Schizofrenia
Epidemiologia

Schizofrenia jest poważnym zaburzeniem psychicznym o globalnym rozpowszechnieniu około 0,32% w populacji ogólnej i 0,45% wśród dorosłych, z zapadalnością około 0,20 na 1000 osób rocznie. Występuje zróżnicowanie geograficzne, z najwyższymi wskaźnikami w Azji Wschodniej, Południowej, Południowo-Wschodniej, Europie Zachodniej i Ameryce Północnej. Mężczyźni są bardziej narażeni (stosunek ryzyka około 1,4:1), a szczyt zapadalności przypada na wiek 26-30 lat. Czynniki ryzyka obejmują migrację, urodzenie w obszarach miejskich, czynniki genetyczne (dziedziczność ~79%), powikłania okołoporodowe, prenatalne niedobory żywieniowe, infekcje wirusowe w ciąży oraz używanie konopi indyjskich. Schizofrenia wiąże się z wysokim ryzykiem przedwczesnej umieralności (SMR ~2,5), głównie z powodu chorób układu krążenia, oraz zwiększonym ryzykiem samobójstwa (4,9%). Współistniejące choroby somatyczne i zaburzenia psychiczne dodatkowo pogarszają rokowanie.

Epidemiologia schizofrenii: występowanie na świecie

Schizofrenia jest poważnym zaburzeniem psychicznym, które dotyka znaczącą część populacji światowej. Według danych Światowej Organizacji Zdrowia (WHO), schizofrenia występuje u około 24 milionów ludzi na świecie, co stanowi 1 na 300 osób (0,32%) w populacji ogólnej. Wśród dorosłych wskaźnik ten wynosi 1 na 222 osoby (0,45%)1. Dane z różnych badań wskazują, że rozpowszechnienie schizofrenii w populacji mieści się w przedziale od 0,25% do 0,64% w Stanach Zjednoczonych, natomiast szacunki międzynarodowe wśród osób niehospitalizowanych wahają się od 0,33% do 0,75%2. Badania systematyczne wskazują, że mediana wskaźnika rozpowszechnienia dla schizofrenii wynosi około 4,0 na 1000 osób, a szacowana mediana ryzyka chorobotwórczego w ciągu życia wynosi 7,2 na 1000 osób3.

Pomimo stosunkowo niskiego rozpowszechnienia, schizofrenia wiąże się ze znaczącymi problemami zdrowotnymi, społecznymi i ekonomicznymi4. Jest jedną z 15 głównych przyczyn niepełnosprawności na świecie i odpowiada za około 1% globalnych lat życia skorygowanych niepełnosprawnością (DALY)56. Według klasyfikacji Światowej Organizacji Zdrowia, schizofrenia znajduje się wśród 10 najważniejszych chorób przyczyniających się do globalnego obciążenia chorobami78.

Różnice geograficzne w rozpowszechnieniu schizofrenii

Wbrew wcześniejszym przekonaniom, że schizofrenia występuje z podobną częstotliwością na całym świecie, nowsze badania wykazują znaczące zróżnicowanie geograficzne910. Światowa Organizacja Zdrowia w 2000 roku stwierdziła, że standaryzowane względem wieku wskaźniki rozpowszechnienia na 100 000 osób wahają się od 343 w Afryce do 544 w Japonii i Oceanii dla mężczyzn oraz od 378 w Afryce do 527 w Europie Południowo-Wschodniej dla kobiet11.

Wpływ schizofrenii jest największy w Oceanii, na Bliskim Wschodzie i w Azji Wschodniej, podczas gdy w Australii, Japonii, Stanach Zjednoczonych i większości Europy jest zazwyczaj niższy12. Szczególnie interesujący jest fakt, że wskaźnik DALY dla schizofrenii w Indonezji jest prawie dwukrotnie wyższy niż w Australii, pomimo względnej bliskości geograficznej13.

Według globalnego raportu trendów z 2020 roku, najwyższe wskaźniki schizofrenii skorygowane o wiek występują w Chinach, następnie w Holandii i Australii. Najwyższe wskaźniki nowo zdiagnozowanych przypadków schizofrenii odnotowano w Chinach, Indiach i Stanach Zjednoczonych14. Podobne wyniki przyniosły badania systematyczne z 2018 roku, które wykazały, że schizofrenia najczęściej występuje w Azji Wschodniej, Południowej i Południowo-Wschodniej, Europie Zachodniej oraz Ameryce Północnej o wysokich dochodach15.

Różnice w zapadalności na schizofrenię

Zapadalność na schizofrenię (nowe przypadki) wynosi około 0,20 na 1000 osób rocznie16. Istnieją jednak znaczące różnice w zapadalności w różnych częściach świata17. W badaniu przeprowadzonym w regionie hiszpańskim w latach 2008-2015, ogólna zapadalność na zaburzenia schizofreniczne wynosiła 50,25 na 100 000 osobo-lat, co jest wyższe niż publikowane wskaźniki zapadalności, które wahają się od 7,7 do 43,0 na 100 000 osób (mediana 15,2)18.

Badania porównujące dane z komercyjnych baz ubezpieczeniowych (MarketScan) i baz Medicaid w Stanach Zjednoczonych wykazały, że wskaźniki zapadalności na schizofrenię są dwukrotnie wyższe w populacji Medicaid niż w populacji MarketScan19. W obu bazach danych zapadalność szybko wzrasta w późnej adolescencji i osiąga szczyt w młodym wieku dorosłym (26-30 lat), wynosząc 0,40% w Medicaid i 0,16% w MarketScan20.

Czynniki demograficzne i społeczne w epidemiologii schizofrenii

Różnice związane z płcią

Badania wykazują, że mężczyźni są bardziej narażeni na rozwój schizofrenii niż kobiety. Według systematycznych przeglądów, stosunek ryzyka mężczyzn do kobiet wynosi około 1,4:1212223. W badaniu przeprowadzonym w hiszpańskim regionie, schizofrenia była o 76% bardziej rozpowszechniona u mężczyzn niż u kobiet, a stosunek częstości występowania u mężczyzn do kobiet wynosił 1,7524. Również dane z modelu epidemiologicznego DelveInsight wskazują na wyższą częstość występowania schizofrenii u mężczyzn niż u kobiet w Stanach Zjednoczonych, gdzie w 2022 roku 53,63% zdiagnozowanych przypadków stanowili mężczyźni, a 46,37% kobiety25.

Co istotne, schizofrenia zazwyczaj pojawia się wcześniej u mężczyzn (późna adolescencja, wczesne lata dwudzieste) niż u kobiet (wczesne lata dwudzieste do wczesnych lat trzydziestych)2627. Szczytowy wiek wystąpienia pierwszego epizodu psychotycznego u mężczyzn przypada na wczesne do środkowych lat dwudziestych, a u kobiet na późne lata dwudzieste28.

Wiek a występowanie schizofrenii

Schizofrenia jest typowo diagnozowana w okresie od późnych lat nastoletnich do wczesnych lat trzydziestych29. Siła zachorowalności na schizofrenię osiąga szczyt we wczesnej dorosłości30. Badania wskazują, że psychoza schizofreniczne najczęściej manifestuje się w drugiej i trzeciej dekadzie życia, podczas późnej adolescencji i wczesnej dorosłości31. Warto jednak podkreślić, że schizofrenia nie rozpoczyna się od psychozy, ale raczej od wyraźnego pogorszenia funkcjonowania społecznego i poznawczego32.

Największe obciążenie schizofrenią dotyczy pacjentów w wieku od 25 do 54 lat, co zasadniczo odpowiada najbardziej produktywnym latom w życiu większości osób33. Analiza danych z baz ubezpieczeniowych wskazuje, że rozpowszechnienie schizofrenii zwiększa się wraz z wiekiem w populacji Medicaid, ale zmniejsza się w bazie MarketScan opartej na zatrudnieniu, począwszy od wczesnej dorosłości34.

Czynniki migracyjne i urbanizacja

Badania konsekwentnie wskazują, że migranci mają zwiększone ryzyko rozwoju schizofrenii3536. Systematyczny przegląd wykazał, że wskaźnik zapadalności u migrantów w porównaniu z osobami urodzonymi w danym kraju był znacząco wyższy; mediana stosunku zapadalności migrant/urodzony w kraju wynosiła 4,6 (10%-90% kwantyl: 1,0-12,8)37.

Ryzyko to obejmuje zarówno migrantów pierwszego, jak i drugiego pokolenia, przy czym efekt jest najbardziej wyraźny u migrantów z obszarów, gdzie większość populacji stanowią osoby o czarnym kolorze skóry38. W Stanach Zjednoczonych stwierdzono, że Afroamerykanie mają trzykrotnie większe prawdopodobieństwo zdiagnozowania schizofrenii, a po uwzględnieniu statusu społeczno-ekonomicznego są dwa razy bardziej narażeni niż ich biali odpowiednicy39.

Również urodzenie lub zamieszkanie w obszarach miejskich wiąże się ze zwiększonym ryzykiem rozwoju schizofrenii4041. Badania populacyjne z Holandii i Danii wykazały, że względne ryzyko rozwoju schizofrenii wynosi około 2,4 dla osób urodzonych w obszarach metropolitalnych w porównaniu z osobami urodzonymi na obszarach wiejskich42.

Czynniki ryzyka i przyczyny schizofrenii w świetle badań epidemiologicznych

Czynniki genetyczne i rodzinne

Schizofrenia jest uważana za złożone zaburzenie genetyczne, wynikające z połączonego wpływu czynników środowiskowych i wielu genów, z których każdy ma niewielki wpływ na fenotyp jednostki4344. Szacuje się, że dziedziczność schizofrenii wynosi około 79%45.

Ryzyko zachorowania na schizofrenię zwiększa się w zależności od odsetka genów dzielonych z osobą chorą46. Główną podstawą poszukiwania molekularnych czynników ryzyka genetycznego są badania bliźniąt i badania adopcyjne47.

W ostatnich latach znaczną uwagę naukową zyskała rola zaawansowanego wieku rodzicielskiego w odniesieniu do wyższego ryzyka schizofrenii48. Kilka badań populacyjnych w Danii, Izraelu, Szwecji, Francji i Stanach Zjednoczonych dostarczyło silnych dowodów na rolę wieku ojca w rozwoju schizofrenii49.

Czynniki środowiskowe i prenatalne

Istnieją solidne dowody, że powikłania ciążowe i porodowe są związane ze zwiększonym ryzykiem schizofrenii50. Metaanalizy tych danych wskazują, że powikłania ciążowe i porodowe mają znaczący, choć umiarkowany wpływ na zwiększenie ryzyka późniejszej schizofrenii (iloraz szans około 2)51.

W dwóch naturalnych eksperymentach przeprowadzonych na populacjach, które doświadczyły głodu, zaobserwowano wskaźniki zdiagnozowanej schizofrenii52. Możliwe, że prenatalne niedobory żywieniowe, w szczególności brak mikroelementów, odgrywają rolę w rozwoju schizofrenii53.

Istnieje również związek między schizofrenią a sezonem urodzenia54. Czynniki takie jak pogoda w tych miesiącach mają wpływ na częstość występowania tej choroby55. Seria badań ekologicznych wykazała, że gdy matki są w drugim trymestrze ciąży podczas epidemii grypy, istnieje wyższe ryzyko schizofrenii wśród dzieci56.

Badania nad czynnikami zakaźnymi jako możliwą przyczyną schizofrenii stały się istotne w ostatniej dekadzie57. Rola neuroinflammacji w schizofrenii jest tematem badań od dawna. W badaniach epidemiologicznych zgłaszano związek między schizofrenią a różnymi chorobami zapalno-autoimmunologicznymi58.

Czynniki związane ze stylem życia

Przeprowadzono kilka badań wykazujących związek między schizofrenią a używaniem konopi indyjskich59. Dane z kilku badań podłużnych zidentyfikowały związek między używaniem konopi indyjskich a późniejszym ryzykiem wystąpienia izolowanych objawów psychotycznych lub schizofrenii60.

Wiele środków odurzających wiązano z początkiem schizofrenii61. Używanie tytoniu jest związane ze złymi wynikami w leczeniu pierwszego epizodu psychozy62.

U osób ze skłonnością do psychozy i niewystarczającym wsparciem społecznym, stres może być czynnikiem wyzwalającym; ponadto opisano związek między stresorami środowiskowymi a poważnymi objawami psychotycznymi63. Wiele badań w latach 80. było skierowanych na jedno z warunków stresowych, krytyczny lub emocjonalnie zaangażowany klimat rodzinny, określany jako wysoka ekspresja emocjonalna we wczesnych badaniach brytyjskich64.

Implikacje zdrowotne i społeczne schizofrenii

Umieralność i oczekiwana długość życia

Osoby ze schizofrenią mają zwiększone ryzyko przedwczesnej umieralności (śmierci w młodszym wieku niż populacja ogólna)65. Szacowana średnia potencjalna utrata lat życia u osób ze schizofrenią w Stanach Zjednoczonych wynosi 28,5 lat6667.

Standaryzowany wskaźnik umieralności (SMR), indeks względnej umieralności, obliczany przez podzielenie obserwowanej umieralności w danej populacji przez oczekiwaną umieralność w tej samej grupie68, dla schizofrenii wynosi około 2,5, co prowadzi do skrócenia oczekiwanej długości życia o 15-20 lat6970. Według systematycznego przeglądu obejmującego 37 badań dostarczających 561 SMR dla różnych przyczyn zgonów, mediana (10-90 percentyl) SMR dla wszystkich przyczyn umieralności wynosiła 2,6 (1,2-5,8)71.

Szacuje się, że 4,9% osób ze schizofrenią umiera przez samobójstwo, co jest wskaźnikiem znacznie wyższym niż w populacji ogólnej, przy czym najwyższe ryzyko występuje we wczesnych stadiach choroby72. Objawy schizofrenii są często gorsze we wczesnych stadiach choroby, co jest również okresem, w którym ryzyko samobójstwa jest najwyższe73.

Choroby współistniejące

Współistniejące schorzenia medyczne, takie jak choroby serca, choroby wątroby i cukrzyca, przyczyniają się do wyższej przedwczesnej umieralności wśród osób ze schizofrenią74. Głównym czynnikiem przyczyniającym się do zwiększonej umieralności są choroby układu krążenia (CVD), z umieralnością z powodu CVD wynoszącą od 40 do 50% w większości badań75.

Około połowa osób ze schizofrenią ma współistniejące zaburzenia psychiczne i/lub behawioralne76. Badania wykazały, że osoby ze schizofrenią mają wyższe ryzyko rozwoju demencji77. W badaniu populacyjnym obejmującym ponad 2,8 miliona osób w wieku 50 lat lub starszych z 6 ogólnokrajowych rejestrów w Danii, obserwowanych przez 18 lat, osoby ze schizofrenią – zwłaszcza osoby poniżej 65. roku życia – miały wyraźnie zwiększone względne ryzyko demencji, którego nie można było wyjaśnić ustalonymi czynnikami ryzyka demencji78.

Posiadanie schizofrenii zwiększa ryzyko ponownej hospitalizacji medycznej wśród osób z cukrzycą79. Weterani ze schizofrenią mają zwiększone ryzyko umieralności w porównaniu z weteranami, którzy nie mają zaburzeń psychicznych. W badaniu krajowej próby ponad 500 000 weteranów, posiadanie diagnozy schizofrenii wiązało się z 1,5-krotnym ryzykiem umieralności ze wszystkich przyczyn w ciągu 9-letniego okresu80.

Obciążenie ekonomiczne i społeczne

Koszty finansowe związane ze schizofrenią są nieproporcjonalnie wysokie w porównaniu z innymi przewlekłymi schorzeniami psychicznymi i fizycznymi, odzwierciedlając zarówno bezpośrednie koszty opieki zdrowotnej, jak i pośrednie koszty utraconej produktywności, zaangażowania wymiaru sprawiedliwości, potrzeb usług społecznych i innych czynników wykraczających poza opiekę zdrowotną81.

Pośrednie koszty związane z utraconą produktywnością, wraz z kosztami związanymi z opieką medyczną, kosztowały Stany Zjednoczone około 281,6 miliarda dolarów tylko w 2020 roku82. W badaniu przeprowadzonym w Brazylii, średnie roczne wydatki szpitalne wynosiły 67 216 056,04 USD, przy średnim koszcie przyjęcia wynoszącym 432,58 USD83.

W porównaniu ze swoimi rówieśnikami, osoby ze schizofrenią są znacznie bardziej narażone na bezrobocie, uwięzienie, bezdomność, izolację społeczną i przedwczesną umieralność84. Niezdolność do funkcjonowania w codziennych warunkach przyczynia się do wysokich kosztów schizofrenii85. Opiekunowie osób ze schizofrenią mogą doświadczać negatywnych zmian w swojej własnej jakości życia86.

Leczenie i nadzór nad schizofrenią

Dostęp do opieki zdrowotnej

Obecnie zdecydowana większość osób ze schizofrenią na całym świecie nie otrzymuje opieki w zakresie zdrowia psychicznego. Około 50% osób w szpitalach psychiatrycznych ma diagnozę schizofrenii. Tylko 31,3% osób z psychozą otrzymuje specjalistyczną opiekę w zakresie zdrowia psychicznego87.

Istnieją jasne dowody, że szpitale psychiatryczne nie są skuteczne w zapewnianiu opieki, której potrzebują osoby z zaburzeniami psychicznymi i regularnie naruszają podstawowe prawa człowieka osób ze schizofrenią. Należy rozszerzyć i przyspieszyć wysiłki na rzecz przeniesienia opieki z instytucji zdrowia psychicznego do społeczności88.

Pacjenci z poważnymi zaburzeniami psychicznymi zgłaszają większe trudności i więcej barier w dostępie do podstawowej opieki zdrowotnej89. W schizofrenii wykazano, że leczenie i profilaktyka chorób układu krążenia są suboptymalne, co wydaje się wpływać na umieralność90.

Leczenie farmakologiczne i psychoterapeutyczne

Przez ostatnie 70 lat leki przeciwpsychotyczne stały się dominującym leczeniem schizofrenii91. Prawie każda osoba, u której zdiagnozowano schizofrenię, będzie wymagała leczenia farmakologicznego, zwykle lekiem przeciwpsychotycznym92. Atypowe leki przeciwpsychotyczne mogą kontrolować objawy schizofrenii, takie jak halucynacje i urojenia93.

Opracowywane są nowsze środki farmakologiczne, które obejmują nie tylko nowe leki przeciwpsychotyczne, ale także środki przeciwzapalne i immunomodulujące94. Jednak zdecydowanie lepsze farmakoterapie prawdopodobnie nie pojawią się, dopóki nie będzie lepszego zrozumienia patofizjologii leżącej u podstaw schizofrenii95.

Większość pacjentów ze schizofrenią (około 70%) była leczona polipragmazją przeciwpsychotyczną96. Wczesna interwencja może mieć znaczący wpływ na osoby ze schizofrenią97.

Stosowanie nowszych psychoterapii i zmodyfikowanych form starszych metod terapeutycznych nie tylko ukierunkowane jest na objawy schizofrenii, ale również koncentruje się na wyzdrowieniu z tego zaburzenia98. Te nowsze podejścia, a także wysiłki na rzecz zapobiegania schizofrenii, wykazują obiecujące rezultaty w zmniejszaniu cierpienia spowodowanego tą chorobą99.

Nadzór epidemiologiczny i monitorowanie

Badania i systemy nadzoru oparte na populacji dostarczają wiele dowodów potrzebnych do kierowania skutecznymi programami promocji zdrowia psychicznego, zapobiegania chorobom psychicznym i leczenia100. Systemy nadzoru CDC dostarczają kilka rodzajów informacji o zdrowiu psychicznym: szacunki rozpowszechnienia zdiagnozowanych chorób psychicznych na podstawie samooceny lub odnotowanej diagnozy, szacunki rozpowszechnienia objawów związanych z chorobami psychicznymi oraz szacunki wpływu chorób psychicznych na zdrowie i dobrostan101.

SAMHSA finansowane Narodowe Badanie Zdrowia Psychicznego (NSMH) dostarczy precyzyjnych krajowych szacunków dotyczących zaburzeń psychicznych wśród dorosłych Amerykanów w wieku od 18 do 65 lat102.

Metody nadzoru w Stanach Zjednoczonych stoją przed kilkoma wyzwaniami103. Badacze i rządy polegali na dużych administracyjnych bazach danych roszczeń, takich jak Medicaid, aby prowadzić nadzór i badania epidemiologiczne104.

Biorąc pod uwagę przewlekły charakter schizofrenii, ważne jest również zbadanie rozpowszechnienia i zapadalności w całym okresie życia w poszukiwaniu różnic związanych z wiekiem, aby uniknąć niedoszacowania rozpowszechnienia i zapadalności105. Łączenie wielu baz danych obejmujących zarówno Medicaid, jak i ubezpieczenia komercyjne zapewnia bardziej kompleksowy obraz rozpowszechnienia i zapadalności na schizofrenię106.

Tabela 1: Porównanie rozpowszechnienia i zapadalności na schizofrenię w bazie Medicaid i MarketScan (2019)
Miara Medicaid MarketScan
Rozpowszechnienie w populacji całkowitej 2,13% (95% CI: 2,12-2,15) 0,134% (95% CI: 0,132-0,135)
Zapadalność (nowe przypadki w 2019) 0,19% (95% CI: 0,18-0,20) 0,07% (95% CI: 0,07-0,08)
Szczytowy wiek zapadalności 26-30 lat (0,40%) 26-30 lat (0,16%)

107108

Perspektywy i wyzwania w epidemiologii schizofrenii

Wyzwania metodologiczne

Precyzyjne szacunki rozpowszechnienia schizofrenii są trudne do uzyskania ze względu na czynniki kliniczne i metodologiczne, takie jak złożoność diagnozy schizofrenii, jej nakładanie się z innymi zaburzeniami i różne metody określania diagnoz109. Wskaźnik rozpowszechnienia schizofrenii różni się nawet trzykrotnie w zależności od tego, jak jest definiowany110.

Wskaźnik rozpowszechnienia schizofrenii i pokrewnych zaburzeń psychotycznych jest trudny do oszacowania za pomocą typowych metod badań gospodarstw domowych111. Osoby ze schizofrenią i innymi zaburzeniami psychotycznymi mogą być niedoliczone w badaniach szacujących rozpowszechnienie112.

Przypadki zapadalne nowych diagnoz schizofrenii można zidentyfikować w elektronicznych bazach danych zdrowotnych z doskonałą trafnością dla osób w wieku 35 lat i młodszych, z dodatnimi wartościami predykcyjnymi i specyficznością przekraczającymi 95%. Jednak wymagają one dłuższego okresu retrospekcji dla Medicaid w porównaniu do MarketScan113.

Przyszłe kierunki badań

Epidemiologia schizofrenii przeszła od opisowych relacji do fali analitycznych odkryć epidemiologicznych w ciągu ostatnich dwóch dekad114. Badania epidemiologiczne, opisując wzorce dystrybucji chorób w populacjach, identyfikując czynniki ryzyka i znajdując powiązania, przyczyniły się do naszego obecnego zrozumienia schizofrenii115.

Nie można ostatecznie stwierdzić, czy słuszna jest hipoteza neurorozwojowa czy degeneracyjna, ale wysiłki na rzecz zrozumienia podstaw schizofrenii muszą być kontynuowane116. Wydaje się, że większość wyników najnowszych badań potwierdziła ideę, że schizofrenia powstaje przede wszystkim z zaburzenia neurorozwojowego i że późniejsza symptomatologia może być złagodzona dzięki wczesnemu badaniu osób z grupy wysokiego ryzyka i wczesnemu leczeniu osób, które przejawiają oznaki i objawy choroby117.

Deficyty poznawcze mogą stanowić cel randomizowanych badań dotyczących rehabilitacji neuropsychologicznej u osób ze schizofrenią i, ogólnie rzecz biorąc, punkt wyjścia do dalszych badań nad schizofrenią118.

Projekty interdyscyplinarne między epidemiologią a neuronauką mogą pomóc nam zrozumieć ścieżki prowadzące do schizofrenii119. Pomimo gromadzenia się odkryć genetycznych, delineacja ścieżek biologicznych zaangażowanych w patofizjologię schizofrenii i wynikający z tego rozwój nowych terapii są nadal w początkowej fazie120.

Kolejne rozdziały

Zapraszamy do dalszego czytania naszego leksykonu.

Wybierz kolejny rozdział z menu poniżej, aby otworzyć nową podstronę kompedium wiedzy i uzyskać szczegółowe informację o leku, substancji lub chorobie.

  1. 09.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schizophrenia
    Schizophrenia affects approximately 24 million people or 1 in 300 people (0.32%) worldwide. This rate is 1 in 222 people (0.45%) among adults. […] Currently, the vast majority of people with schizophrenia around the world are not receiving mental health care. Approximately 50% of people in mental hospitals have a schizophrenia diagnosis. Only 31.3% of people with psychosis receive specialist mental health care. […] There is clear evidence that mental hospitals are not effective in providing the care that people with mental health conditions need and, regularly, violate the basic human rights of persons with schizophrenia. Efforts to transfer care from mental health institutions to the community need to be expanded and accelerated. […] The WHO guidance on community mental health services and person-centred and rights-based approaches provides information and support to all stakeholders who wish to develop or transform their mental health system and services to align with international human rights standards including the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.
  • #2 Schizophrenia – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
    https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/schizophrenia
    Schizophrenia is typically diagnosed in the late teens years to early thirties, and tends to emerge earlier in males (late adolescence early twenties) than females (early twenties early thirties). […] Precise prevalence estimates of schizophrenia are difficult to obtain due to clinical and methodological factors such as the complexity of schizophrenia diagnosis, its overlap with other disorders, and varying methods for determining diagnoses. […] Across studies that use household-based survey samples, clinical diagnostic interviews, and medical records, estimates of the prevalence of schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders in the U.S. range between 0.25% and 0.64%. […] Estimates of the international prevalence of schizophrenia among non-institutionalized persons is 0.33% to 0.75%.
  • #3 New directions in the epidemiology of schizophrenia | The Medical Journal of Australia
    https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2009/190/4/new-directions-epidemiology-schizophrenia
    Over the past few decades, we have learned a great deal about the epidemiology of schizophrenia. The quality of research in the field has improved with access to larger and better characterised patient and general population samples. In addition to the influx of new data, systematic reviews have allowed re-evaluation of data in an unbiased fashion. […] A recently published systematic review of the prevalence of schizophrenia also identified prominent variation between sites. The median lifetime prevalence estimate for persons was 4.0 per 1000, while the median estimate for lifetime morbid risk (LMR) was 7.2 per 1000. […] Concerning sex differences, a 2004 review found that the median male : female rate ratio was 1.4 : 1, which is remarkably consistent with another systematic review of sex difference in the incidence of schizophrenia.
  • #4 Schizophrenia – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
    https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/schizophrenia
    Despite its relatively low prevalence, schizophrenia is associated with significant health, social, and economic concerns. […] Schizophrenia is one of the top 15 leading causes of disability worldwide. […] Individuals with schizophrenia have an increased risk of premature mortality (death at a younger age than the general population). […] The estimated average potential life lost for individuals with schizophrenia in the U.S. is 28.5 years. […] Co-occurring medical conditions, such as heart disease, liver disease, and diabetes, contribute to the higher premature mortality rate among individuals with schizophrenia. […] An estimated 4.9% of people with schizophrenia die by suicide, a rate that is far greater than the general population, with the highest risk in the early stages of illness.
  • #5 Epidemiology of schizophrenia – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_schizophrenia
    Schizophrenia affects around 0.30.7% of the general population at some point in life (i.e. lifetime prevalence), or 21 million people worldwide as of 2020 (about one of every 285). […] While it is claimed that schizophrenia occurs at similar rates worldwide, its prevalence and incidence varies across the world, within countries, and at the local and neighborhood level. […] It causes approximately 1% of worldwide disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). […] The rate of schizophrenia varies up to threefold depending on how it is defined. […] In 2000, the World Health Organization found the prevalence and incidence of schizophrenia to be roughly similar around the world, with age-standardized prevalence per 100,000 ranging from 343 in Africa to 544 in Japan and Oceania for men and from 378 in Africa to 527 in Southeastern Europe for women.
  • #6 Schizophrenia – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
    https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/schizophrenia
    Despite its relatively low prevalence, schizophrenia is associated with significant health, social, and economic concerns. […] Schizophrenia is one of the top 15 leading causes of disability worldwide. […] Individuals with schizophrenia have an increased risk of premature mortality (death at a younger age than the general population). […] The estimated average potential life lost for individuals with schizophrenia in the U.S. is 28.5 years. […] Co-occurring medical conditions, such as heart disease, liver disease, and diabetes, contribute to the higher premature mortality rate among individuals with schizophrenia. […] An estimated 4.9% of people with schizophrenia die by suicide, a rate that is far greater than the general population, with the highest risk in the early stages of illness.
  • #7 Schizophrenia in adults: Epidemiology and pathogenesis – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/schizophrenia-in-adults-epidemiology-and-pathogenesis
    Schizophrenia is among the most disabling and economically catastrophic medical disorders. It is ranked by the World Health Organization as one of the top 10 illnesses contributing to the global burden of disease. […] This topic discusses the epidemiology and pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
  • #8 Frontiers | Increased Mortality in Schizophrenia Due to Cardiovascular Disease – A Non-Systematic Review of Epidemiology, Possible Causes, and Interventions
    https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00137/full
    Background: Schizophrenia is among the major causes of disability worldwide and the mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD) is significantly elevated. There is a growing concern that this health challenge is not fully understood and efficiently addressed. […] In most countries, the standardized mortality rate in schizophrenia is about 2.5, leading to a reduction in life expectancy between 15 and 20 years. A major contributor of the increased mortality is due to CVD, with CVD mortality ranging from 40 to 50% in most studies. […] The risk for CVD and CVD-related deaths in people with schizophrenia is increased, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully known. […] Schizophrenia is a major public health concern, causing extensive suffering and a large need for costly treatment and care. Schizophrenia is among the top 10 causes of disability adjusted life years (DALYs) worldwide.
  • #9 Schizophrenia: from Epidemiology to Rehabilitation
    https://clinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com/VOLUME/8/PAGE/52/
    Well discuss recent evidences on epidemiology of schizophrenia (about frequency, onset, course, risk factors and genetics), and their influences to some epidemiological myths and to rehabilitation approaches. […] However, even if its generally accepted that in schizophrenia there may be a cognitive deficit, its not clear if this impairment is produced by errors during the normal development of the brain (neurodevelopmental hypothesis) that remains stable in the course of illness, or if it is derived from a degenerative process (neurodegenerative hypothesis) that goes on inexorably. […] Since today, most psychiatric handbooks state that schizophrenia has a stable frequency around the world. However, a recent review shows that schizophrenia is not distributed equally across cultures and countries.
  • #10 Schizophrenia: from Epidemiology to Rehabilitation
    https://clinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com/VOLUME/8/PAGE/52/
    But the same review and others four in the last two years indicate unequivocally that the incidence rate of schizophrenia varies from different countries and cultures with a large range. […] Many evidences support hypothesis that schizophrenia could be a neuro-developmental disease caused from a brain damage occurring in early phases of life, that interferes with the normal developmental events. […] Taken together, most studies seem to delineate that exogenous factors acting on brain structure during its developmental phase play an important role in etiopathogenetic of schizophrenia. […] Schizophrenia is considered a complex genetic disorder, resulting from a combined effect of environmental factors and more genes, each with small effect on the individuals phenotype. […] The main foundation for the search of molecular genetic risk arises from the twin and adoption studies.
  • #11 Epidemiology of schizophrenia – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_schizophrenia
    Schizophrenia affects around 0.30.7% of the general population at some point in life (i.e. lifetime prevalence), or 21 million people worldwide as of 2020 (about one of every 285). […] While it is claimed that schizophrenia occurs at similar rates worldwide, its prevalence and incidence varies across the world, within countries, and at the local and neighborhood level. […] It causes approximately 1% of worldwide disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). […] The rate of schizophrenia varies up to threefold depending on how it is defined. […] In 2000, the World Health Organization found the prevalence and incidence of schizophrenia to be roughly similar around the world, with age-standardized prevalence per 100,000 ranging from 343 in Africa to 544 in Japan and Oceania for men and from 378 in Africa to 527 in Southeastern Europe for women.
  • #12 Epidemiology of schizophrenia – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_schizophrenia
    However, the impact of schizophrenia tends to be highest in Oceania, the Middle East, and East Asia, while the nations of Australia, Japan, the United States, and most of Europe typically have low impact. […] Despite relative geographical proximity, the DALY rate of schizophrenia in Indonesia is nearly double that of Australia (the nations with the highest and lowest respective DALY rates). […] In the US, African Americans have been found to be three times more likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia, and when taking socioeconomic status into account they are two times more likely than their white counterparts. […] However, those diagnosed with schizophrenia in developing countries have been found to have better course and outcome than their counterparts in industrialized countries.
  • #13 Epidemiology of schizophrenia – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_schizophrenia
    However, the impact of schizophrenia tends to be highest in Oceania, the Middle East, and East Asia, while the nations of Australia, Japan, the United States, and most of Europe typically have low impact. […] Despite relative geographical proximity, the DALY rate of schizophrenia in Indonesia is nearly double that of Australia (the nations with the highest and lowest respective DALY rates). […] In the US, African Americans have been found to be three times more likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia, and when taking socioeconomic status into account they are two times more likely than their white counterparts. […] However, those diagnosed with schizophrenia in developing countries have been found to have better course and outcome than their counterparts in industrialized countries.
  • #14 Understanding Patterns: The Epidemiology of Schizophrenia
    https://www.healthline.com/health/schizophrenia/epidemiology-of-schizophrenia
    According to a global trends report from 2020, the highest age-adjusted rates of schizophrenia are found in China, followed by the Netherlands and Australia. […] The highest rates of newly diagnosed schizophrenia cases are seen in China, followed by India and the United States. […] These findings are similar to a 2018 systematic review that found schizophrenia was most prevalent in East, South, and Southeast Asia, Western Europe, and high income North America. […] Schizophrenia is a mental health disorder that affects approximately 24 million people around the world. […] While the epidemiology of schizophrenia shows higher rates in specific populations, the exact reasons behind many of these findings are complex and still under investigation.
  • #15 Understanding Patterns: The Epidemiology of Schizophrenia
    https://www.healthline.com/health/schizophrenia/epidemiology-of-schizophrenia
    According to a global trends report from 2020, the highest age-adjusted rates of schizophrenia are found in China, followed by the Netherlands and Australia. […] The highest rates of newly diagnosed schizophrenia cases are seen in China, followed by India and the United States. […] These findings are similar to a 2018 systematic review that found schizophrenia was most prevalent in East, South, and Southeast Asia, Western Europe, and high income North America. […] Schizophrenia is a mental health disorder that affects approximately 24 million people around the world. […] While the epidemiology of schizophrenia shows higher rates in specific populations, the exact reasons behind many of these findings are complex and still under investigation.
  • #16 Epidemiology of Schizophrenia: Review of Findings and Myths
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2727721/
    By describing patterns of disease distribution within populations, identifying risk factors, and finding associations, epidemiological studies have contributed to our current understanding of schizophrenia. […] The epidemiology of schizophrenia has progressed from descriptive accounts to a surge in analytic epidemiologic findings over the last two decades. […] The point prevalence of schizophrenia is about five per thousand in the population. […] The incidence of schizophrenia is about 0.20/1000/year. […] There is considerable variation in incidence rates around the world, as shown in Figure 1. […] The force of morbidity for schizophrenia peaks in young adulthood. […] Evidence suggests that males have higher lifetime risk of schizophrenia, which is born out in two meta-analysis addressing that issue, showing that males have about 30%40% higher lifetime risk of developing schizophrenia.
  • #17 Epidemiology of Schizophrenia: Review of Findings and Myths
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2727721/
    By describing patterns of disease distribution within populations, identifying risk factors, and finding associations, epidemiological studies have contributed to our current understanding of schizophrenia. […] The epidemiology of schizophrenia has progressed from descriptive accounts to a surge in analytic epidemiologic findings over the last two decades. […] The point prevalence of schizophrenia is about five per thousand in the population. […] The incidence of schizophrenia is about 0.20/1000/year. […] There is considerable variation in incidence rates around the world, as shown in Figure 1. […] The force of morbidity for schizophrenia peaks in young adulthood. […] Evidence suggests that males have higher lifetime risk of schizophrenia, which is born out in two meta-analysis addressing that issue, showing that males have about 30%40% higher lifetime risk of developing schizophrenia.
  • #18 Epidemiology of schizophrenia and its management over 8-years period using real-world data in Spain | BMC Psychiatry | Full Text
    https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12888-020-02538-8
    The overall prevalence of SD in the region during 2008-2015 was 6.2 per 1000 persons 15-64 years, higher in men than women (men: women rate ratio 1.75). […] The overall IR of SD reported in the present study (50.25 per 100,000 persons-year), is higher than the published incidence, ranging from 7.7 to 43.0 per 100,000 persons; median 15.2. […] Despite the low prevalence of schizophrenia, the individual and societal burden associated with the disorder is very high in terms of mortality, morbidity, and economic and social costs. […] High quality recent studies focused on the analysis of antipsychotic prescriptions patterns. […] The majority of our patients (around 70%) were ever treated with antipsychotic polypharmacy.
  • #19 Prevalence and incidence measures for schizophrenia among commercial health insurance and medicaid enrollees | Schizophrenia
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41537-024-00490-0
    Given the chronic nature of schizophrenia, it is important to examine age-specific prevalence and incidence to understand the scope of the burden of schizophrenia across the lifespan. […] Estimates of lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia have varied widely and have often relied upon community-based data estimates from over two decades ago, while more recent studies have shown considerable promise by leveraging pooled datasets. […] Our results indicate that the prevalence of schizophrenia is over 10-fold higher, and the incidence two-fold higher, in the NYS Medicaid population compared to the MarketScan database. […] In addition, prevalence increased over the lifespan in the Medicaid population, but decreased in the employment based MarketScan database beginning in early adulthood. […] Incident measures of new diagnoses of schizophrenia had excellent validity, with positive predictive values and specificity exceeding 95%, but required a longer lookback period for Medicaid compared to MarketScan.
  • #20 Prevalence and incidence measures for schizophrenia among commercial health insurance and medicaid enrollees | Schizophrenia
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41537-024-00490-0
    The prevalence of schizophrenia by age group for the total population and 10 year continuously insured cohort is presented in Fig. 2. […] The incidence of schizophrenia diagnoses in 2019 for the 10 year continuously insured cohort is presented in Table 3. […] Incidence was higher in Medicaid (0.19%, 95% CI: 0.180.20; n=1,489 newly diagnosed in 2019); than in MarketScan (0.07%, 95% CI: 0.070.08; n=712). […] The pattern is similar in both databases, with incidence rising rapidly in late adolescence and peaking in young adulthood (2630 years of age, Medicaid: 0.40%; MarketScan: 0.16%). […] We examined new onset (incidence) of schizophrenia in 2019 among individuals with 10 years of continuous insurance prior to 2019 in Medicaid and MarketScan. […] Incident cases of new diagnoses of schizophrenia can be identified in electronic health record databases with excellent validity for individuals aged 35 years and younger, with positive predictive values and specificity exceeding 95%. […] Combining multiple databases that encompass both Medicaid and commercial insurance provides a more comprehensive view of prevalence and incidence of schizophrenia.
  • #21 Epidemiology of Schizophrenia: Review of Findings and Myths
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2727721/
    By describing patterns of disease distribution within populations, identifying risk factors, and finding associations, epidemiological studies have contributed to our current understanding of schizophrenia. […] The epidemiology of schizophrenia has progressed from descriptive accounts to a surge in analytic epidemiologic findings over the last two decades. […] The point prevalence of schizophrenia is about five per thousand in the population. […] The incidence of schizophrenia is about 0.20/1000/year. […] There is considerable variation in incidence rates around the world, as shown in Figure 1. […] The force of morbidity for schizophrenia peaks in young adulthood. […] Evidence suggests that males have higher lifetime risk of schizophrenia, which is born out in two meta-analysis addressing that issue, showing that males have about 30%40% higher lifetime risk of developing schizophrenia.
  • #22 New directions in the epidemiology of schizophrenia | The Medical Journal of Australia
    https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2009/190/4/new-directions-epidemiology-schizophrenia
    Over the past few decades, we have learned a great deal about the epidemiology of schizophrenia. The quality of research in the field has improved with access to larger and better characterised patient and general population samples. In addition to the influx of new data, systematic reviews have allowed re-evaluation of data in an unbiased fashion. […] A recently published systematic review of the prevalence of schizophrenia also identified prominent variation between sites. The median lifetime prevalence estimate for persons was 4.0 per 1000, while the median estimate for lifetime morbid risk (LMR) was 7.2 per 1000. […] Concerning sex differences, a 2004 review found that the median male : female rate ratio was 1.4 : 1, which is remarkably consistent with another systematic review of sex difference in the incidence of schizophrenia.
  • #23 A systematic review of the incidence of schizophrenia: the distribution of rates and the influence of sex, urbanicity, migrant status and methodology | BMC Medicine | Full Text
    https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1741-7015-2-13
    Understanding variations in the incidence of schizophrenia is a crucial step in unravelling the aetiology of this group of disorders. […] The distribution of rates was significantly higher in males compared to females; the male/female rate ratio median (10%90% quantile) was 1.40 (0.92.4). […] The distribution of rates in migrants was significantly higher compared to native-born; the migrant/native-born rate ratio median (10%90% quantile) was 4.6 (1.012.8). […] The width and skew of the rate distribution, and the significant impact of sex, urbanicity and migrant status on these distributions, indicate substantial variations in the incidence of schizophrenia. […] There is evidence that urban settings are associated with higher rates of schizophrenia. […] The migrant to native-born rate ratio median (10% to 90% quantiles) was 4.6 (1.0 to 12.8). […] The incidence of schizophrenia is higher in men compared to women, higher in urban sites compared to mixed urban/rural sites, and higher in migrants compared to native-born individuals.
  • #24 Epidemiology of schizophrenia and its management over 8-years period using real-world data in Spain | BMC Psychiatry | Full Text
    https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12888-020-02538-8
    The overall prevalence of SD in the region during 2008-2015 was 6.2 per 1000 persons 15-64 years, higher in men than women (men: women rate ratio 1.75). […] The overall IR of SD reported in the present study (50.25 per 100,000 persons-year), is higher than the published incidence, ranging from 7.7 to 43.0 per 100,000 persons; median 15.2. […] Despite the low prevalence of schizophrenia, the individual and societal burden associated with the disorder is very high in terms of mortality, morbidity, and economic and social costs. […] High quality recent studies focused on the analysis of antipsychotic prescriptions patterns. […] The majority of our patients (around 70%) were ever treated with antipsychotic polypharmacy.
  • #25 Schizophrenia Market Size and Share 2034: EMA, PDMA, FDA
    https://www.openpr.com/news/4004235/schizophrenia-market-size-and-share-2034-ema-pdma-fda
    Schizophrenia Market Insights, Epidemiology, and Market Forecast-2034 report delivers an in-depth understanding of Schizophrenia, historical and forecasted epidemiology as well as the Schizophrenia market trends in the United States, EU5 (Germany, Spain, Italy, France, and United Kingdom), and Japan. […] In the 7MM, the total prevalent cases of Schizophrenia were estimated to be approximately 6,029,994 in 2022, of which the US accounted for around 45.05%, while EU4 and the UK accounted for nearly 37.36%, and Japan accounted for approximately 17.59% of the total prevalent cases. […] According to estimates based on DelveInsight’s epidemiology model, Schizophrenia exhibits a higher male preponderance than females in the US. Of the total diagnosed prevalent cases in the US, nearly 53.63% were males and 46.37% were females, in 2022.
  • #26 Schizophrenia – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
    https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/schizophrenia
    Schizophrenia is typically diagnosed in the late teens years to early thirties, and tends to emerge earlier in males (late adolescence early twenties) than females (early twenties early thirties). […] Precise prevalence estimates of schizophrenia are difficult to obtain due to clinical and methodological factors such as the complexity of schizophrenia diagnosis, its overlap with other disorders, and varying methods for determining diagnoses. […] Across studies that use household-based survey samples, clinical diagnostic interviews, and medical records, estimates of the prevalence of schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders in the U.S. range between 0.25% and 0.64%. […] Estimates of the international prevalence of schizophrenia among non-institutionalized persons is 0.33% to 0.75%.
  • #27 Schizophrenia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/288259-overview
    The lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia has generally been estimated to be approximately 1% worldwide. […] A systematic review by Saha et al of 188 studies drawn from 46 countries found a lifetime risk of 4.0 per 1000 population; prevalence estimates from countries considered least developed were significantly lower than those from countries classed as emerging or developed. […] Immigrants to developed countries show increased rates of schizophrenia, with the risk extending to the second generation. […] The onset of schizophrenia usually occurs between the late teens and the mid-30s. […] For males, the peak age of onset for the first psychotic episode is in the early to middle 20s; for females, it is in the late 20s. […] Although some variation by race or ethnicity has been reported, no racial differences in the prevalence of schizophrenia have been positively identified.
  • #28 Schizophrenia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/288259-overview
    The lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia has generally been estimated to be approximately 1% worldwide. […] A systematic review by Saha et al of 188 studies drawn from 46 countries found a lifetime risk of 4.0 per 1000 population; prevalence estimates from countries considered least developed were significantly lower than those from countries classed as emerging or developed. […] Immigrants to developed countries show increased rates of schizophrenia, with the risk extending to the second generation. […] The onset of schizophrenia usually occurs between the late teens and the mid-30s. […] For males, the peak age of onset for the first psychotic episode is in the early to middle 20s; for females, it is in the late 20s. […] Although some variation by race or ethnicity has been reported, no racial differences in the prevalence of schizophrenia have been positively identified.
  • #29 Schizophrenia – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
    https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/schizophrenia
    Schizophrenia is typically diagnosed in the late teens years to early thirties, and tends to emerge earlier in males (late adolescence early twenties) than females (early twenties early thirties). […] Precise prevalence estimates of schizophrenia are difficult to obtain due to clinical and methodological factors such as the complexity of schizophrenia diagnosis, its overlap with other disorders, and varying methods for determining diagnoses. […] Across studies that use household-based survey samples, clinical diagnostic interviews, and medical records, estimates of the prevalence of schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders in the U.S. range between 0.25% and 0.64%. […] Estimates of the international prevalence of schizophrenia among non-institutionalized persons is 0.33% to 0.75%.
  • #30 Epidemiology of Schizophrenia: Review of Findings and Myths
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2727721/
    By describing patterns of disease distribution within populations, identifying risk factors, and finding associations, epidemiological studies have contributed to our current understanding of schizophrenia. […] The epidemiology of schizophrenia has progressed from descriptive accounts to a surge in analytic epidemiologic findings over the last two decades. […] The point prevalence of schizophrenia is about five per thousand in the population. […] The incidence of schizophrenia is about 0.20/1000/year. […] There is considerable variation in incidence rates around the world, as shown in Figure 1. […] The force of morbidity for schizophrenia peaks in young adulthood. […] Evidence suggests that males have higher lifetime risk of schizophrenia, which is born out in two meta-analysis addressing that issue, showing that males have about 30%40% higher lifetime risk of developing schizophrenia.
  • #31 The Epidemiology and Global Burden of Schizophrenia
    https://www.psychiatrist.com/jcp/epidemiology-global-burden-schizophrenia/
    Schizophrenia is a psychiatric syndrome characterized by delusions, disorganized speech, hallucinations, and impaired executive functioning. Affecting approximately 1% of the global population, the disorder ranks among the top 10 causes of global disability. The degree to which schizophrenia disrupts an individuals ability to function in their daily life varies substantially, with some able to function at a high level while others are severely disabled.1 Overall, within the United States, the average potential life lost for individuals with the condition is 28.5 years.2 […] Findings from research indicate that schizophrenic psychosis manifests most commonly during the second and third decades of life during late adolescence and early adulthood.3 That said, schizophrenia debuts not with psychosis, but rather with marked declines in social and cognitive functioning.4
  • #32 The Epidemiology and Global Burden of Schizophrenia
    https://www.psychiatrist.com/jcp/epidemiology-global-burden-schizophrenia/
    Schizophrenia is a psychiatric syndrome characterized by delusions, disorganized speech, hallucinations, and impaired executive functioning. Affecting approximately 1% of the global population, the disorder ranks among the top 10 causes of global disability. The degree to which schizophrenia disrupts an individuals ability to function in their daily life varies substantially, with some able to function at a high level while others are severely disabled.1 Overall, within the United States, the average potential life lost for individuals with the condition is 28.5 years.2 […] Findings from research indicate that schizophrenic psychosis manifests most commonly during the second and third decades of life during late adolescence and early adulthood.3 That said, schizophrenia debuts not with psychosis, but rather with marked declines in social and cognitive functioning.4
  • #33 The Epidemiology and Global Burden of Schizophrenia
    https://www.psychiatrist.com/jcp/epidemiology-global-burden-schizophrenia/
    Over the last few decades, accumulating evidence has shown that the distribution and disease course of schizophrenia differ substantially between the sexes. […] Although schizophrenia has an estimated heritability of 79%, several environmental factors are highly suspected to contribute to disorder development.9 […] In addition to these factors, migrant status and urbanicity appear to elevate the odds of developing schizophrenia. […] The largest burden from schizophrenia is among patients aged between 25 and 54 years, which broadly corresponds to the most productive years in most individuals lives.3 The indirect costs associated with lost productivity, coupled with those linked to medical care, cost the United States approximately $281.6 billion in 2020 alone.
  • #34 Prevalence and incidence measures for schizophrenia among commercial health insurance and medicaid enrollees | Schizophrenia
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41537-024-00490-0
    Given the chronic nature of schizophrenia, it is important to examine age-specific prevalence and incidence to understand the scope of the burden of schizophrenia across the lifespan. […] Estimates of lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia have varied widely and have often relied upon community-based data estimates from over two decades ago, while more recent studies have shown considerable promise by leveraging pooled datasets. […] Our results indicate that the prevalence of schizophrenia is over 10-fold higher, and the incidence two-fold higher, in the NYS Medicaid population compared to the MarketScan database. […] In addition, prevalence increased over the lifespan in the Medicaid population, but decreased in the employment based MarketScan database beginning in early adulthood. […] Incident measures of new diagnoses of schizophrenia had excellent validity, with positive predictive values and specificity exceeding 95%, but required a longer lookback period for Medicaid compared to MarketScan.
  • #35 Schizophrenia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/288259-overview
    The lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia has generally been estimated to be approximately 1% worldwide. […] A systematic review by Saha et al of 188 studies drawn from 46 countries found a lifetime risk of 4.0 per 1000 population; prevalence estimates from countries considered least developed were significantly lower than those from countries classed as emerging or developed. […] Immigrants to developed countries show increased rates of schizophrenia, with the risk extending to the second generation. […] The onset of schizophrenia usually occurs between the late teens and the mid-30s. […] For males, the peak age of onset for the first psychotic episode is in the early to middle 20s; for females, it is in the late 20s. […] Although some variation by race or ethnicity has been reported, no racial differences in the prevalence of schizophrenia have been positively identified.
  • #36 The Epidemiology and Global Burden of Schizophrenia
    https://www.psychiatrist.com/jcp/epidemiology-global-burden-schizophrenia/
    Over the last few decades, accumulating evidence has shown that the distribution and disease course of schizophrenia differ substantially between the sexes. […] Although schizophrenia has an estimated heritability of 79%, several environmental factors are highly suspected to contribute to disorder development.9 […] In addition to these factors, migrant status and urbanicity appear to elevate the odds of developing schizophrenia. […] The largest burden from schizophrenia is among patients aged between 25 and 54 years, which broadly corresponds to the most productive years in most individuals lives.3 The indirect costs associated with lost productivity, coupled with those linked to medical care, cost the United States approximately $281.6 billion in 2020 alone.
  • #37 A systematic review of the incidence of schizophrenia: the distribution of rates and the influence of sex, urbanicity, migrant status and methodology | BMC Medicine | Full Text
    https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1741-7015-2-13
    Understanding variations in the incidence of schizophrenia is a crucial step in unravelling the aetiology of this group of disorders. […] The distribution of rates was significantly higher in males compared to females; the male/female rate ratio median (10%90% quantile) was 1.40 (0.92.4). […] The distribution of rates in migrants was significantly higher compared to native-born; the migrant/native-born rate ratio median (10%90% quantile) was 4.6 (1.012.8). […] The width and skew of the rate distribution, and the significant impact of sex, urbanicity and migrant status on these distributions, indicate substantial variations in the incidence of schizophrenia. […] There is evidence that urban settings are associated with higher rates of schizophrenia. […] The migrant to native-born rate ratio median (10% to 90% quantiles) was 4.6 (1.0 to 12.8). […] The incidence of schizophrenia is higher in men compared to women, higher in urban sites compared to mixed urban/rural sites, and higher in migrants compared to native-born individuals.
  • #38 New directions in the epidemiology of schizophrenia | The Medical Journal of Australia
    https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2009/190/4/new-directions-epidemiology-schizophrenia
    In recent years, several high-quality studies have confirmed an association between advanced paternal age and increased risk of schizophrenia. […] There is now robust evidence linking place of birth and risk of schizophrenia. Population-based studies from Holland and Denmark found a relative risk of developing schizophrenia of about 2.4 when born in metropolitan areas, compared with being born in rural areas. […] There is robust evidence showing that some migrant groups have a markedly increased risk of schizophrenia. These studies showed that first- and second-generation migrants have an increased risk of developing schizophrenia, and that the effect is most pronounced in migrants from areas where most of the population is black. […] Data from several longitudinal studies have identified an association between cannabis use and subsequent risk of either isolated psychotic symptoms or schizophrenia.
  • #39 Epidemiology of schizophrenia – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_schizophrenia
    However, the impact of schizophrenia tends to be highest in Oceania, the Middle East, and East Asia, while the nations of Australia, Japan, the United States, and most of Europe typically have low impact. […] Despite relative geographical proximity, the DALY rate of schizophrenia in Indonesia is nearly double that of Australia (the nations with the highest and lowest respective DALY rates). […] In the US, African Americans have been found to be three times more likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia, and when taking socioeconomic status into account they are two times more likely than their white counterparts. […] However, those diagnosed with schizophrenia in developing countries have been found to have better course and outcome than their counterparts in industrialized countries.
  • #40 The Epidemiology and Global Burden of Schizophrenia
    https://www.psychiatrist.com/jcp/epidemiology-global-burden-schizophrenia/
    Over the last few decades, accumulating evidence has shown that the distribution and disease course of schizophrenia differ substantially between the sexes. […] Although schizophrenia has an estimated heritability of 79%, several environmental factors are highly suspected to contribute to disorder development.9 […] In addition to these factors, migrant status and urbanicity appear to elevate the odds of developing schizophrenia. […] The largest burden from schizophrenia is among patients aged between 25 and 54 years, which broadly corresponds to the most productive years in most individuals lives.3 The indirect costs associated with lost productivity, coupled with those linked to medical care, cost the United States approximately $281.6 billion in 2020 alone.
  • #41 A systematic review of the incidence of schizophrenia: the distribution of rates and the influence of sex, urbanicity, migrant status and methodology | BMC Medicine | Full Text
    https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1741-7015-2-13
    Understanding variations in the incidence of schizophrenia is a crucial step in unravelling the aetiology of this group of disorders. […] The distribution of rates was significantly higher in males compared to females; the male/female rate ratio median (10%90% quantile) was 1.40 (0.92.4). […] The distribution of rates in migrants was significantly higher compared to native-born; the migrant/native-born rate ratio median (10%90% quantile) was 4.6 (1.012.8). […] The width and skew of the rate distribution, and the significant impact of sex, urbanicity and migrant status on these distributions, indicate substantial variations in the incidence of schizophrenia. […] There is evidence that urban settings are associated with higher rates of schizophrenia. […] The migrant to native-born rate ratio median (10% to 90% quantiles) was 4.6 (1.0 to 12.8). […] The incidence of schizophrenia is higher in men compared to women, higher in urban sites compared to mixed urban/rural sites, and higher in migrants compared to native-born individuals.
  • #42 New directions in the epidemiology of schizophrenia | The Medical Journal of Australia
    https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2009/190/4/new-directions-epidemiology-schizophrenia
    In recent years, several high-quality studies have confirmed an association between advanced paternal age and increased risk of schizophrenia. […] There is now robust evidence linking place of birth and risk of schizophrenia. Population-based studies from Holland and Denmark found a relative risk of developing schizophrenia of about 2.4 when born in metropolitan areas, compared with being born in rural areas. […] There is robust evidence showing that some migrant groups have a markedly increased risk of schizophrenia. These studies showed that first- and second-generation migrants have an increased risk of developing schizophrenia, and that the effect is most pronounced in migrants from areas where most of the population is black. […] Data from several longitudinal studies have identified an association between cannabis use and subsequent risk of either isolated psychotic symptoms or schizophrenia.
  • #43 Schizophrenia: from Epidemiology to Rehabilitation
    https://clinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com/VOLUME/8/PAGE/52/
    But the same review and others four in the last two years indicate unequivocally that the incidence rate of schizophrenia varies from different countries and cultures with a large range. […] Many evidences support hypothesis that schizophrenia could be a neuro-developmental disease caused from a brain damage occurring in early phases of life, that interferes with the normal developmental events. […] Taken together, most studies seem to delineate that exogenous factors acting on brain structure during its developmental phase play an important role in etiopathogenetic of schizophrenia. […] Schizophrenia is considered a complex genetic disorder, resulting from a combined effect of environmental factors and more genes, each with small effect on the individuals phenotype. […] The main foundation for the search of molecular genetic risk arises from the twin and adoption studies.
  • #44 Schizophrenia: from Epidemiology to Rehabilitation
    https://clinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com/VOLUME/8/PAGE/52/FULLTEXT/
    There are two hypotheses trying to explaining the strong association observed between low social class and schizophrenia. […] Schizophrenia is considered a complex genetic disorder, resulting from a combined effect of environmental factors and more genes, each with small effect on the individuals phenotype. […] In individuals with predisposition to psychosis and inadequate social support, stress may be a trigger factor; moreover, a relationship between environmental stressors and seriousness psychotic symptoms has been described. […] Many researches in 80th have been directed to one of the stressor condition, a critical or emotional involved family climate, termed high expressed emotion in the early British study. […] Overall, these studies indicate that familiar milieu and altered social relationships can contribute to the progressive go on of the illness.
  • #45 The Epidemiology and Global Burden of Schizophrenia
    https://www.psychiatrist.com/jcp/epidemiology-global-burden-schizophrenia/
    Over the last few decades, accumulating evidence has shown that the distribution and disease course of schizophrenia differ substantially between the sexes. […] Although schizophrenia has an estimated heritability of 79%, several environmental factors are highly suspected to contribute to disorder development.9 […] In addition to these factors, migrant status and urbanicity appear to elevate the odds of developing schizophrenia. […] The largest burden from schizophrenia is among patients aged between 25 and 54 years, which broadly corresponds to the most productive years in most individuals lives.3 The indirect costs associated with lost productivity, coupled with those linked to medical care, cost the United States approximately $281.6 billion in 2020 alone.
  • #46 Schizophrenia – Epidemiology and Burden – Neurotorium
    https://neurotorium.org/slidedeck/schizophrenia-epidemiology-and-burden/
    The World Health Organization identified schizophrenia as one of the worlds 20 leading causes of disability. […] The same report estimated that the worldwide prevalence was more than 21 million people in 2016. […] The morbid risk of schizophrenia increases in relation to the percentage of genes shared with an affected individual. […] The negative impact of schizophrenia on patients and their caregivers affects many aspects of life. […] Caregivers of patients with schizophrenia can experience negative changes in their own quality of life. […] Inability to function in everyday settings contributes to the high cost of schizophrenia. […] The 1-year prevalence of schizophrenia in the United States was estimated to be 1.1% of the adult population. […] Vanasse and colleagues examined the lifetime prevalence of patients with schizophrenia in Quebec from 1996 to 2006 using public health plan databases.
  • #47 Schizophrenia: from Epidemiology to Rehabilitation
    https://clinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com/VOLUME/8/PAGE/52/
    But the same review and others four in the last two years indicate unequivocally that the incidence rate of schizophrenia varies from different countries and cultures with a large range. […] Many evidences support hypothesis that schizophrenia could be a neuro-developmental disease caused from a brain damage occurring in early phases of life, that interferes with the normal developmental events. […] Taken together, most studies seem to delineate that exogenous factors acting on brain structure during its developmental phase play an important role in etiopathogenetic of schizophrenia. […] Schizophrenia is considered a complex genetic disorder, resulting from a combined effect of environmental factors and more genes, each with small effect on the individuals phenotype. […] The main foundation for the search of molecular genetic risk arises from the twin and adoption studies.
  • #48 Epidemiology of Schizophrenia: Review of Findings and Myths
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2727721/
    The role of advanced parental age in relation to a higher risk of schizophrenia was first proposed in the mid-20th century, and has gained extensive scientific attention in recent years. […] A relatively small but consistent literature indicates that persons with schizophrenia have unusual resistance or susceptibility to autoimmune diseases. […] Ethnic status is a relatively easy to identify characteristic of an individual which indicates a shared history with others. […] In recent years reviews have yield a reconsideration of some widely cited, but poorly supported by evidence, aspects of schizophrenia epidemiology. […] The first is the notion that schizophrenia has universal incidence across cultures and countries. […] The second is the belief that schizophrenia distributes itself equality in males and females.
  • #49 Schizophrenia: from Epidemiology to Rehabilitation
    https://clinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com/VOLUME/8/PAGE/52/FULLTEXT/
    Many evidences support hypothesis that schizophrenia could be a neuro-developmental disease caused from a brain damage occurring in early phases of life, that interferes with the normal developmental events. […] Researches on infectious agents as possible cause of schizophrenia has become prominent in the past decade. […] Taken together, most studies seem to delineate that exogenous factors acting on brain structure during its developmental phase play an important role in etiopathogenetic of schizophrenia. […] Evidence also suggests that the association between low IQ is specific to schizophrenia as it was not found in bipolar disorder. […] More recently, several population-based epidemiological studies in Denmark, Israel, Sweden, France and the United States have provided stronger evidence on role of paternal age in schizophrenia.
  • #50 New directions in the epidemiology of schizophrenia | The Medical Journal of Australia
    https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2009/190/4/new-directions-epidemiology-schizophrenia
    The standardised mortality ratio (SMR), an index of relative mortality, is calculated by dividing the observed mortality in a given population by the expected mortality in that same group. […] Two meta-analyses reported an all-cause SMR for schizophrenia of about 1.5. Schizophrenia is associated with elevated suicide rates and an increased risk of premature death associated with a wide range of comorbid somatic conditions. […] A recent systematic review identified 37 studies that provided 561 SMRs for different causes of deaths. The median (10th-90th percentile) SMR for persons for all-cause mortality was 2.6 (1.2-5.8). […] There is good evidence that pregnancy and birth complications are associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia. Several meta-analyses of these data are now available. Overall, there is robust evidence that pregnancy and birth complications have a significant but modest effect in increasing the risk of later schizophrenia (odds ratio of about 2).
  • #51 New directions in the epidemiology of schizophrenia | The Medical Journal of Australia
    https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2009/190/4/new-directions-epidemiology-schizophrenia
    The standardised mortality ratio (SMR), an index of relative mortality, is calculated by dividing the observed mortality in a given population by the expected mortality in that same group. […] Two meta-analyses reported an all-cause SMR for schizophrenia of about 1.5. Schizophrenia is associated with elevated suicide rates and an increased risk of premature death associated with a wide range of comorbid somatic conditions. […] A recent systematic review identified 37 studies that provided 561 SMRs for different causes of deaths. The median (10th-90th percentile) SMR for persons for all-cause mortality was 2.6 (1.2-5.8). […] There is good evidence that pregnancy and birth complications are associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia. Several meta-analyses of these data are now available. Overall, there is robust evidence that pregnancy and birth complications have a significant but modest effect in increasing the risk of later schizophrenia (odds ratio of about 2).
  • #52 Epidemiology of schizophrenia – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_schizophrenia
    In two natural experiments conducted on populations that experienced famine, the rates of schizophrenia diagnosed were observed. […] It is possible that prenatal nutritional deficiency plays a role in the development of schizophrenia, in particular the lack of micronutrients. […] This disease has been found to be correlated with the season of birth. […] Factors including the weather during these months has been found to affect the rate of this illness. […] There have been several studies done that show a connection between schizophrenia and cannabis. […] Going along with the season of birth of a child diagnosed with Schizophrenia, a series of ecological studies have found when mothers are in their second trimester of pregnancy when a flu epidemic arises, a higher risk of schizophrenia among the children is present.
  • #53 Epidemiology of schizophrenia – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_schizophrenia
    In two natural experiments conducted on populations that experienced famine, the rates of schizophrenia diagnosed were observed. […] It is possible that prenatal nutritional deficiency plays a role in the development of schizophrenia, in particular the lack of micronutrients. […] This disease has been found to be correlated with the season of birth. […] Factors including the weather during these months has been found to affect the rate of this illness. […] There have been several studies done that show a connection between schizophrenia and cannabis. […] Going along with the season of birth of a child diagnosed with Schizophrenia, a series of ecological studies have found when mothers are in their second trimester of pregnancy when a flu epidemic arises, a higher risk of schizophrenia among the children is present.
  • #54 Epidemiology of schizophrenia – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_schizophrenia
    In two natural experiments conducted on populations that experienced famine, the rates of schizophrenia diagnosed were observed. […] It is possible that prenatal nutritional deficiency plays a role in the development of schizophrenia, in particular the lack of micronutrients. […] This disease has been found to be correlated with the season of birth. […] Factors including the weather during these months has been found to affect the rate of this illness. […] There have been several studies done that show a connection between schizophrenia and cannabis. […] Going along with the season of birth of a child diagnosed with Schizophrenia, a series of ecological studies have found when mothers are in their second trimester of pregnancy when a flu epidemic arises, a higher risk of schizophrenia among the children is present.
  • #55 Epidemiology of schizophrenia – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_schizophrenia
    In two natural experiments conducted on populations that experienced famine, the rates of schizophrenia diagnosed were observed. […] It is possible that prenatal nutritional deficiency plays a role in the development of schizophrenia, in particular the lack of micronutrients. […] This disease has been found to be correlated with the season of birth. […] Factors including the weather during these months has been found to affect the rate of this illness. […] There have been several studies done that show a connection between schizophrenia and cannabis. […] Going along with the season of birth of a child diagnosed with Schizophrenia, a series of ecological studies have found when mothers are in their second trimester of pregnancy when a flu epidemic arises, a higher risk of schizophrenia among the children is present.
  • #56 Epidemiology of schizophrenia – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_schizophrenia
    In two natural experiments conducted on populations that experienced famine, the rates of schizophrenia diagnosed were observed. […] It is possible that prenatal nutritional deficiency plays a role in the development of schizophrenia, in particular the lack of micronutrients. […] This disease has been found to be correlated with the season of birth. […] Factors including the weather during these months has been found to affect the rate of this illness. […] There have been several studies done that show a connection between schizophrenia and cannabis. […] Going along with the season of birth of a child diagnosed with Schizophrenia, a series of ecological studies have found when mothers are in their second trimester of pregnancy when a flu epidemic arises, a higher risk of schizophrenia among the children is present.
  • #57 Schizophrenia: from Epidemiology to Rehabilitation
    https://clinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com/VOLUME/8/PAGE/52/FULLTEXT/
    Many evidences support hypothesis that schizophrenia could be a neuro-developmental disease caused from a brain damage occurring in early phases of life, that interferes with the normal developmental events. […] Researches on infectious agents as possible cause of schizophrenia has become prominent in the past decade. […] Taken together, most studies seem to delineate that exogenous factors acting on brain structure during its developmental phase play an important role in etiopathogenetic of schizophrenia. […] Evidence also suggests that the association between low IQ is specific to schizophrenia as it was not found in bipolar disorder. […] More recently, several population-based epidemiological studies in Denmark, Israel, Sweden, France and the United States have provided stronger evidence on role of paternal age in schizophrenia.
  • #58 Schizophrenia: from Epidemiology to Rehabilitation
    https://clinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com/VOLUME/8/PAGE/52/FULLTEXT/
    The role of neuro-inflammation in schizophrenia has been an issue for long time. Association between schizophrenia and various inflammatory-autoimmune diseases has been reported in epidemiological surveys. […] The hypothesis that migration is a risk factor for schizophrenia has been accepted by many authors; however, there are not yet concordant theories about the role played by migration on development of the disease. […] In conclusion, there is no agreement between various authors and the role of migration is still an enigma: it is likely that liability to schizophrenia in migrants may arise from biological factors acting in individuals/ethnic groups genetically predisposed to the disease. […] Many abuse drugs have been related to onset of schizophrenia. […] In the 1930s Farris and Dunham showed that, while the addresses of first admissions for manic depressive illness were distributed more or less randomly throughout Chicago, admissions for schizophrenia tended to come from the center of the city, with decreasing rates as one moves outward into zones of transition, working class, and family.
  • #59 Epidemiology of schizophrenia – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_schizophrenia
    In two natural experiments conducted on populations that experienced famine, the rates of schizophrenia diagnosed were observed. […] It is possible that prenatal nutritional deficiency plays a role in the development of schizophrenia, in particular the lack of micronutrients. […] This disease has been found to be correlated with the season of birth. […] Factors including the weather during these months has been found to affect the rate of this illness. […] There have been several studies done that show a connection between schizophrenia and cannabis. […] Going along with the season of birth of a child diagnosed with Schizophrenia, a series of ecological studies have found when mothers are in their second trimester of pregnancy when a flu epidemic arises, a higher risk of schizophrenia among the children is present.
  • #60 New directions in the epidemiology of schizophrenia | The Medical Journal of Australia
    https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2009/190/4/new-directions-epidemiology-schizophrenia
    In recent years, several high-quality studies have confirmed an association between advanced paternal age and increased risk of schizophrenia. […] There is now robust evidence linking place of birth and risk of schizophrenia. Population-based studies from Holland and Denmark found a relative risk of developing schizophrenia of about 2.4 when born in metropolitan areas, compared with being born in rural areas. […] There is robust evidence showing that some migrant groups have a markedly increased risk of schizophrenia. These studies showed that first- and second-generation migrants have an increased risk of developing schizophrenia, and that the effect is most pronounced in migrants from areas where most of the population is black. […] Data from several longitudinal studies have identified an association between cannabis use and subsequent risk of either isolated psychotic symptoms or schizophrenia.
  • #61 Schizophrenia: from Epidemiology to Rehabilitation
    https://clinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com/VOLUME/8/PAGE/52/FULLTEXT/
    The role of neuro-inflammation in schizophrenia has been an issue for long time. Association between schizophrenia and various inflammatory-autoimmune diseases has been reported in epidemiological surveys. […] The hypothesis that migration is a risk factor for schizophrenia has been accepted by many authors; however, there are not yet concordant theories about the role played by migration on development of the disease. […] In conclusion, there is no agreement between various authors and the role of migration is still an enigma: it is likely that liability to schizophrenia in migrants may arise from biological factors acting in individuals/ethnic groups genetically predisposed to the disease. […] Many abuse drugs have been related to onset of schizophrenia. […] In the 1930s Farris and Dunham showed that, while the addresses of first admissions for manic depressive illness were distributed more or less randomly throughout Chicago, admissions for schizophrenia tended to come from the center of the city, with decreasing rates as one moves outward into zones of transition, working class, and family.
  • #62 Epidemiology & Impact of Psychosis | SPIRIT Center at the University of Washington
    https://uwspiritcenter.org/epidemiology-impact-of-psychosis/
    Compared to their peers, people with schizophrenia are at substantially increased risk of unemployment, incarceration, homelessness, social isolation, and premature mortality. […] This Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA)-funded National Study of Mental Health (NSMH) will provide precise national estimates of mental health disorders among U.S adults ages 18 to 65. […] Veterans with schizophrenia have increased risk of mortality compared to veterans who do not have a mental disorder. […] In a study of a national sample of more than 500,000 veterans, having a diagnosis of schizophrenia was associated with 1.5 times the risk of all-cause mortality over a 9-year period. […] People with schizophrenia have a higher risk of dementia. […] In a population-based study of more than 2.8 million persons aged 50 years or older from 6 nationwide registers in Denmark followed for 18 years, individuals with schizophrenia–especially those younger than 65 years–had a markedly increased relative risk of dementia that could not be explained by established dementia risk factors. […] Tobacco use is associated with poor outcomes in First Episode Psychosis treatment. […] Having schizophrenia increases the risk of medical re-hospitalization among people with diabetes.
  • #63 Schizophrenia: from Epidemiology to Rehabilitation
    https://clinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com/VOLUME/8/PAGE/52/FULLTEXT/
    There are two hypotheses trying to explaining the strong association observed between low social class and schizophrenia. […] Schizophrenia is considered a complex genetic disorder, resulting from a combined effect of environmental factors and more genes, each with small effect on the individuals phenotype. […] In individuals with predisposition to psychosis and inadequate social support, stress may be a trigger factor; moreover, a relationship between environmental stressors and seriousness psychotic symptoms has been described. […] Many researches in 80th have been directed to one of the stressor condition, a critical or emotional involved family climate, termed high expressed emotion in the early British study. […] Overall, these studies indicate that familiar milieu and altered social relationships can contribute to the progressive go on of the illness.
  • #64 Schizophrenia: from Epidemiology to Rehabilitation
    https://clinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com/VOLUME/8/PAGE/52/FULLTEXT/
    There are two hypotheses trying to explaining the strong association observed between low social class and schizophrenia. […] Schizophrenia is considered a complex genetic disorder, resulting from a combined effect of environmental factors and more genes, each with small effect on the individuals phenotype. […] In individuals with predisposition to psychosis and inadequate social support, stress may be a trigger factor; moreover, a relationship between environmental stressors and seriousness psychotic symptoms has been described. […] Many researches in 80th have been directed to one of the stressor condition, a critical or emotional involved family climate, termed high expressed emotion in the early British study. […] Overall, these studies indicate that familiar milieu and altered social relationships can contribute to the progressive go on of the illness.
  • #65 Schizophrenia – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
    https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/schizophrenia
    Despite its relatively low prevalence, schizophrenia is associated with significant health, social, and economic concerns. […] Schizophrenia is one of the top 15 leading causes of disability worldwide. […] Individuals with schizophrenia have an increased risk of premature mortality (death at a younger age than the general population). […] The estimated average potential life lost for individuals with schizophrenia in the U.S. is 28.5 years. […] Co-occurring medical conditions, such as heart disease, liver disease, and diabetes, contribute to the higher premature mortality rate among individuals with schizophrenia. […] An estimated 4.9% of people with schizophrenia die by suicide, a rate that is far greater than the general population, with the highest risk in the early stages of illness.
  • #66 Schizophrenia – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
    https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/schizophrenia
    Despite its relatively low prevalence, schizophrenia is associated with significant health, social, and economic concerns. […] Schizophrenia is one of the top 15 leading causes of disability worldwide. […] Individuals with schizophrenia have an increased risk of premature mortality (death at a younger age than the general population). […] The estimated average potential life lost for individuals with schizophrenia in the U.S. is 28.5 years. […] Co-occurring medical conditions, such as heart disease, liver disease, and diabetes, contribute to the higher premature mortality rate among individuals with schizophrenia. […] An estimated 4.9% of people with schizophrenia die by suicide, a rate that is far greater than the general population, with the highest risk in the early stages of illness.
  • #67 The Epidemiology and Global Burden of Schizophrenia
    https://www.psychiatrist.com/jcp/epidemiology-global-burden-schizophrenia/
    Schizophrenia is a psychiatric syndrome characterized by delusions, disorganized speech, hallucinations, and impaired executive functioning. Affecting approximately 1% of the global population, the disorder ranks among the top 10 causes of global disability. The degree to which schizophrenia disrupts an individuals ability to function in their daily life varies substantially, with some able to function at a high level while others are severely disabled.1 Overall, within the United States, the average potential life lost for individuals with the condition is 28.5 years.2 […] Findings from research indicate that schizophrenic psychosis manifests most commonly during the second and third decades of life during late adolescence and early adulthood.3 That said, schizophrenia debuts not with psychosis, but rather with marked declines in social and cognitive functioning.4
  • #68 New directions in the epidemiology of schizophrenia | The Medical Journal of Australia
    https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2009/190/4/new-directions-epidemiology-schizophrenia
    The standardised mortality ratio (SMR), an index of relative mortality, is calculated by dividing the observed mortality in a given population by the expected mortality in that same group. […] Two meta-analyses reported an all-cause SMR for schizophrenia of about 1.5. Schizophrenia is associated with elevated suicide rates and an increased risk of premature death associated with a wide range of comorbid somatic conditions. […] A recent systematic review identified 37 studies that provided 561 SMRs for different causes of deaths. The median (10th-90th percentile) SMR for persons for all-cause mortality was 2.6 (1.2-5.8). […] There is good evidence that pregnancy and birth complications are associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia. Several meta-analyses of these data are now available. Overall, there is robust evidence that pregnancy and birth complications have a significant but modest effect in increasing the risk of later schizophrenia (odds ratio of about 2).
  • #69 Frontiers | Increased Mortality in Schizophrenia Due to Cardiovascular Disease – A Non-Systematic Review of Epidemiology, Possible Causes, and Interventions
    https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00137/full
    Background: Schizophrenia is among the major causes of disability worldwide and the mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD) is significantly elevated. There is a growing concern that this health challenge is not fully understood and efficiently addressed. […] In most countries, the standardized mortality rate in schizophrenia is about 2.5, leading to a reduction in life expectancy between 15 and 20 years. A major contributor of the increased mortality is due to CVD, with CVD mortality ranging from 40 to 50% in most studies. […] The risk for CVD and CVD-related deaths in people with schizophrenia is increased, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully known. […] Schizophrenia is a major public health concern, causing extensive suffering and a large need for costly treatment and care. Schizophrenia is among the top 10 causes of disability adjusted life years (DALYs) worldwide.
  • #70 Frontiers | Increased Mortality in Schizophrenia Due to Cardiovascular Disease – A Non-Systematic Review of Epidemiology, Possible Causes, and Interventions
    https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00137/full
    The standardized mortality rate (SMR) calculated by dividing the observed mortality of a cohort by the expected mortality of an age- and gender-matched cohort of the general population is considerably elevated in schizophrenia. […] Life expectancy for people with schizophrenia is estimated to be about 15–20 years shorter than for the general population. […] The increased rates of CVD-related deaths have been confirmed also in autopsy studies. […] Patients with severe mental disorders report greater difficulty and more barriers in accessing primary health care. […] In schizophrenia, it is shown that treatment and prevention for CVD is suboptimal, and this seems to affect mortality. […] A large fraction of the high mortality in schizophrenia may represent avoidable deaths.
  • #71 New directions in the epidemiology of schizophrenia | The Medical Journal of Australia
    https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2009/190/4/new-directions-epidemiology-schizophrenia
    The standardised mortality ratio (SMR), an index of relative mortality, is calculated by dividing the observed mortality in a given population by the expected mortality in that same group. […] Two meta-analyses reported an all-cause SMR for schizophrenia of about 1.5. Schizophrenia is associated with elevated suicide rates and an increased risk of premature death associated with a wide range of comorbid somatic conditions. […] A recent systematic review identified 37 studies that provided 561 SMRs for different causes of deaths. The median (10th-90th percentile) SMR for persons for all-cause mortality was 2.6 (1.2-5.8). […] There is good evidence that pregnancy and birth complications are associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia. Several meta-analyses of these data are now available. Overall, there is robust evidence that pregnancy and birth complications have a significant but modest effect in increasing the risk of later schizophrenia (odds ratio of about 2).
  • #72 Schizophrenia – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
    https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/schizophrenia
    Despite its relatively low prevalence, schizophrenia is associated with significant health, social, and economic concerns. […] Schizophrenia is one of the top 15 leading causes of disability worldwide. […] Individuals with schizophrenia have an increased risk of premature mortality (death at a younger age than the general population). […] The estimated average potential life lost for individuals with schizophrenia in the U.S. is 28.5 years. […] Co-occurring medical conditions, such as heart disease, liver disease, and diabetes, contribute to the higher premature mortality rate among individuals with schizophrenia. […] An estimated 4.9% of people with schizophrenia die by suicide, a rate that is far greater than the general population, with the highest risk in the early stages of illness.
  • #73 Schizophrenia statistics 2025 | SingleCare
    https://www.singlecare.com/blog/news/schizophrenia-statistics/
    Almost every individual who is diagnosed with schizophrenia will require medication treatment, usually with an antipsychotic medication, says Ho. She says that atypical antipsychotics can manage symptoms of schizophrenia such as hallucinations and delusions. Early intervention can have a significant impact on people with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia symptoms are often worse in the early stages of the illness, which is when the risk of suicide is highest. The majority of people with schizophrenia get better over time, not worse. In fact, 20% of people will get better within five years of developing symptoms.
  • #74 Schizophrenia – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
    https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/schizophrenia
    Despite its relatively low prevalence, schizophrenia is associated with significant health, social, and economic concerns. […] Schizophrenia is one of the top 15 leading causes of disability worldwide. […] Individuals with schizophrenia have an increased risk of premature mortality (death at a younger age than the general population). […] The estimated average potential life lost for individuals with schizophrenia in the U.S. is 28.5 years. […] Co-occurring medical conditions, such as heart disease, liver disease, and diabetes, contribute to the higher premature mortality rate among individuals with schizophrenia. […] An estimated 4.9% of people with schizophrenia die by suicide, a rate that is far greater than the general population, with the highest risk in the early stages of illness.
  • #75 Frontiers | Increased Mortality in Schizophrenia Due to Cardiovascular Disease – A Non-Systematic Review of Epidemiology, Possible Causes, and Interventions
    https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00137/full
    Background: Schizophrenia is among the major causes of disability worldwide and the mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD) is significantly elevated. There is a growing concern that this health challenge is not fully understood and efficiently addressed. […] In most countries, the standardized mortality rate in schizophrenia is about 2.5, leading to a reduction in life expectancy between 15 and 20 years. A major contributor of the increased mortality is due to CVD, with CVD mortality ranging from 40 to 50% in most studies. […] The risk for CVD and CVD-related deaths in people with schizophrenia is increased, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully known. […] Schizophrenia is a major public health concern, causing extensive suffering and a large need for costly treatment and care. Schizophrenia is among the top 10 causes of disability adjusted life years (DALYs) worldwide.
  • #76 Schizophrenia – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
    https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/schizophrenia
    Approximately half of individuals with schizophrenia have co-occurring mental and/or behavioral health disorders. […] Financial costs associated with schizophrenia are disproportionately high relative to other chronic mental and physical health conditions, reflecting both direct costs of health care as well as indirect costs of lost productivity, criminal justice involvement, social service needs, and other factors beyond health care. […] The prevalence rate of schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders is difficult to estimate using typical household survey methods alone. […] Individuals with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders may be under-counted in prevalence estimation studies.
  • #77 Epidemiology & Impact of Psychosis | SPIRIT Center at the University of Washington
    https://uwspiritcenter.org/epidemiology-impact-of-psychosis/
    Compared to their peers, people with schizophrenia are at substantially increased risk of unemployment, incarceration, homelessness, social isolation, and premature mortality. […] This Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA)-funded National Study of Mental Health (NSMH) will provide precise national estimates of mental health disorders among U.S adults ages 18 to 65. […] Veterans with schizophrenia have increased risk of mortality compared to veterans who do not have a mental disorder. […] In a study of a national sample of more than 500,000 veterans, having a diagnosis of schizophrenia was associated with 1.5 times the risk of all-cause mortality over a 9-year period. […] People with schizophrenia have a higher risk of dementia. […] In a population-based study of more than 2.8 million persons aged 50 years or older from 6 nationwide registers in Denmark followed for 18 years, individuals with schizophrenia–especially those younger than 65 years–had a markedly increased relative risk of dementia that could not be explained by established dementia risk factors. […] Tobacco use is associated with poor outcomes in First Episode Psychosis treatment. […] Having schizophrenia increases the risk of medical re-hospitalization among people with diabetes.
  • #78 Epidemiology & Impact of Psychosis | SPIRIT Center at the University of Washington
    https://uwspiritcenter.org/epidemiology-impact-of-psychosis/
    Compared to their peers, people with schizophrenia are at substantially increased risk of unemployment, incarceration, homelessness, social isolation, and premature mortality. […] This Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA)-funded National Study of Mental Health (NSMH) will provide precise national estimates of mental health disorders among U.S adults ages 18 to 65. […] Veterans with schizophrenia have increased risk of mortality compared to veterans who do not have a mental disorder. […] In a study of a national sample of more than 500,000 veterans, having a diagnosis of schizophrenia was associated with 1.5 times the risk of all-cause mortality over a 9-year period. […] People with schizophrenia have a higher risk of dementia. […] In a population-based study of more than 2.8 million persons aged 50 years or older from 6 nationwide registers in Denmark followed for 18 years, individuals with schizophrenia–especially those younger than 65 years–had a markedly increased relative risk of dementia that could not be explained by established dementia risk factors. […] Tobacco use is associated with poor outcomes in First Episode Psychosis treatment. […] Having schizophrenia increases the risk of medical re-hospitalization among people with diabetes.
  • #79 Epidemiology & Impact of Psychosis | SPIRIT Center at the University of Washington
    https://uwspiritcenter.org/epidemiology-impact-of-psychosis/
    Compared to their peers, people with schizophrenia are at substantially increased risk of unemployment, incarceration, homelessness, social isolation, and premature mortality. […] This Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA)-funded National Study of Mental Health (NSMH) will provide precise national estimates of mental health disorders among U.S adults ages 18 to 65. […] Veterans with schizophrenia have increased risk of mortality compared to veterans who do not have a mental disorder. […] In a study of a national sample of more than 500,000 veterans, having a diagnosis of schizophrenia was associated with 1.5 times the risk of all-cause mortality over a 9-year period. […] People with schizophrenia have a higher risk of dementia. […] In a population-based study of more than 2.8 million persons aged 50 years or older from 6 nationwide registers in Denmark followed for 18 years, individuals with schizophrenia–especially those younger than 65 years–had a markedly increased relative risk of dementia that could not be explained by established dementia risk factors. […] Tobacco use is associated with poor outcomes in First Episode Psychosis treatment. […] Having schizophrenia increases the risk of medical re-hospitalization among people with diabetes.
  • #80 Epidemiology & Impact of Psychosis | SPIRIT Center at the University of Washington
    https://uwspiritcenter.org/epidemiology-impact-of-psychosis/
    Compared to their peers, people with schizophrenia are at substantially increased risk of unemployment, incarceration, homelessness, social isolation, and premature mortality. […] This Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA)-funded National Study of Mental Health (NSMH) will provide precise national estimates of mental health disorders among U.S adults ages 18 to 65. […] Veterans with schizophrenia have increased risk of mortality compared to veterans who do not have a mental disorder. […] In a study of a national sample of more than 500,000 veterans, having a diagnosis of schizophrenia was associated with 1.5 times the risk of all-cause mortality over a 9-year period. […] People with schizophrenia have a higher risk of dementia. […] In a population-based study of more than 2.8 million persons aged 50 years or older from 6 nationwide registers in Denmark followed for 18 years, individuals with schizophrenia–especially those younger than 65 years–had a markedly increased relative risk of dementia that could not be explained by established dementia risk factors. […] Tobacco use is associated with poor outcomes in First Episode Psychosis treatment. […] Having schizophrenia increases the risk of medical re-hospitalization among people with diabetes.
  • #81 Schizophrenia – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
    https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/schizophrenia
    Approximately half of individuals with schizophrenia have co-occurring mental and/or behavioral health disorders. […] Financial costs associated with schizophrenia are disproportionately high relative to other chronic mental and physical health conditions, reflecting both direct costs of health care as well as indirect costs of lost productivity, criminal justice involvement, social service needs, and other factors beyond health care. […] The prevalence rate of schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders is difficult to estimate using typical household survey methods alone. […] Individuals with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders may be under-counted in prevalence estimation studies.
  • #82 The Epidemiology and Global Burden of Schizophrenia
    https://www.psychiatrist.com/jcp/epidemiology-global-burden-schizophrenia/
    Over the last few decades, accumulating evidence has shown that the distribution and disease course of schizophrenia differ substantially between the sexes. […] Although schizophrenia has an estimated heritability of 79%, several environmental factors are highly suspected to contribute to disorder development.9 […] In addition to these factors, migrant status and urbanicity appear to elevate the odds of developing schizophrenia. […] The largest burden from schizophrenia is among patients aged between 25 and 54 years, which broadly corresponds to the most productive years in most individuals lives.3 The indirect costs associated with lost productivity, coupled with those linked to medical care, cost the United States approximately $281.6 billion in 2020 alone.
  • #83 SciELO Brazil – A closer look at the epidemiology of schizophrenia and common mental disorders in Brazil A closer look at the epidemiology of schizophrenia and common mental disorders in Brazil
    https://www.scielo.br/j/dn/a/6NjRRrzDWPk6PjQv3kMKGTK/
    Schizophrenia and common mental disorders are noteworthy social and economic concern worldwide. Epidemiologic studies on the impact of specific mental disorders in emerging countries are scarce. […] We aimed to characterize the demographic, social, and economic burden of schizophrenia and common mental disorders patients in the health system in Brazil. […] Data on these conditions in Brazil between 2008 and 2019 were collected through the website of the Departamento de Informtica do Sistema nico de Sade (Information Technology Department of the Unified Health System – DATASUS) maintained by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Mean annual hospital admissions were 154,009.67, and cumulative incidence of 77.44 admissions per 100,000 inhabitants. […] Average annual hospital expenses were US$ 67,216,056.04, with an average admission cost of US$ 432.58.
  • #84 Epidemiology & Impact of Psychosis | SPIRIT Center at the University of Washington
    https://uwspiritcenter.org/epidemiology-impact-of-psychosis/
    Compared to their peers, people with schizophrenia are at substantially increased risk of unemployment, incarceration, homelessness, social isolation, and premature mortality. […] This Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA)-funded National Study of Mental Health (NSMH) will provide precise national estimates of mental health disorders among U.S adults ages 18 to 65. […] Veterans with schizophrenia have increased risk of mortality compared to veterans who do not have a mental disorder. […] In a study of a national sample of more than 500,000 veterans, having a diagnosis of schizophrenia was associated with 1.5 times the risk of all-cause mortality over a 9-year period. […] People with schizophrenia have a higher risk of dementia. […] In a population-based study of more than 2.8 million persons aged 50 years or older from 6 nationwide registers in Denmark followed for 18 years, individuals with schizophrenia–especially those younger than 65 years–had a markedly increased relative risk of dementia that could not be explained by established dementia risk factors. […] Tobacco use is associated with poor outcomes in First Episode Psychosis treatment. […] Having schizophrenia increases the risk of medical re-hospitalization among people with diabetes.
  • #85 Schizophrenia – Epidemiology and Burden – Neurotorium
    https://neurotorium.org/slidedeck/schizophrenia-epidemiology-and-burden/
    The World Health Organization identified schizophrenia as one of the worlds 20 leading causes of disability. […] The same report estimated that the worldwide prevalence was more than 21 million people in 2016. […] The morbid risk of schizophrenia increases in relation to the percentage of genes shared with an affected individual. […] The negative impact of schizophrenia on patients and their caregivers affects many aspects of life. […] Caregivers of patients with schizophrenia can experience negative changes in their own quality of life. […] Inability to function in everyday settings contributes to the high cost of schizophrenia. […] The 1-year prevalence of schizophrenia in the United States was estimated to be 1.1% of the adult population. […] Vanasse and colleagues examined the lifetime prevalence of patients with schizophrenia in Quebec from 1996 to 2006 using public health plan databases.
  • #86 Schizophrenia – Epidemiology and Burden – Neurotorium
    https://neurotorium.org/slidedeck/schizophrenia-epidemiology-and-burden/
    The World Health Organization identified schizophrenia as one of the worlds 20 leading causes of disability. […] The same report estimated that the worldwide prevalence was more than 21 million people in 2016. […] The morbid risk of schizophrenia increases in relation to the percentage of genes shared with an affected individual. […] The negative impact of schizophrenia on patients and their caregivers affects many aspects of life. […] Caregivers of patients with schizophrenia can experience negative changes in their own quality of life. […] Inability to function in everyday settings contributes to the high cost of schizophrenia. […] The 1-year prevalence of schizophrenia in the United States was estimated to be 1.1% of the adult population. […] Vanasse and colleagues examined the lifetime prevalence of patients with schizophrenia in Quebec from 1996 to 2006 using public health plan databases.
  • #87
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schizophrenia
    Schizophrenia affects approximately 24 million people or 1 in 300 people (0.32%) worldwide. This rate is 1 in 222 people (0.45%) among adults. […] Currently, the vast majority of people with schizophrenia around the world are not receiving mental health care. Approximately 50% of people in mental hospitals have a schizophrenia diagnosis. Only 31.3% of people with psychosis receive specialist mental health care. […] There is clear evidence that mental hospitals are not effective in providing the care that people with mental health conditions need and, regularly, violate the basic human rights of persons with schizophrenia. Efforts to transfer care from mental health institutions to the community need to be expanded and accelerated. […] The WHO guidance on community mental health services and person-centred and rights-based approaches provides information and support to all stakeholders who wish to develop or transform their mental health system and services to align with international human rights standards including the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.
  • #88
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schizophrenia
    Schizophrenia affects approximately 24 million people or 1 in 300 people (0.32%) worldwide. This rate is 1 in 222 people (0.45%) among adults. […] Currently, the vast majority of people with schizophrenia around the world are not receiving mental health care. Approximately 50% of people in mental hospitals have a schizophrenia diagnosis. Only 31.3% of people with psychosis receive specialist mental health care. […] There is clear evidence that mental hospitals are not effective in providing the care that people with mental health conditions need and, regularly, violate the basic human rights of persons with schizophrenia. Efforts to transfer care from mental health institutions to the community need to be expanded and accelerated. […] The WHO guidance on community mental health services and person-centred and rights-based approaches provides information and support to all stakeholders who wish to develop or transform their mental health system and services to align with international human rights standards including the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.
  • #89 Frontiers | Increased Mortality in Schizophrenia Due to Cardiovascular Disease – A Non-Systematic Review of Epidemiology, Possible Causes, and Interventions
    https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00137/full
    The standardized mortality rate (SMR) calculated by dividing the observed mortality of a cohort by the expected mortality of an age- and gender-matched cohort of the general population is considerably elevated in schizophrenia. […] Life expectancy for people with schizophrenia is estimated to be about 15–20 years shorter than for the general population. […] The increased rates of CVD-related deaths have been confirmed also in autopsy studies. […] Patients with severe mental disorders report greater difficulty and more barriers in accessing primary health care. […] In schizophrenia, it is shown that treatment and prevention for CVD is suboptimal, and this seems to affect mortality. […] A large fraction of the high mortality in schizophrenia may represent avoidable deaths.
  • #90 Frontiers | Increased Mortality in Schizophrenia Due to Cardiovascular Disease – A Non-Systematic Review of Epidemiology, Possible Causes, and Interventions
    https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00137/full
    The standardized mortality rate (SMR) calculated by dividing the observed mortality of a cohort by the expected mortality of an age- and gender-matched cohort of the general population is considerably elevated in schizophrenia. […] Life expectancy for people with schizophrenia is estimated to be about 15–20 years shorter than for the general population. […] The increased rates of CVD-related deaths have been confirmed also in autopsy studies. […] Patients with severe mental disorders report greater difficulty and more barriers in accessing primary health care. […] In schizophrenia, it is shown that treatment and prevention for CVD is suboptimal, and this seems to affect mortality. […] A large fraction of the high mortality in schizophrenia may represent avoidable deaths.
  • #91 Schizophrenia: Epidemiology, Causes, Neurobiology, Pathophysiology, and Treatment
    https://www.asianinstituteofresearch.org/JHMSarchives/schizophrenia%3A-epidemiology%2C-causes%2C-neurobiology%2C-pathophysiology%2C-and-treatment
    Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness that has devastating consequences for those who suffer from the disorder. The epidemiology of schizophrenia indicates that it occurs relatively often, in many different contexts, and in conjunction with other disorders, decreasing quality of life and causing premature death. […] There has been an enormous amount of research into the causes of schizophrenia and there is now have a much better understanding of the genetic, environmental, and psychological factors that contribute to the disease. […] For the last 70 years antipsychotic medication has become the prevailing treatment for schizophrenia. […] Newer pharmacological agents are being developed and include not only novel antipsychotic drugs, but anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating agents as well.
  • #92 Schizophrenia statistics 2025 | SingleCare
    https://www.singlecare.com/blog/news/schizophrenia-statistics/
    Almost every individual who is diagnosed with schizophrenia will require medication treatment, usually with an antipsychotic medication, says Ho. She says that atypical antipsychotics can manage symptoms of schizophrenia such as hallucinations and delusions. Early intervention can have a significant impact on people with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia symptoms are often worse in the early stages of the illness, which is when the risk of suicide is highest. The majority of people with schizophrenia get better over time, not worse. In fact, 20% of people will get better within five years of developing symptoms.
  • #93 Schizophrenia statistics 2025 | SingleCare
    https://www.singlecare.com/blog/news/schizophrenia-statistics/
    Almost every individual who is diagnosed with schizophrenia will require medication treatment, usually with an antipsychotic medication, says Ho. She says that atypical antipsychotics can manage symptoms of schizophrenia such as hallucinations and delusions. Early intervention can have a significant impact on people with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia symptoms are often worse in the early stages of the illness, which is when the risk of suicide is highest. The majority of people with schizophrenia get better over time, not worse. In fact, 20% of people will get better within five years of developing symptoms.
  • #94 Schizophrenia: Epidemiology, Causes, Neurobiology, Pathophysiology, and Treatment
    https://www.asianinstituteofresearch.org/JHMSarchives/schizophrenia%3A-epidemiology%2C-causes%2C-neurobiology%2C-pathophysiology%2C-and-treatment
    Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness that has devastating consequences for those who suffer from the disorder. The epidemiology of schizophrenia indicates that it occurs relatively often, in many different contexts, and in conjunction with other disorders, decreasing quality of life and causing premature death. […] There has been an enormous amount of research into the causes of schizophrenia and there is now have a much better understanding of the genetic, environmental, and psychological factors that contribute to the disease. […] For the last 70 years antipsychotic medication has become the prevailing treatment for schizophrenia. […] Newer pharmacological agents are being developed and include not only novel antipsychotic drugs, but anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating agents as well.
  • #95 Schizophrenia: Epidemiology, Causes, Neurobiology, Pathophysiology, and Treatment
    https://www.asianinstituteofresearch.org/JHMSarchives/schizophrenia%3A-epidemiology%2C-causes%2C-neurobiology%2C-pathophysiology%2C-and-treatment
    Nevertheless, conclusively better pharmacotherapies will likely not arise until there is better understanding of the pathophysiology underlying schizophrenia. […] The use of newer psychotherapies and modified forms of older therapeutic treatments are not only targeting the symptoms of schizophrenia but are also now focusing on recovery from the disorder. […] These newer approaches as well as efforts at preventing schizophrenia show promise in reducing the suffering caused by this disease.
  • #96 Epidemiology of schizophrenia and its management over 8-years period using real-world data in Spain | BMC Psychiatry | Full Text
    https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12888-020-02538-8
    The overall prevalence of SD in the region during 2008-2015 was 6.2 per 1000 persons 15-64 years, higher in men than women (men: women rate ratio 1.75). […] The overall IR of SD reported in the present study (50.25 per 100,000 persons-year), is higher than the published incidence, ranging from 7.7 to 43.0 per 100,000 persons; median 15.2. […] Despite the low prevalence of schizophrenia, the individual and societal burden associated with the disorder is very high in terms of mortality, morbidity, and economic and social costs. […] High quality recent studies focused on the analysis of antipsychotic prescriptions patterns. […] The majority of our patients (around 70%) were ever treated with antipsychotic polypharmacy.
  • #97 Schizophrenia statistics 2025 | SingleCare
    https://www.singlecare.com/blog/news/schizophrenia-statistics/
    Almost every individual who is diagnosed with schizophrenia will require medication treatment, usually with an antipsychotic medication, says Ho. She says that atypical antipsychotics can manage symptoms of schizophrenia such as hallucinations and delusions. Early intervention can have a significant impact on people with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia symptoms are often worse in the early stages of the illness, which is when the risk of suicide is highest. The majority of people with schizophrenia get better over time, not worse. In fact, 20% of people will get better within five years of developing symptoms.
  • #98 Schizophrenia: Epidemiology, Causes, Neurobiology, Pathophysiology, and Treatment
    https://www.asianinstituteofresearch.org/JHMSarchives/schizophrenia%3A-epidemiology%2C-causes%2C-neurobiology%2C-pathophysiology%2C-and-treatment
    Nevertheless, conclusively better pharmacotherapies will likely not arise until there is better understanding of the pathophysiology underlying schizophrenia. […] The use of newer psychotherapies and modified forms of older therapeutic treatments are not only targeting the symptoms of schizophrenia but are also now focusing on recovery from the disorder. […] These newer approaches as well as efforts at preventing schizophrenia show promise in reducing the suffering caused by this disease.
  • #99 Schizophrenia: Epidemiology, Causes, Neurobiology, Pathophysiology, and Treatment
    https://www.asianinstituteofresearch.org/JHMSarchives/schizophrenia%3A-epidemiology%2C-causes%2C-neurobiology%2C-pathophysiology%2C-and-treatment
    Nevertheless, conclusively better pharmacotherapies will likely not arise until there is better understanding of the pathophysiology underlying schizophrenia. […] The use of newer psychotherapies and modified forms of older therapeutic treatments are not only targeting the symptoms of schizophrenia but are also now focusing on recovery from the disorder. […] These newer approaches as well as efforts at preventing schizophrenia show promise in reducing the suffering caused by this disease.
  • #100 Mental Illness Surveillance Among Adults in the United States
    https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/31627
    Mental illnesses account for a larger proportion of disability in developed countries than any other group of illnesses, including cancer and heart disease. […] In 2004, an estimated 25% of adults in the United States reported having a mental illness in the previous year. […] Population-based surveys and surveillance systems provide much of the evidence needed to guide effective mental health promotion, mental illness prevention, and treatment programs. […] This report summarizes data from selected CDC surveillance systems that measure the prevalence and impact of mental illness in the U.S. adult population. […] CDC surveillance systems provide several types of mental health information: estimates of the prevalence of diagnosed mental illness from self-report or recorded diagnosis, estimates of the prevalence of symptoms associated with mental illness, and estimates of the impact of mental illness on health and well-being.
  • #101 Mental Illness Surveillance Among Adults in the United States
    https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/31627
    Mental illnesses account for a larger proportion of disability in developed countries than any other group of illnesses, including cancer and heart disease. […] In 2004, an estimated 25% of adults in the United States reported having a mental illness in the previous year. […] Population-based surveys and surveillance systems provide much of the evidence needed to guide effective mental health promotion, mental illness prevention, and treatment programs. […] This report summarizes data from selected CDC surveillance systems that measure the prevalence and impact of mental illness in the U.S. adult population. […] CDC surveillance systems provide several types of mental health information: estimates of the prevalence of diagnosed mental illness from self-report or recorded diagnosis, estimates of the prevalence of symptoms associated with mental illness, and estimates of the impact of mental illness on health and well-being.
  • #102 Epidemiology & Impact of Psychosis | SPIRIT Center at the University of Washington
    https://uwspiritcenter.org/epidemiology-impact-of-psychosis/
    Compared to their peers, people with schizophrenia are at substantially increased risk of unemployment, incarceration, homelessness, social isolation, and premature mortality. […] This Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA)-funded National Study of Mental Health (NSMH) will provide precise national estimates of mental health disorders among U.S adults ages 18 to 65. […] Veterans with schizophrenia have increased risk of mortality compared to veterans who do not have a mental disorder. […] In a study of a national sample of more than 500,000 veterans, having a diagnosis of schizophrenia was associated with 1.5 times the risk of all-cause mortality over a 9-year period. […] People with schizophrenia have a higher risk of dementia. […] In a population-based study of more than 2.8 million persons aged 50 years or older from 6 nationwide registers in Denmark followed for 18 years, individuals with schizophrenia–especially those younger than 65 years–had a markedly increased relative risk of dementia that could not be explained by established dementia risk factors. […] Tobacco use is associated with poor outcomes in First Episode Psychosis treatment. […] Having schizophrenia increases the risk of medical re-hospitalization among people with diabetes.
  • #103 Prevalence and incidence measures for schizophrenia among commercial health insurance and medicaid enrollees | Schizophrenia
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41537-024-00490-0
    Surveillance methods in the United States face several challenges. […] Researchers and governments have relied on large administrative claims databases, such as Medicaid, to conduct surveillance and epidemiological studies. […] Given the chronic nature of schizophrenia, it is also important to examine prevalence and incidence across the lifespan for age-related differences to avoid underestimating prevalence and incidence. […] The current study compares the prevalence, incidence, and specificity and predictive value of incidence measures with varying lookback periods using two administrative databases in the United States. […] We hypothesized that a national commercial insurance database of employed individuals and their families (MarketScan) would exhibit a lower prevalence and higher proportion of incident to prevalent cases, due to an expected disproportionate loss of employer provided commercial insurance for the schizophrenia population.
  • #104 Prevalence and incidence measures for schizophrenia among commercial health insurance and medicaid enrollees | Schizophrenia
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41537-024-00490-0
    Surveillance methods in the United States face several challenges. […] Researchers and governments have relied on large administrative claims databases, such as Medicaid, to conduct surveillance and epidemiological studies. […] Given the chronic nature of schizophrenia, it is also important to examine prevalence and incidence across the lifespan for age-related differences to avoid underestimating prevalence and incidence. […] The current study compares the prevalence, incidence, and specificity and predictive value of incidence measures with varying lookback periods using two administrative databases in the United States. […] We hypothesized that a national commercial insurance database of employed individuals and their families (MarketScan) would exhibit a lower prevalence and higher proportion of incident to prevalent cases, due to an expected disproportionate loss of employer provided commercial insurance for the schizophrenia population.
  • #105 Prevalence and incidence measures for schizophrenia among commercial health insurance and medicaid enrollees | Schizophrenia
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41537-024-00490-0
    Surveillance methods in the United States face several challenges. […] Researchers and governments have relied on large administrative claims databases, such as Medicaid, to conduct surveillance and epidemiological studies. […] Given the chronic nature of schizophrenia, it is also important to examine prevalence and incidence across the lifespan for age-related differences to avoid underestimating prevalence and incidence. […] The current study compares the prevalence, incidence, and specificity and predictive value of incidence measures with varying lookback periods using two administrative databases in the United States. […] We hypothesized that a national commercial insurance database of employed individuals and their families (MarketScan) would exhibit a lower prevalence and higher proportion of incident to prevalent cases, due to an expected disproportionate loss of employer provided commercial insurance for the schizophrenia population.
  • #106 Prevalence and incidence measures for schizophrenia among commercial health insurance and medicaid enrollees | Schizophrenia
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41537-024-00490-0
    The prevalence of schizophrenia by age group for the total population and 10 year continuously insured cohort is presented in Fig. 2. […] The incidence of schizophrenia diagnoses in 2019 for the 10 year continuously insured cohort is presented in Table 3. […] Incidence was higher in Medicaid (0.19%, 95% CI: 0.180.20; n=1,489 newly diagnosed in 2019); than in MarketScan (0.07%, 95% CI: 0.070.08; n=712). […] The pattern is similar in both databases, with incidence rising rapidly in late adolescence and peaking in young adulthood (2630 years of age, Medicaid: 0.40%; MarketScan: 0.16%). […] We examined new onset (incidence) of schizophrenia in 2019 among individuals with 10 years of continuous insurance prior to 2019 in Medicaid and MarketScan. […] Incident cases of new diagnoses of schizophrenia can be identified in electronic health record databases with excellent validity for individuals aged 35 years and younger, with positive predictive values and specificity exceeding 95%. […] Combining multiple databases that encompass both Medicaid and commercial insurance provides a more comprehensive view of prevalence and incidence of schizophrenia.
  • #107 Prevalence and incidence measures for schizophrenia among commercial health insurance and medicaid enrollees | Schizophrenia
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41537-024-00490-0
    We also hypothesized that the Medicaid population would have higher prevalence rates as individuals with schizophrenia have a higher burden of socioeconomic risk factors, in addition to the tendency to transition from commercial insurance to Medicaid after developing schizophrenia. […] The prevalence of schizophrenia in 2019 was calculated for the total population, and for the 10 year continuously insured cohorts in MarketScan and in Medicaid. […] The incidence of schizophrenia in 2019 was calculated for the 10 year continuously insured cohorts only. […] The prevalence of schizophrenia in 2019 for the total MarketScan and Medicaid populations and the 10 year continuously insured cohorts is summarized in Table 2. […] The prevalence of schizophrenia in the total population was higher in Medicaid (2.13%, 95% CI: 2.122.15; n=94,153 of 4,414,153) than in MarketScan (0.134%, 95% CI: 0.1320.135; n=21,963 of 16,365,997).
  • #108 Prevalence and incidence measures for schizophrenia among commercial health insurance and medicaid enrollees | Schizophrenia
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41537-024-00490-0
    The prevalence of schizophrenia by age group for the total population and 10 year continuously insured cohort is presented in Fig. 2. […] The incidence of schizophrenia diagnoses in 2019 for the 10 year continuously insured cohort is presented in Table 3. […] Incidence was higher in Medicaid (0.19%, 95% CI: 0.180.20; n=1,489 newly diagnosed in 2019); than in MarketScan (0.07%, 95% CI: 0.070.08; n=712). […] The pattern is similar in both databases, with incidence rising rapidly in late adolescence and peaking in young adulthood (2630 years of age, Medicaid: 0.40%; MarketScan: 0.16%). […] We examined new onset (incidence) of schizophrenia in 2019 among individuals with 10 years of continuous insurance prior to 2019 in Medicaid and MarketScan. […] Incident cases of new diagnoses of schizophrenia can be identified in electronic health record databases with excellent validity for individuals aged 35 years and younger, with positive predictive values and specificity exceeding 95%. […] Combining multiple databases that encompass both Medicaid and commercial insurance provides a more comprehensive view of prevalence and incidence of schizophrenia.
  • #109 Schizophrenia – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
    https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/schizophrenia
    Schizophrenia is typically diagnosed in the late teens years to early thirties, and tends to emerge earlier in males (late adolescence early twenties) than females (early twenties early thirties). […] Precise prevalence estimates of schizophrenia are difficult to obtain due to clinical and methodological factors such as the complexity of schizophrenia diagnosis, its overlap with other disorders, and varying methods for determining diagnoses. […] Across studies that use household-based survey samples, clinical diagnostic interviews, and medical records, estimates of the prevalence of schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders in the U.S. range between 0.25% and 0.64%. […] Estimates of the international prevalence of schizophrenia among non-institutionalized persons is 0.33% to 0.75%.
  • #110 Epidemiology of schizophrenia – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_schizophrenia
    Schizophrenia affects around 0.30.7% of the general population at some point in life (i.e. lifetime prevalence), or 21 million people worldwide as of 2020 (about one of every 285). […] While it is claimed that schizophrenia occurs at similar rates worldwide, its prevalence and incidence varies across the world, within countries, and at the local and neighborhood level. […] It causes approximately 1% of worldwide disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). […] The rate of schizophrenia varies up to threefold depending on how it is defined. […] In 2000, the World Health Organization found the prevalence and incidence of schizophrenia to be roughly similar around the world, with age-standardized prevalence per 100,000 ranging from 343 in Africa to 544 in Japan and Oceania for men and from 378 in Africa to 527 in Southeastern Europe for women.
  • #111 Schizophrenia – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
    https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/schizophrenia
    Approximately half of individuals with schizophrenia have co-occurring mental and/or behavioral health disorders. […] Financial costs associated with schizophrenia are disproportionately high relative to other chronic mental and physical health conditions, reflecting both direct costs of health care as well as indirect costs of lost productivity, criminal justice involvement, social service needs, and other factors beyond health care. […] The prevalence rate of schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders is difficult to estimate using typical household survey methods alone. […] Individuals with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders may be under-counted in prevalence estimation studies.
  • #112 Schizophrenia – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
    https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/schizophrenia
    Approximately half of individuals with schizophrenia have co-occurring mental and/or behavioral health disorders. […] Financial costs associated with schizophrenia are disproportionately high relative to other chronic mental and physical health conditions, reflecting both direct costs of health care as well as indirect costs of lost productivity, criminal justice involvement, social service needs, and other factors beyond health care. […] The prevalence rate of schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders is difficult to estimate using typical household survey methods alone. […] Individuals with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders may be under-counted in prevalence estimation studies.
  • #113 Prevalence and incidence measures for schizophrenia among commercial health insurance and medicaid enrollees | Schizophrenia
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41537-024-00490-0
    The prevalence of schizophrenia by age group for the total population and 10 year continuously insured cohort is presented in Fig. 2. […] The incidence of schizophrenia diagnoses in 2019 for the 10 year continuously insured cohort is presented in Table 3. […] Incidence was higher in Medicaid (0.19%, 95% CI: 0.180.20; n=1,489 newly diagnosed in 2019); than in MarketScan (0.07%, 95% CI: 0.070.08; n=712). […] The pattern is similar in both databases, with incidence rising rapidly in late adolescence and peaking in young adulthood (2630 years of age, Medicaid: 0.40%; MarketScan: 0.16%). […] We examined new onset (incidence) of schizophrenia in 2019 among individuals with 10 years of continuous insurance prior to 2019 in Medicaid and MarketScan. […] Incident cases of new diagnoses of schizophrenia can be identified in electronic health record databases with excellent validity for individuals aged 35 years and younger, with positive predictive values and specificity exceeding 95%. […] Combining multiple databases that encompass both Medicaid and commercial insurance provides a more comprehensive view of prevalence and incidence of schizophrenia.
  • #114 Epidemiology of Schizophrenia: Review of Findings and Myths
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2727721/
    By describing patterns of disease distribution within populations, identifying risk factors, and finding associations, epidemiological studies have contributed to our current understanding of schizophrenia. […] The epidemiology of schizophrenia has progressed from descriptive accounts to a surge in analytic epidemiologic findings over the last two decades. […] The point prevalence of schizophrenia is about five per thousand in the population. […] The incidence of schizophrenia is about 0.20/1000/year. […] There is considerable variation in incidence rates around the world, as shown in Figure 1. […] The force of morbidity for schizophrenia peaks in young adulthood. […] Evidence suggests that males have higher lifetime risk of schizophrenia, which is born out in two meta-analysis addressing that issue, showing that males have about 30%40% higher lifetime risk of developing schizophrenia.
  • #115 Epidemiology of Schizophrenia: Review of Findings and Myths
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2727721/
    By describing patterns of disease distribution within populations, identifying risk factors, and finding associations, epidemiological studies have contributed to our current understanding of schizophrenia. […] The epidemiology of schizophrenia has progressed from descriptive accounts to a surge in analytic epidemiologic findings over the last two decades. […] The point prevalence of schizophrenia is about five per thousand in the population. […] The incidence of schizophrenia is about 0.20/1000/year. […] There is considerable variation in incidence rates around the world, as shown in Figure 1. […] The force of morbidity for schizophrenia peaks in young adulthood. […] Evidence suggests that males have higher lifetime risk of schizophrenia, which is born out in two meta-analysis addressing that issue, showing that males have about 30%40% higher lifetime risk of developing schizophrenia.
  • #116 Schizophrenia: from Epidemiology to Rehabilitation
    https://clinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com/VOLUME/8/PAGE/52/
    We discuss recent evidences about schizophrenia (frequency, onset, course, risk factors and genetics) and their influences to some epidemiological myths about schizophrenia diffuse between psychiatric and psychopathology clinicians. […] A review of the literature about epidemiology of schizophrenia has been performed and the contributions of some of these evidence to neurodevelopmental hypothesis and to rehabilitation has been described. […] It cannot be definitively concluded for or against the neurodevelopmental or degenerative hypothesis, but efforts in understanding basis of schizophrenia must go on. […] Until now, rehabilitation programs are based on the vulnerability-stress model: supposing an early deficit that go on stable during the life under favorable circumstances. […] Aim of the review is to understand whether epidemiological new findings may influences theories that support the rehabilitation approaches to schizophrenia.
  • #117 Schizophrenia: from Epidemiology to Rehabilitation
    https://clinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com/VOLUME/8/PAGE/52/FULLTEXT/
    In conclusion, to obtain firm data for or against one of the two hypotheses, or both, is not without relevance in planning treatments for schizophrenia patients. […] It seems that the majority of findings from the most recent researches confirmed the idea that schizophrenia arises in primis from a neurodevelopmental disorder and that subsequent symptomatology may be ameliorated using early survey in high risk subjects and precocious treatments in persons who manifested signs and symptoms of the disease. […] The neurodevelopmental hypothesis also appears the most convincing regard cognitive impairment in schizophrenia, and many researches demonstrated that schizophrenia is not a dementia praecox: in fact, cognitive deficits are stable in the course of illness, and they should improve thanks to cognitive remediation approaches.
  • #118 Schizophrenia: from Epidemiology to Rehabilitation
    https://clinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com/VOLUME/8/PAGE/52/
    Despite genetic discoveries accumulate, delineation of biological pathways involved in pathophysiology of schizophrenia and consequent development of new therapies is still in its infancy. […] Until now, rehabilitation programs move from the vulnerability-stress model. […] This model may be well adapted to the findings that proved the neurodevelopmental hypothesis: in fact, supposing an early deficit that go on stable during the life under favorable circumstances, its possible think to rehabilitation models could influence functioning providing people with schizophrenia with integrate and complex strategies. […] Cognitive deficits may represent target of randomized trials about neuropsychological rehabilitation in people with schizophrenia and, in general, the starting-point for further researches on schizophrenia.
  • #119 New directions in the epidemiology of schizophrenia | The Medical Journal of Australia
    https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2009/190/4/new-directions-epidemiology-schizophrenia
    New primary data and systematic reviews have prompted the review of some long-held views about the epidemiology of schizophrenia. The incidence and prevalence of schizophrenia show prominent variation between locations. Males are more likely to develop schizophrenia than females (1.4 : 1). Migrant status, urban birth or residence, and advanced paternal age are associated with an increased risk of developing schizophrenia. Prenatal infection and nutrition are associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia. Individuals with schizophrenia have a 23-fold increased mortality risk compared with the general population. This differential mortality gap may have worsened in recent decades. Epidemiology is good for generating candidate exposures but poor at proving them. Cross-disciplinary projects between epidemiology and neuroscience may help us understand the pathways leading to schizophrenia.
  • #120 Schizophrenia: from Epidemiology to Rehabilitation
    https://clinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com/VOLUME/8/PAGE/52/
    Despite genetic discoveries accumulate, delineation of biological pathways involved in pathophysiology of schizophrenia and consequent development of new therapies is still in its infancy. […] Until now, rehabilitation programs move from the vulnerability-stress model. […] This model may be well adapted to the findings that proved the neurodevelopmental hypothesis: in fact, supposing an early deficit that go on stable during the life under favorable circumstances, its possible think to rehabilitation models could influence functioning providing people with schizophrenia with integrate and complex strategies. […] Cognitive deficits may represent target of randomized trials about neuropsychological rehabilitation in people with schizophrenia and, in general, the starting-point for further researches on schizophrenia.