suggests that further research of both short and long-term outcomes following rehabilitation is needed. […] Based on the research available to best treat acute LAS, some form of immobilization needs to be used to help protect the joint and allow ligament healing to occur. […] Thus, elastic or tubular wraps are not recommended because research suggests that they do not provide adequate protection to allow restoration of function. […] An Air-Stirrup brace with elastic wraps for grade I and grade II, and below-knee casts for grade III may be the best treatment strategy to prevent long term pathology. […] The literature has reported the benefit of using both joint mobilizations and balance training to help improve function and decrease reinjury rates.

• #1 Chronic Ankle Instability

  https://www.foothealthfacts.org/conditions/chronic-ankle-instability

  Chronic ankle instability usually develops following an ankle sprain that has not adequately healed or was not rehabilitated completely. […] When you sprain your ankle, the connective tissues (ligaments) are stretched or torn. The ability to balance is often affected. Proper rehabilitation is needed to strengthen the muscles around the ankle and retrain the tissues within the ankle that affect balance. […] Repeated ankle sprains often cause and perpetuate chronic ankle instability. Each subsequent sprain leads to further weakening (or stretching) of the ligaments, resulting in greater instability and the likelihood of developing additional problems in the ankle.

• #1 Ankle sprains

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/ankle_sprains/

  Ankle sprains are one of the most common injuries in children. Ankles are made up of three bones with ligaments (tough, stretchy tissue that hold the bones together). The ligaments help stop the ankle joint from moving around too much. […] Ankle sprains usually happen when there is a sudden movement or twist often when the foot rolls over and the ligaments are overstretched. This causes tears and bleeding (which show as bruising and swelling) around the ankle joint. These movements are more likely to happen when a person is running, jumping or quickly changing direction e.g. in sports such as basketball, netball or football. […] To prevent future ankle sprains, encourage your child to warm up before they exercise, and ensure they wear supportive shoes that are suitable for the sport. […] Having a sprained ankle doesn’t cause any long-term damage and won’t stretch the ligament permanently. However, some children are more likely to get sprained ankles more than once because they have loose joints.

• #1 Ankle Sprain | UConn Musculoskeletal Institute

  https://health.uconn.edu/msi/clinical-services/orthopaedic-surgery/foot-ankle-and-podiatry/ankle-sprain/

  If there is a severe in-turning or out-turning of the foot relative to the ankle, the forces cause the ligaments to stretch beyond their normal length. If the force is too strong, the ligaments can tear. […] The amount of force determines the grade of the sprain. A mild sprain is a Grade 1. A moderate sprain is a Grade 2. A severe strain is a Grade 3. […] If an ankle sprain is not recognized, and is not treated with the necessary attention and care, chronic problems of pain and instability may result. […] The best way to prevent ankle sprains is to maintain good strength, muscle balance and flexibility. […] If you have sprained your ankle in the past, you may continue to sprain it if the ligaments did not have time to completely heal. If the sprain happens frequently and pain continues for more than four weeks to six weeks, you may have a chronic ankle sprain.

• #1 Sprained Ankle: Causes, Types, and Treatment | Thomson Medical

  https://www.thomsonmedical.com/blog/orthopaedic/sprained-ankle

  Treatment for ankle sprain depends on the severity of the injury. […] If the ligament is completely torn and does not improve or heal properly with non-surgical treatments, surgical intervention may be necessary to repair or reconstruct the damaged ligaments. […] Failing to seek proper treatment or if the ankle is frequently re-injured can result in: Chronic ankle instability, which can cause joint stability issues. […] Arthritis or osteoarthritis, especially if the sprains happen repeatedly. […] If the sprain is not rehabilitated properly, persistent pain, reduced range of motion, and future ankle sprains may occur.

• #2 Acute Ankle Sprain – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459212/

  Ankle sprains most commonly involve injury to the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) and/or the calcaneofibular ligament (CFL). Ankle sprains vary depending on the mechanism of injury (high- versus low-energy injuries), position of the foot, and rotational force on the joint and stabilizing ligamentous structures. Low grade injuries (grade I and II) result in stretching or microscopic tears of the stabilizing ligaments, while a high grade (grade III) ankle sprain compromises the syndesmotic structures. The mechanism may also lead to complete tendon disruptions and fractures of the ankle and foot in the highest energy scenarios. […] Over two million ankle sprains are treated in the emergency departments alone in the United States and United Kingdom. Ankle sprains are the most frequent injury sustained in sports.

• #2 Ankle Sprain: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/ankle-sprain

  An ankle sprain often occurs when the foot suddenly twists or rolls, forcing the ankle joint out of its normal position. […] This causes one or more ligaments around the ankle to stretch or tear. […] Ankle sprains can happen to anyone at any age. Participating in sports, walking on uneven surfaces, or even wearing inappropriate footwear can all cause this type of injury.

• #2 Ankle Sprain | UConn Musculoskeletal Institute

  https://health.uconn.edu/msi/clinical-services/orthopaedic-surgery/foot-ankle-and-podiatry/ankle-sprain/

  A sprained ankle is a very common injury. Approximately 25,000 people experience it each day. A sprained ankle can happen to athletes and non-athletes, children and adults. It can happen when you take part in sports and physical fitness activities. It can also happen when you simply step on an uneven surface, or step down at an angle. […] A ligament is an elastic structure. Ligaments usually stretch within their limits, and then go back to their normal positions. When a ligament is forced to stretch beyond its normal range, a sprain occurs. A severe sprain causes actual tearing of the elastic fibers. […] Ankle sprains happen when the foot twists, rolls or turns beyond its normal motions. A great force is transmitted upon landing. You can sprain your ankle if the foot is planted unevenly on a surface, beyond the normal force of stepping. This causes the ligaments to stretch beyond their normal range in an abnormal position.

• #2 Sprained Ankle: Symptoms, Types, Treatment & Recovery

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22048-sprained-ankle

  If you don’t allow your ankle ligaments time to heal, you may have long-lasting instability (chronic ankle sprains) or repeat ankle sprains. […] The difference between a high ankle sprain and an ankle sprain depends on the location and ligaments that were injured. Ankle sprains are grouped into two location-based categories: Inversion. An inversion sprain is the most common and occurs when the ankle turns in or out and the ligament on the outside of your ankle tears. Trips and falls cause inversion sprains. External rotation. An external rotation injury tears the ligament between the fibula and tibia, known as the syndesmosis ligament. This is also called a high ankle sprain, and is a common sports injury.

• #2 Sprained Ankle – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/sprained-ankle/

  Ankle sprains are common injuries that occur among people of all ages and at all activity levels; in fact, they are the number one reason for missed participation in athletics. […] An ankle sprain occurs when the strong ligaments that support the ankle stretch beyond their limits and tear. The severity of a sprain can vary greatly depending on the number of ligaments involved and the extent to which the ligaments are torn. […] Around 90% of ankle sprains involve an inversion injury (the foot turns inward) to the anterior talofibular (ATFL) and calcaneofibular (CFL) ligaments the lateral ligaments on the outside of the ankle. […] The less common medial ankle sprain is caused by an eversion injury (the foot turns out) to the deltoid ligament on the inside of the ankle. […] Patients often recall a twisting injury to their foot or ankle. If there is severe tearing of the ligaments, you might also hear or feel a pop. Sprains may occur unexpectedly during many different activities, such as: Walking or exercising on an uneven surface, Falling down or tripping, Participating in sports that require cutting or jumping actions, such as trail running, basketball, tennis, football, and soccer. […] Without proper treatment and rehabilitation, a chronic or untreated severe sprain can weaken your ankle, making it more likely that you will injure it again. Repeated ankle sprains can lead to long-term problems, including chronic ankle pain, arthritis, and instability.

• #2 Ankle Sprains: Causes, Recovery, Prevention – Orthopaedic and Spine Center of Newport News

  https://www.osc-ortho.com/blog/ankle-sprains-causes-recovery-prevention-by-boyd-w-haynes-iii-md/

  Frequently referred to as “rolling” or “twisting” your ankle, sprained ankles are a very common occurrence for patients coming into OSC. Ankle sprains can be caused by jumping for a rebound in a basketball game or by simply stepping onto an uneven surface. The sprain is caused by these ligaments being stretched or torn due to the ankle rolling inward (inversion sprain) or outward (eversion sprain) beyond their normal range of motion. […] The results of a sprain are pain, swelling and bruising, and the severity of the injury depends on the amount of force used when it occurred. […] There are three types of sprains: • Grade 1: Ligaments stretched minimally and some damage to the fibers of the ligament • Grade 2: Ligament is partially torn • Grade 3: Ligament is completely torn.

• #2 Ankle sprains – causes, symptoms and treatment

  https://www.bauerfeind-group.com/en/health/ankle/ankle-pain/ankle-sprains

  There is hardly a sports injury more common than a sprained ankle. […] An ankle sprain happens when one or more of the joints mentioned above is moved beyond its normal physiological range with a high level of force. […] As the ligaments that hold the joints together are only elastic to a certain extent, they are overstressed if subjected to excessive strain, with painful results. […] If the ligaments tear at their insertion site, bone fragments may also be pulled away from the joint, which is visible on an x-ray. […] In the case of a traumatic sprain or traumatic injury in the upper ankle, the joint capsule is usually damaged. […] The medical treatment depends on the extent of the injury, which is divided into three grades of severity: Grade 1: Overextension of the ligaments without damage or joint instability; Grade 2: Severe overextension of one or several ligaments or partial rupture without joint instability; Grade 3: Complete ligament tear in the ankle joint and instability of the joint. […] Avulsion fractures and complete ruptures, however, where the torn areas are no longer in contact with one another, usually have to be treated with surgery.

• #2 Sprained Ankles: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/orthopedics/columbia-orthopedics/ankle-sprain

  Ankle sprains are common musculoskeletal injuries that occur in people of all ages and activity levels. When you twist, roll, or turn your ankle too far in any direction, you can tear or stretch the ligaments, causing a sprain. […] A sprained ankle occurs when the ankle’s ligaments are forced outside of their usual range of motion, which can sometimes result in a popping sound or sensation. Ankle sprains can occur unexpectedly, but common causes include: […] Walking, dancing, or exercising on an uneven surface […] A fall that causes you to twist or bend your ankle […] Tripping […] Contact with another person during a sport such as basketball, soccer, football, or rugby.

• #2 Sprained Ankle: Symptoms, Types, Treatment & Recovery

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22048-sprained-ankle

  A sprained ankle is a common injury that occurs when the ankle ligaments are torn or stretched too far, often after a fall, or if you roll or twist your ankle. […] A sprained ankle is a common injury when the tissue that connects your ankle bones and supports your ankle (ligaments) is torn or stretched beyond its limits, often after a fall, ankle roll or twist. […] A sprained ankle is when the ligaments in your ankle are torn. […] Rolling or twisting the ankle causes ankle sprains. The most common ankle sprains are the result of: Falling or tripping on uneven surfaces. Landing incorrectly after a jump. Losing balance. Participating in sports that involve rolling or twisting your foot (basketball, football, soccer, tennis). […] Most sprains heal on their own, but rebuilding strength in your ankle can help prevent future injuries.

• #2 Quick Facts:Ankle Sprains – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/quick-facts-injuries-and-poisoning/sprains-and-other-soft-tissue-injuries/ankle-sprains

  Ankle sprains usually happen when your ankle is twisted, stretched, or bent too far. This can happen when you walk or run on uneven ground, especially if you step on a rock or step off the edge of a curb. […] You may be more likely to get an ankle sprain if you: […] Had an ankle sprain before […] Have weak leg muscles or nerve damage in your legs […] Wear unstable shoes such as high heels.

• #2 Sprained Ankle Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | UPMC

  https://www.upmc.com/services/orthopaedics/conditions/ankle-sprain

  A sprained ankle is an injury to the ankle ligaments caused by sudden twisting, leading to pain, swelling, and instability; it can be categorized as mild, moderate, or severe, and proper treatment involves rest, ice, compression, and elevation to help heal the torn ligaments. […] An ankle sprain is a tear in the ligaments of the ankle. […] Ankle sprains can occur for many reasons. […] Some common causes of ankle sprains include: Wearing the wrong type of shoes for your sport. This puts you at risk of twisting your ankle or even falling. […] Placing unusual stress to the ligament. This could be from walking or running on an uneven surface, jamming your foot, or twisting your ankle in an odd way. […] High impact sports where you run, jump, climb, or kick can put you at risk for an ankle sprain.

• #2 Sprained Ankle: Causes, Types, and Treatment | Thomson Medical

  https://www.thomsonmedical.com/blog/sprained-ankle

  If you had sprained your ankle in the past, you are more likely to have recurrent sprains. […] Poor muscle strength or flexibility in the ankle may increase the risk of a sprain when participating in sports. […] Shoes that don’t fit properly to your foot or aren’t suited for your specific exercise increase the chances of a sprain. […] This sprain injury is the most common injury that affects ligaments on the outer side of the ankle. […] A common lateral ankle sprain is an anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) injury because its the weakest ligament on the outer side of the ankle, making it easily sprained. […] This type of injury is less prevalent than the lateral ankle sprain and impacts the ligaments on the inner side of the ankle. […] This injury can cause severe ligament damage because it involves other ligaments in the ankle.

• #2 Sprained Ankle: Symptoms, 3 Grade Classification, & Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/fitness-exercise/what-is-an-ankle-sprain

  This injury happens when the ligaments in your ankle tear or get stretched too much. […] Most ankle sprains happen when you’re playing sports. This is especially true for games where there’s a lot of jumping or a chance of stepping on someone’s foot. […] You may have a greater chance for an ankle sprain if you’ve had one before. It’s also more likely if you have weak muscles in your hips and ankles. […] Even genetics can play a role. It’s easier to turn your ankle and put strain on the ligament if your heel naturally turns more inward. That’s known as hindfoot varus.

• #2 Ankle Sprains and Strains | Orthopedics | Mercy Health

  https://www.mercy.com/health-care-services/orthopedics-sports-medicine-spine/specialties/foot-ankle/conditions/ankle-sprains-strains

  Ankle sprains and strains are common injuries for all ages. A sprain is caused by stretching or tearing ligaments while a strain is caused by stretching or tearing a muscle or tendon. […] The most common causes of a sprain or strain are blows or falls affecting the ankle. Other causes of ankle strains or sprains include: Fast and awkward side movements these movements occur when your foot is planted firmly on the ground, and your ankle turns out while your foot turns in causing an ankle strain or sprain. Sprains and strains often occur in sporting activities that involve changing foot position or direction quickly such as soccer, running, football and basketball. Inappropriate footwear can cause an ankle sprain. […] Risk factors for ankle sprains or strains include: Participating in sports or exercise without proper warm ups can be a risk factor for an ankle sprain or strain because the muscles, ligaments, and tendons are tighter when they are not warmed up. Obesity or carrying excess weight can put an individual at a higher risk of an ankle sprain or strain due to greater stress on the ankle while walking, running or participating in sports. Muscle fatigue can also be a risk factor for an ankle sprain or strain long distance runners (marathoners or ultramarathoners) are at high risk for an ankle strain or sprain due to the amount of continuous stress they are putting on the joints.

• #2 Ankle Sprain: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1907229-overview

  Mechanical forces exceeding the tensile limits of the ankle joint capsule and supportive ligaments cause ankle sprains. […] There are a number of contributing factors, which can be classified as either predisposing or provocative, as follows: […] Predisposing factors can result from a lack of physical conditioning; they include poor muscle tone and shortened and/or contracted joint capsule or tendons. Poor proprioception can also be a factor, as can inadequate training or experience with the physical activity being performed. […] Provocative factors include accidents and other unforeseen circumstances that result in mechanical stresses that exceed the tensile limits of the ankle joint capsule and ligaments. Obesity can contribute to sprains by increasing kinetic energy to a point that exceeds joint-design stress limits.

• #2 Ankle Sprains: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.thefeetpeople.com.au/symptoms-we-treat/ankle-sprains/

  You can twist your ankle during any activity where you lose your balance and roll on your ankle. […] One of the biggest risk factors for ankle sprains is having sprained your ankle before, especially when you havent taken the time to properly rehabilitate the injury and help your ankle recover to full strength and function. […] Up to 20% of people who sprain their ankles continue to have joint stability issues after their injury, with ankle sprains being a leading cause of chronic ankle instability, a condition where your ankle is permanently weakened and less stable, which puts you at a much higher risk of recurrent sprains and other foot and ankle problems. […] Chronic ankle instability also increases your falls risk, which is the largest cause of disability among seniors and the leading cause of unintentional injury deaths.

• #2 Ankle sprain: pathophysiology, predisposing factors, and management strategies

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3781861/

  With the high percentage (up to 75%) of initial lateral ankle sprains (LAS) leading to repetitive sprains and chronic symptoms, it is imperative to better understand how best to treat and rehabilitate LAS events. […] The development of these residual symptoms has been termed chronic ankle instability (CAI). Not only does CAI limit physical activity, but CAI also leads to articular degeneration of the talus, and an increased risk of osteoarthritis (OA). […] The current literature suggests it takes over six weeks for ligament healing to occur. […] However, studies have also documented joint laxity six months after injury. […] The chronic laxity that has been reported in the literature may be due to inappropriate rehabilitation, which necessitates the need for further investigation into the type of care and treatment that will best facilitate tissue healing, and normal joint function.

• #2 Ankle sprain treatment & recovery – Mayo Clinic Health System

  https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/speaking-of-health/sprained-your-ankle-now-what

  You may just have sprained your ankle. […] An ankle sprain typically happens when you roll your ankle inward, which stretches or tears the ligaments supporting the outer part of the joint. […] An ankle sprain is the most common injury among athletes and active adults, but it can happen to anyone. […] While common, if an ankle sprain isn’t treated properly, it can lead to chronic issues, such as ankle instability or pain, limited ability to return to sports and degenerative arthritis. […] Also, significant tendon or ligament injuries, cartilage damage or even fractures may be missed if a severe sprain isn’t properly evaluated. […] Once you’ve sprained your ankle, it’s more susceptible to future injury. […] You may need surgery if there is evidence of a complete rupture of one or more of the lateral ankle ligaments requiring repair. […] History of repeated sprains and a determination that ligament reconstruction is needed. […] An associated injury, such as a partially or completely torn tendon, a fracture, or damage to cartilage in the ankle joint.

• #2 Ankle sprain: pathophysiology, predisposing factors, and management strategies

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3781861/

  The evidence overall supports the use of ankle bracing as an effective means to reduce the risk of LAS. […] The high percentage of reinjury occurrence (up to 70%) and development of CAI (up to 75%) after an LAS suggests that further research of both short and long-term outcomes following rehabilitation is needed. […] Based on the research available to best treat acute LAS, some form of immobilization needs to be used to help protect the joint and allow ligament healing to occur. […] Thus, elastic or tubular wraps are not recommended because research suggests that they do not provide adequate protection to allow restoration of function. […] An Air-Stirrup brace with elastic wraps for grade I and grade II, and below-knee casts for grade III may be the best treatment strategy to prevent long term pathology. […] The literature has reported the benefit of using both joint mobilizations and balance training to help improve function and decrease reinjury rates.

• #2 Chronic Ankle Instability

  https://www.foothealthfacts.org/conditions/chronic-ankle-instability

  Chronic ankle instability usually develops following an ankle sprain that has not adequately healed or was not rehabilitated completely. […] When you sprain your ankle, the connective tissues (ligaments) are stretched or torn. The ability to balance is often affected. Proper rehabilitation is needed to strengthen the muscles around the ankle and retrain the tissues within the ankle that affect balance. […] Repeated ankle sprains often cause and perpetuate chronic ankle instability. Each subsequent sprain leads to further weakening (or stretching) of the ligaments, resulting in greater instability and the likelihood of developing additional problems in the ankle.

• #2

  https://www.footcaremd.org/conditions-treatments/ankle/ankle-sprain

  An ankle sprain refers to tearing of the ligaments of the ankle. The most common ankle sprain occurs on the lateral (outside) part of the ankle. […] As noted above, ankle sprain injuries occur when the ankle is twisted underneath the leg, called inversion. Risk factors are activities, such as jumping/cutting sports like basketball and soccer, in which an athlete can come down on and turn the ankle or step on an opponent’s foot. […] Some people are predisposed to ankle sprains. These injuries are more common in people with a high arched foot. This is because it is easier to turn on the ankle. […] In those who have had a severe sprain in the past, it is also easier to turn the ankle and sustain a new sprain. Therefore, one of the risk factors of spraining the ankle is a history of a previous sprain or instability (looseness in the ankle). Those who have weak muscles, especially the peroneals that run along the outside of the ankle that provide muscular support to the ankle, may be more predisposed. […] Ankle sprains rarely, if ever, needed to be treated with surgery. The vast majority simply need to be treated with rest, ice, compression, and elevation followed by physical therapy and temporary bracing.

• #2 Ankle sprains

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/ankle_sprains/

  Ankle sprains are one of the most common injuries in children. Ankles are made up of three bones with ligaments (tough, stretchy tissue that hold the bones together). The ligaments help stop the ankle joint from moving around too much. […] Ankle sprains usually happen when there is a sudden movement or twist often when the foot rolls over and the ligaments are overstretched. This causes tears and bleeding (which show as bruising and swelling) around the ankle joint. These movements are more likely to happen when a person is running, jumping or quickly changing direction e.g. in sports such as basketball, netball or football. […] To prevent future ankle sprains, encourage your child to warm up before they exercise, and ensure they wear supportive shoes that are suitable for the sport. […] Having a sprained ankle doesn’t cause any long-term damage and won’t stretch the ligament permanently. However, some children are more likely to get sprained ankles more than once because they have loose joints.

• #2 Ankle Sprain | UConn Musculoskeletal Institute

  https://health.uconn.edu/msi/clinical-services/orthopaedic-surgery/foot-ankle-and-podiatry/ankle-sprain/

  If there is a severe in-turning or out-turning of the foot relative to the ankle, the forces cause the ligaments to stretch beyond their normal length. If the force is too strong, the ligaments can tear. […] The amount of force determines the grade of the sprain. A mild sprain is a Grade 1. A moderate sprain is a Grade 2. A severe strain is a Grade 3. […] If an ankle sprain is not recognized, and is not treated with the necessary attention and care, chronic problems of pain and instability may result. […] The best way to prevent ankle sprains is to maintain good strength, muscle balance and flexibility. […] If you have sprained your ankle in the past, you may continue to sprain it if the ligaments did not have time to completely heal. If the sprain happens frequently and pain continues for more than four weeks to six weeks, you may have a chronic ankle sprain.

• #3 Acute Ankle Sprain – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459212/

  Ankle sprains most commonly involve injury to the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) and/or the calcaneofibular ligament (CFL). Ankle sprains vary depending on the mechanism of injury (high- versus low-energy injuries), position of the foot, and rotational force on the joint and stabilizing ligamentous structures. Low grade injuries (grade I and II) result in stretching or microscopic tears of the stabilizing ligaments, while a high grade (grade III) ankle sprain compromises the syndesmotic structures. The mechanism may also lead to complete tendon disruptions and fractures of the ankle and foot in the highest energy scenarios. […] Over two million ankle sprains are treated in the emergency departments alone in the United States and United Kingdom. Ankle sprains are the most frequent injury sustained in sports.

• #3 Ankle Sprain | UConn Musculoskeletal Institute

  https://health.uconn.edu/msi/clinical-services/orthopaedic-surgery/foot-ankle-and-podiatry/ankle-sprain/

  A sprained ankle is a very common injury. Approximately 25,000 people experience it each day. A sprained ankle can happen to athletes and non-athletes, children and adults. It can happen when you take part in sports and physical fitness activities. It can also happen when you simply step on an uneven surface, or step down at an angle. […] A ligament is an elastic structure. Ligaments usually stretch within their limits, and then go back to their normal positions. When a ligament is forced to stretch beyond its normal range, a sprain occurs. A severe sprain causes actual tearing of the elastic fibers. […] Ankle sprains happen when the foot twists, rolls or turns beyond its normal motions. A great force is transmitted upon landing. You can sprain your ankle if the foot is planted unevenly on a surface, beyond the normal force of stepping. This causes the ligaments to stretch beyond their normal range in an abnormal position.

• #3 Sprained Ankle: Symptoms, Types, Treatment & Recovery

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22048-sprained-ankle

  If you don’t allow your ankle ligaments time to heal, you may have long-lasting instability (chronic ankle sprains) or repeat ankle sprains. […] The difference between a high ankle sprain and an ankle sprain depends on the location and ligaments that were injured. Ankle sprains are grouped into two location-based categories: Inversion. An inversion sprain is the most common and occurs when the ankle turns in or out and the ligament on the outside of your ankle tears. Trips and falls cause inversion sprains. External rotation. An external rotation injury tears the ligament between the fibula and tibia, known as the syndesmosis ligament. This is also called a high ankle sprain, and is a common sports injury.

• #3 Sprained Ankle – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/sprained-ankle/

  Ankle sprains are common injuries that occur among people of all ages and at all activity levels; in fact, they are the number one reason for missed participation in athletics. […] An ankle sprain occurs when the strong ligaments that support the ankle stretch beyond their limits and tear. The severity of a sprain can vary greatly depending on the number of ligaments involved and the extent to which the ligaments are torn. […] Around 90% of ankle sprains involve an inversion injury (the foot turns inward) to the anterior talofibular (ATFL) and calcaneofibular (CFL) ligaments the lateral ligaments on the outside of the ankle. […] The less common medial ankle sprain is caused by an eversion injury (the foot turns out) to the deltoid ligament on the inside of the ankle. […] Patients often recall a twisting injury to their foot or ankle. If there is severe tearing of the ligaments, you might also hear or feel a pop. Sprains may occur unexpectedly during many different activities, such as: Walking or exercising on an uneven surface, Falling down or tripping, Participating in sports that require cutting or jumping actions, such as trail running, basketball, tennis, football, and soccer. […] Without proper treatment and rehabilitation, a chronic or untreated severe sprain can weaken your ankle, making it more likely that you will injure it again. Repeated ankle sprains can lead to long-term problems, including chronic ankle pain, arthritis, and instability.

• #3 Ankle Sprains: Causes, Recovery, Prevention – Orthopaedic and Spine Center of Newport News

  https://www.osc-ortho.com/blog/ankle-sprains-causes-recovery-prevention-by-boyd-w-haynes-iii-md/

  Frequently referred to as “rolling” or “twisting” your ankle, sprained ankles are a very common occurrence for patients coming into OSC. Ankle sprains can be caused by jumping for a rebound in a basketball game or by simply stepping onto an uneven surface. The sprain is caused by these ligaments being stretched or torn due to the ankle rolling inward (inversion sprain) or outward (eversion sprain) beyond their normal range of motion. […] The results of a sprain are pain, swelling and bruising, and the severity of the injury depends on the amount of force used when it occurred. […] There are three types of sprains: • Grade 1: Ligaments stretched minimally and some damage to the fibers of the ligament • Grade 2: Ligament is partially torn • Grade 3: Ligament is completely torn.

• #3 Ankle sprains – causes, symptoms and treatment

  https://www.bauerfeind-group.com/en/health/ankle/ankle-pain/ankle-sprains

  There is hardly a sports injury more common than a sprained ankle. […] An ankle sprain happens when one or more of the joints mentioned above is moved beyond its normal physiological range with a high level of force. […] As the ligaments that hold the joints together are only elastic to a certain extent, they are overstressed if subjected to excessive strain, with painful results. […] If the ligaments tear at their insertion site, bone fragments may also be pulled away from the joint, which is visible on an x-ray. […] In the case of a traumatic sprain or traumatic injury in the upper ankle, the joint capsule is usually damaged. […] The medical treatment depends on the extent of the injury, which is divided into three grades of severity: Grade 1: Overextension of the ligaments without damage or joint instability; Grade 2: Severe overextension of one or several ligaments or partial rupture without joint instability; Grade 3: Complete ligament tear in the ankle joint and instability of the joint. […] Avulsion fractures and complete ruptures, however, where the torn areas are no longer in contact with one another, usually have to be treated with surgery.

• #3 Sprained Ankles: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/orthopedics/columbia-orthopedics/ankle-sprain

  Ankle sprains are common musculoskeletal injuries that occur in people of all ages and activity levels. When you twist, roll, or turn your ankle too far in any direction, you can tear or stretch the ligaments, causing a sprain. […] A sprained ankle occurs when the ankle’s ligaments are forced outside of their usual range of motion, which can sometimes result in a popping sound or sensation. Ankle sprains can occur unexpectedly, but common causes include: […] Walking, dancing, or exercising on an uneven surface […] A fall that causes you to twist or bend your ankle […] Tripping […] Contact with another person during a sport such as basketball, soccer, football, or rugby.

• #3 Sprained Ankle: Symptoms, Types, Treatment & Recovery

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22048-sprained-ankle

  A sprained ankle is a common injury that occurs when the ankle ligaments are torn or stretched too far, often after a fall, or if you roll or twist your ankle. […] A sprained ankle is a common injury when the tissue that connects your ankle bones and supports your ankle (ligaments) is torn or stretched beyond its limits, often after a fall, ankle roll or twist. […] A sprained ankle is when the ligaments in your ankle are torn. […] Rolling or twisting the ankle causes ankle sprains. The most common ankle sprains are the result of: Falling or tripping on uneven surfaces. Landing incorrectly after a jump. Losing balance. Participating in sports that involve rolling or twisting your foot (basketball, football, soccer, tennis). […] Most sprains heal on their own, but rebuilding strength in your ankle can help prevent future injuries.

• #3 Quick Facts:Ankle Sprains – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/quick-facts-injuries-and-poisoning/sprains-and-other-soft-tissue-injuries/ankle-sprains

  Ankle sprains usually happen when your ankle is twisted, stretched, or bent too far. This can happen when you walk or run on uneven ground, especially if you step on a rock or step off the edge of a curb. […] You may be more likely to get an ankle sprain if you: […] Had an ankle sprain before […] Have weak leg muscles or nerve damage in your legs […] Wear unstable shoes such as high heels.

• #3 Ankle Sprains and Strains | Orthopedics | Mercy Health

  https://www.mercy.com/health-care-services/orthopedics-sports-medicine-spine/specialties/foot-ankle/conditions/ankle-sprains-strains

  Ankle sprains and strains are common injuries for all ages. A sprain is caused by stretching or tearing ligaments while a strain is caused by stretching or tearing a muscle or tendon. […] The most common causes of a sprain or strain are blows or falls affecting the ankle. Other causes of ankle strains or sprains include: Fast and awkward side movements these movements occur when your foot is planted firmly on the ground, and your ankle turns out while your foot turns in causing an ankle strain or sprain. Sprains and strains often occur in sporting activities that involve changing foot position or direction quickly such as soccer, running, football and basketball. Inappropriate footwear can cause an ankle sprain. […] Risk factors for ankle sprains or strains include: Participating in sports or exercise without proper warm ups can be a risk factor for an ankle sprain or strain because the muscles, ligaments, and tendons are tighter when they are not warmed up. Obesity or carrying excess weight can put an individual at a higher risk of an ankle sprain or strain due to greater stress on the ankle while walking, running or participating in sports. Muscle fatigue can also be a risk factor for an ankle sprain or strain long distance runners (marathoners or ultramarathoners) are at high risk for an ankle strain or sprain due to the amount of continuous stress they are putting on the joints.

• #3 Ankle Sprain: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1907229-overview

  Mechanical forces exceeding the tensile limits of the ankle joint capsule and supportive ligaments cause ankle sprains. […] There are a number of contributing factors, which can be classified as either predisposing or provocative, as follows: […] Predisposing factors can result from a lack of physical conditioning; they include poor muscle tone and shortened and/or contracted joint capsule or tendons. Poor proprioception can also be a factor, as can inadequate training or experience with the physical activity being performed. […] Provocative factors include accidents and other unforeseen circumstances that result in mechanical stresses that exceed the tensile limits of the ankle joint capsule and ligaments. Obesity can contribute to sprains by increasing kinetic energy to a point that exceeds joint-design stress limits.

• #3 Sprained Ankle: Symptoms, 3 Grade Classification, & Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/fitness-exercise/what-is-an-ankle-sprain

  This injury happens when the ligaments in your ankle tear or get stretched too much. […] Most ankle sprains happen when you’re playing sports. This is especially true for games where there’s a lot of jumping or a chance of stepping on someone’s foot. […] You may have a greater chance for an ankle sprain if you’ve had one before. It’s also more likely if you have weak muscles in your hips and ankles. […] Even genetics can play a role. It’s easier to turn your ankle and put strain on the ligament if your heel naturally turns more inward. That’s known as hindfoot varus.

• #3 Ankle Sprains: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.thefeetpeople.com.au/symptoms-we-treat/ankle-sprains/

  You can twist your ankle during any activity where you lose your balance and roll on your ankle. […] One of the biggest risk factors for ankle sprains is having sprained your ankle before, especially when you havent taken the time to properly rehabilitate the injury and help your ankle recover to full strength and function. […] Up to 20% of people who sprain their ankles continue to have joint stability issues after their injury, with ankle sprains being a leading cause of chronic ankle instability, a condition where your ankle is permanently weakened and less stable, which puts you at a much higher risk of recurrent sprains and other foot and ankle problems. […] Chronic ankle instability also increases your falls risk, which is the largest cause of disability among seniors and the leading cause of unintentional injury deaths.

• #3 Ankle sprain: pathophysiology, predisposing factors, and management strategies

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3781861/

  With the high percentage (up to 75%) of initial lateral ankle sprains (LAS) leading to repetitive sprains and chronic symptoms, it is imperative to better understand how best to treat and rehabilitate LAS events. […] The development of these residual symptoms has been termed chronic ankle instability (CAI). Not only does CAI limit physical activity, but CAI also leads to articular degeneration of the talus, and an increased risk of osteoarthritis (OA). […] The current literature suggests it takes over six weeks for ligament healing to occur. […] However, studies have also documented joint laxity six months after injury. […] The chronic laxity that has been reported in the literature may be due to inappropriate rehabilitation, which necessitates the need for further investigation into the type of care and treatment that will best facilitate tissue healing, and normal joint function.

• #3 Ankle sprain: pathophysiology, predisposing factors, and management strategies

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3781861/

  The evidence overall supports the use of ankle bracing as an effective means to reduce the risk of LAS. […] The high percentage of reinjury occurrence (up to 70%) and development of CAI (up to 75%) after an LAS suggests that further research of both short and long-term outcomes following rehabilitation is needed. […] Based on the research available to best treat acute LAS, some form of immobilization needs to be used to help protect the joint and allow ligament healing to occur. […] Thus, elastic or tubular wraps are not recommended because research suggests that they do not provide adequate protection to allow restoration of function. […] An Air-Stirrup brace with elastic wraps for grade I and grade II, and below-knee casts for grade III may be the best treatment strategy to prevent long term pathology. […] The literature has reported the benefit of using both joint mobilizations and balance training to help improve function and decrease reinjury rates.

• #3 Ankle Sprain | UConn Musculoskeletal Institute

  https://health.uconn.edu/msi/clinical-services/orthopaedic-surgery/foot-ankle-and-podiatry/ankle-sprain/

  If there is a severe in-turning or out-turning of the foot relative to the ankle, the forces cause the ligaments to stretch beyond their normal length. If the force is too strong, the ligaments can tear. […] The amount of force determines the grade of the sprain. A mild sprain is a Grade 1. A moderate sprain is a Grade 2. A severe strain is a Grade 3. […] If an ankle sprain is not recognized, and is not treated with the necessary attention and care, chronic problems of pain and instability may result. […] The best way to prevent ankle sprains is to maintain good strength, muscle balance and flexibility. […] If you have sprained your ankle in the past, you may continue to sprain it if the ligaments did not have time to completely heal. If the sprain happens frequently and pain continues for more than four weeks to six weeks, you may have a chronic ankle sprain.

• #4 Ankle Sprains: Causes, Recovery, Prevention – Orthopaedic and Spine Center of Newport News

  https://www.osc-ortho.com/blog/ankle-sprains-causes-recovery-prevention-by-boyd-w-haynes-iii-md/

  Frequently referred to as “rolling” or “twisting” your ankle, sprained ankles are a very common occurrence for patients coming into OSC. Ankle sprains can be caused by jumping for a rebound in a basketball game or by simply stepping onto an uneven surface. The sprain is caused by these ligaments being stretched or torn due to the ankle rolling inward (inversion sprain) or outward (eversion sprain) beyond their normal range of motion. […] The results of a sprain are pain, swelling and bruising, and the severity of the injury depends on the amount of force used when it occurred. […] There are three types of sprains: • Grade 1: Ligaments stretched minimally and some damage to the fibers of the ligament • Grade 2: Ligament is partially torn • Grade 3: Ligament is completely torn.

• #4 Acute Ankle Sprain – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459212/

  Ankle sprains most commonly involve injury to the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) and/or the calcaneofibular ligament (CFL). Ankle sprains vary depending on the mechanism of injury (high- versus low-energy injuries), position of the foot, and rotational force on the joint and stabilizing ligamentous structures. Low grade injuries (grade I and II) result in stretching or microscopic tears of the stabilizing ligaments, while a high grade (grade III) ankle sprain compromises the syndesmotic structures. The mechanism may also lead to complete tendon disruptions and fractures of the ankle and foot in the highest energy scenarios. […] Over two million ankle sprains are treated in the emergency departments alone in the United States and United Kingdom. Ankle sprains are the most frequent injury sustained in sports.

• #4 Ankle Sprains and Strains | Orthopedics | Mercy Health

  https://www.mercy.com/health-care-services/orthopedics-sports-medicine-spine/specialties/foot-ankle/conditions/ankle-sprains-strains

  Ankle sprains and strains are common injuries for all ages. A sprain is caused by stretching or tearing ligaments while a strain is caused by stretching or tearing a muscle or tendon. […] The most common causes of a sprain or strain are blows or falls affecting the ankle. Other causes of ankle strains or sprains include: Fast and awkward side movements these movements occur when your foot is planted firmly on the ground, and your ankle turns out while your foot turns in causing an ankle strain or sprain. Sprains and strains often occur in sporting activities that involve changing foot position or direction quickly such as soccer, running, football and basketball. Inappropriate footwear can cause an ankle sprain. […] Risk factors for ankle sprains or strains include: Participating in sports or exercise without proper warm ups can be a risk factor for an ankle sprain or strain because the muscles, ligaments, and tendons are tighter when they are not warmed up. Obesity or carrying excess weight can put an individual at a higher risk of an ankle sprain or strain due to greater stress on the ankle while walking, running or participating in sports. Muscle fatigue can also be a risk factor for an ankle sprain or strain long distance runners (marathoners or ultramarathoners) are at high risk for an ankle strain or sprain due to the amount of continuous stress they are putting on the joints.

• #4 Sprained Ankle – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/sprained-ankle/

  Ankle sprains are common injuries that occur among people of all ages and at all activity levels; in fact, they are the number one reason for missed participation in athletics. […] An ankle sprain occurs when the strong ligaments that support the ankle stretch beyond their limits and tear. The severity of a sprain can vary greatly depending on the number of ligaments involved and the extent to which the ligaments are torn. […] Around 90% of ankle sprains involve an inversion injury (the foot turns inward) to the anterior talofibular (ATFL) and calcaneofibular (CFL) ligaments the lateral ligaments on the outside of the ankle. […] The less common medial ankle sprain is caused by an eversion injury (the foot turns out) to the deltoid ligament on the inside of the ankle. […] Patients often recall a twisting injury to their foot or ankle. If there is severe tearing of the ligaments, you might also hear or feel a pop. Sprains may occur unexpectedly during many different activities, such as: Walking or exercising on an uneven surface, Falling down or tripping, Participating in sports that require cutting or jumping actions, such as trail running, basketball, tennis, football, and soccer. […] Without proper treatment and rehabilitation, a chronic or untreated severe sprain can weaken your ankle, making it more likely that you will injure it again. Repeated ankle sprains can lead to long-term problems, including chronic ankle pain, arthritis, and instability.

• #4 Ankle sprains – causes, symptoms and treatment

  https://www.bauerfeind-group.com/en/health/ankle/ankle-pain/ankle-sprains

  There is hardly a sports injury more common than a sprained ankle. […] An ankle sprain happens when one or more of the joints mentioned above is moved beyond its normal physiological range with a high level of force. […] As the ligaments that hold the joints together are only elastic to a certain extent, they are overstressed if subjected to excessive strain, with painful results. […] If the ligaments tear at their insertion site, bone fragments may also be pulled away from the joint, which is visible on an x-ray. […] In the case of a traumatic sprain or traumatic injury in the upper ankle, the joint capsule is usually damaged. […] The medical treatment depends on the extent of the injury, which is divided into three grades of severity: Grade 1: Overextension of the ligaments without damage or joint instability; Grade 2: Severe overextension of one or several ligaments or partial rupture without joint instability; Grade 3: Complete ligament tear in the ankle joint and instability of the joint. […] Avulsion fractures and complete ruptures, however, where the torn areas are no longer in contact with one another, usually have to be treated with surgery.

• #4 Ankle sprain: pathophysiology, predisposing factors, and management strategies

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3781861/

  With the high percentage (up to 75%) of initial lateral ankle sprains (LAS) leading to repetitive sprains and chronic symptoms, it is imperative to better understand how best to treat and rehabilitate LAS events. […] The development of these residual symptoms has been termed chronic ankle instability (CAI). Not only does CAI limit physical activity, but CAI also leads to articular degeneration of the talus, and an increased risk of osteoarthritis (OA). […] The current literature suggests it takes over six weeks for ligament healing to occur. […] However, studies have also documented joint laxity six months after injury. […] The chronic laxity that has been reported in the literature may be due to inappropriate rehabilitation, which necessitates the need for further investigation into the type of care and treatment that will best facilitate tissue healing, and normal joint function.

• #5 Acute Ankle Sprain – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459212/

  Ankle sprains most commonly involve injury to the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) and/or the calcaneofibular ligament (CFL). Ankle sprains vary depending on the mechanism of injury (high- versus low-energy injuries), position of the foot, and rotational force on the joint and stabilizing ligamentous structures. Low grade injuries (grade I and II) result in stretching or microscopic tears of the stabilizing ligaments, while a high grade (grade III) ankle sprain compromises the syndesmotic structures. The mechanism may also lead to complete tendon disruptions and fractures of the ankle and foot in the highest energy scenarios. […] Over two million ankle sprains are treated in the emergency departments alone in the United States and United Kingdom. Ankle sprains are the most frequent injury sustained in sports.

• #5 Ankle sprain: pathophysiology, predisposing factors, and management strategies

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3781861/

  With the high percentage (up to 75%) of initial lateral ankle sprains (LAS) leading to repetitive sprains and chronic symptoms, it is imperative to better understand how best to treat and rehabilitate LAS events. […] The development of these residual symptoms has been termed chronic ankle instability (CAI). Not only does CAI limit physical activity, but CAI also leads to articular degeneration of the talus, and an increased risk of osteoarthritis (OA). […] The current literature suggests it takes over six weeks for ligament healing to occur. […] However, studies have also documented joint laxity six months after injury. […] The chronic laxity that has been reported in the literature may be due to inappropriate rehabilitation, which necessitates the need for further investigation into the type of care and treatment that will best facilitate tissue healing, and normal joint function.

• #5 Sprained Ankle – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/sprained-ankle/

  Ankle sprains are common injuries that occur among people of all ages and at all activity levels; in fact, they are the number one reason for missed participation in athletics. […] An ankle sprain occurs when the strong ligaments that support the ankle stretch beyond their limits and tear. The severity of a sprain can vary greatly depending on the number of ligaments involved and the extent to which the ligaments are torn. […] Around 90% of ankle sprains involve an inversion injury (the foot turns inward) to the anterior talofibular (ATFL) and calcaneofibular (CFL) ligaments the lateral ligaments on the outside of the ankle. […] The less common medial ankle sprain is caused by an eversion injury (the foot turns out) to the deltoid ligament on the inside of the ankle. […] Patients often recall a twisting injury to their foot or ankle. If there is severe tearing of the ligaments, you might also hear or feel a pop. Sprains may occur unexpectedly during many different activities, such as: Walking or exercising on an uneven surface, Falling down or tripping, Participating in sports that require cutting or jumping actions, such as trail running, basketball, tennis, football, and soccer. […] Without proper treatment and rehabilitation, a chronic or untreated severe sprain can weaken your ankle, making it more likely that you will injure it again. Repeated ankle sprains can lead to long-term problems, including chronic ankle pain, arthritis, and instability.

• #6 Ankle sprain: pathophysiology, predisposing factors, and management strategies

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3781861/

  With the high percentage (up to 75%) of initial lateral ankle sprains (LAS) leading to repetitive sprains and chronic symptoms, it is imperative to better understand how best to treat and rehabilitate LAS events. […] The development of these residual symptoms has been termed chronic ankle instability (CAI). Not only does CAI limit physical activity, but CAI also leads to articular degeneration of the talus, and an increased risk of osteoarthritis (OA). […] The current literature suggests it takes over six weeks for ligament healing to occur. […] However, studies have also documented joint laxity six months after injury. […] The chronic laxity that has been reported in the literature may be due to inappropriate rehabilitation, which necessitates the need for further investigation into the type of care and treatment that will best facilitate tissue healing, and normal joint function.

• #6 Acute Ankle Sprain – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459212/

  Ankle sprains most commonly involve injury to the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) and/or the calcaneofibular ligament (CFL). Ankle sprains vary depending on the mechanism of injury (high- versus low-energy injuries), position of the foot, and rotational force on the joint and stabilizing ligamentous structures. Low grade injuries (grade I and II) result in stretching or microscopic tears of the stabilizing ligaments, while a high grade (grade III) ankle sprain compromises the syndesmotic structures. The mechanism may also lead to complete tendon disruptions and fractures of the ankle and foot in the highest energy scenarios. […] Over two million ankle sprains are treated in the emergency departments alone in the United States and United Kingdom. Ankle sprains are the most frequent injury sustained in sports.

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